{"id":161,"date":"2026-10-13T10:53:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T10:53:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/?page_id=161"},"modified":"2026-10-13T15:56:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T15:56:10","slug":"complex-systems","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Complex systems in ecology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/ \u00b7 source template \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1qy0l81.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"workbench\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G05 \u00b7 METHOD \u00b7 complex-systems<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Method page \u00b7 Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Complex systems in ecology<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Ecosystems and the social and economic systems that use them interact through feedbacks, thresholds and networks. Complex systems methods explore how those interactions produce regime shifts, cascades of extinction and correlated losses that simpler models miss, and they stress test management against them.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/\">Back to STEM foundation of Biodiversity Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Method record<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">complex-systems<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Method<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Steward<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Applied in<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Data<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-data\">4 inputs<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Checks<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-checks\">3 validation steps<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canonical page<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-3-sec\"><span>02<\/span>Agent-based simulation, in outline<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-application\"><span>03<\/span>What complex systems and agent-based\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>05<\/span>Landscapes and remoteness in Pacific\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-canvas\"><span>06<\/span>The method as a run graph<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-data\"><span>07<\/span>What the method consumes<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-checks\"><span>08<\/span>How results are checked<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Regime shifts are large, persistent changes in ecosystems that complex systems methods help anticipate and explain. These methods model feedbacks, thresholds and networks linking ecosystems with the social and economic systems that use them, exploring cascades of extinction and correlated losses that simpler models miss.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Agent-based simulation, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this method: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-biodiversity-method-abm\" data-cx=\"biodiversity.method-abm\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Agent-based simulation: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Agent-based simulation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Biodiversity \u00b7 Complex systems in ecology \u00b7 Run R-7901<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>323 runs<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Outcome across runs<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Outcome across runs\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-biodiversity-method-abm-c0\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Median run|acc|l||0:41.630768903438;1:43.30054704267532;2:40.91659428616986;3:42.11356940502301;4:46.9625436514616;5:46.833395885210486;6:48.665947085991505;7:50.01271864837036;8:47.01453458340839;9:52.84138249326497;10:52.84808097770438;11:49.73062912356109;12:51.955275658704345;13:56.73424299396575;14:55.63665314717218;15:57.34089182307944;16:56.263102097716185;17:58.84631058638916;18:58.02112449435518;19:58.58322498481721;20:62.63503652941436;21:63.03086897991598;22:63.89832514356823;23:67.82285785730929~Run