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pRPDTMP6P3Ux\/4FSmbnGjOcSRaTc\/p21fOVak+ZZf4A15y6jDe7a2+njHoNNoKH9nf1G3UneLXeIGIsiscXAJzgqrHigqnysbtPu1N0h0AkV6Id0P6pmx1AnUFtBzBg2t5q2s1jr3Mpci5MmDG1zs40Xn9OH2bYBKqdKCV5\/cMHO3\/s08XOintEOnmMaN+wCZQHhly+LsubScQLjkcVdiKGz5BXWbZ6gtJ\/kfhQnEfz32gbCNCAD+6qtu\/UxMSvbu+ZUo1SrV\/CyDmttYIu6Ti2OiUE8z94aSLUZ+\/EgFzCWKNIpJq5xTesT\/zQGw8W0qqmruLz2yBseKF2ybmhLAFQ0jklzGNP0kKnlNsl1\/r34yHSvlcY2RbV7mISuN1p2YNqvz+AAshwy5pc+OqKGEzC+v+BCYDkY8IKbFPpybKsUVg1Z\/7y1YT6TE5+ThIgsMAzrIGQmEuupfJGXkRTT6UXT9to0\/xwvlM10e9+Ho8rIF5vUmHVMpXk9Eak71wj51QtY32L0C6fa1jmTeKzhwiUXSQNk2B9ypD0rnY2lF+Ndj2epbnnNuakxH2HZHHe\/HGTb3dpfg6CfeMUnx7fZCuNH9+23kmwSrOq\/nwHIKkQhBbovJR774Zy5tjKQ8BngVWbjwMwVB1F+eZCvsS+ZlgXOx6hLryIqlZjnY9n1SLdAv4tiHIOqiH70oitx2Jr0oE3zBrHl1PQjLzSVkH4rBbn+nVne\/HIlxHGVm27oCbMN53SL3b8zDSh0D75rBQ9Z898\/QWaUT\/\/Dwuyom1RHcUvd9WJ6MlB6Go51b+nf\/tOPzTxejrk0urEc3G85jU6VjW9YA2wU3zOfStB0O08D8ei4qwSw6OedYrT2Yxjsm+8qkVWXi1GX3MqRcO1Ae9FHu4Hb\/Y0B8R641LBtP9SZi1WQ6pHcfTOc8mmV9yqMkpN5r7p4xO30ZPYRizNsofLcXaS9XyUYp\/bXvQxcWwRH2k6mXaYGHIMCRXpPZZrAbh\/ttZFJFJQXiMpdigCMs+ihWhE3e8EIKrI8XszUZi9qISFBMdBVuiSf8dx2EFcw80DvPAtCVQJVRXgAGhPLgzBsWMieBNkL4wYRhKrUs+\/WhXD2N8LmDV4bYMWYTng\/lb2YCp0RyftS8v7PxT1zf07WJWinL1bzelSlZemZjyKic6SFNXCcoWUImXnXVLXO4GKWwarfmg\/pb4KybiUvW+UbRVxYzaxdtCf3tnlRmO+hvqkligbXkgLxgBpSMm9IvOKHEmVy7V7ABdYGLZ+qdsl08mon13oJj5q2GwhuXKUGAl2HQZnytVDZ5rlPlz0UJxVo2g2HkW1\/jdQN\/F6VsGsAWyYEsuS44Ok6z1QSblDXaB\/4K0\/fFpl+ce7wfFpjOMFXxxX7gl98QEfqHPkeqUb9Blpx0O7Xvk84Q12CTgustdGl\/1Yh+xkuNuiE1c7vhjPZDWr6NJ+9yVt4EzeuK1lXZF8JfQj0DUx+6we1cQTXozAKhhTHlsSJVDeAtD4oDIF8FHXN+NrcZvPFIyyl30TDIrB4\/noTRtxdZ\/Fj9o3IWaf8JlmOdSlsCgNybZ1fbia72ZXs5mCl6TE+fw2ZpJybabfLCfwuXwUC2\/Ii012sbdE1bNIJDZu0v0aS+fV03DIrqiq1TccfGhBzDIm5rgEx42nSE3tTMuOJ\/eTSbHenb4PiivJ2ZKec9MsFui9XVukc\/ujOZhZVHeftg8QHV7fPmzfQnvjhgCQx2xH4xbnbHr7fTM8ql5cIG2ejpU40p+Lbk4NyFXL13Rn1XUl9b0Z9T6x\/mlPfl9QPNrrVWben1UXyUWVRQFifpYxawV6lz85XrlQZ6rgqW3MdQ5VtY0IlGiPHdQALXNIDctE\/oGPORLOaRUyBFYFyx42GZ5+5QdwxsSOjZWrfB0OYfYll41fiz3ySB\/lyYJ97xsbiypDoMXO3b88AW8aod90VoRpc5h4wGa4Xnf8aSvtKYWOy4QV35yjToHhouyZBSGHTxdtMrvghUu4x7Y1wZ1O7N+IhOsYbI1c0Jj+4VzzCljRFAwPI4c5dqjP78B+MTcwcnYxRcMeWiI3xOVv2HpS82USnb98NEPGWDUEDOCaHoFsAuf0fTUAwwISc0zA\/zVwSn89BxuWTTyG\/v6cfn5bAiePK4TJgcnmnxRRPd+YD2jECYKDNB\/SgNLKGo\/vOAZZvP7kpNoXO\/dmzFg7zpnS5+PQh44bdz25YnfOJTfVkf1JnxIx+LpvW3g1nZuIzb1tMYtY5zDyguUuRt5\/I4QJRa6SZRvAglkdGoU\/B+IC2YlCmT3PDlPgYaXOv5LHmbEzzhUP7o04794Gf4+GHncG6\/ZzzbWI8n3C8qVr65NPNcJAPPtxmDvhhZ5uq3TlHm+N\/1o75xAMmLxvYmmzQT2oLD41253UfcwxMtUW7Xna6dyhzqd99Uh\/ElI7htPmZ7nh3AfDKqWUk\/bnmtDOxG5i2xecBn5e3YsjOZ\/9ydz+6OGt1PoEZ+BizW+6RdZQxBYsa+96H9bFesc9zvvNzUl1LrLBD7Ehfvhev93UGha31RPMyqeEZBzEjws+qQDMa1YsJeOvNsOj\/BcvSrSyMfDEfsQRw7f+wnlbdPHxBg9+mMMnPoLAKCLDB9HdYV5vnyYyVNkFnwzczdHow2plRtJ7\/IUkQWJsvuhi6z+f\/vt2scuvPXm7d5e9h7cRu4gfP3WXuYe16\/m4Hut\/eYe1mIYi97rd\/WAfpPoFh9zs4rEGUpFlEfp+cw9qL3cRJu9\/uYR0mvuc63W8PvR8At6N\/8g9raO92Xv9+cFhnWezuIPmdIHr7aAe7\/iXuYZ3ug73btZ94h7Wz38Od3f32D+tkHyFOSn4Hh3UaBE7UtZ+Eh\/XejgK4J79j2z6s3diNXdgXoBnJfBi4fQGaEhCBKOkKHPuwDnae7Wd9gXNY+7Ef76K+wD2sPbDLQE\/UtQ\/rfeKPNFznsI68IAJpX+Ae1rs0SrKu4w0Eh7W9s\/d2VwU5Ch3WTuQAB44l7mHt2I7r9NODfCsP6yAOvbBvm1wxrb3QS3yflB1r0B7WjuuETvw8+qIc1j6Iwjjtyb9A9JLref1iOIEUHupjDL7YW\/zv687ddG\/jzYefuUGw7f+LcKC6N06gqA5rO7YTu+sa9lA40EyfpObqKqDo\/AnmPHiCHCZDOMYL+oN0qw4RBIdp7ji84x60GmzvvDG8mUsTaZKBV81IkDC617455Ls2PkzAFW3m7lkJj9SjOse4M8NsZNX4EP3qHvQHyYxYVlwPHfaH5BrniRXD33NYf7G\/uvizO+jc6DVo4vLw1x5FB3FQ2XHGx0oQNx4FV8Zd0SOgjwfjlMiJ09d9e8ILtGOaNPdLY7jPwpH7gTCJYTRyP8TtUn\/kfi4I0zgauZ+delkUjtwvS+G+55aI+2VxnIXpyP0yL4r9aOR+6T5w3GzkfiB0fTceuZ8LdlEajtwPxmHk+RT3i0HWc2vE\/WAKHJr7wWgXA3\/kfqEb2D09zP1ghP5R3A8k0Ic+xf0CkERJRHG\/NItHGoj7gQCkqUdxvyDcR\/Ge4n4xDH3AcL8kdAGguJ8X+\/u9T3E\/CDM3C2julyVZksUM98vczO15Zsf9ongfAIflfkmYJH0HCfeDDgwhy\/3CDIT9sAj3SwMYZK7A\/dxo60XbwEWB5Tr+twsY\/keGIMgFBDCySdBaRXCyx1M7ecXTLWgk5\/y5nv9cz\/8Q63lSzFx18cDfnhrkO2hZ\/QGp9Dxk6rlCPdeonifU84zq+UI936heINQLTOqdhHk5Gc3LSZiXk9G8nIR5ORnNy0mYl5PRvJyEeTkZzUsizEtiNC+JMC+J0bwkwrwkRvOSCPOSGM1LIsxLYjYvoVAvNKkX2zZfMbZts5qOWNMxq+mKNY2+RuyIvXXMeuuIvXXMeuuIvXXMeuuKvXXNeuuKvXXNeuuKvXWNenupGr7mpWpMaiLlhK+Kg20M6pbwyFdVBCPSNZEyw1fFCo5BXZAkfFXkYW\/U6ovY6IthTeHTKL3k6MpI3eQrYxXUpHJBrm+ZyliwMPu4LTIr8V9XEUSGas\/JJY94v5h8WgkVQCWWMMJ\/RO6eLpWHbbSG+noLqX6qcf\/z8sjk\/cYjQLdKzsp3pwGaUcw3vr8YbbkS\/XfU2BntF4Oi6DCuXTkwR8BbLfswQxrmwpY5eAxx79d46LWPrc62SY7mCYQEJpWHsl2A7Z+NPu\/BkOBAgjMxTT5uZyT3EZYfn\/SHhp0n\/jPjGmHR3BjfacUynJcFfoz5mTa2yDPYdrAZ17pB1S5VjgdmfDPUGYtkCcqGR5PpGvo3lF\/J6K5IusbVZB+RUUHZwt\/RbaYF3y+gTGHagyxK00n0m3L2KL4jlIdJ6DFJ0FtyrVHCiX9GDYmxzI8IHUdbHZZXGZz871ZepohdhuQeJwFF8gWhUax+Rbto0+PN2\/T2cZHPq+wOjHh+c\/CTn7Wv1INdxde2pbOFiXgbQ7dxVhWaBdimXRKTSBvsb2Q5lYTasPvdaHRKP3fu1eWZ4PutYJIAvm+0OYOi4Cf\/Tsye7MV6ueR9gJDZOR0anNPOJBikdBoWZ1nt+n+93YmR1NF5IEjS3WNKO3+Sqhq5Kt+UUqkRqWSgaGRklFoKTSbN629P18vTD8mt9\/9yg39y\/5dt\/yf7iZ6kSJJAwFGdKXxzafVWTjb4zw9o8JIXxYIMiPoVR5iWee6ari\/f8\/6sC6mjLhQzGwX2L3Jm3q9ALLSrOQtqcABJbuG3pzNySfqeb81rVCjEIr\/JjxXlAhVIoRxzM1snCvtU+2rVXdKBau7osdI\/1bx6Ywm0iBlgipjaICD5LlkmEKOycamECB2vvIASFqyGyAFYGqU47xHuNA3NVqlj0EC0i40U6qiH5+PTCiolX9Kx5dquE5giKDsTh6aub7RG60o02mWnpARvjdJ1Bcy15x757bDqxCTtjbiybSJy3QzFpqHCPQqQvySlHGm8szydvz0h59ynHyKEBQF4NMOj4WmC97yZoukuJYqQGkQEieVp0+6RgpiO4cwK6p7RUpkh1XqCLOW80W8XY5qveprGAuZDZzAv4dArCUZMsmX4yyQiFKcgy7XpWX3qpD3QnAZJV4olZwxLpmrm7dtTe8rLsY0ROMaUHKgh4L6vMHkmeEc83S42yZhuyFiwuicrJ5pje5J0gPw8VW3\/Nbbza1fl8ClpTCrTmXidORV2ZEj4tyuYRXc3Y+ZmsChjZnIG9Qt2hUVL+Da5YdGNz2bx9jhPc6ylDIuWai4gL1urkzZJHw2BB9HZO9csx4wsRfL81NemJ03XE9OFe1G01\/ibGYiL8r0dinvb3Mwl9JTfq9u5VSkmcTMBejSdxgQURXVtVUuSscH8I625smqhKRe4o5+eMQ9BYQf43nM+pp4x96s1y950MZuKqTWQyakabZJdYlVZylatfCKkMHmmqznNwdFcUp+FDCmMChaF4lM4j\/8Ur+CxJ4caparjcRZ8RVAvBgog11HyKy9fBn\/p2xz0ap7mqZvvZSy4q81zYf5rbhdQS671FLmHMmqmUeo0WNSoKbupqzfjWUmqO75PPq4PynJmuhXrqmnkktvE8O9iMn1zSV4nBVRLuI+VeRC46cOknmVfCgWMGeq2hOlKYEMDWvAPZzXc77lWob96K49uwJ8xucfFK7irrdie5ONtF5CTMaxuKRhxGGP1hBAV7hxM8XQbX\/zYpp+3NLYP3S3MTZlXlp54aX6WqeCuqaacoriNRUKjVIAxPlDgeyXON3Hxe36srZM01S3mt9FgQbc9RLZZTZW1GyM0Y3PF+1om4lilQMq2GZDyfcIjPlenN3dvLN3OpiblPLXW6kApdCYjwBe0w1cEZX7uM32+E7orT+KWtYqrVuGg94Z7yQMCa5I3jluDdkrpnPX+9gI\/shqcYTN07JbV1ZnapT\/bavzlTMeeWAU8wjJdmpkKOTpiFyppOlvB64gzh8vvu3V9tVg8ZnfagaK7j+u8pZT29xf4seAGn3ZnpD1qR2clKUxt113aDWn8ZXbbT\/yHqM7znokKXynKx1IOZs0T71wLDe8Qhdp3X6A5Rr0kfoSXGjYNVLiqTN5PmtH7njPmaOWK+p4La4p1eBNy2c9yuqNEUjIoM4cNNDQiCZ3ABfZXG9\/z27CSxY44mr3DEEQnB0OQhRVB3x29AtMp5WIK13lAfp7RF+KO0fvDRNSER1J\/GHPSdV4eadrYWXH4mrbe24Z1xERWSGY\/8NNi3rO4ehf8NmY2NmsBYKiS22xjzSe4vY0J43ifAj6B3HOT1FVRxKDuX0N3ehrKN5oi5bzi+9TnTqqiAJcG4qzE+C+J18Tdg1y1JwZBK09ePp47EJ\/Bf9jh\/emxr4qtdIw3jf8QDnM1TpNcoCFetrMc3PrRkxVfXs\/6q4ceVkqowmBmQ5V9vm9V8GA2khUeJBoYa\/Bcb+ed3xM0HhEHsMgNhu\/IAWQtHk3vxvn0PPiQCScOm2fbo\/ie6MjWvwzR19C8ineaP7zBhAvQunJgsJCxnNFUdfvtCTQJLFN8sHDDpdsVEr\/qOuLM60UKJ7sxgySVDaH35e\/Zj2HaWrk7LO+ae87TtIA\/F+z+WSfWhL6yMW04BqNm2RuwIuYU2Sk1lJ7aZ3nxL8W8G8KXlt0Esc2SqSIizQyLpYKILhpDVpW+k16EvTdB1+SaXFaPuoqR94c2MC3tEge7uLiHPHxjXL1jHA3kwYnxKntf0pVZtLG0vQnTZBiakrn\/OLOMduusKT0xE9dH57JHWKhqtQbly4TKSfGZMT3T\/dK6wqr2plF+BXWpM9fQp3D0AJ2YPy8sjS5zRif9bR5atPPVQ3jRXU5yj89JLsj\/2va\/\/72uCtiZQMfO9BlKtPVXdP3vfxmP4l13Cu9mncS0o\/7MtjuWOmxXBv\/RNtYamJ4KUaG6kHRFzx4uEDxzSsVdup6i42mPUjEvpktNkSBQzAvvMvns3TFRFT90RjHeRCPhCuFsrqDofVrM3etop2MTAhe2YbbB0wJn1JmxpdNilbbsDsaAtru7hGkd\/0atpjeJXX9es\/94W6rNL8qg66g3o\/RYuvTRGdhc0o\/IpnV7IWj5D8QtoCeRu1zygpmXwG1+WRHUzpsUZJnWPPUsXKMm5ZfVHZuwz2fH3UPp2pu7CXGtduI24Xn21ZGuIWOT9XLGhxtK1bFncyOXP2Ozri5DH8MuCk1lOTaM4allPKDf5bRkSi0qJDlS8WgE1uc5KfKLhVLfdvrNl8D+ZWbQbgIumhvY8bbVld22WiPet2hrNsWcUfbvO0rZyOgnMy9vEY1evS5h0378uD1w14jUJfHeg6HQJCxaG9t6H2559rL6y6RCyLgeILOwAWb5De\/Wt7NVJRCUh7UNnNBFCJ6ktMPGTt3Qc8fCvEVoo16AUa9JGcG8RJDZoZMNpXX+ihGyk50PRqKISx\/WTuD6GP+aFHYg1mzzCKh6DfcQZmNLSQ\/C6aVRhkE4+\/IaJtcaIYrGPkYh78txkniEfu5ne0CVlxX69Id1GO\/CaBzeb5Z9WCd+tKd695vlHNYwTJIoo8oQCKwHCMhrX+Yd1rssdZIdVYbAYDMA93Rd9D2EpmuQl6h1J\/UJVCxVjBBek12W7Nli97D2s9jDyKZUMUKD3+\/jLGOLfQQrCyOquCmrtwwUBWrWiz1\/Z4uPnMM6DIIgljxyD+u9H3lpLD7yDuvEi8PMFR8h9NkM7uluVDnuQgQC4NpssYM+xx74gC1GuO4ZgNQ84WIPIbIDL3bZYv+wRssFjk2eIGhRk37suL7NFjsIVd7d+Q5bjDDy4wBgSHuqGIP1At8P2WIfY\/yGgJ0APNF+EOwSthhNcrz3Ep8txmss8WHIFnuHdRrCKNuxxahJ\/J+xuK1qiNpMI+AFgCtH8LogBNTmJuUYmd+zvZArx0kLdunO58r9wzr00zAZd0LT4MkNs9iDgClFCzkN6PWNSlGLoZt4HlPqof75NPNBpWiUbuQH4wweC9A0BFTXsbfk\/+yvUbRhGFT1xmLs+wH1\/OWjYz\/UVwS\/w8PadXwvpPhGnwlgZ0d7mlOhIcRunCXpUNqDCu\/8KATjEsuq42FtZ05Gjxaf+Wvbs0M7YUsRYTt1YmrZ4RiCBi8l4AJqIroHzmG987xwl\/EPXLSXAjcM+AdoDQd74Ef8A7KkHIp\/v8Ij3jfAB27ClKI1nEWZHzCleKPGGTWHqBQhZgexvXOYUv+w3mfQpk+LywWPM2VaQ6XOYR2g1thSlBfDjSNqiaJSD7PJjPoIqBS1FkMvHUsBrLux2R5b2m8VwJQijuAyI0alaDJtEIUsBTyT6Z7qQ3olu8QHXuZxxag9O\/SpMxYXow9o7+2Qe9tD2T5iO+KKUZNRmsTUZIBu2XhBYDOleDoDEAGm1EV8M\/ITloJ3WMd7ACmuhEoRWw9TmNGMGgnrZEJd6mAn5XhKdz69u3G5i7mV7yVcOZpWP84Cnj6eWOhRE5sU1TVF7bqZR9Mh5SirSBJ4AeTK0UL1dnEUceXoMHXBnppFUo5A2cMUQKrdU0GOFBfQLOOEDzEfhIBa2KjUxZLBnjoiUCmSIdw0pJYwKiXHCaCWGtJ0yeSiFc8Wo68J94Ba2rgY49anfgrYYjSzYepFkC0mOWRsasKznJwmWZaGYcgWI0z7DNjUisXFCHs9C4GXssV4xXqRx9HG33If72NagKtqiHiun8V2mFEPmlN9jVFeGkYMSKwGvIKyBId1miZ7SqJJEKR70xzWsZ9Ge0amhC2RdUM3phd7YiV1dUG8MY4obp1Y1zpG8nKW7TKXFirPVQPy5LCG3h4k1Ge1csTekyyNIF0aA3TzflhHMIpoiaBFDoT422ZhzBy3+AESifaxH0T8AxdzHtsTSGGWFEoe4An3Yh\/SE36FhZVVTZMXRPbaAf5peU0KCGrJQPHj00daVzJZHD3Eu1Yyp\/jhW44+g5ehZvlncV7hr+1RJ1736AgrydcgzbVVDY4QS8SQ3qzkcdWe8BkNduwwAVZTgjQI\/XExXmB1KWDHswHFs7sHDhFhfeEB4ml2RG+l7gE5K+yd8IAcF3bsm+Vf4TW5JEhDij93eRHCzIeQ1eR4gZFocmmUOonHa3IBiCD1sYkmhzZMGnKaHEcVa3JO7AaeI2pybhwmsW2uyaWRE4e2RJOLwD4EHqvJRUng2Jwml0axR4lARJMDsRcnrCYXgJjkoqA0OdsJQ+rk6DU5rulek9vDBEBH0OR8sI9ST9DkXCcMqfZ6Tc6PPbCHgia3A04GXKkml+6TKJNrcrG\/j6Fck4vSMEugVJMLgR9TRwytyfmBZ0eiJhdHu4CSWHtNLt3FfihqcvskCfZA1OSyPeSLfaQfB2mUCJpclkIP7ARNLtuBPbXvek0OIr0iEzS5OHKBlwiaXJA5IXX09ppcsk8TmAma3N6LE+gKmlwQ74MkEzQ5Nwt3nHKNRxl7jJbUa3Lcih40OW5VD5ocTGCYJqImx63uQZPjVninyXFrs9Pk9m4SpJDX5CDMHMpk02lymQ+CSNDkYteJ3FimybmBve3\/q1fmHJdT5uAOZlnEKXOJn+5gwitzOxDtKYmjU+b8MHCDTFDm8E4PWGUuzWBEGzqIMpf52S6LRWUu3cMgcyTKnBs7CWXmGJW5AAmUUKLMgcj3gkyizMEkopcxpczF0IsAr8xlLoRJzCtzSZgmlEzYK3NJHId7Xpnz\/Aj6Ga\/M2WlA29E6ZQ6CzE1CXpkDYepGgFfmgggkIeCVOdeL7DDmlTnH9SElGnTKXBZnXhrwylzmJikl6ffKXLaP\/D2vzMVhaLuAV+Z2kec5oaDMZSHcp46gzMEwCfY7UZlL91GQCsocsMPQ2wvKXOh7CWVf7ZQ5mME0C3hlLvHjlNr2nTK3d6IosXllLsgCe5\/wypznu06QicpclmVhkojKXJamWRSJylwWxR41qYMyB70ddPeiMhfbPsmfyClzmZ8FlMVrUObSKE2oQ3ZQ5mI\/jpNAVOaieO\/TKlevzIV2uN\/tBGXOt53A55U5Lw7cKBaUOWfvUAdTp8wFMNmHrkSZ27miMucmHqRI9Mqch1hJIChzUZY4lEl4UObsJKRG0itziR94Xiwqc2HiU2dbr8zBLKJNLr0yl+4DejP0yhywncRJBGUuSGxgA4ky58Rh7AFRmQNhBEJfpsxxGs+gzO2TxGEk90GZ87Io22eCMgfDfWbbojKXBgFkyntlLkl2e0qw6JQ5fDHhSZS5JErc2Jcoc\/ssThKZMpe5qbsDc5Q57iuMyhzwXNeZVOZC6APPn1TmhIHSypxt79zYnVDmhDmllDnb3sOdJ1XmoiRMGZVgVOaEr8Eqc7s4zOIpZW6P\/yMoc9BPE8o8OypzWZrZFAcZlbksTGjJYFTmYLSnD95RmUuCAHixRJlDqqnrPS5B4Z8K358K358K358K358K358K358K358K358K358K358K358K358K3z+Wwjfhfvp2vlnofYTkd8AwQPjn6ZAU4Hz5EiBwiO0ufD1t96GN0rdJUjUaBFi9nQ\/ZtSiapIawvHVNOLb9ehrBLT46cIupqNUElK+g2fz8G3KKBXkJ6xUi\/4Vqfo\/yyE15rTJDRZ74aLhbnJ+OJKizVg4Oidis\/rpyUbo6\/\/K+2UzPHAprPEJZ8sreP5d0Hw12I\/peS8fZK9IbJljfESM7u8cnkNfI\/1iLfSGr0lbX5NQl4ewxHLqw5WMNYjY\/23OOthx5lfwJNTPDZ4gTgmlt\/A\/FP3ABqxrCXSqDMwlkHvODGYVcC0TSGhwFGmj8cV4ep4mQ5SjzxMeDQw7usrww+AcblzLdRlk1SZ1fWlkrJMJnWGFoVW9I9A9yAZeHd\/l82EP5buGIhwYmVZmC+mN66of5qiFIP4aIab6nJnmCEX9CWXq2k49rkCueEiy1ZvqFS15OP2zzy\/TDU162t6mdiZXEzbP1BuOXvLXQa2ldXawsL5BBKS6u9RcHc0n+0Yp+NuGdL+5Qi4QxqeOtqF1l4yATlHuK6TZ5vJF\/+Uudn5XfvVvoXvqpS31YXecqhd+e3HRcWn372wV1MXxhY7goOTqe0AfTHhyLKoZ85Rvmg3mBw\/3JEbBkNrzUqsriY2FXutqmu7SbPtWHp\/CahBNuRtze0NishON9rWn+aD\/TsdqqPB1spJGQjEyWi2ww20hDpkgs2bg3bYRzy9REJuvNVjgDmSeO7IlmOubOIUlop4orDZ7HIC0ysR3kHxE2kGjYswDPRqcM0zKJCEvzGnaiBomJnMG79DsFj+HbU3WB5bjcycCY6DTNLDA\/ugx39+eAEReT48MzWSA4PCqr6vNhdb1cYJ2ABi4+pKdTBhqlPJcnCKSyG7p9\/PaQN3C+2KnrvDStIJOInpnf0Laf9UPtx6I45jAQIB\/WhwN6LwWaFpYgk72aCslzbTYT\/Ox4\/\/K9P5Ot+Cge2v0zMRWMbGIWh68OXyMpqgbOYiQWgqm5CWodKiC4hVYMT+A1R8PqVDkm4fcYiD4H5hBfC1bXCwvcZSuQc\/saq19ZAjMVLw11bjn3e8fnol0nEvlI+YAy4hWfAR+wNotJx+lKmcB0slPw9DP7qEM7lGU772BZ7kt2LkcNXJrVvJ+FDj1wERDWQINRY6dVhzzhkQYVGgxokTXS8G2c78f05eoy7\/26erPi9jEYiQrueoLJywBBSscw09ln+z2nAHtdqCVNLIDmWmcggWxaoAnIOAQGtx1xUplyzRLi4JhZ1ZlMDU144ijQnhVTFhZG7qRGrek15jY8H+kQK8yMfh2dEpzhTTzGeaAPU9j7iVntQK4lTWukKbZdX9uu1dTJTWTeIm7JIu7dVhVSuUYJArFoJBt7oWqD4WpzBf\/qcjMUndCB8FPLc2S2UALr7Yz7HR0VPOK7aInUNyYFSVAognUPr4q5DA1NIgcNn2Aacuaj7C5K8aBVUZd2yFg16Doiw6CV9K2bLQtxZ9w\/Kxh1PC34Ow8XLuW5SiY\/Z1ivgEnH7vlzMQJtERCG3a6Pw4XpGf5oTgVpXo0Qmaag7p2RVKm1+5TWXlMfSwLXIirnk6zApRUcr4OU6hcDvk7pblMidH8i3u8IUr16uzfwwuM49XqXO4F1400AhS\/ZvkiqMwd7ETRqWdaNfpm6XBYOz52E2p4vTysPO1bc7ndBKBxi5tI2Fn5NhO2lVmjUADnw4fsFlOkoR20N6nCi103Zieel6gKehDRvECJqKm+jfzrmrUWR6teiFT6kuplV83qcFqdpaXawL3XgxmpxtYHHmxF7EFmBq4COU1xYmuOpk+4hZeX+DTlA4NGnbvhp+48G+Zp3KAkmHYlhOkSGaePLTzKFeAGNKVeGkz1gmRT+PaytQCUEdoRlgP0P22FdG2abmjGV6ZQn\/bg+f2P3LRlq7skpv3yy2p5WjFAvihieKF73pmBjs6zDH4Q+Y3TuMUOf\/4hr2QeY\/dBnaSRM9LByVg6F+8iJA7ZBmhe8U1WGVHWv6P0+D79uR7PJiLVwKzFD5zH+R0ozaMXIbuWMGSXeXp1IIzfOTBmill60n\/KLXMSZ6gA\/G5\/DdFG\/rBqcJ+VwDSSh0cmOG6Fx1zWA64vbGI1RakvToKA1b9+eavDG5S9AHxzUyBc0zWHZfnG8IIXHLc2XkDPoZiu6di1xAdF1sIU1is\/RdTKyhU7mLdtHHIj1qD6yDjvKkyRkVNT+EBn1yV+RhWQz3jLbMs2TcrhD7ny+LdVAlVdRMy+duqHNtbyBtq3zuGPIdn8uMMcBhdTs+YJH1zwpUjC1qqRUjmvWZ1BQvh2dqKGwROZog0lOGtVFFBp+fxHloBWwRSUEJpkgV5MZUlklJjJCUt06nEDzpb+rLMDH5qbqjmGf1E0ydgT60jjic3BG3JVgqBtN5\/tyFwiycOMopmw1sHXNQAzur7NUbrNuROMEr+41GD\/AWux4f5S5GHfWzGK8uFPGtlXSGZSfT9YZ0omIMgtT\/QmUjQ\/akq7tl7KKJ9uOVBbp7kqRzJgV3mmjdics1Hqpjlz13pitzhoaVvtZAvTc+05jOXrumSIaIiK1U5P51T2aMrmSb3AJqr1IVRkKdL2izACsnv9T7VOsttOTVYpW5ODBTU0h\/hM1\/8UK7F+2FgZpl2S32PeZBMS71nmumKjHcyUaXWqKoN+qSK7pmLBJNgpZz3U5I3zOtbBP9T3LtRCNaMEkWCf+RBYcskZvfDWlZqTUeZI99lZL3XpdvSk97NELnJnDxKGQ8vdgFi\/OrKbt0aj0YCbIZj+iJlpN6EU9sJcF6dQXe2yi\/ryq+\/N6e+T14yUvNdyo7qexv\/sNaP9eh7H649SYg1+ocTIh0o\/Zjsr4EBV8WzXLTuLHpncHRU2xrnt+l8Bj+Z5GNJMTqFs2KYjCIHwB9cukSYQKtRjUWkMdDRO20NK+YZ8AwlXRnnqBrHEVI7BsukfDrcDXSEc7SxZSDvsSlGcd1DUauL\/ydO0hPfUmNEOrtVxDkmZck2beJlqhhCmuJe1nAHE3V3dfGu3VW66Ax9GzCHkMk1PRcTWVRhdZROFhlvICHok5bsLZW3r9xVky1NTPsAWM7y0Rtj\/NeQu1iSylzIQR2ynj4mhrJtxqrvGCs5XVm+0JL+PFR1XXMZJOpwBDNp0\/SipB7ceg5hmiWYYpLVnKI+d8QSZfZE7d6q3i0npKM+xesMIS3KaNWOZIylxJmScp8zezB90DLC0Z+Fh35uBHBKmNvNyZKHcnyr2J8iUTUuXLJgPXmzsRGMNqI5Y5kjJXUuZJyhYMGoFPLRk0qTdz0ARFayOWOZIyV1LmScoWLv2ly37Rkpctd9lSly1z2RJfNGgEvrVo1KTi3GETLLGNpNCRFbqyQk9WuGDsvy0Z92+zx\/ybZW9QHJL9C1fsbFDhyhceuBtUuAqFB94GFa4i4YG\/QYXzv36zaJvjanO\/fCNscgzlJha5YpEnFi343gSLbMmA+5ozx9wDrG1kpY601JWWetLSBVPwijIkzx8\/rjZz8BjgbSMUOWKRKxZ5YtGC0R4vlyWjxdVmjhYDzG2EIkcscsUiTyxaMFoA6yWjxdVmjhYD3G2EIkcscsUiTyxaMFqETLdkuKTezPESiL2NWOZIylxJmScpW7KgwSL2havNXdBAYFwY308scsUiTyxaJHoXoF4me+OKs4VvDDO4kRQ6skJXVujJCheMHWMDLhl7V3Hm2Duow42k0JEVurJCT1a4ZOynRRoXrjZ33CdB38I4i2KRKxZ5YtGC0SLfkyXDJfVmjpeAPW7EMkdS5krKPEnZgkEjlMYlgyb1Zg6awE1uxDJHUuZKyjxJmXzQjEseQZycurKmQCm1lDBEpZIQfkNPh0BaqimRd7S0MAimkhJ+Q0unA81UUure0dJCMJtKQugFLRWMyqkkg9\/Q0iEonkpC5BUtpTyBSjK5PJaboUFAQpVkyCv6dY33k4JSt+GejWIZRdKOjrSzmLSrI+0uJu3pSHuLSfs60r4haY0pCHnaLLMFkZqzjUEEn3YjK3Wkpa601JOWGnDovgeK+R06aUjL0dNyTGm5elquKS1PT8szpeXraflaWggZV8mN0AuP9pQv3789xW8P+OI9obs\/d0\/o7m\/dE7r7Q\/eE7v7KiBA41o+ZbEToIZONCD1kshGhh0w2IvSQySY3KQpK3VWLER1HR8cxo+Pq6LhmdDwdHc+Mjq+jo2ddFLK5Wrof31t09lMQ6fp2uhcXN4TB1vXN4NcWNyKzzEgawa8tbgSBv+vbQG8tbiLODaYqzpdP1BEaNHCEd3wJgmdv8C3Ii4sbwsj4+mbwa48QYwnw\/RIxtq85U4zt0fw3slJHWupKSz1pqda6gqIzGlk0zYSXjIC35j3Qr5iPKFjootqPazLyw5a6x\/\/PL8Q1flY0Ut\/WsBoQkjqSdUGNjDdUOxogYjkdiJnRRG+RD6fm8yYouB3K4sktNK7DCgc1Y+8vv8dklXhXI8e5prWa9qOAEz70d7mF4W7eHoHDip3M3rZqx\/g3VSg76yarg6pSu4ixDA3lAVTzMvSGlg7OM6ikg9\/Q285QHkOODknkeM7fv+TlqqmP8ZazpaE6m1UQ\/LLFK\/ECaljqTZAk1eHMtkilzcqz2cYYrQ7538J0Ja2p69VvSnH3NwO1\/TeloPubgbL+m1LE\/c1ARf9NKdz+ZqCY\/6YUa38zkGlJPkmOCN5dSpS2IROlzsu3aiHr9C6BZBeCeBY5iaKAMdg2GtSSERgNA2VaHevAXF\/2AKL5CH0BPG2I\/zAE75gXh0XGcuMrYfoUA5xE5nA+NbDw8Rgs96F9CLHMBvAfXKBYD888K06MfCUz3CMFjofZwv4E6CODkEnt4A0hi86wvGKJwLhCXuam7zZv+QUjtn8yKpIm50DHf0hIp+cqhR00HxpUDAHCkU624HpMKLH\/B6EkfU7yGhxK5s7efmgO5waSDevwQVkSHOqb4MAsBa4jC5j0AHC5gbso2CNW2e5AUx837n2I6gMdwscwFKouunvEjjSO8ly9xIvCUsbgqMs7gTB46HpfHiRaVUiUMI4iZxKzqFRlKgCbhm7tkHMkimQ4oLH9kXKFka467AMRw0Q7szMZyHAEoOrfnvKyucCkHQ8BnGFua1j7DEFzrSFXe8AXSOqqadBcTg\/iBX6oBd7diCtAQQ1oEAb6eP28\/OKh4PwtvUIQU9tsqA0zWB\/+Ax9AaHH7c1MQ4dmfewChOnymmw7qZna6IUl2IfdzsgvhXiNDkiwrgM9YnmYEgg9Uv6f56xJEAdeI+ipNqUDT++aAZMWZsk6Gcu1RafUisP9mVj7GfKski8RnFnrGZ2WR6B8Su9EREZ\/UY7xH+ZoN0YQa\/IdTwxBsxao5g6K4PSjaFqtTJmaUYMwKF9AZH\/WgGSrJZJ6lBHd2LhPGlb7\/RWpf0dSygE4PjW80SL4mONlI\/plzJqh3gsww8ki8x1ETHzDKfcoMjxM0LJgMvI16vgDfrBqiEc\/CgsM9Y7ijeuanNQz0\/xJwQY3eeNQCzpIZKCBJa5jmbTOBgCCzii5EJuga+t5cz2gNmJw0A6gLbzPjr5KMWz0ceukvhS3Ii8Y6g\/qFTlZmRM46EyA\/9fFCgOZgUtVd1uprmUK8gPlHxsC+uN5AxjDzFekz+3OuLVy7gohUxlNVXf\/JJTijdr4X+U27TI0orcjMzsvQpIR3imFBw1KNg3MoeDFrhC7sS3qNGWGPL0kxT3S6Yw3QQv\/2BNoCRV0xvcIcoyfcnw7czQO+YpgAJa3hBYL2i+NumYx92KxwPZcW2bRoUCinm\/6mlUyViI6kqfF91FLbqyIJN\/PyCRYXk1d7joqngIwL4ab\/Fcn95Wpn2LWeqzJU9qu\/riyHTG6NFL6BrP9TmSu+vTbKdKQL4b7RlNwUCtMiPs8cS7SaYMCjqM5QZiHHsZOTHjEnWHgudekHb\/K8G3fbP6egbaXmzz\/wyPBUn6NPyUiUmomWkyuK1mj\/Gf0SGdb4\/XahnGF1jd0IXPYhKcD58sXHdp6d\/3rahrieJvvUAMNajxA8U+mgHFdNkCRrxhTxBacisUQ3NIKZTTW3c39RyJXM3zadu3ynyYAhFY\/CTqpnTKMR+a8ROjZKB4EvCwwwsQmrH3GpPwvnekY7GMVZ4NMMh3UpNCo6SYCr5EYMXvPWBCnZAFSLghMmSqv+ZeyBRkgH6tymKOEH+00Nkd+HJUBtWME5SwcWhqH1yW7htiK1T9R4kEJtrNPzIMu6hYeOsxHPFRlSxXND77gxtCrtlOYulWdIeBw0uxiI6i9ben6D62HCftjxN8mVyU7D3fKSdM5HUvbPv51hmoPVl0sNM1g3Vg3TawJT61z1Xpzo9zTb7rLG0om+sOokduBGe6YkRS5xhSSya1qdQV7+uCEOmSJd+8D4d1UvBRgdvFIr3qwClwKiYY7izTBAarZCW3ES1fCYN8gIg\/A9cQn8gDGCmJWkI6Dmj5zcyBcN1M3khLUneIZWWx2PBVzF17btwPgHi0RIe\/ZoQF+npMVzYZ2BFAQZG4MP9IljTxo5skphWRlujs5VCr89HYsq7u+NutZpsugMBMXovAyLIr80cLULfllFwS8r0CKDHfsZCSplgpyUV7akfIMO2c1KLF\/S5+GuazL2xZB0di2Kb0+XBl7TyvQW7oAqNUkNYcl2ZswzY7+eqKwzdvp6GoXTpZ1CctOcPo1yFuE2yCrz6wqWr18akEEL1BBY5LKhrS5bG9\/K1bT0NV0Bv0aqLB0NEo\/mjIYkFON0btzP3WQ3yWvd0Pq6hI\/rRoje4io+bG7OhVUN40pA+QqaG\/Y4you8\/TisiDHapDJZdqwZ8wJK6x3\/74eS3ay+nsGlyOMaHouuF1PeT507pzxHuEvfehKnqBntVtUF1jjswDrCpr3W0CLffdKjA51KSDI1UOkmDN8NKDnPgGn71bmwMgjThun1pbpcL\/3N4o1FtHZ7\/Pk\/zNkhPlqwgK8AY\/7qLrLoW2ukdrgTl9bz5s+VKfb+\/ClFkqCJRVf1VdAFq9Wd1INESasQviZjM5\/ZdjYyrGHvPi\/r7dgB8uOCMp8LLgMyz9cZBBmEZAYz+O7rJqXp51ywTuGLvB\/ce5omJ1s3J9jOB789XUvwCvICZfh4+qHRQVV0LqBuc1CMNJi8Q8qIFT6bXmfFo10JohnZbBJwRSfK5vkV1m2egKI3gZ3zNC0UWxOPZDoJEZOmDf+gPNEYqf8XmR+Zz9yJfjZnvf+0mXC94UMWZtxa91M869a6r\/QfdFl1EuDqfzODMXCUywvYfHuqylHZIctzcHRUnv04UVqj1MzG5Ankc8jzzgxL3FFY4Pnj4jY6TCi7qE34ZUsj+\/AJoPXlk9z4z5INJKvdFU3skpxQDkpOze26\/i6fXPMNkoyNuQATkQ+KarMl5bb0iTX1iJTLnliTj5SfZ+DzL3mZfntKqmvZ1h997pk7snrLJ26mDx+ZUnm02fQY8vZjyRFFC2KM2x8yq5KPZcxI+rUw93iiR5OAy7cnhxrJBM9THDZmS2Amq65BeYQzomKf2VQVSAfx3D9MHsO9XeXl5dreuITV1AU4TtMFEtRz4RKMFOuamDuLlKLcpX8f\/ae\/PXmpwRa80946qWqbGGDH\/HEfsB6WbNOCAvaOg8wrVlMndHYNfpL7k1exUuFRlTSINtKHtnTVYS8CXXJElSm\/ep0WmtHTm2qlPyIoHTXSux2puzK4RPG3wUJ2Vv1GfoDvtu3P993Whw6OwzSKpuOm5nPj6XBT2B1I3Rup57n8XpPKMbhysprzZ+Myehl0bJWa9G2Vtrc\/gFWzHUuNOka7vg8XQuRGG5QfbydYKxhw0haLpp1J9Th57vl9psd\/18MvaYu551LSFoMyUuQp5Hku5U7zoOMzaQurorNIB1+DnltQ2QEXGptgNS\/+YDDaiLmr3YVuUbgXzGl4Y3w9eI7MZI98uDnBuJMTqWrnZ6I1n6NOTGM8njRWY9Ncx3d7gKOVitMcyoUQkumVdjETUhlyeU817awuVfGhTWbY7S4h4WCgo979iEGZ8nn6uo3cVNlAWMs1ME30aR6W9E81QcfiJlfl+imOMLf1xQ2sojk30iLLy3SOHsSmAUabmzLhD0bHe3IPoh5ZealQdOxnwUNgKoj7c42XwwZdGv3tqR1vuqk4HC4FSOCpKtKpUCqdWNJTultcdLT9LWkEqD9G6CLt0pcW+IJQnUYWOTVacZV+sAdGt3+2MyqipTGVkHqmO8xwuNIr3Fe6\/+dJVW6VTodmb3YqPC3E4K3F