{"id":172,"date":"2026-10-13T10:56:31","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T10:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/?page_id=172"},"modified":"2026-10-13T16:02:32","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T16:02:32","slug":"ecosystem-services","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecosystem services"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2q00rfz.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"fieldmap\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G05 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 ecosystem-services<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Ecosystem services<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Ecosystem services are the contributions nature makes to people: pollination of crops, regulation of floods and water quality, fisheries, timber, carbon storage and cultural value. Economies depend on them in ways that rarely appear on balance sheets until they fail. This page sets out how dependencies on nature are mapped, how service supply is modelled and accounted, and how the loss of a service propagates to livelihoods, firms and financial institutions.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-stage\" data-lv-fill=\"map\" data-lv-id=\"ecoregion\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"caribbean:biodiversity\" data-ramp=\"green\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1110|210 137 881 375|1015 373 1250 533|857 363 1039 501|610 463 748 519\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-caribbean-biodiversity\" data-ramp=\"green\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Mountain ranges, deserts, wetlands, glaciers and reefs, and how remote each division is from large cities.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Biodiversity Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-3-sec\"><span>02<\/span>LEAP workspace, in outline<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Ecosystem services: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Ecosystem services are the contributions nature makes to people, such as crop pollination, flood and water quality regulation, fisheries, timber, carbon storage and cultural value. Economies depend on them in ways that rarely appear on balance sheets until they fail. Dependencies are mapped with tools such as ENCORE and accounted with SEEA Ecosystem Accounting.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">LEAP workspace, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-biodiversity-leap\" data-cx=\"biodiversity.leap\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"LEAP workspace: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">LEAP workspace<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Ecosystem services \u00b7 Landscape A \u00b7 Assessment cycle 3<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Evaluate phase<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">LEAP approach<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"4\"><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Locate<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">interface with nature<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Evaluate<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">dependencies \u00b7 impacts<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Assess<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">risks \u00b7 opportunities<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Prepare<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">respond \u00b7 report<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"matrix\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Dependencies and impacts<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">materiality, 0 low to 100 high<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-chart\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 422 166\" width=\"422\" height=\"166\" role=\"img\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-label=\"Dependencies and impacts\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-biodiversity-leap-heat\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-fk-note\">Scores are placeholders for an assessment the owner completes.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Sensitive locations<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">sites near high-integrity areas<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sensitive locations: schematic on placeholder geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M470.2 125l-24.2 36.5-27.5 36.3-82.8 7.8-62.2 11.8-66.8-.7-63.1-10.5-60.5-17.2-39.8-29.2-38.9-34.8 45.8-33.6 35.6-29.3 35.8-36.8 84.3 5.7 71.7-9.7 84.6.8 23.5 43.5 71.6 20.9z\"\/><path class=\"cx-haz2\" d=\"M230.6 112.5l-4.7 30.8-27.7 29.6-52.3 3.8-49.1-7.5-24.1-28.5-30.8-28.2 16.9-33.5 44.9-15.2 42.2-16.1 42.1 16.2 49.8 13.2z\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"66.3\" cy=\"74.2\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"138.4\" cy=\"110.4\" r=\"4.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"206.6\" cy=\"53.8\" r=\"6.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"238.1\" cy=\"188.6\" r=\"4.6\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"221.3\" cy=\"129.1\" r=\"6.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"422.3\" cy=\"94.1\" r=\"6.9\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"85.6\" cy=\"134.6\" r=\"5.3\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"166.8\" cy=\"140.1\" r=\"7.8\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"270.1\" cy=\"164.1\" r=\"7.3\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"63.7\" cy=\"40.1\" r=\"6.0\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"380.7\" cy=\"69.3\" r=\"5.3\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"395.5\" cy=\"96.4\" r=\"3.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"336.2\" cy=\"122.1\" r=\"5.0\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"222.9\" cy=\"98.8\" r=\"5.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"271.9\" cy=\"193.2\" r=\"5.5\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"194.1\" cy=\"64.9\" r=\"6.1\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"464\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"end\">Circle: site footprint \u00b7 shaded: sensitive area<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Nature-related risk register<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-biodiversity-leap-t3\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-biodiversity-leap-t3\" aria-label=\"Nature-related risk register\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Risk<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Type<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Driver<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Likelihood<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">Response<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-leap:r3-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Water scarcity at site 3<\/td><td>Physical, acute<\/td><td>Abstraction and drought<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>High<\/span><\/td><td>Water stewardship plan<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-leap:r3-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Habitat conversion in supply chain<\/td><td>Transition, market<\/td><td>Land use change<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><td>Supplier screening<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-leap:r3-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Community objection<\/td><td>Systemic, social<\/td><td>Consent gaps<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><td>Consent records review<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-biodiversity-leap:r3-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Pollinator decline<\/td><td>Physical, chronic<\/td><td>Pesticide use<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Low<\/span><\/td><td>Monitor<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>LEAP workspace: the screen's structure, terms and states for Ecosystem services.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Ecosystem services: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Pollination, flood buffering and livelihood dependencies. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Supply depends on condition<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A service exists only where an ecosystem supplies it and people benefit from it. Pollination needs pollinator habitat near crops; flood buffering needs floodplains upstream of settlements. Mapping supply, flow and demand separately avoids counting services nobody receives.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M4.268 21a2 2 0 0 0 1.727 1H18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7l-5-5H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v3\"\/><path d=\"m9 18-1.5-1.5\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"14\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependencies are hidden<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Firms depend on water, pollination, soil fertility and climate regulation through their suppliers, often several tiers removed. Sector tools map which activities depend on which services, but location decides how material a dependency is.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Loss travels through supply chains<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fewer pollinators lower yields of dependent crops; degraded catchments raise water treatment costs; lost mangroves raise storm losses. The shock moves through prices, insurance claims and loan performance to sectors far from the site.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M18.09 10.37A6 6 0 1 1 10.34 18\"\/><path d=\"M7 6h1v4\"\/><path d=\"m16.71 13.88.7.71-2.82 2.82\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Risk reaches finance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Nature-related risk reaches financial institutions as physical risk from service loss, transition risk from regulation and market shifts, and systemic risk when losses correlate. Supervisors are examining how these risks enter credit, market and insurance exposures.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Dependency on nature<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The reliance of a business or activity on an ecosystem service, as distinct from its impact on nature.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Natural capital<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The stock of renewable and non-renewable natural resources that yields a flow of benefits to people.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">SEEA Ecosystem Accounting<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The UN statistical standard for accounting for ecosystem extent, condition and services alongside national accounts.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Pollinator-dependent crop production<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">tonnes and share of production by crop<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Crop statistics with dependence ratios<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Pollinator visitation rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">visits per flower per hour<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Field observation<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Flood regulation service<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">cubic metres of water retained per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Hydrological and ecosystem service models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Sediment retention<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">tonnes per hectare per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Ecosystem service models such as InVEST<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Sector dependency rating<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">materiality rating per service<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">periodic<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">ENCORE knowledge base<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Ecosystem service supply and use account<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">physical units and monetary value per service<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per accounting period<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">SEEA Ecosystem Accounting<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Coastal protection by habitats<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">people or assets kept out of flooding per storm scenario<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per scenario<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Coastal flood models with and without habitats<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Ecosystem services as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g05-topics-ecosystem-services-leap-t nx-dag-g05-topics-ecosystem-services-leap-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g05-topics-ecosystem-services-leap-t\">Ecosystem services: the LEAP approach to nature-related issues<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g05-topics-ecosystem-services-leap-d\">Locate the interface with nature and sensitive locations, Evaluate dependencies and impacts, Assess the risks and opportunities they create, and Prepare strategy, targets and disclosure. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENCORE (Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Links between economic activities, ecosystem services and natural capital<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, attribution, terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National SEEA Ecosystem Accounting accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Ecosystem extent, condition and service accounts from statistical offices<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">InVEST (Natural Capital Project) and ARIES<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Open-source models of ecosystem service supply and flow<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open-source software licences<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAOSTAT crop production<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Crop production statistics for dependency estimates<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IPBES assessment on pollinators, pollination and food production<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Assessed evidence on pollination dependence and drivers of pollinator decline<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Mangrove Watch with coastal flood models<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Habitat extent for estimating coastal protection<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G05\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Biodiversity Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Finance and planning ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How ecosystem services enter national accounts, budgets and development plans<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">SEEA service accounts with methods stated; dependency maps by sector<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Central banks and financial supervisors<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How nature-related risk enters prudential supervision and scenario analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Sector dependencies, location-specific service loss, cascade traces with labels<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Companies and financial institutions preparing disclosures<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which dependencies and impacts are material under TNFD and how to report them<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">ENCORE dependencies refined by location; service supply and condition at sites<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Agriculture agencies and farmer organisations<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where pollinator habitat and soil protection secure yields<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Pollinator dependence of crops, habitat proximity, visitation surveys<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Dependency maps linking sites, sectors and services<\/li><li>Service supply, flow and demand layers<\/li><li>Ecosystem service accounts aligned with SEEA<\/li><li>Cascade traces from service loss to livelihoods and finance<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Researchers on ecosystem services ask where benefits come from and who relies on them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which ecosystems supply which services, and how does supply change with condition?