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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2pi770b.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Climate and Hazards<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Climate and Hazards<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Physical climate risks, weather extremes and hazard interactions grounded in observed and modelled evidence. Climate and Hazards is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/about\/\">Open Mandate and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/about\/\">About GCRI<\/a><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-scene-stats nx-es-stats\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM methods<\/dt><dd>10<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Canonical methods this field applies<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Subject pages in the field<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Counterparts<\/dt><dd>10<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Platforms in shared fields across the network<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Report series<\/dt><dd>3<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Reports series it contributes to<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-areas\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Coverage<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The areas of climate and hazards this platform takes on.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Climate and Hazards studies the physical side of risk: how the climate is changing, how heat, drought, floods, storms, wildfires, earthquakes and other hazards arise, and how they combine. Its pages set out the observations, models, statistics and services behind hazard evidence for each field, with every value labelled by its evidence and every limit stated. It prepares evidence; national meteorological, hydrological and geological services issue forecasts and warnings, and governments decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate baselines<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Observed climate, reference periods and the reanalyses that fill gaps between stations, with their uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat and drought<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heatwaves, humid heat, meteorological, agricultural and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.hydrological-drought\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"Streamflow, lake and reservoir levels falling below normal, restricting supply, hydropower and river navigation.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">hydrological drought<\/a>, and how they develop over days to years.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Flood and storm<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">River, surface water and coastal flooding, tropical and extratropical cyclones, and the rainfall extremes that drive them.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M10 20c5.5-2.5.8-6.4 3-10\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 9.4c1.1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.7-2 .4-3.5.4-4.8-.3-1.2-.6-2.3-1.9-3-4.2 2.8-.5 4.4 0 5.5.8z\"\/><path d=\"M14.1 6a7 7 0 0 0-1.1 4c1.9-.1 3.3-.6 4.3-1.4 1-1 1.6-2.3 1.7-4.6-2.7.1-4 1-4.9 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Wildfire and land<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fire weather, fuels, ignition and burned area, and the land changes that alter fire regimes.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Earthquakes and geohazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Earthquakes, tsunamis, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\">volcanic activity<\/a>, landslides and subsidence, and the hazard models used for planning.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Compound hazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Hazards that occur together or in sequence, such as hot and dry, or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a> with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.fluvial\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"River discharge exceeding channel capacity so that water spills over the banks and covers the floodplain for days.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">river flood<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><polygon points=\"16.24 7.76 14.12 14.12 7.76 16.24 9.88 9.88 16.24 7.76\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate projections<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Scenarios, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 global-warming\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The rise in global average surface temperature relative to a pre-industrial baseline, the headline indicator of human-driven climate change.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">global warming<\/a> levels, model ensembles and downscaling, and how far they can be trusted locally.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19.07 4.93A10 10 0 0 0 6.99 3.34\"\/><path d=\"M4 6h.01\"\/><path d=\"M2.29 9.62A10 10 0 1 0 21.31 8.35\"\/><path d=\"M16.24 7.76A6 6 0 1 0 8.23 16.67\"\/><path d=\"M12 18h.01\"\/><path d=\"M17.99 11.66A6 6 0 0 1 15.77 16.67\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"m13.41 10.59 5.66-5.66\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate services and warnings<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How forecasts, outlooks and warnings are produced, communicated and verified by the services that issue them.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"signals\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/home#signals\" data-nxf-title=\"Climate and Hazards signals\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"alerts\" data-nxf-kind=\"alerts\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/home#alerts\" data-nxf-title=\"Notices\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Monitor, Topics, Simulator, Overview\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Monitor, Topics, Simulator, Overview\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-2-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-3-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Topics<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-overview\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Overview<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-2-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Multi-hazard outlook.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-hazards-multi\" data-cx=\"hazards.multi\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Multi-hazard outlook: illustrative console with example names and values\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Multi-hazard outlook: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Region A.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions this field works on.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-baselines\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate baselines<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Historical trends and reference periods.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/heat-and-drought\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat and drought<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Compound heat and hydrologic stress.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Flood and storm<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Extreme precipitation, coastal storm and flooding.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/wildfire-and-land\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Wildfire and land<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fire weather, fuels and landscapes.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/earthquakes-and-geohazards\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Earthquakes and geohazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Earthquakes, volcanoes and related hazards.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/compound-hazards\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Compound hazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Multiple and cascading events.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-projections\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate projections<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Scenario models, ensembles and uncertainty.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-services-and-warnings\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate services and warnings<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Forecast-to-user pathways and authority.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Two stocks, pressure and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 adaptive-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a system, institution or community to adjust to actual or expected change, take advantage of opportunities and moderate harm. Adaptive capacity works over longer time horizons than coping.