{"id":160,"date":"2026-10-13T10:53:46","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T10:53:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/?page_id=160"},"modified":"2026-10-13T15:55:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T15:55:47","slug":"causal-inference","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact evaluation for conservation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/ \u00b7 source template \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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mrIXRcunS2tzaVtJc12VzZOySTOYJzwA1sxZIm9784G8WdZWCe8MCphLsOk2iH3HOuPbDnmjD\/mf7s5E3Sn6VNMPeW9vwLf3wc5Bu6lA\/CrptdU27ksj1Op6f5BmfV1Kmz0ZucIHxs\/u0OfCaWYWl6ZfgLTMildbuTqmWjvS1pPafN\/elbZX+oVJW6SZXqc0VyUEFPV3nYzinZe5QCB\/DyxLSFXVUGfJplTHEO1KTXVBZzQqy1fYQ\/6hT6HEWetf6dwQd3t+l+hVQ7RI21kD4teuMwOnMWv5ccdBVHw4IxtcdO8YNSkOySgOQvfWfOAkcoc5pFnqMDQFHDHeAjRN9RU3yEEE89VeGh7aD8C5ZzyMpZ11Fyiz7sZO4kUC35HgpIOKxg\/EyOHbJoxxGWRiNNZ9PNgUgga43vfQLNLQUdFQnl6vg\/eIn1hHrjNwkEu+GM1\/aeekagXc6AI4XxemoWG\/MJ9qRou48fyro0s3dOzJQC26G38qqJR9Wxlc0gUI0S02T+o2VCCJXhQLzjbTDYvt7FGz0ldcidFHZGg9M9C8hUPiX2YunTFORHEU188SHSS+BovsCdmmE\/rCi75+t1QstAEB+lCtNL\/NDZPFfTyPm+GYUiSshc2a6bHHXWmpSLeZ\/bRW4lqx8rSTolubwwcKAT7ArG7EpJaH\/4Kfr8n\/qRpMetkuegWWCGxSJIn6wvamU3Opf0drrHwuvJg1PJaJzietO\/r9sWFBel1KegxmjNDV68aRHSLGgHbFOHQ0M3gSRah+T+x2vdHarsdgdQUApoPYxyCgBNDJMSNqWv7omYypvnK8QIXJkZZQarsqpO2qyCWmdLq9LDM8nkeNc+cRMyGkzIRSk6ECYjQCMVorTX8aA1cEtQ1RketJMLJQyhk0G6iPmPvbQ35Ax2sxQr9VLz2PTxmek3R8e56Db32ZMxLO0+nQRnP0hbNSPTn+HOhiPLQ0KSArcHEA0xbrQPl9UhfWHlVZ1pNcKLFiD+RDY56\/LPaUHlmVDWjgV9NFK3714x9e4QfWPWoDM+EbBPk1rcrTdbAc083xn4hT\/9fX4Py++tGUw4v2niui9oMDf77kNbxaX67Ue7h83lebslTbP3zpK08BY852\/R8omW4KFodCUoHvZHwtzySgPnZ1H2w0HMlzi4eCNKKr\/F3T8X5o2DOfLmaO8q9BgcIOyAm4JZBhB5YYgY22llNtOAONUcm\/nYEsjLhE4\/C8rDKcEdtmlQqGtCGHNEB1dMYMaUMJMyrE3x3PC+oi9Edi8it4hqD56qyZ4HzsvL+cChMfDBTQKd2K00lJXceJMj3cvq97Kkevqgi4CcJxAnZl2nryhZaijpoQyx6G01XXZhU9w0m96tlxudlRJ+jy1sY9m7Hr4mD88QFjIMYvRp\/p2+aNuZQjtM0kuzVrY2LYnt6wef2+rUUVTtbYEdrgsiAqxrItdEAe4yzO7KSyiMgWsWcpl9nw6jZQsOCQCD9zxeOl7geT5Q310BhdCdM9SOZSZesWJIkjiRfy\/MkYMPUJ4ZzDd8nZmStTPFrP+J5n6WXFijUPzmScP+3cTHX3c47N9PjudWqmYM45NDvzT81UTxJhIxybnf28YzAFfthzmWrO2sfgEbDC4TqYwukEiqo8Q8na+2P7y10X17\/A5g8VyIr6U1ZXP5hFC8yTsPuc\/pasMNma9mcNUneVTbIRC\/dzzVNsXwvWmm\/NmhpxuY1Znex5ZJItuGVw\/wJeQdUAyUL8t\/xSG\/9Cfp5Vr\/\/vYL\/rR\/XTtjy2x5+z63GjvNfGx4L9jFWCCwbI9C78\/E5s1rnOCFTjv+GI5fVUH5rejrnsSgiELipAdV666wRw4SPixoQAZ+PUsGmy4lDvjIf4zbYf1g91bbX\/cx\/ucn2C1tRI143c19rSebXXEnSesLasp22oj5NkZd0DLemS92aQyr0fLpMLlO54OijC3+spfMGcbvUVSVui3\/jzU3fGEFnmGaIhzFA5EI34cBz9jvRdUOGcqWCjItba7dIyz0r91yt4yGqE6utVThg9jOdgGemEPpKGiBOy84sshv5XEou0Mzw65scJLLokCC5UZt2trNRNxR3mFYR1ZDuyWIzd2rd1ekz4BoumHg0CY+j5ZxIf+jIVySnxfo2CxvPUFQ86wvw8u7B0W2QoKZsGJmN1pd2u5LRYWXnhxQVUSFtPpPr88SKEiPa0qJssfv1oK1wNjOgyYYiS+3dUKSlM5Yp7BcCODe2ZNWvOibQUMw27Jz264w4IJnrwz8jeZrblsPtYHfUSoi8rwr5Ew8LORMMS4w95vDTRmnHJTdcTf8uNqw7BIlPxPUvgC2NsVXhu+HaqsKcXXF6qExqKmNAEHJAzDXGiMgkEu8cYr+HivJA95e0DVYV4zjM8NX5FmUBymc1YyohG+yxGIY1C+27F3TnPhe6Z5DwPOR9iX3yeq+CJ754gTGK0GrHsoJ\/+pUTOSvxYAyXkNeXw0w+TaAGdy6qZQ1A6NFoY4HRXxNMrT2ARO1NntrRgYXKAxAutmhy2jwHnUMLKrrEdmSpq9WzVWJ0y5M0+4z9PeIbmJ8CIoPppn5cDNAIoKQu4JCmoA3cy3zK4iOwSojvGBPs0uRmBajEVSfM7DZ0FtnhCWDAH0MD1nDHAOKszQR7CGcmfHdzIjEBy6AYxHbNLS6GofFclbn6mTG7A4fPzD7kOMZss5sKe+VRjYHUluQjW41Npd9IRTBZ2G9140Pxri1t\/LnQJeW7bLqRd3E6SAw5iF0jCbiuuzmy1q1pN3xk8AIeFrdBbxrZ0essLNTZiLAslWohk46Ui06bhFmiCtNnMkyqoE+QngaZLVzZuLdsKFsjjAkMq4PWm\/XRiuFnxapbFSE6xivf7I+ipROfolw7oriibr13Fh5dVz3sibgy+Q8ThLT2hpbK+DcB3Ks5znHR9K+X42FhGFGlpSCMZo7I5zuiLLINPAC4n38ir3zkMSKis4QY34NBlzsLztwf74WXowUwgtmlYp3ouHEcGB5f0nQvJlUFyvAWQPBkkTLm5kHwZJC9cACmQQcIcNRfSRgZps4TioQxSuITiWxmk7RKK25aUoawlNLftEeZcAkvO6O4SuttSVre9JZS3pcxu+7q057W1mVHi