<\/li><li>Who uses the service, where, and what substitutes exist if it declines?<\/li><li>How sensitive is service supply to thresholds, for example in pollinator abundance or wetland area?<\/li><li>How do changes upstream or upwind affect beneficiaries far away?<\/li><li>When does valuation help decisions, and when does it hide distributional or cultural losses?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms-and-drivers\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms and drivers<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From ecological function to human benefit.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">A service exists where an ecological function meets a human need. Pollination becomes a service where insect-pollinated crops are grown within the foraging range of pollinators; flood buffering becomes a service where a wetland lies upstream of homes and infrastructure. Supply depends on ecosystem condition and configuration; demand depends on where people are and what they do. Mapping both, and the flow between them, is the core of the field.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Losses transmit through production, prices and public budgets. Reduced pollination lowers yields or raises costs of managed alternatives; degraded catchments raise water treatment costs; lost coastal habitat increases damage and the need for engineered defences. Effects fall hardest on those without substitutes, which is why dependency analysis looks at distribution as well as totals.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and where it stops.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Service mapping<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Spatial models of supply, demand and flow with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/geospatial\/\">geospatial information systems<\/a>. Many rely on land-cover proxies that miss condition.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Biophysical modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Process models estimate water regulation, sediment retention or pollination. They need local data to be credible.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Valuation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Economic methods estimate value in money where markets do not. Results vary widely with method, and some losses cannot be meaningfully priced.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Dependency assessment<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mapping which sectors and communities depend on which services, drawing on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\">complex systems modelling<\/a>. Dependency is not the same as financial materiality.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/ecology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ecology and biodiversity science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Species distribution modelling \u00b7 Population trend and viability analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ecology\/\" aria-label=\"Ecology and biodiversity science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Environmental flow assessment \u00b7 Flood regulation by wetlands and forests<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Hydrology and water science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/geospatial\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Geospatial information systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Overlap with sensitive biodiversity \u00b7 Connectivity and corridor analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/geospatial\/\" aria-label=\"Geospatial information systems: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Protected area effectiveness \u00b7 Restoration and payment programme evaluation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\" aria-label=\"Causal inference and impact evaluation: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Early warning of regime shifts \u00b7 Food-web and co-extinction networks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\" aria-label=\"Complex systems and agent-based modelling: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Bias-corrected distribution surfaces \u00b7 Hotspots of change and threat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Spatial statistics and geostatistics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Service models simplify ecology and often use generic parameters; their outputs are estimates that need local verification. Monetary values depend on method and context and should not be summed across services without care. Sector dependency ratings describe typical activities, not a specific company. Cascades from service loss to finance are traced through assumed links, each with its own label. Biodiversity Nexus does not judge the materiality of any organisation's disclosures; preparers, auditors and supervisors do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/climate-nature-financial-risk\/topics\/nature-dependencies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Nature dependencies<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Biodiversity science connects to nature-related financial risk transmission.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Why put a value on ecosystem services?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Valuation can make visible what markets ignore and inform trade-offs. It is one input, not a price for nature, and many services and cultural values cannot be meaningfully expressed in money.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the difference between a dependency and an impact?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A dependency is what an activity needs from nature, such as water or pollination. An impact is how the activity changes nature. TNFD asks organisations to assess both, because each creates different risks.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does ENCORE tell a company its exact risk?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It gives a starting view of dependencies and impacts for typical activities in a sector. Location, scale and supplier data are needed to judge what is material for a specific company.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform put a monetary value on nature?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It reports physical and social measures first. Where monetary estimates are used, the method, range and what is left out are stated, because valuation can obscure losses that matter most to particular groups.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the difference between dependency and impact?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Dependency is reliance on a service; impact is the effect an activity has on ecosystems. An organization can depend heavily on a service it barely affects, and the reverse.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can service maps be used for site decisions?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Only with care. Regional maps built from proxies are useful for screening but need local data before they support decisions about a specific site.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Biodiversity Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-integrity\/\">Ecosystem integrity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/species-and-genetic-diversity\/\">Species and genetic diversity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/forest-and-landscapes\/\">Forests and landscapes <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/wetlands-and-freshwater\/\">Wetlands and freshwater <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/coastal-marine-biodiversity\/\">Coastal and marine biodiversity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/restoration-and-nature-based-solutions\/\">Restoration and nature-based solutions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\">Biodiversity Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biodiversity Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Biodiversity%20Nexus%3A%20Ecosystem%20services\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-services\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why put a value on ecosystem services?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Valuation can make visible what markets ignore and inform trade-offs. 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