{"id":170,"date":"2026-10-13T10:56:06","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T10:56:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/?page_id=170"},"modified":"2026-10-13T16:00:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T16:00:57","slug":"coastal-marine-biodiversity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/","title":{"rendered":"Coastal and marine biodiversity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G05 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 coastal-marine-biodiversity<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Coastal and marine biodiversity<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Coastal and marine ecosystems, from mangroves and seagrass to coral reefs, kelp forests and the open ocean, support fisheries, protect shorelines and store carbon. They face fishing, coastal development, pollution, warming and acidification at once, and much of the ocean is observed only sparsely. This page sets out how marine biodiversity, fish stocks and coastal integrity are measured, how pressures interact, and what the evidence means for fisheries, coastal and marine authorities.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-stage\" data-lv-fill=\"map\" data-lv-id=\"ecoregion\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"philippines:oceans\" data-ramp=\"teal\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1400|639 735 951 1141|974 339 1057 426|1211 1018 1278 1110\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-philippines-oceans\" data-ramp=\"teal\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Seas, straits, reefs and ports, and how much of each division lies near the coast.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Biodiversity Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-3-sec\"><span>02<\/span>Ecosystem condition account, in\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Coastal and marine biodiversity: how\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine biodiversity is the variety of life in coastal and ocean ecosystems, from mangroves and seagrass to coral reefs, kelp forests and the open ocean. It faces fishing, coastal development, pollution, warming and acidification at once, while much of the ocean is sparsely observed. Fish stocks, coral cover and mangrove extent are among the measures used.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Ecosystem condition account, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-biodiversity-condition\" data-cx=\"biodiversity.condition\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Ecosystem condition account: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Ecosystem condition account<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Coastal and marine biodiversity \u00b7 Wetland complex \u00b7 Accounting year 4<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"nx-fk-kpis\" data-n=\"4\"><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Extent change<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k0\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">\u25b2 1<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">pct of opening<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k0\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,10.2L10.2,14.1L18.4,17.9L26.5,21.3L34.7,23L42.9,19.4L51.1,22.7L59.3,19.3L67.5,16.4L75.6,20.2L83.8,21.9L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,10.2L10.2,14.1L18.4,17.9L26.5,21.3L34.7,23L42.9,19.4L51.1,22.7L59.3,19.3L67.5,16.4L75.6,20.2L83.8,21.9L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Condition index<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k1\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">0.60<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">0 to 1<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-d\" data-dir=\"down\" data-good=\"na\">0.07<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k1\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,19.3L10.2,23L18.4,20L26.5,16.3L34.7,16.9L42.9,15.6L51.1,10.8L59.3,13.5L67.5,11.8L75.6,7.4L83.8,3L92,13.2L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,19.3L10.2,23L18.4,20L26.5,16.3L34.7,16.9L42.9,15.6L51.1,10.8L59.3,13.5L67.5,11.8L75.6,7.4L83.8,3L92,13.2\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"13.2\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Species of