9gY\/deeHid+65RFzxKLdhDRlB4keGTYJeifZSt2IsyLNiqyBQvGtCiaXGCYtvsjsj77LYmh\/JxH7v+uKFch\/IykidLV0rFjSSOOMhxEyJuUJZIW0HmIyWQ8xmVcPke7xhYrqFbOBpgs3yWHp3qPRpsxY7fXmVNEol\/NIqRPSEjohLeELfSkUzDH05yT86Lqp5H2RCGkdX5TYni5NdgOxtOjCpwy233dFcyRXEX11V7yDI9FkP5KbTvuRHFWKVHYCBzifJQKLvXh1XLkWcNNOLNcd8ejpUA2oLdvwBs06LxutWjX92524TlEplgZdxARBgmSMvMLKcOnyrAzziSqS3CVJlqI2xQTaEhHzr2hLRNZX4\/\/8b+O\/wvdLbfwTQqX6eNiPlcQJ29u+bq9YorxC8l5Oz0myGBkpSsCNV7xdTlWyAp1xyfV3epftUi2o9cw4jDWMPH+9wAtM7mIv4kAhexllstmMrdBDBVDFkm8PoMlB3QX70WYlVIwUffYS5xYqx48+e276d48hQJ+9bKLbWqi+v+7+RYX4VnuFUVjWxA66Jv1a2z1aG\/TZ89bn3aMVow\/+AZiHC2L0nROOxwXxdBktq8rRysb\/yGnlJugj0grjbCloZa3xR49K3ctS+qQAfST0ST30ual4q5JkVAHX\/78opr2wuCJC2mUWeEBcDhsVLGU7ocXddO3pc7gYZTf\/5spZfVFxq8wG7LBln+wwPtJbladxt\/aT5Y1Fb89CsQtbZGq\/8WWpLBY\/XENDjLnkQisXx1ZK8WTDbRlsuY0e1\/Gdop7tyyNew5nkw+GnAjYq2vliPToJ9eatFbY4mB3qsPNEgK+0n\/PkEnfmUU9Sq8xTZc9IoYjFwmYCYAqIMdGMs+5Qnu6BKRimkD2zYHfnxfK7uIg1R7RwTcqKaFvsTZmz4KG4ZPoo4QasrKdLm\/VFOLhRunqiXJlWODJYNIM1K8gRQorrElQcgeoYM+cm5mZAdFTeiKPlzzTaxS1RJPec6nITm9qQpR14Y+n+EyD6ox59r6raBTsJkRh46OrX4b6v2UBzJvmG59B0LfR3W\/TRdKy5M4m61kuNl90Kb\/FVeOoGVM2NCDwn2RtzoTS1IanMWGrwnZicLhM7H9nB4OSsrnwcrHenTsoi\/2gJInQRzuxCM1AZTzKK6aeX90A6MRTZWo6HAa6ibJCmqy7v4RkXUBUKpe7nXnap25885FojqDrRi0WY1jgHUeePFKSYhsFUSMub6Us3l3TCct7uCOqvz7TmjAKSjV+E6hmrJZfrYrbG5V465DuTw+pWaUaje5PcYsbNGbuvfYrA7AWnAivc9GF7N6hDozVOrD1VM8ZaDPOZqPT0YcWT1R9W6rULbIQKeJIrsWz6Whb8Rafu21QfspqFErP\/jSJErK3szj7dYBhGcxzkEGJZUnneJheqT2iEntyYgdIhGRP28qykafQTCn27Rx+LbI27tzTgM+rOjMLA3szTlqzi8vzby\/iUvdb5NVvG0RWa+bLKzkxGm\/CJ3XRGZUoriye4ebCoIuQDUwXCSpAbWmZ3NVK7fL6ZYrhKnruefZ7E5QvGtQewjXNztufNRcOn0Vbfo67Zfvx29SWWmdEL1+nCbZa2RQ2l76vJTOf+zt5vb7nTvf3ZjA4iJ3S\/ZcXr6o4YMdewUziN35rJceMcYaqqrLe15DUvP1GtnlKk3bRaDd+2abVarifLM319bJ5CaJDeFZHH0wooA8dZDGcgIKU7rta3g+MTTlcsxrbxe8O095Oub02K435\/kavUNw9sqgO9odI8AZos3s8754nsyRRtFc59n07KXvb\/HJoOWw3L+YRwKEgKExrZQwyHja\/5NANiW1vTVpbTvW1mNIyJArNhGoR3NwNKmZpWvMMFhBY3d3nFUG1XJOd5\/LHMxqQdKai\/VclCP9mSu4G3bOTclqgZFkqs7T7x4ZAzCvnW1v9Ff3Zn+ok4UTtkogLHFILRF1ar+1mS7jN1UtjPdEgmvQIl1CVENH1n8GsM9MS1lbF6hY1zOwNbbj\/FPz9nHJoRuZ1rBocd4LFthqFtWQPbyBHoDoaMyQFiu99E8KauqRitL9bmvZxZ7m7V+ixMO3aQTaEU615cuMuO4qwcW3IefZZW214qXtH+dANOlOPk\/nhRsyLaCZf5LWifbR91304pLkjYrWv8pbV8V93108JdXNSNFDQHEZ0Jj14ZWi7sESjg4PxOB5fjsygytKzW41CXA+2LKp5A\/dqaBKd2PvrcviahjKfs\/WtWGHV1iOTvGa7PxczzQfR7CgPjb4PCQhe1Qvm5v5v607uQqlZcEHi\/+VmSq\/X4EnBLF0O3Y46wrz2xJjjglK1OuR4okdN5N6wvyF68xn+QMnnDO6T\/bpAm89swV0gGGoRAa+rveXZhVLHwOq6q4LpjrcBacFntXbMURLXvplBDPPTOJ8CxomAhnVIwFbc9h9vtXQx267+HDXj996ecOPc9+92s9y49ALW2LVptoDkeDfannWOWE4EXKO2oZOL8ptHJLSDkXppPiH6iCjMWJS7N2N\/i9N5OVh1XZZ5HoKLjPEh8iYXjKz8Br92u07T63m+YOzYC6\/sxayAW3bAfNCLDbc5dhvNy0DMeSsqmOXF1wzhGuqNqpfawswLvIVjqj12cg5JizKY8HOhTcdsQV+0kc3ynOrfTOc0CVrolZYWGRnRpmrK4gvMZggoUceu5b5crU0jV58v5srVUx\/1gy6+6l19QMa48cOqAs+9K4rYJ0PoUMX7pSDPzHq+JereSrkhc4LmCdQ2TIS7wvm7Psc5nFFzFb4r1Vk31lXfP888yI22fhbWo0FqtQWvtSwQ7N1owRAQEHRmH9y5QBXV7XN97BDr79I\/P8UbP8pg94\/2h82P9JF8k1ynnxRm7JfMEzjqlKmTZH\/fIZO9rOI6jJ7kiXsS3XzY2lbcyDtM8XhKulrVw+y5WJcwINt8hLNjg2gjUENclH6JZmYyZLg0eG8lvju6hkWYyKelgVHY\/UmdQ7WW6kjDjuMHwFOZ5dq6zWgO\/9m8Spn4dlLBuuZLdCWmhKunjbRTSp5tDrgL5jwk26hP+TfRotIaDisEcStug04j8gNM2eDPp5BLQ1aXmDUY0ZSm0rXmg71Ad4QTOQyTJZDmGlSgLdHTIfgiog5dlMKh6CC12JSrKzqls+14lmQ2K1W3UpTlb5WZB5dO2dhbMYdzA5OXTKqySfqpLoe5C7l26T39UHfhx47gUAcNxpmzifNmZ9rBWgRi+TBKScpjwQw2m6nihLrLi0BfzosqDkd5XV74Xa\/yCdmEESPy8zJsmcTRUgRF0MQw6CPHVKkF9RMrYUG1sKDPGXiAO6uPoBeLWk+uM3yE+UY6ajJckl960jjlQuyMS4+gHlGm6ntVUEAE4WXVZEeIOdlkM\/uEW4KI64iI4WUFjjXNdz8qkYNyLSAh0syhgaiktyp0cu7pEO9uKGMrYN0EFAbqbjZjjybnkwXhAL2HAD0xIGD5rISMm+ebcJ+dUckwidkyMKsJwZ+AHYihip+XWME\/b7m83bE4d2yi0yJMpvGCRDFrWPdDhAvwILujPe491xLZ1X3+LhLn1kgelnNzzMGaZlpcfBq61b4+mEFlCwoc\/FscwMI5WkGQgHzygcVbFOTRA6y89v0+7WgW\/6BO6Gx6XVfw9XtFkWUuCBvjOyZkJGhvrixFaXxAWof\/FcKwv6zZ25x+RZsL0trG+sGEAdwNKKQS+r7plHgt2dabj8PIZFCgHamlepNwZz0KXu+Z1tPbuyrrrLFuFxNQxUYhvonuii97L3mAzBStIQl\/YBgPcrzYeg7tOXpo6rWSql6r8Xl9RWZrubrcxw76lA+k5z4xfjDy73sf4wsN+BmvNF5PsTU\/xwAVbJdqHPh\/YLR9MOf\/5O\/FaUgvJssKNgv6PGYOe2pC2TJaDbUuzcEaIz9QF5sPjhnGTwsRmCupmjUuyr7jyzdodEp1+rf0666YYEx4Y6FRuoM5BhLqY8\/NdWs68ejYjJOLxZnDLiiOsskbGksKdljwq0wluUzi+XbUWEKUw7zX2yikSvF01w8TpyaQLTE0OywDXm+iSlmVzlQhkkhXPb0C6EvdnOFpVKav3dRYhnaU1NYKP8tIIham5qjOzU2AmOpgu6WP9+ITDiAojTlGUlhiaXpJ9+Aqx9YPi4\/sRVnCx\/2DRnkVVj9JAmtgfuRtS+1OVN71iecVLFuIyZmOBdaOnTe2XFqHBZQ4UqyfwrHHyY\/zUuXZ8qt0PxVBRKUNWu9aQyKihGYNKVi5+L7nnNskq4oPF9uTLqdh3NaYYjwftE8IP2FIJXthLy\/Aul00HizU+RosiQIkGhZUlTldaC3qW7K0pUhNF6kr3Nlbjm1KaFLHtvRqlEcfOoXJzLIkjlgkMRlc17rcpzxyfMuo9uRpk6mQ46P79eka19M7vxkiZrKH\/CubykDAZGro1Em+NIPsbq6z7eVLVPJZ18xPUbG+Bmk14DAeZahTiGa\/WIinb6\/qMuFgmAb4fP666Oq0rHkD9CdjP7ByxtfJsS700kUjgALBubVXjgyonoZXzrT0GfZEuQWUqgRbp1z2rGI61VDZzjLSeJUXnNuZ6PJRLuzuUAmNNeLU+BQdqreI\/kWLzP7+65\/fRGEdURKsNAgBvL1w5rTYoonidU1cLLV7pfn8bCqQcE76+UhqN3OtADp0XPOxSbdAP2jbeYNVkMci7wy4qIPk3Y39h+CjAzmiqli9GqLG+iZac6jGPc5chPEzfPVGnmGJkEPvZSwKdWgY87mTAZYGi4wKblGPptiNWZZ27WISmsxwXQutBFtxRgWSNx9YC58GE9XKOIBofMsVmo1LmbyU\/xrFWGo0VzW4RDlPYTIoBXbw+Y+X3dfoo4PTULZqfHqgmAYb3x8arGNfyKxKn9Q9eQM+bSf1xjxCfXLeoMLcF7mzTITWkugHx6xBZRFUttX7cCaTxC4LL1yEbW0io\/tRkMVdUeBCf1PiTyqRFhrZTWt1Rj9gJzxVsmo8RvM7XyQtMQimaVjBWH1GOVYCuxtHGqvUJr8eJOXLDn0qTDSxrtL9fjK6GMrUTP21lFdaZ23amq5Jy6ZojQ2JKUY28c3SvFAEjkKOMtYlATJwFaEYHyWXpQ5y4EBA4Zm3hoku1+m6k19NTTCK540JxnY3ehbakkO7822xJO\/2rwn28cehcGM7E2fLoPbn+rbJ+eiRygXtX99S3h7gs6jKHD7yj6g5RilodPbNBR\/IKd\/4n9a0ufBdICt\/d6q6T4iKkhXvBp6Wx8WVi0R758PJppVaxu2iIf11Y8E+OtLoY64LCmxsmJMWfLLx5pwsXNEf3zNVEWH9yV2yxxduL2S4c5pWq+vnj5w8Zd+x8dsfqaqdskVPrk5ARi1NwlyU6wcya2fp9i3WOSdXRe3R3zrPmEyWczwiNDS80\/DuJPDKK6WLpY+cZelDthvT27SFHiT8Vc2fGhL1NJ2JIty\/+8oh5AaV9iU3ry814tCZUdVzhDG\/X7J47v7gyUnBRZ8+dLYC7yGbOPO\/j8lLgYBmIHd\/Fe\/52GzLIAtsBzYq4gieSmfqev+lt2qjcKqdmyELTnLuaNVUVWmeOXlJg7j+bD0ZLk6+IEOsExtkJ5GYOAdZAf4VVudorKzAxhRuFeid38UzjCw1V1lZGYXZHva5yWnXBT\/QqIXen33bPi\/7cT5RE0Uf7Kr0dsxXpZnE5wSqLd0YDoksOKvSgvrlPdF3R1CzfoZPkypcDF+7TC+8w8dINQpd\/HTn3zrh5lzxNINoSPr49gAzdpiG\/oW4z64a6ScAjtd5IeekNU8h7E8y9aF7W72DubKkX4JDi22wct+2\/xP4hQL6aZnxCFS4hLEx79+jEHnDCPf3U2T16m03qRsxTd\/cYpFEQOMxTb\/cYWzDcxvjpX1FbP\/KA6+LvZpHsHt0Ifcj3GoLdoxXZtk26NOPmffdoJ3bqELhmDlAbBzixa5En5LTINvsO8KMgjSwYdw1f4e7R8bxN0HZ2yEGcodfiLbTTFn4FYbp7TK0wDtuGlyoCxe4x2oJNEpBHp6bYPcb2FgTRGG\/gbLxvDznaLx5eeKrGDgy2W56qmzAONlueqq4NXN\/jqWpZQehuBqrCTeJG4UDVGA0gpKgKYeqmG4qq0IMeZKiauqkDIUvVFP\/DUNVJN17k01QF2ziCgKNq6qXbNKGpmnh+6AOGqkHkRyGgqBrGQeIFwsogIYp1jKiKKvcejs2ofaYlPdqjf6P8bMqP7CpxX+SjAqfztwdMjpa8pr0juwVF6RWB7Ai\/OO0vrvCL2\/7iCb94KwVW10GQG8V7fDJ+3wXOIFm7VxZfar2PumVlqPhXBUKk8OUrrqFTN+Agy1AivLGaJHbcAqGrwvDgyZu\/luUJJi\/XprzExzbRXxkPQEC\/HfTi8KiBGS1q3x5ONuGAfsJMezWrvcO3d+a1d\/n27rz2Ht\/em9e+SHgARTIPQty88yDi5n0ejL9yEP46l4yXKuKRwFJiHpS85oGcmpkgDjngYWDRNw8Kknk8GPRsNbEScAEPvDAZH930WqUaHyrQefjwmXDKl8g7Ea2nAIfwxU1ZmTBNYUwqSpl1DHJ0ACCv6yFzKbKmNs6gOXJFTvptRux+M1xEi\/D7S4nO\/Fh2TWPFRAIhInTFaww70DbucGN4tfnJsHVbOnxLR7ely7d0dVt6fEtvNWOu2howafpCZo2DhZSF1dypJzCPZSMpnMSaofhiSeNnzL6zw4AxKY84dL7SCsTj0M7rYeBMhSVHYNTtwKhUQSTXcO61evIaCTB+DpBM2wuraULS0QIiB9K5bbU3CWwiAYXx+8P4KUIFdxs9eIX1CBe+Qn007yjOquyNRkgiXwU0kAiLkaOASLClgk0TP\/vKL6Ht9BJq2zpCW0e7rXtVSHGKOUJfD+A5N0hdF2msCicv1FE0JnXz2Z3IfM77P+J5cTwqcadB7UGSYlmHWHElyNTMBJMl95ynQHducxCp7HI1KGrGLodL5wienrtNoz+qHWgPh9Q1Y\/aG\/RlkRWO2h7BWl2hLxZnwDRZNPWsTaTtpD0bfHuwHoca7NqTz8Gd81YyfE6HkzHWK\/a3LbfZw1oA8i8XL7WXT1noBJKZXbzQ6j1dwY5DDCUk6vVrutZwJNqTY3QwDNE6ZVPK1jKmE7QJp9iKPs8FB8YmJxN1YiszrseXbRh55w\/rpSgLMkAQCV+PwqjI1m48z\/Fr8sl2kc\/ET0KKq8HZjAHkZX8duw8QVktsi+RaVwO3SeQXYidab+L25Fa\/FTNfpCsBzZUpexh31y7iWnQqXBotaU1sA03Uu3YiTrEb2fZTZyanLvq8NOuVAy\/evUX2cbqhTa9YZ30BUaw5Xf1auOcSOLPMvOygl2enlOo+e48BQ6dNlCoKnq46kr+Yr\/BAqrE5aFss0NV\/tF\/mRe63V2pG3dvRau\/LWrl5r70Xv+D15ZP5NjP0mxv6fFWPobdWNJv2bz3RRfzpSCfM1c7GCNR29pJkVGssKw78q1vf8UvWvfCHYmzzq4+ZTDc95a4e+mkgk1\/bu0Y6c2EPeOvTd2T06rrfZgPa7i7x5AYjc9ru3e\/STbQyD9ru\/ewRhnKQh+X60kaPcie2k\/e7sHoPYcx27\/e6i933gtPCP3u4RWpuN273vI4di5Gwg+R4jeNtwA1v8Ymf3mGz9rdP2H7u7R3u7hRur\/Y4c+dsQnSXJd3\/3mPi+Hbb9x8HucWuFPtyS75Fl7R6dyIkc2D1AFEk96DvdA0QSEALsZ0cPbGv36G9cy0u7B\/bu0Yu8aBN2D5zdows2KeiAOtbucRt7AwzH3j2Grh+CpHuAvLtJGKct4iTCYGNtrbYJccDaoQ1sODxxdo+2ZTt2R54S1A0KXQjcoOubCPlHN3BjzyPPkPF\/92g7dmBH5EnruPVAGERJBx45bm3Hcd2OGY4ggbvqEIGv1hp\/njbYTYrexpsM\/s3x\/XX3L6pg0r5xBHmJoh+s2GpRO4MzrHaSW4zJzyjZdOTI1P3u7EbTk\/Ar+BC6kx5M8e\/oyvDd+KbXv+PsJvcb\/C6I451aQJOBl\/UAkGzqb11330FVDD\/G4IIWc\/tbAQ\/UT1WGyyf01EjL4Uf0rf2hEzzsObV9upaYadp2yPexiy9RFpsR\/DWD1VfrycHTbqO4SMqXnb5O+7KZSMF28pQ1cgSLkawUjOdP1wdnI1wE6ZdEcJsGg\/QDQRzBcJB+SNol3iD9HBAkUThIPytx0zAYpF+awG0nLZH0S6MoDZJB+qVuGHnhIP2SrW876SD9QOB4TjRIPwdswiQYpB+MgtD1KOkXgbST1kj6wQTYtPSD4SYC3iD9Ase3OnhY+sEQfSjpB2IU+EFJPx+0kSKd9EvSaICBpB\/wQZK4lPTzg20YbSnpF8HAA4z0iwMHAEr6uZG33XqU9IMwdVKfln5pnMZpxEi\/1EmdTma20i+Mtj6wWekXB3HcIUikH7RhAFnpF6Qg6IZFpF\/iQz91BOnnhGs3XPvO2nryp+TfxmfkHxnC\/eKGfuPn3\/j574CfR9XMIdyhZoNwMLuudNo5QjtHq50rtHO12nlCO0+rnS+083XaHQW6HLXochToctSiy1Ggy1GLLkeBLkctuhwFuhy16BILdIm16BILdIm16BILdIm16BILdIm16BILdIn16BII7QKddpFl8Q0jy9JraYstbb2WjthSazYiW8TW1sPWFrG19bC1RWxtPWwdEVtHD1tHxNbRw9YRsXW0sD2XNd\/yXNY6LdHhhG+Knum0LeCBb1rAg05LdJjhm+IDjkZbEMd8UxDHer2+ip2+arYUpqYtMz7dGB03+cb4CKrTGCkRfGOsWOhNLs674WdXEdaIWs+5xBvJfvEGFL42NpNOj38k91NplTOzumt5+EQk25u+FWWa1Bj\/rDhwd67iq01twzY8Z7y+aPra5uoOGYqS8+9wYmfdyJZGdVZHXpnI5zP1WlZm6vxY8XEc7\/oS9Vh7re1V46IQodfW9sI4qVX9omvq6gl26atvdwhiHrDY6uZ8DXR1l\/rFkfvO+wrJHm2ntgxVce+W3aTOFT6FTW4\/0a9Z3I7sOZpIr54WVW3Mfj1dLr0njoRy4+CjptCnvyAT+Hmhq1eTSgbDwnUddq5sa3qyHM17oTrz5kph+ZLfcIJv8djzF1Fqp6S3lrvVWvHTaJX37g3l7GglqUsFjhrsPQqxK3v4M8q5NeH7GRQJTLqScNIq9J2EnD2KZ5Sp0rnfPLo6pdfHATFhTPRdbeKNt7PiQ8cRO8HiIvMe9z65gDiSY5DHX9FtBcYvaPWsutrVFr1sHBRXJEuz9\/AewF02ce\/1pB6kEV2apixUV1Gzt7MrL+vmvdzipUIa6xmZrYWbgvSiINhBKQuJcq8uv3mq43ydC6e6TusTyHOe5jQNbCLTZm40r+es1rs1beSuEPlNJyMsOqUVcncEpa9MKa6No\/CYd2NRY+\/xN50ogbUO528PyGyhBuwuA+xPAvY172YhkGUKA6NGszekOPg+KdVdFgSsqeQ8R6aZuktYEUvbOUcX9pY+tI2FQxl0LG491YaFuny7zjghBBonBFt6QnDGDgiLS1W0+F+uEs1mAeln1nxQiZubx5S0RRXKclAh+K6U5hQRSgryWgZGaR+hwSRZ9e3hcn54kdST+Q\/H\/4PzH5b1n6wHmkihpAK\/PcWPdHdJ+b0Y7fAf79ShsJPTy8fROCdNcdc5y\/MFx71ptl5wQEO4PGed9kifKgPxiiHf+iJXkzo2xzYJ9eaNOuyLJKOgpRNENdKytX6LEpWNzK5yhU25CgRQBQTVzN6JPXKsf7VlUoJAOXf02KY51r169QqwiJVzDJja3imZlzQVgFFlAVRq+dSSwYVhl14Xp9jLxRukKY2ARPw5lrYRbzXR0WxLZL+d69ghw1Z36eRVj6zyjEoQW24ktOVXOMlsgiM7\/hRutCHQkRgClVu8Sn\/eWmr9GXEYW0H3BLLCrLMEjqupPf+F6pKujqICPLJ+olKVPMdjZm45ZOAEbKjWuHQQSSdS6pnRW0RV1RlTY+gj5ZRJrYYH+R4ntaXyd7z9xCN8DQ\/P7QmeuXYuVBjqlp3aKWVQZYaT7N+faprTIU1rf5u3fIfmxAp2rmBd00YwmYmgjbc0o4NYCbH7Tbfb2817SmUxbnI9Flepdarb4UgfZn6HEw0SF1WZ13N2HxrT\/qbluRUup7fGHB5gkSxFDLmGsJ1Tz+6i5eOYwtVsrnpngD17EaByI36FHwsOBYzIYv1AtLQaEU20EBq+6R0gyBKjkOdllEREUvJUbofggc6TO0LrT1r\/fD+ceBs7Wo+uUT14zxlzDYSSk56zuVflcbPlSrfTeM0NRu\/Mh4ZEDgpHcMZx0QUZT8+5IgL2xFphAKIiJwxANk0HzTd6BSbiOBArrcQFwtc6m4ELOdFdhxzmntCh9EitD7rKigMNG+skw4XP0wd21juCNhJmHfBk0ccsKt+Fo9\/MzmYxAC5WPNNA9znmOVxGFFcJpiIMsNOnvzf+vU2ErOOqzPMIVN1rzTErNCC3lMate+UJ9dY7mVFC+tDfB+lvAvKVvzm8uxPKoxgpLvMcnGuIL6\/Df0kU1pvJh0oH07Wls\/j1Y98WC+\/dhTavjZOMPKUfXDf2RlALNAMWRCfbLONbN\/jW\/XE5dbO7nmqSCE2uNCpY35juV\/Bcaqkdd9IytN2RHLaLjiI8jM+4gF2p3fEI7EDa4FF0FuyHfW+BEjYxkmbtUiJUNKt1OubEW50PqH2DiQSgk399Da7FWkpdVs23B1DHsEjw9sSNkO5XOCxMIWLPwyKBo2jMAEldANi56ztRo3fUGbHL846IU5YkOfyxYKnPLka+aLG0HUeoinfbcReNETI7xkaH85PP8tgvvUejt4zI6jBO20bYbpfUm1ADmYq8kDU9lo3auDJ1n8cI3LLQ3piYdvGlUuNDUlTNukybxShxlfoXY8hX\/I\/Kd5yvhGohZ0UNm874bOhFdUv7S7JhFdOVCQNdMLfvXKbWap1F0iNDOPZ660DVWwXoS6WZgyolX7DZ6U66vsJsOHW7vHDYYo07oVQj0DtEy66lH8c0i0ClijajPLhqIG0cPmZJfDMWUyhk2nLHwoiQK5UtoLKm89mU1skTUlPmevieXORjGYk4Eg8qk\/0\/\/7kqc3TOLr\/TVfFaJa2ebG\/Q7Z9\/R93R0aoQm1lqhJ5PR9p3ux\/0soa5M8XSPt4wmArRqlN5CwrM7q7N7IXjz03HUgXqSZfMNC8ARw2RJCrNi8XRmfh2lyvzlymLIG+nYoVboC3cFAgn+QIXPjGdcJ5pvVWd5Oia1TnrOMmNpGGXLfZybG5S\/6d2HtRrcpX4L+Z1+\/e4joqyGcIK+iQZ4a6kJUk8jiqJp8nOytjzsDMvESWFiTW3fYu7fTIUCkH97LQNBbVcf07NM0Kb7kZ0eaAbdTqf3ikmjpLZ2bhh2fdRrKyHb6q\/ucset2pG\/DX72U65qY60nQPzRSzuIFEH8syNYf0EsYDQPPdYBq1YUFnnaQwVmQHgPBXxrWxsRuW7BIC6DbnHRtItrZOD+gzjxqzQDeso2Nz4vWFb1G07JKVVW2DguoTsdTZnUJgfvVX1UIFof6lRDBbMuxrEcG9+h9Fr1pj0L8wPDaqDlx2OuBZHq\/FNX+1DKNHdgdRk5bcHz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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-ndd1nemo.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G05 \u00b7 METHOD \u00b7 causal-inference<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Method page \u00b7 Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Impact evaluation for conservation<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Conservation and restoration spend public and private money on the expectation that interventions work. Causal inference tests that expectation, estimating what protected areas, payments, restoration and policy changes achieved compared with what would have happened without them. Without that comparison, background trends are easily mistaken for success.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/\">Back to STEM foundation of Biodiversity Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Method record<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">causal-inference<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Method<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Steward<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/\">Economic Development<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Applied in<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Data<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-data\">4 inputs<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Checks<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-checks\">4 validation steps<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canonical page<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-application\"><span>02<\/span>What causal inference and impact\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>03<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>04<\/span>Landscapes and remoteness in New\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-canvas\"><span>05<\/span>The method as a run graph<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-data\"><span>06<\/span>What the method consumes<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-checks\"><span>07<\/span>How results are checked<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-connections\"><span>08<\/span>Topics that rely on this method<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Conservation impact evaluation is the use of causal inference to estimate what protected areas, payments, restoration and policy changes achieved compared with what would have happened without them. Without that counterfactual, background trends such as remote land that would never have been cleared are easily mistaken for success.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-application\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Application<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What causal inference and impact evaluation does here.