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">adaptive capacity<\/a>, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-climate-hazards-0\" data-nxi=\"sd\" data-nxi-id=\"sd\" data-nxi-z=\"jVVLa+Q4EP4rRcHCBGqC3Wn3BN\/msYQ9DITZXJbQh4pVjkVsyVhyJz2h\/\/si+dFOT2dnTwVlW9+jPpVf0WtfC+b4t7fFkyMoa\/vsCJTUvHfARgGD122rzSP4qhNX2VohYWWNOL\/HHO+Eiyo8bqySGp61r8B59qJA13XvfMde7wR2XPfiCIz1wNB2onThtTWXSNhyx43D\/P4VtcIcHzv77CskrPlBaszxJjbAluFD5\/pOkLA32mOOfwDDXrhDwkYbzBPChl8wXyWEzkuLeXKZEUZ8zDeEtcV8TVhpzK8JFebpgUZgKUtdcLFfQP85tgJ4wS0X2u9BG+hE9UXQ\/f8Zpdk5RuuB0dXAKDthpM1OnF\/w+Ss2GjEeOnGtNU7AW2ilK0TvRJ3jc0pkM1uTzjSCXYFHuhqIrAZvkplJzMSCyG1AbMMIYXo04gXtbsYMUn8vf0T9dCJ\/mbkJ+O40j+dzoY2Sl4nF6piKWfsiFKP2dTbGIjnRzk1b63Kp\/nPs6IKjAS07D76SN3dk5OF1I7Mb6UhjfbRiMYJxApcjjdXlaRoq2+mf1ix4\/BO8Bqebvg537p0hpHMEz8nPJrlbwlK\/iML8FZ2Eml1fb9IDoe192\/vFFW2Fn27fpIGf\/mMIb9wUo74uPv063SoePBSjfnOA3Un3iweh+d4MJjOimVvCouLOB5Uv0+dIuJ\/2IHyIqBdIJ\/txxNCN4CHMyrYuHGKskmAN3h7130wr7PbcxTxeYiT8rLiNK3JaL0j4XXv9GLOFhN+44UfBLWGtzVNAuk8opXRL9yklsSa0inVFV7Fe0TrWNWWxZpTQx+HFTWxsaB0a21nGNNgf6XKqI2UoRZQD7R3YZwPDfiYo2XnpzqQfPsS\/QS3qIuz3yaDAdR7il\/R0mbxxiYDLcDgP24Xgode1cscd7Cv20Aw+SeD2LmgwZU3ZEfrH6pxGfrCLIYCKri8A3zt+Mxy+PRAa8XfLxHwM\/1Nwe+elAbU33OjC4eFf\" aria-label=\"Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-climate-hazards-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Stocks over time\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Growth of pressure<\/dt><dd>6.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Efficacy of capacity in reducing pressure<\/dt><dd>4.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Investment response to perceived pressure<\/dt><dd>20%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Perception delay<\/dt><dd>4.0 years<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Tipping threshold of pressure<\/dt><dd>60 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification past the threshold<\/dt><dd>2.0 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years simulated<\/dt><dd>50 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak pressure<\/dt><dd>113 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Capacity at the end<\/dt><dd>186 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years over the threshold<\/dt><dd>15.8 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pressure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Capacity<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Perceived<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>20.0<\/td><td>50.0<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>23.3<\/td><td>44.9<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>27.2<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>24.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>31.7<\/td><td>42.3<\/td><td>27.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>36.8<\/td><td>45.5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>42.3<\/td><td>51.5<\/td><td>37.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">24<\/th><td>47.9<\/td><td>60.3<\/td><td>42.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">28<\/th><td>53.2<\/td><td>71.3<\/td><td>48.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">32<\/th><td>57.8<\/td><td>84.3<\/td><td>53.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">36<\/th><td>66.4<\/td><td>98.4<\/td><td>58.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40<\/th><td>82.7<\/td><td>115.9<\/td><td>69.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">44<\/th><td>97.8<\/td><td>139.7<\/td><td>83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">48<\/th><td>109.1<\/td><td>169.4<\/td><td>97.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>System dynamics <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics<\/span><\/li><li>Critical transitions and tipping points <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461<\/span><\/li><li>Causal loop diagram <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme&#8217;s own evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/foundry\/\">Climate and Hazards in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/universe\/\">Climate and Hazards in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Climate and Earth Systems in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/reports\/\">Climate and Hazards in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-overview\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Overview<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Climate and Hazards does.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Climate hazards are physical events such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, storms and wildfires whose frequency and intensity depend on the climate. Climate and Hazards covers them alongside earthquakes and other geohazards, compound events, projections and warning services. It prepares evidence; national meteorological, hydrological and geological services issue forecasts and warnings, and governments decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Who it serves<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its community<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Climatologists; meteorologists; risk modellers; adaptation analysts.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its methods<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Climate scenarios; hazard models; EO indicators; uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7Z\"\/><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 9H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 13H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 17H8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What it produces<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its outputs<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Hazard evidence guides; regional risk explainers; scenario limitations.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Twin and cascade simulator, Mandate and boundaries, Methods and evidence, Across the domains\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Twin and cascade simulator, Mandate and boundaries, Methods and evidence, Across the domains\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mandate and boundaries<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Across the domains<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model Climate and Hazards as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-home-G-P02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.coastal-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater overtopping or breaching the shoreline and flooding land, from surge, waves, high tides or a raised sea level.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Coastal flood<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Storm surge (set off downstream)<\/li><li>High-tide flooding (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal erosion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Estuary flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Wetland loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mangrove loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Groundwater flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/financial-and-economic-risk-standards\/\">Financial and economic risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-adaptation-and-transition-risk\/\">Climate adaptation and transition risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NS-14<\/code> Conformance and crosswalk to external standards<\/li><li><code>NRS-H65<\/code> Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H62<\/code> Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H71<\/code> Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H79<\/code> Hazard family: Mental health crises (NHS-1 health.mental)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H75<\/code> Hazard family: Climate-sensitive illness (NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H7<\/code> Hazard family: Large-scale circulation anomalies (NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CMIP6 climate projections (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)<\/li><li>INFORM Risk Index (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population<\/li><li>Total greenhouse gas emissions per year<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mandate and boundaries<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Climate and Hazards studies, and who issues forecasts and warnings.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Climate and Hazards, studies the physical side of risk: observed climate, hazards and how they combine, and the methods that turn observations and models into evidence. National meteorological, hydrological and geological services issue forecasts and warnings; GCRI issues none and holds no forecasting mandate.