concern<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k2\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">20<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">recorded<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k2\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,23L10.2,19.4L18.4,13.2L26.5,8.2L34.7,3L42.9,7.7L51.1,10.2L59.3,12.4L67.5,5.9L75.6,6.4L83.8,3.9L92,11L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,23L10.2,19.4L18.4,13.2L26.5,8.2L34.7,3L42.9,7.7L51.1,10.2L59.3,12.4L67.5,5.9L75.6,6.4L83.8,3.9L92,11\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"11\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Restoration under management<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k3\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">412<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">ha<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Normal<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k3\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,23L10.2,17.5L18.4,13.9L26.5,12.3L34.7,18.3L42.9,13.5L51.1,10.5L59.3,3.9L67.5,8.5L75.6,7L83.8,3L92,9.1L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,23L10.2,17.5L18.4,13.9L26.5,12.3L34.7,18.3L42.9,13.5L51.1,10.5L59.3,3.9L67.5,8.5L75.6,7L83.8,3L92,9.1\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"9.1\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Condition declining<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Condition indicators<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-biodiversity-condition-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-biodiversity-condition-t1\" aria-label=\"Condition indicators\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Indicator<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Opening<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Closing<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Reference<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-condition:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Water level regime<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.7\">0.7<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.5\">0.5<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">1.0<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-condition:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Native vegetation cover<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">1.0<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-condition:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Invasive species pressure<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.3\">0.3<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.3\">0.3<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-condition:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Connectivity<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.5\">0.5<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.6\">0.6<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">1.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Condition index<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Condition index\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-biodiversity-condition-c2\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Measured|ink|l||0:49.5;1:47.7;2:47.5;3:50.3;4:44.9;5:41.8;6:42.7;7:44.6;8:44.1;9:42.4;10:37;11:34.6;12:30.4;13:29.9;14:33.7;15:27.3;16:22.6;17:21.7;18:16.2;19:9.9;20:6;21:6;22:6;23:8.9~Target path|acc|l||0:49;1:51.6;2:53.3;3:48.4;4:47.8;5:43.2;6:43.4;7:43.9;8:44.7;9:40.1;10:40.6;11:41;12:41.9;13:43.4;14:44.4;15:41;16:43.8;17:40.2;18:43;19:41.6;20:44.5;21:44.6;22:47.2;23:47.1\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Ecosystem condition account: the screen's structure, terms and states for Coastal and marine biodiversity.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coastal and marine biodiversity: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine ecosystems, fish stocks and coastal integrity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 21c.6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1 .6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1\"\/><path d=\"M19.38 20A11.6 11.6 0 0 0 21 14l-9-4-9 4c0 2.9.94 5.34 2.81 7.76\"\/><path d=\"M19 13V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6\"\/><path d=\"M12 10v4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Overexploitation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fishing beyond what stocks can replace reduces abundance, shifts catches toward smaller species and removes predators that structure food webs. Bycatch affects seabirds, turtles, sharks and marine mammals, and illegal fishing hides the true pressure.