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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nn49850h.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"compact\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G-P02 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Climate and Hazards \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Climate and Hazards: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-baselines\/\">Open Climate baselines <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\">Back to Climate and Hazards<\/a><\/div><dl class=\"nx-facts\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Publisher<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Field<\/dt><dd>Climate and hazards, Disaster and crisis<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Status<\/dt><dd>In development<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Service level<\/dt><dd>R0: information and enquiries<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Climate and Hazards<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-map-of-topics\"><span>03<\/span>How the hazard topics connect<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Climate and Hazards topics are the eight subject dossiers of its field, among them climate baselines, heat and drought, and flood and storm. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Climate and Hazards.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-map-of-topics\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How the topics fit<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the hazard topics connect.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The topics move from baselines and individual hazards (heat and drought, flood and storm, fire, geohazards) to compound hazards, projections and the services and warnings that deliver hazard knowledge.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Climate normal<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">An average of a climate variable over a standard thirty-year period, computed under WMO rules.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Heatwave<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A period of abnormally hot weather relative to local conditions, defined by a threshold and minimum duration.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Return period<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The average interval between events of a given size, the inverse of the annual exceedance probability.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Fire regime<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The typical pattern of fire frequency, intensity, size and season in an area.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Seismic hazard<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The probability of a level of ground shaking being exceeded at a site in a given time.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group I<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Copernicus Climate Data Store (ERA5 and derived products)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wcrp-cmip.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (WCRP CMIP)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/publication\/hazard-information-profiles-hips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>UNDRR-ISC Hazard Information Profiles<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-baselines\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate baselines<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Historical trends and reference periods.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/heat-and-drought\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat and drought<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Compound heat and hydrologic stress.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Flood and storm<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Extreme precipitation, coastal storm and flooding.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/wildfire-and-land\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Wildfire and land<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fire weather, fuels and landscapes.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/earthquakes-and-geohazards\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Earthquakes and geohazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Earthquakes, volcanoes and related hazards.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/compound-hazards\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Compound hazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Multiple and cascading events.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-projections\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate projections<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Scenario models, ensembles and uncertainty.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/climate-services-and-warnings\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate services and warnings<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Forecast-to-user pathways and authority.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-8\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Climate and Hazards.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/about\/\">Mandate and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" 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stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/programmes\/\">Programmes and projects <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/tools\/\">Data and technical methods <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\">Climate and Hazards home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" 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4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. 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