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Hazard maps and projections shown here are illustrations unless marked otherwise. A projection under an emissions pathway is not a forecast, and a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 return-period\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The average interval between events that reach or exceed a given intensity, equal to the inverse of the annual exceedance probability. It describes long-run frequency, not a schedule.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">return period<\/a> estimated from the past is a moving target in a warming climate.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Climate and Hazards is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"2\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"uncertainty-band\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Uncertainty bands<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How far the outlook for Climate and Hazards could spread, shown as ranges rather than a single line.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 240\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Central estimate with likely and very likely ranges for Climate and Hazards\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"544\" y2=\"206\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"206\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band nx-au-band-w\" d=\"M46 142.1l83-18.8 83-18.8 83-22.6 83-20.7 83-18.8 83-18.8 0 124.1-83 0-83 0-83 1.9-83 3.8-83 0-83 3.7z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band\" d=\"M46 145.8l83-15 83-13.2 83-16.9 83-15 83-13.2 83-13.1 0 52.6-83 5.6-83 5.7-83 7.5-83 9.4-83 5.6-83 7.6z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-ac\" d=\"M46 149.6l83-11.3 83-9.4 83-13.1 83-11.3 83-9.4 83-9.4\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"46\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Now<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"129\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+5<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"212\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+10<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"295\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+15<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"378\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+20<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"461\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+25<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"544\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+30 y<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"36.8\" text-anchor=\"end\">high<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"187.2\" text-anchor=\"end\">low<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"17.64\" text-anchor=\"end\">very likely range<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"73.36\" text-anchor=\"end\">likely range<\/text><\/svg><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Central estimate<\/dt><dd>median of the ensemble<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ranges<\/dt><dd>likely and very likely, in IPCC calibrated language<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ensemble<\/dt><dd>members, scenarios and initial conditions stated<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Read with<\/dt><dd>the sensitivity of the result to each input<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Illustrative ensemble spread on an index scale; the form follows IPCC uncertainty guidance. Not a projection.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"eo-chain\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Earth observation chain<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on Climate and Hazards, and where each step adds uncertainty.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-au-chain\"><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">01 \u00b7 Acquire<\/span><span>orbit, sensor and revisit<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: gaps from cloud and orbit<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">02 \u00b7 Calibrate<\/span><span>radiometric and geometric<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: sensor drift<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">03 \u00b7 Correct<\/span><span>atmosphere and terrain<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: aerosol and slope assumptions<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">04 \u00b7 Retrieve or classify<\/span><span>the variable or the class<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: model and training error<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">05 \u00b7 Validate<\/span><span>against ground truth<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: sample design and size<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">06 \u00b7 Publish<\/span><span>with error bars and lineage<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: stated, never hidden<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Processing chain in the CEOS Analysis Ready Data sense; each step records its uncertainty before a figure is drawn. A generic structure, not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazards become risk through the five domains.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Water<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Floods and droughts are water events first; their losses arrive through every other system.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat raises power demand while lowering plant capacity and line ratings.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Food<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat and dry spells at critical crop stages drive yield losses.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat-health and post-flood disease are among the most direct health effects of hazards.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Biodiversity<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Wildfire, drought and marine heatwaves damage ecosystems that buffer later hazards.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Climate signals worldwide.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Daytime surface heat, rain and population density across the world, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"world:climate\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"climate\" data-ml-plan=\"p-1078883a\" data-ml-relief=\"1.6\" data-ml-chart=\"f.era5\" data-ml-view=\"globe\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:climate\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.imerg gibs.health.people gibs.water.true gibs.biodiversity.ssta gibs.water.flood ev.eonet r.dist r.airt f.era5 r.hls f.ens r.dswxs1 r.imerg\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-climate\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-climate\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-180,-58,180,84\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Climate signals, the world: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"imerg||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Rain now<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Climate signals, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"imerg\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Precipitation\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite estimate, near real time\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Precipitation rate, daily mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC GPM IMERG \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"imerg\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.imerg\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite estimate, near real time<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis of how far sea temperature departs from its usual value for the date shown; a marine heat indicator, not a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.coral-bleaching\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Corals expelling their algal partners under heat stress, turning white and often dying, with loss of reef fisheries and shore protection.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">coral bleaching<\/a> alert.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Climate signals, framed on the world.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT \u00b7 NASA AIRS<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gpm.imerg\">GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA AIRS. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (22 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Reports, standards and contributions, The problem, What the platform does, Foundation and counterparts\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Reports, standards and contributions, The problem, What the platform does, Foundation and counterparts\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">The problem<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">What the platform does<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-foundation-and-counterparts\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Foundation and counterparts<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where hazard evidence goes.