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Warming and acidification<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Marine heatwaves bleach corals and kill kelp and seagrass; warming shifts species toward the poles and changes where stocks can be fished. Acidification lowers the saturation of the carbonate minerals that corals and shellfish need to build skeletons.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.106 5.553a2 2 0 0 0 1.788 0l3.659-1.83A1 1 0 0 1 21 4.619v12.764a1 1 0 0 1-.553.894l-4.553 2.277a2 2 0 0 1-1.788 0l-4.212-2.106a2 2 0 0 0-1.788 0l-3.659 1.83A1 1 0 0 1 3 19.381V6.618a1 1 0 0 1 .553-.894l4.553-2.277a2 2 0 0 1 1.788 0z\"\/><path d=\"M15 5.76v15\"\/><path d=\"M9 3.24v15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Coastal squeeze<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass are cleared for aquaculture, ports and housing, and hemmed in by sea walls as sea level rises. Losing them removes nurseries for fish and natural buffers against storm surge.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Compounding along the coast<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Nutrient runoff from land fuels algal blooms and low-oxygen zones; weakened reefs recover more slowly from storms and heat. Declining coastal fisheries then reach food security, tourism revenue and the insurance of coastal property.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Coral bleaching<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The loss of the algae living in coral tissue under heat stress, which turns coral white and can kill it if stress persists.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Biologically sustainable fish stock<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A stock at or above the abundance that can produce maximum sustainable yield; SDG indicator 14.4.1.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Marine heatwave<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A period of unusually warm sea temperature relative to the local seasonal climate, lasting at least several days.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Coastal squeeze<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The loss of intertidal habitat trapped between rising seas and fixed structures such as sea walls.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of assessed stocks<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">biennial<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Stock assessments compiled under SDG indicator 14.4.1<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Live hard coral cover<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of reef area surveyed<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Reef surveys and photo transects<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Mangrove extent<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hectares<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">periodic<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite radar and optical classification<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Marine heatwave days<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">days per year above the seasonal threshold<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily, summarised annually<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite sea surface temperature<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Ocean surface pH<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">pH units<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Moorings, ship surveys and models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Marine protected area coverage<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of national waters<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">World Database on Protected Areas<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Apparent fishing effort<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hours of fishing per grid cell<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Vessel tracking from