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Causal inference and impact evaluation develop methods to determine whether and how interventions or exposures cause outcomes. They separate genuine effects from correlation. In biodiversity and nature, climate and hazards and oceans and coasts, causal inference shows which risk reduction measures actually work. It supports allocating resources toward interventions with demonstrated effect across connected risks. The canonical description is on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\">the STEM Commons<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cols\"><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"6\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Protected area effectiveness<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Protected sites are matched to unprotected sites with similar slope, remoteness and pressure, and differences in forest loss or species trends are estimated with sensitivity to hidden bias.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"19\" cy=\"5\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"19\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M10.4 21.9a10 10 0 0 0 9.941-15.416\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 2.1a10 10 0 0 0-9.841 15.416\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Restoration and payment programme evaluation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Difference-in-differences and synthetic control designs compare enrolled land with comparable land outside a programme, before and after it starts.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m16 16 3-8 3 8c-.87.65-1.92 1-3 1s-2.13-.35-3-1Z\"\/><path d=\"m2 16 3-8 3 8c-.87.65-1.92 1-3 1s-2.13-.35-3-1Z\"\/><path d=\"M7 21h10\"\/><path d=\"M12 3v18\"\/><path d=\"M3 7h2c2 0 5-1 7-2 2 1 5 2 7 2h2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Policy and supply-chain commitments<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Staggered adoption of moratoria, regulations or zero-deforestation commitments is used to estimate effects on clearing and on displacement of clearing to other areas.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Matching<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Pairing treated sites with similar untreated sites on factors such as slope and access to estimate an effect.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Additionality<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The extent to which an outcome would not have occurred without the intervention.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Payments for ecosystem services<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Payments to land users conditional on managing land to provide an ecosystem service.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Landscapes and remoteness in New Zealand.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Mountain ranges, deserts, wetlands, glaciers and reefs, and how remote each division is from large cities, shown for New Zealand as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"new-zealand:biodiversity\" data-ramp=\"green\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1400|805 799 1108 1090|715 991 913 1240|613 1023 792 1302\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-new-zealand-biodiversity\" data-ramp=\"green\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Mountain ranges, deserts, wetlands, glaciers and reefs, and how remote each division is from large cities.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/stem\/causal-inference\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Biodiversity Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-canvas\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The method as a run graph.