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Hazard analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-systems\/\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience series<\/a> and projections for the Foresight Outlook series. Gridded products would carry metadata under NS-3b of the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Meteorological services can share verification archives.<\/li><li>Researchers can contribute attribution and extreme value studies.<\/li><li>Communities can record local hazard impacts with dates.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The problem<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazards are changing, and they rarely arrive alone.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The physical basis is well established. A warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour, which intensifies heavy rainfall; higher temperatures increase evaporation and the frequency and severity of heat extremes; rising sea levels raise the baseline on which every <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a> builds. Fire weather lengthens where heat and dryness coincide. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and many landslides are not driven by climate, but they strike the same exposed and changing societies, and some, such as rainfall-triggered landslides, are shaped by it.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">What makes hazards systemic is their interaction with each other and with the things people build. A drought dries soils so that later rain runs off as a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.flash-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"A fast, violent rise of water in a small catchment or dry channel within hours of intense rain.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">flash flood<\/a>. A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">tropical cyclone<\/a> combines wind, surge and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\">extreme rain<\/a> in a single event. A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a> that coincides with low river flow cuts power generation precisely when demand for cooling peaks. Infrastructure, supply chains and insurance arrangements designed around a stable past can fail together when several hazards align, and the losses travel far from where the hazard struck.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">The scientific task is to describe these hazards honestly: what the observations show, what the models project under which assumptions, and how much uncertainty remains. Overconfident hazard information is as dangerous as none, because it is built into designs, prices and plans that outlast the analysis.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the platform does<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazard evidence with its limits attached.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Scenarios, models and observations<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Climate scenarios, hazard models, Earth observation indicators and explicit treatment of uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7Z\"\/><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 9H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 13H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 17H8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Outputs<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Guides and explainers<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Hazard evidence guides, regional risk explainers and statements of scenario limitations, published as they pass review.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Community<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Who it is for<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Climatologists, meteorologists, risk modellers and adaptation analysts, and the professionals who use their work.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Climate and Hazards does hazard science, not disaster coordination. It does not issue forecasts or warnings; those come from national meteorological, hydrological and geological services. GCRI does not regulate, certify, license or approve.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-foundation-and-counterparts\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Foundation and counterparts<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The steward of three methods, linked to governance and finance.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Climate and Hazards stewards the canonical descriptions of <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/climate-science\/\">climate and atmospheric science<\/a>, Earth and geophysical science and forecasting and time-series analysis in the STEM Commons. It also applies <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/extreme-value\/\">extreme value theory<\/a>, Earth observation, spatial statistics, high-performance computing, hydrology, ocean and coastal science and space <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. See the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/\">STEM foundation page<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">At The Global Risks Forum (GRF), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\">Climate and Nature Governance<\/a> and Disaster and Crisis Governance convene the institutions that govern adaptation and emergencies. At The Global Risks Alliance (GRA), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/a>, Climate and Nature Financial Risk and Disaster Risk Finance build shared industry understanding of how hazards become financial losses. Within GCRI, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/disaster-resilience\/\">Disaster Resilience and Recovery<\/a> covers preparedness and recovery. All are listed on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/counterparts\/\">counterparts across the Consortium<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Grounding, Cycle, Six pillars, Frameworks\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Grounding, Cycle, Six pillars, Frameworks\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-grounding\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Grounding<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-cycle\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Cycle<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pillars\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Six pillars<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Frameworks<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-grounding\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Grounding<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Every claim on Climate and Hazards rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Climate and atmospheric science<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Earth and geophysical science<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">High-performance, cloud and edge computing<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Ocean and coastal science<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Space systems and satellite services<\/span><\/div><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-3\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/\">See the STEM foundation of Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-cycle\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cycle<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How work moves in this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cycle-lanes\"><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Question<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a><\/span> National, regional or institutional priority. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/programmes\/\">Question in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Evidence<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> STEM foundation of the platform. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/\">Evidence in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Build<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Foundry. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/foundry\/\">Build in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Organise<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/organization\/architecture\/ii.-definitions\/i.-nexus-ecosystem\" data-tc=\"Nexus Ecosystem\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The whole of the institutions, pillars, systems and communities\">Nexus ecosystem<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/community\/\">Organise in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Test<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Universe (independent site). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/universe\/\">Test in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Publish<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a><\/span> Reports. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/reports\/\">Publish in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Decide<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Competent authority<\/span> Competent authorities and institutions, through <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s18\" data-tc=\"NXS-RLS\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Participants, agreements and handoffs\" data-ts=\"NRS-S18\">NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs)<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/trust\/\">Decide in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Renew<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Corrections and the next annual agenda. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/programmes\/\">Renew in Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Competent authority (outside the programme)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pillars\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Six pillars<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How this works across the six pillars.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Climate and Hazards works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">Labs<\/a>, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-pl-ring nx-canvas-wrap\" data-pl-hex=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex\" data-nx-phex=\"012345\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/reports\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action findings go into the editions; the Q4 synthesis informs next year's mandate.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;People for the next cycle&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence; qualified participants take roles in the next cycle.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;learning&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Learning by doing&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a course; learners join missions, and missions return to the Foundry.&quot;}]}\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Routes through the programme\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select pillars \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">18 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 18 of 18 handoffs in play, 17 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-phex-legend\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k1\"><\/i>handoff in play<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k2\"><\/i>recorded handoff<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k3\"><\/i>no direct handoff<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-phase\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">The whole programme<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year&#8217;s feedback loops.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span>S<\/span> \u00b7 <span>R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>18<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>17<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Handoffs in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel nx-phex-rel\"><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F01<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Foundry<\/b> \u00b7 Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Readiness preparation<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F02<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Universe<\/b> \u00b7 Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Controlled build<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F03<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Closeout<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F04<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">After-action review<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">and 14 more<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.<\/figcaption><\/figure><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Labs<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Foundry<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, data and models become reproducible builds, each run with its inputs, version and limits on record.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/foundry\/\">Climate and Hazards in Foundry<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Universe<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where a build is tested under controlled conditions with independent evaluators, so a method&#8217;s skill is measured, not assumed.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/universe\/\">Climate and Hazards in Universe<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">universe.nexus<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, identifiers and data schemas are codified in the open and corrected when a test finds a fault.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Climate and Earth Systems in Standards<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">nexustandards.com<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where findings are published with their method, uncertainty and evidence class, and corrected as new versions.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/reports\/\">Climate and Hazards in Reports<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Risk Academy<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are taught on real data and real places, by working the case, on Risk Academy.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">risksacademy.com<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Frameworks<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the work is read against.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Framework or standard<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it sets<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Intergovernmental Panel on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Assessed physical science of climate change, extremes, regional climate and confidence language<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Global Framework for Climate Services<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">World Meteorological Organization<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Structure for producing and delivering climate information to users, with its pillars and priority sectors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">WMO climatological standard normals<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">World Meteorological Organization<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Rules for computing reference-period climate averages so that anomalies are comparable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Global Climate Observing System Essential Climate Variables<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">GCOS, sponsored by WMO, IOC-UNESCO, UNEP and ISC<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">The variables and requirements for systematic observation of the climate system<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 6<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">World Climate Research Programme<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Common experiments and data standards for global climate model projections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Early Warnings for All initiative<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">United Nations, led by WMO, UNDRR, ITU and IFRC<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Four pillars of people-centred <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a>: risk knowledge, detection, communication and preparedness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">United Nations, with UNDRR as custodian<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Targets on multi-hazard early warning and disaster risk information<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">UNDRR-ISC Hazard Information Profiles<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">UNDRR and the International Science Council<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Standard definitions of hazards for registers, warnings and loss accounting<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Common Alerting Protocol<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">OASIS, adopted as ITU-T X.1303<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A data format for exchanging public warnings across <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and media<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-5\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Consortium, Sources, Pages, Connected\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Consortium, Sources, Pages, Connected\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-consortium\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Consortium<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-21-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Pages<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-22-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Connected<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-consortium\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Consortium<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The same field, seen three ways.