automatic identification systems<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Coastal eutrophication<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">chlorophyll-a anomaly index<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite ocean colour<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Coastal and marine biodiversity as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g05-topics-coastal-marine-biodiversity-le-t nx-dag-g05-topics-coastal-marine-biodiversity-le-d\" data-nx-z=\"zVzdctu4FX4VDHuzOzVlAgT4MxN5xrXVrGcdOY3t3eaSpmAZE4pUScg\/eYJe92V630fpk3QAkBQoiRIo0s1eJIYk8uD8fjjnAOSHGX0szj4sI85pngI2G1vpqz2L5vbcITbPliwu7DiLCh4l9iLKWUrtB5bN2DPNC8bf7ITas4wXFnhhM\/40tqBngSfK5k9cjUvK9ynjxdhaFTS\/XUYxvUnvC2qdfYhZHicUxElUiJ8FrUdGk5kF4texFVggfpN\/8rHljHzr9OzDaUnx7MMiyr\/R\/DieozzPXizwzOjLX7LXseUABwRATEQf\/z62fDn4OrawBdQ0vyvxvOrzL6WMngWynNGUj61oxTO74FHO7ZyKuYSAy4g\/rcUrp52NrU9ATHkNAoDBtZz8u5ROUR9AODthz\/QHSVjObSDmqfK\/nMZ8TSOO0udIcynkOGunIh62QP4q+Dotb2y\/7pElydha5clPfzrKrX+u56iZW0YpTWxB2AJCrRZ4k\/\/vZMJzBIGEpZqLP0UstwsLvEJ53yuqbnqD8gbwhqobOX3VZl5kaQZWNku\/ITk1DOTcLrHAY5Zyu2Df6diCzohYQNxpR2n8lOVjS1rMAgkVgWMXyyhm6VwElIPpwjrLV2kBTkFD\/pS+rsSXPH2c2QmNluAUVPqK0pmmsw+nYq5NLaXZjNo8moOVzR\/sh2g2p5JnjOEISbYRrHUWIg0zAmVdt1X+irQtflVEA78k6rqjpjaCLWUs2GyW0F3agEIZl5Pbq49T8OV+Wgk2X3PAHywwi3hkRzFnWTq2vmfZwmapBfIsoWPrYcV5llqARw8snVHlHlHOIjuJHmiirgcstbY8\/oktpShh4I+w0s\/apxAeaagqfhAawoc9JAzDka8Ugw85SbteHE8o5s+VPk7nBjrJVrybUsQN7VoheBQMpxXPH8GBtPLff\/7LVC+PzFwl4tp2bTjhpi5cX+jnGF0gfxQOpIu\/Xt2Z6mKZRG\/GypAXt2ojIJ7wg6Y+MBZRdIQ+Aj8oPa2\/Pj5fn3\/VFdIigE+2XDt0jnTtwHFH7kDsX59\/vbm\/A\/\/5N7j+shvk53m2UjLgsARgGLjrpTDQVkIIy2U72CeFK6mRmlroN6QITRc2iIQEtxc3nyeHWEd+WPqPH+5m3UXImHUUVNRCtw\/r1zcX53cHeSfQGYxzgpwB+J78dn59b8C5j51ynRvEY3xSk+vnMue3t5Pb20Pch75TosQQmg+Dilo\/3X\/+Mvl8\/qVWfTMvp7M5BepPlZ0LQC44XYpkS316zLPF2Cri8iPPxlYCZQ33dE3TuZSyTOsR9EcIIOyBC4AIHmE5ViOIEUAhHHliVJUTNk1nx6bi66JCJuTbktmPSV1XmXN22klJZI+SUHclucQpWXGJ84dSUpOzbkryG0oSzlMribZ4Esa+sge4ADjAo0CO1yOC0A\/xI1O+uikoaCoI6QpC+xQkrFIxIsbrkWDkR\/iQKV97FZTKIk5TkFjSNA1R3YVEU2CXhjw\/KA3lQzKSZilHwqt9gpR\/D6YhqRwtv6UyU+0ixubaoijYD3O5InghHjnl6uiPtLQW6WktdA+VyiVVVSVLhZRrpEyZTcrksxld0nSmp7E9bIkMbal8SllQjP9gtkTH2VJg6uC2dB3H2JZssYxivt+WTcFRQ3BhslrwZb7bfqETlKvJBQgxGXlyrEYiLsMAKQAd1oKHJMENSQTztSQz1uKK0PEcwWsAwUX1QQizPXQhfDeHFP2uqu01y9KmXJWBxK9aUlJWzrdxtmTpvJL1bUnHFo+KbzWJiNOxdXkznZTfLKCoxwuW0qIAi2xWB8ICja3nKFlRED9FouElv5UZsZqGGpfzJVMnQHByAqRIO9uHD9mriqC6Zej462ybaBWyH2y2hJuUnmg0MySFvM6ktE5mgxRELTRYLBQksaFuhmpFkA4LWIOFpotLSvPkbflkAZ5HafGY5YuxJYdJxOlPgvgJgu7Pyptd4D4Fz8Ev7vdtiCmitFAVCQQr+8UT3WhRu9TsIbzRV4VwRKyz0pQVouwvc9bC4vAAYB0odO7Ob389NCfamNMzKa3Omr7fVS7fM5lDC6P9vXPV5PdR1RDGWr\/P0\/t9kHTvmcOwKjoRgU1zdGyY30zrknNzN2+ZCTOKnTxZb6jdPClHPrZEq\/7U9B6C9Hs22ot7EdJtIGRdkZRgdJ3FEacNgBTDgvK9GFkwTgvRGntg2YIWGkheKIQHOaWP4PuamRIqq\/kMsVJdfgJKnkzQUlZuKs1z3J5waUDLGC81WtA\/FjBRGNYMhYMjpqR+Ap2whkw8IrFjQ4BsOCIAi\/8LDMQQwBF5JrEDoI3E2JbfFDa2xVhc+P2TC3xxAZAXqFsK8bsiZAzDLqyFRs5OHFZuYgZXmgox6YfDl+d357eTOzMo1uYloQlObsRYZ+l8ZDLLVrwaYDJ2UImd0PUGxGSMqpwCYv\/\/gMkqImM5HzLDZFnz77ynCyaTJiajjayVpgXj7JmCRPg1y9KiM0CzlNN5zvibcCC2EAJEaUw1oH6JOM1BwXNaFL0wege7RwK2rCIGAuxWWkcAtotIf8B2ddQfFLBd6P9RAdtFwe7EedtnuuKbS9wfgt6uZ7LBctYSgJ2lFJsqh2fTg7kTgLsYvwuAu4T8XwFc9n87AvjGPXsAvLXNrwCcbiTVl7JnSNOY0SZy6x2FEre\/3E+nV9OPGnTTOCveCk4XoKD5M4sb6fVCGJpFCeNvTdCeiLKqC2zrTJ6oeu8E5Ks0FQ2TvYBNEBoovz5IyRisa0rH59bEdd4tsyau08irIUxcmwAEXODanjGwEuLszYN1m5ohTS1031z4083l5NoMS+s5zfLg7XjoKJpZIqxFlgGCehBXebaWAhPS6GkfgaAeRuUBlp4pcIkrbSAaxTFNOViV0CaQ0XPIOrWV5wjzkvd2NJVhZ5hAA\/VHn9EPuqbSrfuJJRJvpNJXsuN\/BAjPctmXBtmj6FSlcz1zljeJX9KIr3LaE4dLFo+D4P4Z80FKnSG4R7Zchex75MoCgvVMuScEt2W2pTm7QVTvXPYI9DXMY7cCoaNkZvnrRkh1AmA9hR0SgHumsL0A2CWwIwAbJMB7ANg8FZ6v28Ubm8MKges90hLezoti3WBQANwgIfH34\/md3rzIWfFNdr6ypWB4lTLOGlnwMmdZzjgr6KyJvtVshtirLj8Bc9lklnzthV25+z7QVpwBLWPo1Wgdvxnne9UZwvfYjZPUte04H6CEAGLLfzYx35Tzg5rNll05ZVUznNKE7rsr91E79rkfgrVJzbbldgdEZwnN9ue04DLA4cBzq+Png+7PBQEaYndON0o7ipbx02l3Tr+HGHaP5dmQah7PEHH\/saKrGuc2zqUozK1Pc5Sw9jmnyyinB449\/O1+cj+51Df1eB5xOpcdKx7lc8obnQfKcxZvtIrrmQwBt7y+OvtQirYXc+V5mYH6DQa0jDFXo3V8zyGsd6Hfo+sgqTf6Dp2PQEAH1hy2NB1Km5qhkSZw346D+SkIbVLDrbftSOgsnmHXQUWVyUEIJ4A7Wg7qyZNeJyGg4w2z7aYQ5TDclqHTaeMNQjcYdW4XzGjMCpalu8\/CKfSUx98a7VtWxElWbJyK2KQkMfT8\/u6Xmy9Xd181GJ2kzyzP0oVI7xcsZQXP3\/R9N8afQMIWjPfE0orNE1DxdgKiFX8Si\/ebKab2byAY0DoCU3s0EdYx+B5tBIWp60YCAv4TdEQ6+wydY2C1rZFQmbcr8PTfF5tcXN1e3Uy7YqthQ2FXeHSW0XBXbB1qRgDruVsNBc\/vfdDMCb3qEdN+HYUabDoh7P7SXlhgES2tnU\/5l\/wjteoEWkBqT3phrD2d2SSyWOw4BiFJumF1Jlw2bCq68lncmrCiC7vQ9YjwdrnQj8L3oOvi\/nRV\/0W5BqqecyDvQ3cIflW\/Rq7BMCj1MITdqsJGUsZkQE2sF+sm7WO1IV4iUnlulSmt6biB\/tyjooOqWOvw7guMypdfiMFpe0QiVc5jtI5IX3\/pBkT6G0L2Y6qrYhtjb2MJMl4zcNnsBHdXnybXV9OJSJpvphOgHiX9NJnWRyy2daE0AX1c6kIMpCrEki9UQbCBENBXywL28LFLn3rkWx7kP8St63iCruC3HHbn2FXPow\/Bc\/PsYxvT2A0Vy3LQnWGM3WHYrfbHDjFMfFhpuRx2Z5r4ZCgtN3uKbUz7TunIctCdYd8ZyJE71eQVBmwkVW2Tbj710IQpnkfxtzIqS5zytf0ZV385kJZMbRBJ7Ico316H\/epRMp2mKF9bqJrJHTojs1bERqwdFDyQ\/elBREeBU4neoNpXeOJAQ6O3n9g7qIfwHbQQ9tIBbOhAFlxGWth1wOaQ+MQhfd2gzuzcwCsV0KTaWwUImSlgY3v7oOzQG15yjWZv93eRqembK8BBwZHX1+h12o3rbL5Jtbfw2KxTsLmaHJTd9ftJrhUGJAwq2TWqeyRvNAJfmn2\/6iVMr3bFbfX5peS0bAu+iAsw9Eee57pB4CKMHBT61ubKn8qXBUhwgtUNZZpVjlUOgBo5QFN0dRBA2UUc+60Scn0zbfs5abTPynaW6mRrXgTZcNSrBzG9+b39lU7rEsXHzlaNghtydKhRfIIGKVKuprefJxd3N19EhXI7uZ5c3E0uwfTmsmXbdrt3Jz8VNmc8oU3WvA3W0OZxTDFnebTLcN+2Ih0cnQtKi938Pp18aUwpnZylxdjKXlKaW2sehHDPYMdrtYizk5fBW3y10GHYS+ir6ef7u9sWqVm6XInmu7nYodGukUyM6AzIB7e6yUtgTyPf3+0ROFvxjhJv8nP4zCzII87SeVe5UT87T367upxMLyYtgtNnJsKPdpEcGdlaNTcmlyKsi2yVx7QAMePrIxOG8uN+dr+fXt9c\/Npm91WaZPG3TnbHRnZv5EL\/Aw==\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g05-topics-coastal-marine-biodiversity-le-t\">Coastal and marine biodiversity: the LEAP approach to nature-related issues<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g05-topics-coastal-marine-biodiversity-le-d\">Locate the interface with nature and sensitive locations, Evaluate dependencies and impacts, Assess the risks and opportunities they create, and Prepare strategy, targets and disclosure. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Marine species occurrence and abundance records<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">CC0, CC BY or CC BY-NC per dataset<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAO FishStat and the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Capture, aquaculture and stock status statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Compiled biomass and fishing mortality series from stock assessments<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Mangrove Watch<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Mangrove extent and change from satellite radar and optical data<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Allen Coral Atlas<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Shallow reef habitat maps and bleaching monitoring<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Fishing Watch<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Apparent fishing effort and vessel presence from vessel tracking<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for non-commercial use, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus Marine Service<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Ocean temperature, currents, biogeochemistry and ocean colour<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Compiled reef survey data on coral and fish condition<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Terms per data contributor<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Biodiversity Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Fisheries ministries and regional fisheries management organisations<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What catch limits, closures and gear rules keep stocks within sustainable levels<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Stock status and trend with assessment uncertainty; fishing effort maps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Marine protected-area and coastal zone authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to protect, how to manage, and whether protection is effective<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Habitat maps, coverage and connectivity, condition inside and outside protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Coastal planners and port authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether development removes mangroves, marshes or seagrass that protect the coast<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Habitat extent and change, shoreline protection function, sea-level scenarios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Insurers and development finance institutions<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where reef and mangrove loss raises coastal flood losses, and what protection is worth financing<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Habitat condition linked to exposure and flood models, each with its label<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Coastal habitat maps with change and confidence<\/li><li>Stock status evidence notes with assessment coverage stated<\/li><li>Marine heatwave and bleaching exposure layers<\/li><li>Coastal integrity profiles linking habitats to shoreline protection<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine ecologists and fisheries scientists ask a recurring set of questions.