spread, upper|s3|l||0:47.630768903438;1:51.50054704267532;2:51.31659428616986;3:54.71356940502301;4:61.7625436514616;5:63.833395885210486;6:67.86594708599151;7:71.41271864837036;8:70.61453458340839;9:78.64138249326497;10:80.84808097770437;11:79.93062912356109;12:84.35527565870434;13:91.33424299396574;14:92.4366531471722;15:96.34089182307943;16:97.46310209771619;17:99;18:99;19:99;20:99;21:99;22:99;23:99~Run spread, lower|s3|l||0:35.630768903438;1:35.30054704267532;2:30.91659428616986;3:30.113569405023007;4:32.9625436514616;5:30.833395885210486;6:30.665947085991505;7:30.01271864837036;8:25.01453458340839;9:28.841382493264973;10:26.848080977704377;11:21.730629123561087;12:21.955275658704345;13:24.73424299396575;14:21.636653147172183;15:21.34089182307944;16:18.263102097716185;17:18.84631058638916;18:16.021124494355178;19:14.583224984817207;20:16.635036529414357;21:15.03086897991598;22:13.89832514356823;23:15.822857857309288\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"kv\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Method card<\/h4><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-fk-dl\"><div><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>Complex systems and\u2026<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Agents<\/dt><dd>17,896<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Calibration<\/dt><dd>pattern-oriented<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Label<\/dt><dd><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>MODELLED<\/span><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Behavioural rules<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-biodiversity-method-abm-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-biodiversity-method-abm-t2\" aria-label=\"Behavioural rules\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Agent type<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Rule<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Parameter<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Source<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-method-abm:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Protected area authority<\/td><td>adapts after 5 losses<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.2\">0.2<\/td><td>survey, labelled<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-method-abm:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Environment ministry<\/td><td>adapts after 5 losses<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.2\">0.2<\/td><td>survey, labelled<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-method-abm:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Indigenous and local community council<\/td><td>adapts after 2 losses<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.4\">0.4<\/td><td>survey, labelled<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Agent-based simulation: the screen's structure, terms and states for Biodiversity.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-application\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Application<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What complex systems and agent-based modelling does here.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling study systems whose behaviour emerges from interactions among many components. They help explain nonlinear dynamics, tipping points and collective behaviour. In biodiversity and nature, climate and hazards and oceans and coasts, complex systems approaches explore how interacting risks can produce sudden, systemic shifts. They support stress testing of policies against emergent behaviour. The canonical description is on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">the STEM Commons<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cols\"><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Early warning of regime shifts<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Rising variance, autocorrelation and slower recovery in long ecological series are tested as signals of approaching transitions in lakes, reefs and drylands.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Food-web and co-extinction networks<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Interaction networks of plants, pollinators, predators and prey are simulated to see how the loss of one species propagates through the web.