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Data from the source register feeds the methods; calibration and an independent test gate the estimate and its limits; the decision stays with the competent authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Method canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Causal inference and impact evaluation as applied here<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g05-stem-causal-inference-prisma-t nx-dag-g05-stem-causal-inference-prisma-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g05-stem-causal-inference-prisma-t\">Causal inference and impact evaluation in Biodiversity Nexus: systematic evidence synthesis<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g05-stem-causal-inference-prisma-d\">A question is framed with its owner and a protocol registered; records are searched, screened and checked for eligibility by two reviewers; data are extracted, synthesised and graded for certainty before a brief is written. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 01<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, metrics and state; connectors show what feeds what; the gates are the validation steps; the timeline is one application. Design of the method's use, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the method consumes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Datasets and records used by causal inference and impact evaluation on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/research\/sources\/\">the source register<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Global Forest Change and national land-cover series<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Outcome measures<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Protected Planet boundaries and designation dates<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Treatment timing and extent<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Programme enrolment records<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Treatment assignment<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Terrain, access and land-use covariates<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Matching and adjustment<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"data\" data-nxf-kind=\"data\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/stem\/causal-inference\/#data\" data-nxf-title=\"Method record\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/stem\/causal-inference\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-checks\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Validation<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How results are checked.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Identification assumptions are probed through placebo tests, falsification checks and sensitivity analysis. Replication across settings tests external validity.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Check<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is done<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Covariate balance<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Treated and comparison units are compared on observed characteristics before effects are estimated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Placebo and pre-trend tests<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Effects are tested in periods and places where none should exist<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Sensitivity to hidden bias<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Results state how strong an unobserved confounder would need to be to change the conclusion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Spillover and leakage<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Neighbouring areas are examined for displaced pressure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Unobserved confounding and spillovers can bias estimates. Effects found in one context may not transfer to another.