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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1aopaat.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Cities and Built Environment<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Cities and Built Environment<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Urban development, buildings, mobility, infrastructure, housing and human-scale resilience. Cities and Built Environment is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/about\/\">Open Mandate and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/about\/\">About GCRI<\/a><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-scene-stats nx-es-stats\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM methods<\/dt><dd>9<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Canonical methods this field applies<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Subject pages in the field<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Counterparts<\/dt><dd>5<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Platforms in shared fields across the network<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Report series<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Reports series it contributes to<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-areas\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Coverage<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The areas of cities and built environment this platform takes on.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Cities and Built Environment studies how cities grow, house people, move them, keep them cool and supplied, and govern the risks that concentrate where people and assets do. Its pages set out the evidence on land and growth, housing, buildings and heat, mobility, informal settlements, utilities, green and blue infrastructure and the work of municipal government, with every value labelled by its evidence and every limit stated. It prepares evidence; city governments, residents and national authorities decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.106 5.553a2 2 0 0 0 1.788 0l3.659-1.83A1 1 0 0 1 21 4.619v12.764a1 1 0 0 1-.553.894l-4.553 2.277a2 2 0 0 1-1.788 0l-4.212-2.106a2 2 0 0 0-1.788 0l-3.659 1.83A1 1 0 0 1 3 19.381V6.618a1 1 0 0 1 .553-.894l4.553-2.277a2 2 0 0 1 1.788 0z\"\/><path d=\"M15 5.76v15\"\/><path d=\"M9 3.24v15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Urban growth and land<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Where cities expand, how densely, on what land and with what exposure to hazards.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 22V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v18Z\"\/><path d=\"M6 12H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2\"\/><path d=\"M18 9h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M10 6h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 10h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 14h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 18h4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Housing and affordability<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The supply, cost, quality and security of housing, and who is left without adequate shelter.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Buildings and heat<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How buildings and urban form trap or shed heat, and what that means for health and energy.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M9 19h8.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7h-11a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7H15\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Transport and mobility<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How people reach work, school and services, by which modes, and with what safety and emissions.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Informal settlements<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Neighbourhoods built outside formal planning, their residents&#8217; rights and their exposure to hazards.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Urban utilities<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Water, sanitation, drainage, waste and energy services at city scale, and who is not reached.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M10 20c5.5-2.5.8-6.4 3-10\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 9.4c1.1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.7-2 .4-3.5.4-4.8-.3-1.2-.6-2.3-1.9-3-4.2 2.8-.5 4.4 0 5.5.8z\"\/><path d=\"M14.1 6a7 7 0 0 0-1.1 4c1.9-.1 3.3-.6 4.3-1.4 1-1 1.6-2.3 1.7-4.6-2.7.1-4 1-4.9 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Green and blue infrastructure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Parks, trees, wetlands and waterways that cool, absorb water and support wellbeing.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"3\" x2=\"21\" y1=\"22\" y2=\"22\"\/><line x1=\"6\" x2=\"6\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"10\" x2=\"10\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"14\" x2=\"14\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"18\" x2=\"18\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><polygon points=\"12 2 20 7 4 7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Municipal governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The powers, finances and data that city governments need to plan and manage urban risk.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"signals\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P05\/home#signals\" data-nxf-title=\"Cities and Built Environment signals\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"alerts\" data-nxf-kind=\"alerts\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P05\/home#alerts\" data-nxf-title=\"Notices\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-label=\"Monitor, Topics, Simulator, Overview\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Monitor, Topics, Simulator, Overview\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-2-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-3-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Topics<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-overview\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Overview<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-2-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Asset register with hazard overlay.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-cities-overlay\" data-cx=\"cities.overlay\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Asset register with hazard overlay: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Asset register with hazard overlay<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Riverside ward \u00b7 Flood 1-in-100 overlay<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>17 public assets exposed<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Cities and Built Environment<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Hazard overlay<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">flood scenario on asset register<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Hazard overlay: schematic on example geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><p class=\"nx-cx-legend\"><span data-k=\"river\">River<\/span><span data-k=\"zone\">Flood extent<\/span><span data-k=\"hot\">Exposed asset<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Exposed assets<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-cities-overlay-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-cities-overlay-t1\" aria-label=\"Exposed assets\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Asset<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Type<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Depth (m)<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>H-01<\/td><td>Clinic<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.7\">0.7<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>S-07<\/td><td>School<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.4\">0.4<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>E-03<\/td><td>Substation<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>W-02<\/td><td>Pump station<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Adaptation options<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-cities-overlay-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-cities-overlay-t2\" aria-label=\"Adaptation options\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Option<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Assets protected<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Cost class<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Co-benefits<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">Stage<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Raise substation E-03<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1\">1<\/td><td>Medium<\/td><td>Service continuity<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Design<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Retention park upstream<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"12\">12<\/td><td>High<\/td><td>Heat, recreation<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Feasibility<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-cities-overlay:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Flood-proof clinic H-01<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1\">1<\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Health access<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Funded<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Asset register with hazard overlay: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Riverside ward.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions this field works on.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/urban-growth-and-land\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Urban growth and land<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Settlement expansion and land use.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/housing-and-affordability\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Housing and affordability<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Housing systems and climate exposure.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/buildings-and-heat\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Buildings and heat<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Building performance and urban heat.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/transport-and-mobility\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Transport and mobility<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Urban journeys, transit and infrastructure.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/informal-settlements\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Informal settlements<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Service access, exposure and inclusion.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/urban-utilities\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Urban utilities<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Water, waste, electricity and communications.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/green-blue-infrastructure\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Green blue infrastructure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Nature-based urban interventions.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/municipal-governance-interface\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Municipal governance interface<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Policy questions and planning authority.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A cascade through interdependent networks.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 hazard-footprint\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The mapped area and intensity field of a particular hazard event, used to overlay exposure and compute consequences.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">hazard footprint<\/a> takes out co-located assets in every layer; fragmentation, dependency between layers and overload of the survivors then spread the failure. The 3D view separates the layers by depth. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows India; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-cities-built-environment-0\" data-nxi=\"cascade\" data-nxi-id=\"cascade\" data-nxi-z=\"fVVba+M6EP4rw0ChCzpLnDQlq7e9sOzDwjl0C+eh5GFiTWJRWTLSOGm25L8vcmzXve2TYgfNd5lvxo8oVhyjxs9QUirJMEgVQ7urwHrhaLhhb9gLeJZDiPcJFVbBc5IjarxlKivrd1AHww4OVipIQsIGrHNtkkhi9wx7ci0nBT4IEDSRjS3FBv8RFTYUqU6o7x7RGtTog+GM4mjDLjNLiSVBwxEcHTmiwtZbQY2osLYe9UphTQ+oFzOFSbhBXSjsIFEXK4UG9eyk+vLbEKSJ1ssE4gf9pmhg+lcPcQFhCxSZBqyix7p6A2ul0AXUS4WVRV3MXyCXoW2c9bvX2qQigbPVEDyQD1K9lnsxcJj1HIrZSGI5krienVlkgpnGavaCBrmmogmHXw1FhpIaKq0c4VKC40i+5A9\/gZ6\/Bb3ooYvegeUAvVa4tQ9sUD9i4nxez1afrjOHI8fce7yN5FMTYvb+v3DodN+y4zLUCdcnhaGVppVJTqy3Ysm9drOyApsjSMVQdY19ruN5Gqx\/q0QS6xzkvJ\/79d51qpvp5bpxdmtLytHOwckUeppgqKYdP9USW3cxN6iLsV52dJr9X\/kZJEBiyXM6jf7gbFlRlOzsA2r82g9x1xqFeUb\/P6uAVOU+96w64+HyIvd4WAHD3c2xT94ptzM0KRc\/T6W+G2ZllPOdrGMD1BmHCn8G6kKc2ri3+xDzu3\/3HF0gk39\/6zdKeYQtWdfGzoUbThJiZxyuFTrr7zPa3UwVqliru0LNu3OuFt25GN9fdefV+LzszqUq1D\/Fej0qGFJzU0zsHXjpkQqkym4F3FlENn6QAZfdjnNsPuStNfiRiS3WYwNv5pPyT1I10AAB1kPwQweE7jmBCQcPh6clkLKBVt6FvHoC\/DLVM3ERNtH6Xer7Ahsq7+HScCqj3bA5b+Iy1E0rr6ov16c8cJ7l9kUyMqvnXwXrt5GSxLaUNjKe\/gA=\" aria-label=\"A cascade through interdependent networks\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"layers\">Layers in 3D<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-cities-built-environment-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Cascade by layer\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Assets per layer<\/dt><dd>18<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Hazard footprint<\/dt><dd>8% of area<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Assets that depend on another layer<\/dt><dd>60%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Spare capacity (tolerance)<\/dt><dd>30%<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Assets hit by the hazard<\/dt><dd>7%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Assets still working<\/dt><dd>35%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification of the initial damage<\/dt><dd>8.8 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Steps to settle<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Transport working (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Power working (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Telecoms working (%)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>94<\/td><td>94<\/td><td>89<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">1<\/th><td>83<\/td><td>72<\/td><td>78<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2<\/th><td>50<\/td><td>17<\/td><td>78<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">3<\/th><td>33<\/td><td>17<\/td><td>61<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>33<\/td><td>17<\/td><td>56<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Interdependent networks <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Buldyrev and others (2010), Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464<\/span><\/li><li>Overload cascades <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66<\/span><\/li><li>Betweenness load <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25<\/span><\/li><li>Multilayer networks <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Kivela and others (2014), Journal of Complex Networks 2<\/span><\/li><li>Infrastructure interdependencies <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly (2001), IEEE Control Systems 21(6)<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Major roads <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Railways <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Seaports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Airports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Urban extents <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA\/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP) \u00b7 register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers<\/span><\/li><li>Natural events (NASA EONET) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA EONET \u00b7 register nasa.eonet.events<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">A cascade through interdependent networks. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Interdependent networks (Buldyrev and others (2010), Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464); Overload cascades (Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66); Betweenness load (Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/foundry\/\">Cities and Built Environment in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/universe\/\">Cities and Built Environment in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/\">Cities and the Built Environment in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/reports\/\">Cities and Built Environment in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/\">Faculty of Infrastructure, Energy and Industry in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-overview\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Overview<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Cities and Built Environment does.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Urban resilience is the capacity of a city&#8217;s people, institutions, buildings and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> to cope with shocks and stresses and to adapt and recover. Cities and Built Environment covers urban growth and land, housing, buildings and heat, mobility, informal settlements, utilities, green and blue infrastructure and municipal governance. City governments, residents and national authorities decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Who it serves<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its community<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Urban researchers; city staff; planners; architects; housing specialists.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its methods<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Urban GIS; vulnerability mapping; built-asset resilience; planning evidence.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7Z\"\/><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 9H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 13H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 17H8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What it produces<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its outputs<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Urban resilience profiles; built-environment briefs; city research case studies.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-label=\"Twin and cascade simulator, Mandate and boundaries, Risk and response, Across the domains\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Twin and cascade simulator, Mandate and boundaries, Risk and response, Across the domains\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mandate and boundaries<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-nexus\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Risk and response<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Across the domains<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model Cities and Built Environment as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/cities-and-built-environment-standards\/\">Cities and the built environment<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-home-G-P05\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.ice-jam-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"River water backing up behind an ice blockage and flooding adjacent land, sometimes with ice and debris.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">Ice-jam flood<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\">Earthquake<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h47\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.structural.dam-failure\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Structural and civil failure\" data-td=\"Breach or collapse of a dam, sending a sudden flood wave downstream.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H47\" data-tr=\"draft\">Dam failure<\/a><\/li><li>Aftershock sequence (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Slope slide (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Rockfall (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Tsunami (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Building collapse (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Widespread power outage (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Water supply failure (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Disaster and conflict debris (set off downstream)<\/li><li>River flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Flash flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Turbidity current (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Seismically and structurally vulnerable stock (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/cities-and-built-environment-standards\/\">Cities and the built environment<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/construction-and-real-estate\/\">Construction and real estate<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/water-utilities-sector-standards\/\">Water utilities and basins<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/society\/public-sector-and-government-standards\/\">Public sector and government<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/energy-infrastructure\/energy-utilities-sector-standards\/\">Energy utilities and grids<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-5<\/code> Figure, map and visualisation standard (with the UI\/UX kit)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-X5<\/code> Cities and built environment risk<\/li><li><code>NRS-H91<\/code> Hazard family: Urban and building-stock stress (NHS-1 infra.urban)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H113<\/code> Hazard family: Financial-system fragility (NHS-1 soc.financial-system)<\/li><li><code>NRS-K7<\/code> Domain pack profile: Cities urban (DOMAIN-007)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H31<\/code> Hazard family: Persistent and bioaccumulative substances (NHS-1 poll.persistent)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H34<\/code> Hazard family: Waste and residue failures (NHS-1 poll.waste)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Global Human Settlement Layer (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Overture Maps buildings theme (listed for reference)<\/li><li>OpenStreetMap (listed for reference)<\/li><li>World Development Indicators (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters<\/li><li>Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national strategies<\/li><li>Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing<\/li><li>Percentage of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national strategies<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>India: 65 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mandate and boundaries<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Cities and Built Environment studies, and who decides in cities.