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>What is the status of fish stocks, and how does fishing pressure compare with what they can sustain?<\/li><li>How are warming, marine heatwaves and acidification affecting reefs and other habitat-forming species?<\/li><li>How much shoreline protection do reefs, mangroves, seagrass and marshes provide, and how is it changing?<\/li><li>Where do land-based pollution and coastal development degrade nearshore habitats?<\/li><li>How are species distributions shifting, and what does that mean for fisheries and their management?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms-and-drivers\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms and drivers<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pressure from the land, the fleet and the climate.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Marine ecosystems face three broad sets of pressure. Fishing removes biomass and can alter food webs when predators or grazers are depleted, and destructive gear damages seabed habitat. Coastal development and land-based runoff remove mangroves and marshes and deliver sediment and nutrients that smother reefs and seagrass. Climate change warms and acidifies the ocean, causing coral bleaching, shifting species towards the poles and deeper water, and changing the timing of productivity.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Habitat-forming species such as corals, mangroves, kelp and seagrass create the structure that many other species need, and they also dissipate wave energy and trap sediment. Their loss therefore reduces both biodiversity and coastal protection at once, raising erosion and flood exposure for the communities behind them.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and where it stops.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Stock assessment<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Catch data, surveys and population models estimate stock status. Many stocks, particularly in small-scale fisheries, are data-poor.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Habitat mapping<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Satellite, aerial and acoustic surveys map shallow habitats, through <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/ocean-science\/\">ocean and coastal science<\/a> and Earth observation. Deeper and turbid waters are hard to observe.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Ocean observation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Buoys, floats and satellites track temperature, chlorophyll and heatwaves. Biological observation at sea remains sparse.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Coastal protection modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Models estimate wave reduction by habitats. Results are sensitive to habitat condition and storm characteristics.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/ocean-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ocean and coastal science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Fish stock assessment \u00b7 Marine heatwave and bleaching exposure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ocean-science\/\" aria-label=\"Ocean and coastal science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/ecology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ecology and biodiversity science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Species distribution modelling \u00b7 Population trend and viability analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ecology\/\" aria-label=\"Ecology and biodiversity science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Forest loss and disturbance alerts \u00b7 Wetland and mangrove dynamics<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Earth observation and remote sensing: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Bias-corrected