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Climate and Hazards links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Platform\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Diplomacy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and Nature Governance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/disaster-crisis-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Disaster and Crisis Governance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Disaster and crisis<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Insurance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Banking Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/asset-management-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Asset Management Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards, Disaster and crisis<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/disaster-risk-finance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Disaster Risk Finance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Disaster and crisis<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-20\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">20<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/syr\/\"><span>IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Synthesis Report (IPCC, 2023)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wmo.int\/\"><span>WMO climatological standard normals, 1991\u20132020 reference period (WMO)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gcos.wmo.int\/\"><span>The 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS-244, 2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-X.1303\/en\"><span>Common Alerting Protocol, ITU-T Recommendation X.1303 (ITU)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\"><span>Nexus Standards, the proposed NS series (nexustandards.com)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-21-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-21\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">21<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-21\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Climate and Hazards.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/about\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Mandate and publisher<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/field\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Field overview<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/research\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and evidence<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Innovation and practical technology<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/programmes\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Programmes and projects<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/tools\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Data and technical methods<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/community\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Specialist community<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/learning\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning and professional development<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/events\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Events and technical dialogues<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/publications\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and publications<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/participate\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Participation paths<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Contact the specialist team<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/trust\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Trust, rights and status<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">STEM foundation of Climate and Hazards<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/cycle\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">How work moves in this field<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/foundry\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Build in Foundry<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/universe\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Test in Universe<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/reports\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Publish in Reports<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/counterparts\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">The same field across the Consortium<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Topics<\/h3><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-22-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-22\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">22<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-22\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/climate\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Climate and hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/disaster\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Disaster and crisis<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-6\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-23-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-23-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-23\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">23<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-23\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Who publishes Climate and Hazards?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Climate and Hazards and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is Climate and Hazards active?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Climate and Hazards is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I contribute?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Start with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/participate\/\">the participation paths<\/a> or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where are findings published?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Reviewed outputs appear on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/publications\/\">the publications page<\/a>, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which values on this platform are real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I report an error?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Use <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/trust\/corrections\/\">corrections and concerns<\/a>, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform issue weather forecasts or warnings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Forecasts and warnings are the responsibility of national meteorological, hydrological and geological services. Climate and Hazards publishes research on hazards, methods and uncertainty, and on how warning systems work.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is it different from Disaster Resilience and Recovery?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Climate and Hazards studies the hazards themselves: their physics, statistics and trends. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/disaster-resilience\/\">Disaster Resilience and Recovery<\/a> studies how societies prepare for, respond to and recover from disasters. The two link closely but keep separate scopes.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Observatory Signal<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Scenario and Stress-Test<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/climate-hazards#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scn-h-g-p02\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-scn-h-g-p02\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">How Climate and Hazards works.