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Agent-based models of land and sea use<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Farmers, fishers, traders and regulators are represented as agents to explore how incentives, rules and ecology together drive clearing, overfishing or recovery.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Early warning signal<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A statistical change, such as rising variance or slower recovery, that can precede a regime shift.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Co-extinction<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The loss of a species because a species it depends on, such as a host or pollinator, is lost.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Social-ecological system<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A linked system of people and nature in which each shapes the other through feedbacks.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Landscapes and remoteness in Pacific Island states.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Mountain ranges, deserts, wetlands, glaciers and reefs, and how remote each division is from large cities, shown for Pacific Island states as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"pacific-islands:biodiversity\" data-ramp=\"green\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1240|85 156 383 607|364 375 869 602|1301 794 1496 928|733 943 923 1075\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-pacific-islands-biodiversity\" data-ramp=\"green\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Mountain ranges, deserts, wetlands, glaciers and reefs, and how remote each division is from large cities.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/stem\/complex-systems\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Biodiversity Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-canvas\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The method as a run graph.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Data from the source register feeds the methods; calibration and an independent test gate the estimate and its limits; the decision stays with the competent authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Method canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Complex systems and agent-based modelling as applied here<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g05-stem-complex-systems-systemic-cascade-t nx-dag-g05-stem-complex-systems-systemic-cascade-d\" data-nx-z=\"zVzNctvIEX6VKeSyW2tQmD\/8VJmq0krcNSsy6UhUHOcGASMSZRJgAFA\/PuWYcx4ir5B7HmWfJDU\/AAGKJAYE5N2DTVDE9PTX0\/3NdM8A70P2kJ2\/X\/t5ztIYROHQiJ\/N0J+bc4uaWc5WZpCs1kv2bGYv\/GumPqPADPws8ENmhkmeGeApCvPF0IC2ARYsmi9yea0k38VRng2NTcbS27UfsGl8lzHj\/H0QpcGSgWDpZ\/xnLushYsvQAMHz0HANELyIj3RoWAPHODt\/f6Yknr9f+elXlp6ms5+myZMBHiP29HPyPDQsYAEX8I7Yw9+GhiMuvgwNYgDZzWcJzy6+f1AYbQMkacTifGj4mzwxs9xPczNljywVANd+vtjCU92GQ+Mj4F1eAxcQcC06\/ybQSek9gDOX0SP7nRCqvjVgnkn\/S1mQb2UEfvzoV1wKWdbWqahNDJA+c73OVMPD9z1Ey+XQ2KTLH\/50klv\/WPZRKrf2Y7Y0uWADcLMa4EX8v1cJ2+ICllFccfGFH6VmZoBnKNo9o6LRCxQNwAsqGubsudLzKokTsDGj+CsSXUNX9I2pAR6SODez6BsbGtAaUAPwlqYfB4skHRpixAywZDxwzGztB1E85wFlEbYyztNNnIEzcB8lYcQHNcpfzJg9b\/gflTH41Y69\/Dg0\/fn7M97Tro3iJGRm7s\/BxszvzXs\/nDOhMUFSZQRLe3mowheuHFl8EHsh2OS\/SpEOkVbAg7od3FdmWEVhuGT77AC5Ga5Gt+NfJ+DmblKAmm\/7z+8NEPq5b\/pBHiXx0PiWJCszig2QJks2NO43eZ7EBsj9+ygOmXQMP418c+nfs6W8H0Sx8crXF9FaAPFcZyChoK03ITKo8Cn\/gduHNPuG53kDRxqGNLnHYbtYNjfMT4U9zuYaNkk2eTuj8AaHrULJwO3PKrYzgD1Z5bd\/\/VvXLg+Rvkn4vYetYXm7tsAOt88ptkDOwOvJFr+MZ7q2WC\/9F21jiJsPWsOlNveDuj0I4VF0gj1cx1We1t0en64vvlQNcgCAQ1+5tmed6NquhQe4J\/WvL75M72bgf\/8F1zf7CX6eJhuJAcsJELp4OwW6lRkQQjVdu8cwYMnlSpbn1BB4utMZRFz7Dxd\/v7i5atIbISQ6c7z9emP+u6beCEtZHu6i9y\/jm9sZmN5cjRqNTiDZVR476DTlCSI9KH87upxOrvS0dzz3lc\/U1G\/jM67l9uE0t7PpJzD7MAKXF7eXF1ejAkN9ccvCOQPyo1jicm7Lcrbmqxb57SFNVkNj8U19zZOhkUGRCC2uWTwXnqbWxtBzASI2uAQII3GFLAtAggDChH8Wa3GTxeGp69jtilysZl8jMh+WZVLSrNFZK6PQI0ZBbYyCqSVUwNT6gxilqlEXo3DnaDQKhghAF4JLccVVqH5iCL+7UZo1OqutBJiY01vYYZdApADzfi451xMLfj57Ym9QWw9VZx\/clFEoqTKZwBAN5ByEiMsnYp184nydPLG0Ot23cAXniAnwAVfwZEBeAoJESALsScMTZPPP7+8KjRo1usJxOxx3Bex6yhWg6\/TlCsRyB8VyxH4LV4hFBlsxgVs3AaqagBx2BU5Dl4BagojEJx8AG7q9zh8\/Ng\/hcf2PDyFxaf\/RTC1yQjQ\/+XlfQ4g1hpC6SM0tNhSxAqj7RxlC3GYIqUsGaF8UwmpG03IIbcs6IQq50ieOILSOmIC2GUIejXwI+1ywHODiOgJUR0AqCO43D\/shOA5RDO5awuuA40goLrR6nVNOgUB1IUgu5BD41e8KgdQgCK1LDOs02o\/Bs23lSdCyhNLAs+XaE1oW6h\/FvF6zLSqsYRLX4RQDwn+tLONVmeaD\/81PwwLgy5oNDX6ZsW1s+TkbGlfTyUj9ZQWHBtcz2cRFwxUaGnfrpR+HYJ76Wcav1E8id9z2o1k9kre\/A0qXd0DA2lurvk+eVTKsCjLOtipAK\/TluLt7D3U5C+aHWoKQ3VJQpWReEwTRAQlRwI0jpkFVc69UaColsiLXxq+9WsiZL1\/WCwPkqR9nD0m6Ghricunn7AdqvUMQ\/yi9FwMyoIFlQoBMOKCA8P8zAvglgAP6SAMLQBPxa1P8JTOJya\/5jd8+YuDwG4C4QTbJ+O9S0Ov5IvPjTFYCINiYTzbfQuHVBQUXkZ0NAcilnEunKGaH47WFwnLEa5h4GooLVxezi9vRrKlTVOvU1qnHnBcx1A6QY+vI3g3G43s9ckuKYrUIQKSyBLCrNWpI2+\/yQAcWpV4K64PRcpNnOilrO7t7z+uEDyLfd4ae2nkWKNKhgaUD6rSgqNpipxx+lGRxjWTLHEix2Shm6fylRrKrJKws4PZRbMhSP2dVhl0kmzSr0+ovUZrlIElDlmpzq9TmHRAq6DArwrLMCC3ckVobJWlzaykJOqeSK1L8DC2vd3ZFBL2DllfSK4RLbFKAAAbYtLUJEdlKRWTtZUQ5lHoEUsIltBslfpxeja71CLHsk3o6rKVcviUeXn5uli2CR4MGMaFFLoTtHmkQ21jRICTO29OgiI9A9Ib0aBB7lmrBcbdrQdxTiZPWiRPVifMzT+hb8uZ6s1pH8RwskyyvkOc6ZVm2SVl3\/hRKnUCfotLbC30elNSaPjGiXekTVxm4R\/rE0OmLPjFy99Ln52q9SI9tMMXfnT2xrbM\/dl51\/Jag+O6pRgcqhFqxKCbkTVgUU\/odWVSg0OHEbQvalkVFtUmLRQ9uRSgWxXUWHV\/Omjj05m4yGU9+rdDovR983ayBqIpXaPRenOB8AXvWorcsSOKwJZmOL2cllaabOI7ieVOab\/eW59u9Jfp210yfKEJ+i1SfYFLL9U9kU0LJ0fR8fDnTo50Sa9fkvAWXln3q5eZV728JSi9Br8WRBqFS6BZZdCU7p7R6YuoUQqXEVmePOmbnikEOcaofBCzOwUZxVyAqGh6HJHN1h499qnQ\/TJYi0mSLRnoF8qPao4u0awPHWmvXCf6xYZsyha\/v0yiqJjvlWOYv80UTW\/\/lbnQ3uqqQ9SLJ1lHuL0HG0scoYFmFscWmGD8QVqXyLpQtdSxZW2E8Stq2Ou\/cvYLQKEmbtEtJp1cQbMX7b1FBsJHdRwXBJvbRCoIcTD2KK+F+xwpC2adeBeFVILREpldLqIeUBns70FYHVKtFBeINUDf2dghUB887FhUkozQviEXQtCoSbFvUiwSHWzjO\/tJFO54td4MV0dI60c54oMk+W3JtFs1jf5nx4X\/YlHdzpl0m8yjLo6CPdXGp30k8273U0CipNc92KDUU4fkWpQbOsz2UGgqePVRqKMezHSF9z3JD2adeuWEnDlri0qs4lBHVimOrJYc+ObZjyaE1x+4UBDQYU7+EMPfzAwc3JF9uTz0oQvp58\/DA0gzwbcWUhZs49OOgvqdVkynI89eLWbU0+7RgKQNRDrI8WVfXqKP4MUqTeMVThFUUR1mevuyQaJ6sQb5gxVNt2kS6X+93gCsr\/z9OqS60eqo3NErSptRS0un1Bhe6b1ZvcKFbqTc4AC0poKb4Z9Jv2pTqYvdoveH1yP72z\/\/o0VCJvmsFgju4HruWXeoVIOqh0hKVXgliX9Bp8KyH4JucE\/Cw1885geqYHOZMEUOtzglsW1DNLTXP3l+tOLZBxoIoi3iQ7juRJrlZnEGrcvMNy\/Ik9flTemCdRkka5VFZA1CHunblCn6+uJt9mN6MZ18qJH2EizlVB1x44C\/BA98664mk9wN4Bwqt3wF\/ky\/4n1+OszU\/atcTXTeL0ubrrajTCRta8O0Og3HhFcpGwFlAizP3I7S0+Rpa+Pj5rdejrE3YW\/SdD3SNLse34+lEj7W3\/erR9jFO1UWox971ONQ532W5aA9x207nA14Q2urR7I7MXdKRxjEvEVLN3MoHYeWvjb2vglB2UTmJWwnNypMLhFQe5K0LWa32HG6QkVDkIkhU6Au54rHtUrCUC9vIpa568BvSgfcWcjHpLleWzKXLweIxjh7sUFR5hM9ZWPlcH5bYL7kPW8icSMhFxZZ4Lz5RzudCNnE6yubvmil8tzgntpWD3eoDylIOKqKtxStSCFLvSOEXZ4djUj3XLN45onRwqu9mgaj6IpnjxIpldBNi70xJ2vMGUftbYDb+OLoeT0a85jGdjMDt5WhycTOeFnT12hLSDpDn58IS4o0n3BB88ueGoEQDAnQkmRCbnDr5ybcDzKwmVbFlc6FcWXXZXl0s31vQi8I\/2YsmlQn2pMLior26hOC+lIWoUVvqwMLA6rK9xtSh\/RkYkUadHUv5r7hor69j9eW\/PxFXc7OqCPudQuOhLnceLqgTU576wVcViYqZnC07Ulx9a1Rl\/bQjZGne++nrudcpnnSsynRdviu\/T6geas8a6O3R7RwhbsTtiqV9L8iRjdTRg7rUjtipBfWQ107\/NQL33gC21wU0rIEWGZYW7MoxnSbQ1KJdR7tcC2Jqqbda1aV2HW2ENOO7ttHdiBza3XBXVpREPha9I7Urbox0B\/zV1lMjeGR3Hfb98GtyuxqA6O2M7SkT+5WyQ6MtsNPNEmUCQJGj4r4q87AVagXCp3o9sHgx17NZqFp8f1JqqnLhkylGAA+QbXsIQxe7lguN3ak+Fi+MEAQF1f1OsaaS13LSR7VJvw5bnvBS7ziishFfXFVrxK8fJkfHBtxM4prYQhcu1ht02oybTD8ffsvXNhFx1HutqpkIqeFokYk4FPWSiownt59Gl7PpDc9DbkfXo8vZ6ApMplcHtiJe1+vEt8zMo3zJ6qrZO6ohdbKTd6XO5+qtv0qJ7slrPjFQ08+T7WupRJfCtaM4GxrJU8yPVJQ6cEyPYM\/ei3p4cleXA6W1ZM2fQ0rSlkA9rxPQ8eTT3ez2ANIoXm\/4m3r1oXpa56XEASb+xEDWDiyFHUf1bnYEbbLJW8Ld1efQmQV1KgyEbJ76oe6jZiVq1G2IR38dX40ml6MDsNljFLI4YG1wI61hFqdArkdXPIpDtmYx7+cFZJv0kb20tAHpNvJ3k+vp5Z8PjfwmXibB11YjT7RGvji0ursY+j8=\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g05-stem-complex-systems-systemic-cascade-t\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling in Biodiversity Nexus: a cascade across interdependent systems<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g05-stem-complex-systems-systemic-cascade-d\">A hazard hits one system; dependencies carry the failure into others; impact grows until buffers, redundancy or restoration priorities stop it; the analysis ranks the links to strengthen. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 01<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, metrics and state; connectors show what feeds what; the gates are the validation steps; the timeline is one application. Design of the method's use, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the method consumes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Datasets and records used by complex systems and agent-based modelling on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/research\/sources\/\">the source register<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Long-term ecological time series<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Early warning indicators<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Species interaction