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Cities and Built Environment, studies how cities grow, house people, keep them cool and supplied, and govern the risks that concentrate in them. City governments, residents and national authorities decide on land, housing and services; the platform prepares evidence and methods.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">City maps and heat layers shown here are illustrations unless marked as released, and informal settlements are described with their residents, never only about them.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" data-variant=\"stack\" data-nx-duo=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-nexus-h\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Risk and response<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-nexus-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coupled risk, applied response.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-nduo-lede\" data-lede=\"The sectors {s} touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.\">The sectors <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.pluvial\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"Water ponding and running over land where intense rain exceeds the capacity of the ground and the drains, away from any river.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">urban flood<\/a> touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-nduo\" data-active=\"sig\" data-compose=\"pair\"><div class=\"nx-nduo-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Show\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-nduo=\"sig\" aria-pressed=\"true\">A \u00b7 Risk<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-nduo=\"phex\" aria-pressed=\"false\">B \u00b7 Response<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-ctx\"><p class=\"nx-nduo-ctxk\">Choose a context<\/p><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-pair\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-nduo-fig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIH\" data-sig-ctx=\"urban-flood\" data-sig-name=\"Urban flood\" data-sig-line=\"Flooded streets take out substations, pumping stations and clinic access together; drinking water fails when power does.\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\" data-nduo-pane=\"sig\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span><b class=\"nx-nduo-ab\">A<\/b>Coupled risk across six sectors<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-phex-apply nx-nsig-load\"><p class=\"nx-phex-aphd\"><span>Sectors \u00b7 <b class=\"nx-phex-apn\">Urban flood<\/b><\/span><span>Stress<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-phex-aps\"><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"0\" data-key=\"W\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">W<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Water<\/b> first hit, then depends on infrastructure for pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"9\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.86<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"1\" data-key=\"E\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">E<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Energy<\/b> depends on water for cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"4\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.37<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"2\" data-key=\"I\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">I<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Infrastructure<\/b> first hit, then depends on energy for power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.83<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"3\" data-key=\"F\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">F<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Food<\/b> outside this context<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">\u2013<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"4\" data-key=\"H\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">H<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Health<\/b> depends on water for drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"4\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.41<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"5\" data-key=\"B\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">B<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Biodiversity<\/b> outside this context<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">\u2013<\/span><\/button><\/li><\/ol><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Illustrative: a teaching cascade over teaching values, not measurements.<\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-nduo-bridge\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-nduo-bridge-l\">applied to<\/span><span class=\"nx-nduo-bridge-a\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex nx-nduo-fig\" data-nx-phex=\"01235\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/programmes\/nexus-universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-cycle\/publish\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action 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2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Flood-depth nowcast from rain gauges and terrain&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Warning lead time&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;30%&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;City twin links substations, pumps and clinics to flood depth&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Lifelines 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2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Cascade model of what fails when the grid does&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Dependencies mapped&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Twin of backup fuel, water treatment and cold chains&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours of autonomy&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Black-start exercise across utilities and hospitals&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours to restore&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Interdependency records shared by operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators 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qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pandemic&quot;},&quot;pollinator&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;pollin&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;crop output at risk a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Annual global crop output that depends on animal pollination&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;IPBES, Assessment report on pollinators, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/assessment-reports\/pollinators&quot;},null,null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;pollin&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;crop output at risk a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Annual global crop output that depends on animal pollination&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;IPBES, Assessment report on pollinators, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/assessment-reports\/pollinators&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Maps of pollinators and the yields that depend on them&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Area mapped&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Yield and diet-quality model by crop&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Crops modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Landscape mission with farmers and conservation agencies&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hectares in the mission&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Common biodiversity monitoring records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Sites reporting&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;B&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Nature and nutrition profile&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Indicators tracked&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FHB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course on nature-dependent farming&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Advisers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pollinator decline&quot;},&quot;storm-surge&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;mangrove&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$80B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;flood losses avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Coastal flood losses that mangroves already prevent worldwide&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Surge model with mangrove and dune buffers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Coast modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$80B&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Coastal twin of ports, substations and water intakes&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Assets in the twin&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Evacuation and port-recovery exercise&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days to reopen port&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared records for coastal assets and defences&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Defences recorded&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Coastal risk profile, built and natural defences&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Coast profiled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for port and coastal managers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Managers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Coastal storm surge&quot;}}}\" data-phex-applied=\"urban-flood\" data-nduo-pane=\"phex\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span><b class=\"nx-nduo-ab\">B<\/b>Applied response across six pillars<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">11 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 11 of 18 handoffs in play, 8 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-phex-apply\"><p class=\"nx-phex-aphd\"><span>Pillars \u00b7 <b class=\"nx-phex-apn\">Urban flood<\/b><\/span><span>KPI<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-phex-aps\"><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"0\" data-sec=\"WI\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">L<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Labs<\/b> Flood-depth nowcast from rain gauges and terrain<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Warning lead time <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><em class=\"nx-phex-bench\">30%<\/em><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"1\" data-sec=\"WEIH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">F<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Foundry<\/b> City twin links substations, pumps and clinics to flood depth<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Lifelines modelled <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"2\" data-sec=\"WEH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">U<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Universe<\/b> Exercise: keep water and power running through a 1-in-100 flood<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Hours to restore <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"lower is better\">\u2193<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"3\" data-sec=\"WEI\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">S<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Standards<\/b> Shared asset records so utilities exchange outage data<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Agencies sharing records <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"4\" data-sec=\"I\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">R<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Reports<\/b> City flood profile of exposed lifelines<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Assets profiled <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><em class=\"nx-phex-bench\">$390B<\/em><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"5\" data-sec=\"WEH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">A<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Academy<\/b> Course for utility and emergency operators<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Operators qualified <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><\/ol><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Illustrative applications; the values are published benchmarks, cited in the readout.