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform&#8217;s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><div class=\"nx-pe\" id=\"nx-pe-g-p02\" data-nx-pe=\"nx-pe-g-p02\" data-active=\"platforms\"><div class=\"nx-pe-shell\"><p class=\"nx-pe-eb\">Climate and Hazards<\/p><h2 class=\"nx-pe-title\">How Climate and Hazards works<\/h2><p class=\"nx-pe-others\"><span aria-current=\"true\">Platforms<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Programme year<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Standards<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Reports<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-pe-cap\">A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pe-steps\"><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">01 Scope<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Field and families<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Start \u00b7 The platform lead<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The home states the field, its families and who it serves.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Topic dossiers<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Platform authors<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Topics explain the subject with labelled evidence.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">02 Evidence<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Evidence labels<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Each value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Step \u00b7 Method owners<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Methods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">03 Work<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Scenarios on the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Model \u00b7 Foundry pillar<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Scenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Standards that apply<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">04 Publish<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Editions<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Findings are published through Reports with their limits.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Authority decides<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Outcome \u00b7 The competent authority<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Decisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-pe-foot\"><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate and Hazards home<\/a> \u00b7 Platforms \u00b7 Shared methods<\/span><span>An outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards\" data-nx-takepart=\"GCRI\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Take part in Climate and Hazards.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Climate and Hazards platform.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"routes\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Ways to take part\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-routes\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-routes\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"routes\">Routes<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-calls\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-calls\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"calls\">Open calls<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-cell\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-cell\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"cell\">Cells and CERTs<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-index\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-index\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"index\">The Index<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-routes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-routes\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">National institutions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/national-chapters\/\">National chapters<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Sectors and professions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Climate and Hazards. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/participate\/\">Participate<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/open-learning\/\">Open learning<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Standards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Communities and research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-calls\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-calls\" hidden><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-nx-calls=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Open call<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Seeks<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Closes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Founding call for experts to the working groups <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-01\"><td>Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-IND<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-01<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-REG<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1<\/span><\/td><td>contributor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CORE-SCIENCE<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-03-31\"><td>Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2027-03-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-11-30\"><td>Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2026-11-30<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\">Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/open-areas-and-calls\/\">open areas and calls<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-cell\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-cell\" hidden><div class=\"nx-panel-split\"><ol class=\"nx-terms\"><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Gather the cell<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Bring together three to seven people with complementary skills: data, field practice, policy and communication.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Register it<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Write to the team with the cell&#8217;s name, members, area and region. You receive a reference and a contact. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Choose a charter<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Pick one focus: research and evidence, data and maps, standards review, or community preparedness.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Learn together<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Follow shared study paths at Risk Academy, with practice and a record of every course completed. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/\">Hazards and resilience<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Lead and report<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Hold regular sessions. Publish what the cell learns through Reports. Bring findings to the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-callout nx-panel-aside\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-cert\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-cert\">Specialise as a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT prepares its neighbourhood for the hazards it faces. It builds a local hazard profile from this site&#8217;s map. It trains in household and street preparedness. It learns first aid and light search through recognised local providers, and it runs drills.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT works alongside the local emergency services and follows their direction. It never replaces them and is not an emergency service.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-panel-index\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-climate-hazards-tab-index\" hidden><p class=\"nx-panel-lead\">What a national team or a local community can do on The Global Risks Index (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\" data-tc=\"NXS-GRX\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Canonical data, provenance and risk\" data-ts=\"NRS-S6\">NXS-GRX<\/a>) today.<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Your country&#8217;s profile<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Open risk profiles for 195 countries, with sources and licences on every value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Correct or reply<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Correct a value or reply for your country. The change is logged with its effect. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Offer data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Offer a dataset. It enters through the licence gate, with your credit. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Use the open data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Layers, profiles and tiles through the open API. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-climate-hazards\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-nx-grix=\"climate:world\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The Global Risks Index<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Every figure on this page is indexed: climate, hazards, environment, the world.