networks<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Network structure<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Land-use and fisheries surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Calibration of agent behaviour<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Model ensembles<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Structural uncertainty<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"data\" data-nxf-kind=\"data\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/stem\/complex-systems\/#data\" data-nxf-title=\"Method record\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/stem\/complex-systems\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-checks\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Validation<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How results are checked.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Models are evaluated by matching multiple stylised facts and patterns at different scales. Sensitivity and robustness analysis test dependence on assumptions.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Check<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is done<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Pattern-oriented validation<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Models must reproduce several observed patterns at different scales, not a single target<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Sensitivity and robustness<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Conclusions are tested across parameter ranges and alternative model structures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">False alarm testing<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Early warning methods are tested on series with and without known transitions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Many plausible models can reproduce the same patterns. Calibration and validation data are often limited.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-connections\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connections<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics that rely on this method.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-integrity\/\"><span>Ecosystem integrity<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/forest-and-landscapes\/\"><span>Forests and landscapes<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/\"><span>Coastal and marine biodiversity<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/restoration-and-nature-based-solutions\/\"><span>Restoration and nature-based solutions<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/\"><span>Ecosystem services<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-stewardship\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Stewardship<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who maintains the method.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/a> stewards complex systems and agent-based modelling for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">Canonical page: Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-12-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Canonical method page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Platform application links to the canonical method page.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Steward platform<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Complex systems methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Systems Science and Modelling stewards this method.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-13-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What are the limits of complex systems and agent-based modelling in this field?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Many plausible models can reproduce the same patterns. Calibration and validation data are often limited.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How are results checked?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Models are evaluated by matching multiple stylised facts and patterns at different scales. Sensitivity and robustness analysis test dependence on assumptions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are the values on this page real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. 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