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-connections\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connections<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics that rely on this method.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/species-and-genetic-diversity\/\"><span>Species and genetic diversity<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/forest-and-landscapes\/\"><span>Forests and landscapes<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/restoration-and-nature-based-solutions\/\"><span>Restoration and nature-based solutions<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/\"><span>Ecosystem services<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-stewardship\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Stewardship<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who maintains the method.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/\">Economic Development<\/a> stewards causal inference and impact evaluation for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\">Canonical page: Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-11-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Canonical method page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Platform application links to the canonical method page.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/stem\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Steward platform<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Economic Development stewards this method.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-12-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What are the limits of causal inference and impact evaluation in this field?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Unobserved confounding and spillovers can bias estimates. Effects found in one context may not transfer to another.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How are results checked?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Identification assumptions are probed through placebo tests, falsification checks and sensitivity analysis. Replication across settings tests external validity.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are the values on this page real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method's use, not a run; no result is reported here.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where else is this method applied?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\">canonical method page<\/a> lists every platform that applies it.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-13\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Biodiversity Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/ecology\/\">Ecology and biodiversity science <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation for biodiversity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\">Spatial statistics for biodiversity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/geospatial\/\">Geospatial analysis for biodiversity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\">Complex systems in ecology <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/hydrology\/\">Hydrology for ecosystems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\">Biodiversity Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. 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