distribution surfaces \u00b7 Hotspots of change and threat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Spatial statistics and geostatistics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Early warning of regime shifts \u00b7 Food-web and co-extinction networks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\" aria-label=\"Complex systems and agent-based modelling: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/geospatial\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Geospatial information systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Overlap with sensitive biodiversity \u00b7 Connectivity and corridor analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/geospatial\/\" aria-label=\"Geospatial information systems: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Most of the ocean is unobserved below the surface, and many fish stocks, particularly in small-scale and tropical fisheries, have never been formally assessed. Vessel tracking misses vessels that switch off transponders or do not carry them. Satellite habitat maps are reliable in shallow clear water and weaker in turbid or deep water. Biodiversity Nexus does not set catch limits or designate protected areas; fisheries and marine authorities do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Is a declared marine protected area the same as an effective one?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Declaration records legal intent; effectiveness depends on management, enforcement, fishing rules and funding. Coverage is labelled as declared, and effectiveness needs separate evidence.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why are many fish stocks unassessed?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Formal stock assessment needs catch, effort and survey data over many years, which many small-scale and tropical fisheries lack. Data-limited methods give indications with wider uncertainty, labelled as such.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can coral reefs recover from bleaching?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Often, if heat stress is brief and other pressures such as runoff and overfishing are low. Repeated bleaching with short intervals between events leaves too little time for corals to recover.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why connect fish stocks and coastal protection in one topic?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because the same habitats, such as reefs, mangroves and seagrass, serve as nurseries for fish and as natural coastal defences. Their decline affects both at once.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can marine habitats recover?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Many can, given reduced pressure and time, but recovery rates vary widely and some systems may not return to their former state under continued warming.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are small-scale fisheries covered?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes. They employ many people and often lack formal assessment, so data-poor methods and community knowledge are part of the topic.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Biodiversity Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-integrity\/\">Ecosystem integrity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/species-and-genetic-diversity\/\">Species and genetic diversity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/forest-and-landscapes\/\">Forests and landscapes <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/wetlands-and-freshwater\/\">Wetlands and freshwater <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/restoration-and-nature-based-solutions\/\">Restoration and nature-based solutions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/\">Ecosystem services <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\">Biodiversity Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Biodiversity%20Nexus%3A%20Coastal%20and%20marine%20biodiversity\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is a declared marine protected area the same as an effective one?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. Declaration records legal intent; effectiveness depends on management, enforcement, fishing rules and funding. 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