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Index is the Consortium&#8217;s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix\"><ol class=\"nx-grix-rail\" aria-label=\"The data pipeline\"><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">01 \u00b7 Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">205 registered sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Every value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/data\/\">Data and licences<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">02 \u00b7 Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">NIS-1 and NHS-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">03 \u00b7 The Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">54 series, 195 country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Computed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">The Global Risks Index<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">04 \u00b7 This page<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Maps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of climate, hazards, environment.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Public API<\/a><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nx-grix-kpis\"><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">205<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">registered, each with its licence<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">451<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">905<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Series<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">54<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">195<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">one site per country<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-grid\"><div class=\"nx-grix-col\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Series in this context <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">climate, hazards, environment<\/span><\/h3><ol class=\"nx-grix-ledger\"><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-07\/\">Global Climate<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Chronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000065<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Climate \u00b7 Hazards \u00b7 Environment<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-01\/\">Global Water<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Access, scarcity, quality, floods and droughts, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.groundwater-depletion\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"Aquifers drawn down faster than they refill, lowering wells and driving land subsidence and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">groundwater depletion<\/a>, transboundary dependency and the couplings of water to energy, food, health and nature.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000059<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Energy<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GLB<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/global\/\">Global Systems<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">The state of interdependent <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 global-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Nexus risk class: a risk whose hazard, consequences or causal chain crosses national borders and acts at continental or planetary scale, so that no single country can assess or manage it alone.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">global risk<\/a>: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap\u2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000002<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Energy<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-12\/\">Global Earth observation<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">What Earth observation can and cannot see of risk: coverage, revisit, latency and the observing systems <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\" data-tc=\"NXS-GRX\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Canonical data, provenance and risk\" data-ts=\"NRS-S6\">NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk)<\/a> depends on.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000070<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Environment<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\" data-nav=\"inline\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/\">All 54 series<\/a> \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/indices\/\">The 20 domain indices<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-col nx-grix-side\"><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Country profiles <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">the world<\/span><\/h3><div class=\"nx-grix-chips\"><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/countries\/\">All 195 country profiles<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\">Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/contribute\/\">Correct a value or reply<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Hazard domains <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">NHS-1<\/span><\/h3><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\">Atmosphere and weather<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000135<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/cryo\/\">Ice and snow<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000137<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/planet\/\">Planetary boundaries and Earth-system tipping<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000141<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Geodata and API <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">open<\/span><\/h3><p class=\"nx-grix-m\">Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km\u00b2 or as symbols: <span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 GHSL 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 WorldPop 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Built-up area<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Ports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Airports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Roads<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Railways<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Rivers and lake centrelines<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/observatory\/\">Risk Observatory map<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">open<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-grix-m\"><code class=\"nx-grix-code\">\/api\/v1\/public\/grix<\/code> \u00b7 <code class=\"nx-grix-code\">https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/{uni}<\/code><br><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Developers<\/a> \u00b7 Data \u00b7 Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-note\">Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 \u00b7 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-climate-hazards-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/storm-surge\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Coastal storm surge<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/heat-drought-wildfire\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Heat, drought and wildfire<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"nx-deeper nx-hubs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-climate-hazards-hubs-h\" data-nx-hubs=\"5\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-climate-hazards-hubs-h\">The same subject across the Consortium<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Policy:<\/span> Climate and Nature Governance<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/climate-nature-financial-risk\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Finance:<\/span> Climate and Nature Financial Risk<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate and Earth Systems<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/climate-science\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Learn:<\/span> Climate science, variability and change<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-07\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Index:<\/span> Global Climate series<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-24\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-24\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-25\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-25\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who publishes Climate and Hazards?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Climate and Hazards and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is Climate and Hazards active?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Climate and Hazards is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How can I contribute?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. 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