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><p class=\"nx-nduo-legend\"><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k1\"><\/i>In this context<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k2\"><\/i>Dependence or handoff, heavier is stronger<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k3\"><\/i>Outside this context<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-nduo-tlw\" data-phex-for=\"nx-sec-nexus-phex\"><div class=\"nx-phex-phase nx-nduo-tl\" data-phex-tl=\"true\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-read\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\" data-for=\"sig\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Context<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Urban flood<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Flooded streets take out substations, pumping stations and clinic access together; drinking water fails when power does.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Risk<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-nduo-live\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">Hover a corner, a line or a row to trace it across both sides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy brief<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\" data-for=\"phex\"><div class=\"nx-phex-rhead\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Applied to urban flood<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\"><\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code nx-phex-rhead\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span>S<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Response<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>5<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>11<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>8<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Expected value<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nduo-vals\"><div><dt>What is at stake<\/dt><dd><strong>$390B<\/strong><span>a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries<\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">World Bank, Lifelines, 2019<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Return on resilience<\/dt><dd><strong>4 : 1<\/strong><span>benefit to cost<\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">World Bank, Lifelines, 2019<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Avoided loss<\/dt><dd><strong>30%<\/strong><span>less damage with 24 hours&#8217; warning of a storm or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a><\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">Hover a pillar, a line or a row to read how it is applied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" data-phex-acts-off=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-note\">A: a teaching cascade (shock 0.6, gain 0.35, four rounds) over teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements. B: illustrative applications and the KPI each pillar answers for; values are published benchmarks, cited, not forecasts. Open events: NASA EONET, live.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Cities concentrate all five domains.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Water<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Urban floods, water supply and sanitation coverage shape health and livelihoods.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Cooling demand and grid stress peak in cities during heatwaves.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Food<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Urban food security depends on markets, prices and incomes more than on harvests.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat, air quality and crowding drive urban health risk.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Biodiversity<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Green and blue infrastructure cools cities and absorbs storm water.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-label=\"Methods and evidence, Reports, standards and contributions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Methods and evidence, Reports, standards and contributions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Cities and Built Environment is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"2\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in Cities and Built Environment: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Cities, Critical infrastructure, Society, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"398.6\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"339.3\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"375.95\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"183.58\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"184.05\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"161.4\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"220.7\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Cities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"398.6\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"410.6\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"start\">Critical infrastructure<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"365.3\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"start\">Society<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"end\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"161.4\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"149.4\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"method-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Model, equations and assumptions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The model structure used for Cities and Built Environment, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-eqs\"><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Risk of element i<\/span><code>R<sub>i<\/sub> = f(H<sub>i<\/sub>, E<sub>i<\/sub>, V<sub>i<\/sub>, C<sub>i<\/sub>)<\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">hazard, exposure, vulnerability and coping capacity<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Expected annual loss<\/span><code>EAL = &#8721;<sub>k<\/sub> p<sub>k<\/sub> &#183; L<sub>k<\/sub><\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">over events k with annual probability p<sub>k<\/sub><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Coupled systems<\/span><code>x<sub>t+1<\/sub> = A x<sub>t<\/sub> + B u<sub>t<\/sub> + &#949;<sub>t<\/sub><\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">A carries the couplings, u the shock, &#949; the error<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Assumption<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Why it is made<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is tested<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Hazard and exposure are independent within an event<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Keeps the loss integral tractable<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Compare with a copula fit on joint records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Couplings are linear near the operating point<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Lets shocks propagate through A<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Perturb beyond the linear range and compare<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Vulnerability curves transfer between places<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Local curves are rarely available<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Validate against observed losses where they exist<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>versioned datasets with provenance<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Outputs<\/dt><dd>distributions, never single numbers<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Code<\/dt><dd>released with the model card and tests<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Reproduction<\/dt><dd>same data, code, environment and seed<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Standard risk and state-space formulations; the assumptions listed are typical of the method, stated for review, not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where urban evidence goes.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Urban analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-systems\/\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience series<\/a> and city-scale methods for the Methods and Technical series. Urban indicators would follow the ISO 37120 family and carry record identifiers under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Cities can propose a resilience scorecard review.<\/li><li>Residents can contribute local mapping through consent-aware routes.<\/li><li>Researchers can share heat and flood studies with methods.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Urban signals in India.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Night lights, population density and daytime surface heat over India, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"india:cities\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"cities\" data-ml-plan=\"p-6c795d3d\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:cities\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.energy.ntl gibs.health.people gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.health.no2 ev.eonet ev.usgs r.dist r.hls r.hbase r.uhi r.dswxs1 r.urbex\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-cities\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-cities\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"68,6.5,97.5,35.7\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Urban signals, India: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lights and people<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Urban signals, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"no2\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Nitrogen dioxide\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC OMI Aura \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"no2\">10 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"10\u00b9\u2075 molecules\/cm\u00b2\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"no2\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.no2\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>OMI Aura (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-10<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite column of nitrogen dioxide in the lower atmosphere on the day shown, mostly from combustion; not a ground-level concentration or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" 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data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Urban signals, framed on India.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 U.S. Geological Survey \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gesdisc.aura-omi-omps\">OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (16 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"no2\">10 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"The problem, What the platform does, Across the Consortium, Grounding\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"The problem, What the platform does, Across the Consortium, Grounding\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">The problem<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">What the platform does<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-across-the-consortium\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Across the Consortium<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-grounding\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Grounding<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The problem<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Cities concentrate exposure and connect failures.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">A city is a dense system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Buildings depend on water, power, drainage and communications; people depend on transport to reach work, schools and clinics; and every service depends on others. Concentration brings efficiency and opportunity, and it also means that a single hazard can affect very large numbers of people and assets at once.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Urban risk is made, not only received. Where and how a city grows decides who lives on floodplains, steep slopes or reclaimed land. Sealed surfaces raise flood peaks; dark roofs and lost tree cover deepen urban heat; building codes, and whether they are enforced, decide how structures perform in earthquakes and storms. Informal settlements often occupy the most exposed land with the least access to services, while rising housing costs push people further from jobs and into poorer-quality buildings.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Failures cascade through dependencies. A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a> raises electricity demand at the moment heat stresses the grid; an outage stops water pumping, traffic signals and cooling; flooded underground stations cut mobility across a whole region. Recovery is shaped by tenure, insurance, municipal capacity and social ties, so the same event can leave lasting inequality in its wake. Understanding the city as a connected whole is the precondition for planning that reduces harm.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the platform does<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Urban evidence for those who plan and build.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform is designed for urban researchers, city staff, planners, architects and housing specialists. Its methods are urban GIS, vulnerability mapping, built-asset resilience and planning evidence.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 22V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v18Z\"\/><path d=\"M6 12H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2\"\/><path d=\"M18 9h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M10 6h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 10h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 14h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 18h4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Profiles<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Urban resilience profiles<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Structured descriptions of a city&#8217;s exposure, dependencies and capacities, with sources and uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7Z\"\/><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 9H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 13H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 17H8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Briefs<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Built-environment briefs<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Concise evidence on a design, planning or housing question for practitioners.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.106 5.553a2 2 0 0 0 1.788 0l3.659-1.83A1 1 0 0 1 21 4.619v12.764a1 1 0 0 1-.553.894l-4.553 2.277a2 2 0 0 1-1.788 0l-4.212-2.106a2 2 0 0 0-1.788 0l-3.659 1.83A1 1 0 0 1 3 19.381V6.618a1 1 0 0 1 .553-.894l4.553-2.277a2 2 0 0 1 1.788 0z\"\/><path d=\"M15 5.76v15\"\/><path d=\"M9 3.24v15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cases<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">City research case studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Documented examples of what worked, what did not and why.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">GCRI does not regulate, certify, license or approve. Planning, building control and investment decisions remain with the competent authorities and owners.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-across-the-consortium\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the Consortium<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Nine methods and five counterparts.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The platform draws on nine methods in the STEM Commons, including <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/structural-engineering\/\">structural and earthquake engineering<\/a>, urban and transport engineering, geospatial information <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and spatial statistics and geostatistics. How each applies to cities is set out on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/stem\/\">the STEM foundation of Cities and Built Environment<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Its counterparts look at the same places from other mandates, so that evidence produced here can inform governance and finance without being confused with either. At The Global Risks Forum (GRF), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/\">Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/a> convenes the authorities that coordinate emergencies and recovery, and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 information-integrity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The accuracy, consistency and reliability of the information ecosystem on which public decisions depend.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Information Integrity<\/a> addresses public information in crises. At The Global Risks Alliance (GRA), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/\">Development Finance Nexus<\/a>, Institutional Funds Nexus and Financial Cyber Resilience build shared industry understanding of urban investment and dependencies. Lifeline engineering itself is the subject of <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> at GCRI.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-grounding\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Grounding<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Every claim on Cities and Built Environment rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Structural and earthquake engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Urban and transport engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Geospatial information systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Social and behavioural science<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Earth and geophysical science<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Sensors, IoT and observation networks<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Energy generation, storage and grid technology<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Water and environmental engineering<\/span><\/div><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-3\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/stem\/\">See the STEM foundation of Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-5\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Cycle, Six pillars, Frameworks, Consortium\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Cycle, Six pillars, Frameworks, Consortium\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-cycle\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Cycle<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pillars\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Six pillars<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Frameworks<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-consortium\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Consortium<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-cycle\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cycle<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How work moves in this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cycle-lanes\"><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Question<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a><\/span> National, regional or institutional priority. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/programmes\/\">Question in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Evidence<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> STEM foundation of the platform. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/stem\/\">Evidence in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Build<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Foundry. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/foundry\/\">Build in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Organise<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/organization\/architecture\/ii.-definitions\/i.-nexus-ecosystem\" data-tc=\"Nexus Ecosystem\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The whole of the institutions, pillars, systems and communities\">Nexus ecosystem<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/community\/\">Organise in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Test<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Universe (independent site). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/universe\/\">Test in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Publish<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a><\/span> Reports. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/reports\/\">Publish in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Decide<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Competent authority<\/span> Competent authorities and institutions, through <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s18\" data-tc=\"NXS-RLS\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Participants, agreements and handoffs\" data-ts=\"NRS-S18\">NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs)<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/trust\/\">Decide in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Renew<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Corrections and the next annual agenda. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/programmes\/\">Renew in Cities and Built Environment<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Competent authority (outside the programme)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pillars\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Six pillars<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How this works across the six pillars.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Cities and Built Environment works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">Labs<\/a>, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-pl-ring nx-canvas-wrap\" data-pl-hex=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex\" data-nx-phex=\"012345\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/reports\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action findings go into the editions; the Q4 synthesis informs next year's mandate.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;People for the next cycle&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence; qualified participants take roles in the next cycle.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;learning&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Learning by doing&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a course; learners join missions, and missions return to the Foundry.&quot;}]}\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Routes through the programme\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select pillars \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">18 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 18 of 18 handoffs in play, 17 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-phex-legend\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k1\"><\/i>handoff in play<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k2\"><\/i>recorded handoff<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k3\"><\/i>no direct handoff<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-phase\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">The whole programme<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year&#8217;s feedback loops.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span>S<\/span> \u00b7 <span>R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>18<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>17<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Handoffs in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel nx-phex-rel\"><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F01<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Foundry<\/b> \u00b7 Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Readiness preparation<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F02<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Universe<\/b> \u00b7 Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Controlled build<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F03<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Closeout<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F04<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">After-action review<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">and 14 more<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.<\/figcaption><\/figure><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Labs<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Foundry<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, data and models become reproducible builds, each run with its inputs, version and limits on record.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/foundry\/\">Cities and Built Environment in Foundry<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Universe<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where a build is tested under controlled conditions with independent evaluators, so a method&#8217;s skill is measured, not assumed.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/universe\/\">Cities and Built Environment in Universe<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">universe.nexus<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, identifiers and data schemas are codified in the open and corrected when a test finds a fault.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/\">Cities and the Built Environment in Standards<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">nexustandards.com<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where findings are published with their method, uncertainty and evidence class, and corrected as new versions.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/reports\/\">Cities and Built Environment in Reports<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Risk Academy<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are taught on real data and real places, by working the case, on Risk Academy.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/\">Faculty of Infrastructure, Energy and Industry in Academy<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">risksacademy.com<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Frameworks<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the work is read against.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Framework or standard<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it sets<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">New Urban Agenda<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">United Nations (Habitat III), with UN-Habitat<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Shared commitments on urban planning, housing, services and governance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Sustainable Development Goal 11<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">United Nations<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Targets and indicators for safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Degree of Urbanisation<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">UN Statistical Commission, with the EC, FAO, ILO, OECD, UN-Habitat and World Bank<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A harmonised method for classifying cities, towns and rural areas for international comparison<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">ISO 37120, ISO 37122 and ISO 37123<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">International Organization for Standardization (ISO\/TC 268)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Indicators for sustainable, smart and resilient cities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Making Cities Resilient initiative and Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">UNDRR<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A resilience roadmap and self-assessment built on ten essentials<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">International Union for Conservation of Nature<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Criteria for designing and verifying nature-based solutions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">WHO Housing and health guidelines<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">World Health Organization<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Recommendations on crowding, indoor temperatures, injury hazards and accessibility in housing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Common Reporting Framework<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Reporting of city emissions inventories, risk assessments and action plans<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-consortium\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">20<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Consortium<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The same field, seen three ways.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Cities and Built Environment links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Platform\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Critical infrastructure<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/information-integrity\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Information Integrity and Public Trust<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Society and human development<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/development-finance-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Development Finance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Critical infrastructure<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/institutional-funds-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Institutional Funds Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Society and human development<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Critical infrastructure<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-6\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Sources, Pages, Connected, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Pages, Connected, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-21-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Pages<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-22-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Connected<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-23-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-20\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">21<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/unhabitat.org\/about-us\/new-urban-agenda\"><span>New Urban Agenda (Habitat III, United Nations, 2016)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/degurba.php\"><span>Degree of Urbanisation method, adopted for international comparison by the UN Statistical Commission (2020)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/68498.html\"><span>ISO 37120:2018 Sustainable cities and communities, indicators for city services and quality of life (ISO)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550376\"><span>WHO Housing and health guidelines (WHO, 2018)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\"><span>Nexus Standards, the proposed NS series (nexustandards.com)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-21-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-21\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">22<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-21\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Cities and Built Environment.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/about\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Mandate and publisher<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/field\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Field overview<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/research\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and evidence<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Innovation and practical technology<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/programmes\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Programmes and projects<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/tools\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Data and technical methods<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/community\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Specialist community<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/learning\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning and professional development<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/events\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Events and technical dialogues<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/publications\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and publications<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/participate\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Participation paths<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Contact the specialist team<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/trust\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Trust, rights and status<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/stem\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">STEM foundation of Cities and Built Environment<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/cycle\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">How work moves in this field<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/foundry\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Build in Foundry<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/universe\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Test in Universe<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/reports\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Publish in Reports<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/counterparts\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">The same field across the Consortium<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/topics\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Topics<\/h3><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-22-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-22\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">23<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-22\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/cities\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Cities and built environment<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/infrastructure\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Critical infrastructure<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/society\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Society and human development<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-23-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"social\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-23\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">24<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-23\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Who publishes Cities and Built Environment?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Cities and Built Environment and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is Cities and Built Environment active?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Cities and Built Environment is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I contribute?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Start with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/participate\/\">the participation paths<\/a> or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where are findings published?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Reviewed outputs appear on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/publications\/\">the publications page<\/a>, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which values on this platform are real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I report an error?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Use <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/trust\/corrections\/\">corrections and concerns<\/a>, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does this platform differ from Critical Infrastructure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Cities and Built Environment serves the urban planning, housing and design community. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> serves the engineers and operators of specific lifelines. The two link wherever a city depends on a lifeline.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform assess individual buildings or approve plans?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It publishes research and methods. Building control, planning permission and safety decisions belong to the competent authorities.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Cities and Built Environment<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/cities-built-environment#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scn-h-g-p05\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-scn-h-g-p05\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">How Cities and Built Environment works.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform&#8217;s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><div class=\"nx-pe\" id=\"nx-pe-g-p05\" data-nx-pe=\"nx-pe-g-p05\" data-active=\"platforms\"><div class=\"nx-pe-shell\"><p class=\"nx-pe-eb\">Cities and Built Environment<\/p><h2 class=\"nx-pe-title\">How Cities and Built Environment works<\/h2><p class=\"nx-pe-others\"><span aria-current=\"true\">Platforms<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Programme year<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Standards<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Reports<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-pe-cap\">A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pe-steps\"><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">01 Scope<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Field and families<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Start \u00b7 The platform lead<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The home states the field, its families and who it serves.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Topic dossiers<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Platform authors<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Topics explain the subject with labelled evidence.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">02 Evidence<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Evidence labels<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Each value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Step \u00b7 Method owners<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Methods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">03 Work<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Scenarios on the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Model \u00b7 Foundry pillar<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Scenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Standards that apply<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">04 Publish<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Editions<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Findings are published through Reports with their limits.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Authority decides<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Outcome \u00b7 The competent authority<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Decisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-pe-foot\"><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Cities and Built Environment home<\/a> \u00b7 Platforms \u00b7 Shared methods<\/span><span>An outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment\" data-nx-takepart=\"GCRI\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Take part in Cities and Built Environment.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Cities and Built Environment platform.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"routes\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Ways to take part\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-routes\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-routes\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"routes\">Routes<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-calls\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-calls\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"calls\">Open calls<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-cell\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-cell\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"cell\">Cells and CERTs<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-index\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-index\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"index\">The Index<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-routes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-routes\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">National institutions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/national-chapters\/\">National chapters<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Sectors and professions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Cities and Built Environment. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/participate\/\">Participate<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/open-learning\/\">Open learning<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Standards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Communities and research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-calls\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-calls\" hidden><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-nx-calls=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Open call<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Seeks<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Closes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Founding call for experts to the working groups <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-01\"><td>Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-IND<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-01<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-REG<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1<\/span><\/td><td>contributor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CORE-SCIENCE<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-03-31\"><td>Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2027-03-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-11-30\"><td>Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2026-11-30<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\">Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/open-areas-and-calls\/\">open areas and calls<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-cell\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-cell\" hidden><div class=\"nx-panel-split\"><ol class=\"nx-terms\"><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Gather the cell<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Bring together three to seven people with complementary skills: data, field practice, policy and communication.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Register it<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Write to the team with the cell&#8217;s name, members, area and region. You receive a reference and a contact. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Choose a charter<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Pick one focus: research and evidence, data and maps, standards review, or community preparedness.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Learn together<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Follow shared study paths at Risk Academy, with practice and a record of every course completed. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/\">Hazards and resilience<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Lead and report<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Hold regular sessions. Publish what the cell learns through Reports. Bring findings to the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-callout nx-panel-aside\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-cert\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-cert\">Specialise as a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT prepares its neighbourhood for the hazards it faces. It builds a local hazard profile from this site&#8217;s map. It trains in household and street preparedness. It learns first aid and light search through recognised local providers, and it runs drills.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT works alongside the local emergency services and follows their direction. It never replaces them and is not an emergency service.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-panel-index\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-tab-index\" hidden><p class=\"nx-panel-lead\">What a national team or a local community can do on The Global Risks Index (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\" data-tc=\"NXS-GRX\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Canonical data, provenance and risk\" data-ts=\"NRS-S6\">NXS-GRX<\/a>) today.<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Your country&#8217;s profile<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Open risk profiles for 195 countries, with sources and licences on every value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Correct or reply<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Correct a value or reply for your country. The change is logged with its effect. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Offer data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Offer a dataset. It enters through the licence gate, with your credit. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Use the open data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Layers, profiles and tiles through the open API. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"social\" id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-cities-built-environment\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-nx-grix=\"cities:india\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The Global Risks Index<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Every figure on this page is indexed: infrastructure, society, demography, India.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Index is the Consortium&#8217;s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix\"><ol class=\"nx-grix-rail\" aria-label=\"The data pipeline\"><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">01 \u00b7 Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">205 registered sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Every value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/data\/\">Data and licences<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">02 \u00b7 Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">NIS-1 and NHS-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a>.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">03 \u00b7 The Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">54 series, 195 country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Computed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">The Global Risks Index<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">04 \u00b7 This page<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">Cities and Built Environment<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Maps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of infrastructure, society, demography and India.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Public API<\/a><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nx-grix-kpis\"><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">205<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">registered, each with its licence<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">451<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">905<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Series<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">54<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">195<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">one site per country<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-grid\"><div class=\"nx-grix-col\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Series in this context <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">infrastructure, society, demography<\/span><\/h3><ol class=\"nx-grix-ledger\"><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Urban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000068<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Demography \u00b7 Hazards \u00b7 Infrastructure<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GLB<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/global\/\">Global Systems<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">The state of interdependent <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 global-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Nexus risk class: a risk whose hazard, consequences or causal chain crosses national borders and acts at continental or planetary scale, so that no single country can assess or manage it alone.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">global risk<\/a>: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap\u2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000002<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Society \u00b7 Infrastructure<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Multi-hazard exposure, disaster losses and mortality, return-period losses, protection gaps and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 coping-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability to use available skills and resources to manage an adverse event or condition in the short term. Coping draws down existing reserves and may erode future capacity if used repeatedly.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">coping capacity<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000066<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Infrastructure \u00b7 Society<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">TH<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/th-02\/\">Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, preparedness, redundancy and recovery readings for planning and learning, aligned to the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> targets.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000109<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Infrastructure \u00b7 Society<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\" data-nav=\"inline\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/\">All 54 series<\/a> \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/indices\/\">The 20 domain indices<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-col nx-grix-side\"><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Country profiles <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">India<\/span><\/h3><div class=\"nx-grix-chips\"><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/ind\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">IND<\/span>India<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/countries\/\">all country profiles<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\">Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/contribute\/\">Correct a value or reply<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Hazard domains <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">NHS-1<\/span><\/h3><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\">Built systems<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000144<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/soc\/\">Society, conflict and economy<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000147<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Geodata and API <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">open<\/span><\/h3><p class=\"nx-grix-m\">Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km\u00b2 or as symbols: <span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 GHSL 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 WorldPop 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Built-up area<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Ports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Airports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Roads<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Railways<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Rivers and lake centrelines<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/observatory\/\">Risk Observatory map<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">open<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-grix-m\"><code class=\"nx-grix-code\">\/api\/v1\/public\/grix<\/code> \u00b7 <code class=\"nx-grix-code\">https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/{uni}<\/code><br><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Developers<\/a> \u00b7 Data \u00b7 Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-note\">Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 \u00b7 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/sectors\/infrastructure\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Infrastructure<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/humanitarian-displacement\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Humanitarian action and displacement<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/cities-and-urban-systems-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Cities and urban systems risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"nx-deeper nx-hubs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-hubs-h\" data-nx-hubs=\"3\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-cities-built-environment-hubs-h\">The same subject across the Consortium<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Cities and the Built Environment<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/cities-built-environment\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Learn:<\/span> Cities, housing and the built environment<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-10\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Index:<\/span> Global Cities series<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-24\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cities and Built Environment<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-24\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-25\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-25\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/cities-built-environment\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who publishes Cities and Built Environment?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Cities and Built Environment and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. 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