7zVdHnY1vt9W42VmgFCixiTZGssv5gMbgjWpeVHYE9DnNwtDNJMDdNANqL1V83rcKtcIemMI+qLtb05oAqnCeplQFvEsf4epxJHKdfydH3m2bT93nsydo45E3\/nopIupGSA2nekpmPIY2t7jn3RjHYwUgsPZ2Lds3i1Ucr7MVX1QoPY0NuPoqD1+pkH4E66eusgXy1FgB2AL8bxRpfnr7PTimOciB8StWpIZjx4Tzi+TMfqPbmsdhYe+D8AJ1fsz9bdV1ci579Dbz4dneHKxW\/\/Be6Z+rDzhsuuO+IG+m5JWXaZVVxNKMBU24GKvUdxlAqlmxfAEXnMcA0F6PcUksxerRTf5q5Z4lBZ5+XIz9JUY63Y226r8sWpTuZ8HrQZM0AM18mWV6Cd0HIeom\/QlaCYTJB3jpunSf6sQl8PFEudf7gL8UB9j8MWxt+T\/7K9RtHkmQ0DhgRAc1jZ0fGc\/FqLMK4e1a7ueG46lSXtYe6nv+nu6zDqDf6vqwzqIQycE45O6AulhnbhJmCRUKciLwzqzMzcLxtK4SA\/rPQQuiJhCCzbtYR2AIA09qk1YFId1BKJsT\/UOg1we1rss9lK6g+jK7rBO97G7y8ZipD0e1j4IApoy5jKHNbSjfRhTNIrGAod1kEVZANji+LBO9iAKErY4Oaz3AP1ji1M0mCiLsyl\/bOyz3CWffPoh\/5JuEGz7\/9pf9y7\/MaEPk8zjP2bmZg5M2Y+Z7JNdYss+JtiD3T7jP6aX+Z4P+I\/pJA50Xe5jhnDn7HaSjxnv45hpE3\/MHdjBKBA+ppuFGd2N7mMCLwyclP+YSZQkqfgx48gHrvgxvWwHPPFjgigKXSh8zB1A\/4SPSfonXDQRH\/omQR8TwUkfT+1k9Gj3xdEh8ecH\/4\/ywSf4fdlYzTWWm4SHiEzBZvoACNQmgSWU4YHTYgfCdIpCGtPp9bSyMPbRZiP6wmgE5gWGmeccgfyTHpI\/oWo8Vl62daUEI3E7XxkUxeYPIxuCDz0sxqz+unI3GyKn7qjQIDQffshjXEWd57i53El1djWFEEK\/0zm4zgAgoWvTUTLsQlNWrq8FnDLNMi62HNLQNLqX+uKCtMp6rjrd3ZuRTSuw7RWJT\/XQJ\/K++q9vWxSLhb6n89UOpN5L\/NWqZX+1vf62hNxqxKAAZQJFPyQ0DzNUQzLCAqbUAHsMBkqUDtzkZIab37EEiTt2KHGaiuSd3Qp+\/YYDGVcXiUZo2EhyZCeShHc5NnoypSkQtiS5X0rzGnYxD+Qe0Ug\/knMF5BOYJ8+dVdZlAv\/Gq6IeqU6iKGs3Hr2KrRGalfpont0jbfbfSMsv8MIRq4yTPNqEHNsNdJPMM\/rdFKM3mFuKPwaYq\/ooY8H0mde+5eXU4dPb1dW1LfIRzS6cO0gM9NmsLG97YAwXxUN04Bjk6p+BPXPth6GeTU0hWdJErCsbZAqsru23JzTApx\/fGSSQ6R+GTF3ZFv0KNm3cGN0+Od1PFds4JhyMsKrLcI9pczlsJAvYnn6ZrFCDldUTJoPBf6IEuu9IrTLza+iD43coOH74FWQ1C74SoBOSudhC1\/HDukMSB5ZP0HJUyCcEhGb2WPSMkcdNoE08NFjQDLZo1h\/MNrf3UJjgkbNJHsqq\/TLgIxDaaHaazSRIAgON8NAWhS9GfZQISZ+yc3avCqNWLfWJ4SH\/qAEwiPWq8ML+qMTbVjN2XsSUiYp5JytuedlxIzvt9rYzF2xJNQFs7OjERsTeCXgjrn7FYQVi7KhJTSwLyU5KRd+neC5s0IRA\/uDAa+o7z99XvwrMeXPfQTI0\/+izRE541nHiTTsqMK12iahQ+DmS+MfFQBC\/kOd6uJCS2Hnz8y7LjzfW5YBiAK4U+IPYhS7Hgzo1GUKo7P9GAYv5GW16sNlQb8TUG3XevFjxRioUHnKad6G9vSU\/x787NRTBvhA4h\/5BdsJ\/b+SG88uUD1FjXcucRIvzJhQGWX+U5DppfLFPCMWGv\/OQEeJJukxjFwgfsrweHL27ZTNYUXzdgmTZgdhrnqB0KZJVfaqalkS+f3tC7FEiTXDmlWF+x6o4XF4h18zSGo37JQfSQ\/1EJ9dkPzedvQh\/uYl5vhRWWrUTDlSU\/0m\/YynjSXR3iB29g4mVIM0bdCWVbsRoGfurHcDzT3P0k1Eo7b2iOR+ZmeZF9es07KIb2Grqqu3HXjU7e3+E+sE6HpU4Zdktv7wHq\/+9+gthSyjZy3Zm1aHibTA8yraC8qZVOzMdY6I9JxUuF5LvgnM+zPsujLGLmFR+TmYaQ\/sp+cG26cl5HF2B+ht5yPz4juXpr6QgBvVGe7uvonab8vEj\/bNnkMOgAKmZs0HZ5MfbKMit0O\/VX3v+glGNZRCmbHLHZbExuKlZnhGoRuerglUIhJKC19sR5TNTmnqo\/BA4+oICfqa5ookN5gJrnGQjf8VQH\/b0YsX9bavLwlQCWlQJYpAmkZx\/db56Uo\/D2QGdi\/OlkuHmRTtmGe2BfrGzW\/0KLS99piPVhhdX9tewWSXXOE+sGP6ew\/qL\/dXd2l93W\/T\/nY1ySbwqw8w4h+6Bzfm+zaFE9iU958I1xkuozo9U1ZWjfWva6jIVUfGMH1boWyBkHhRkpaTmzKPmqojVR6VXurDOORcQFWmUOvPWvY\/+BnWNPoW7CtRLBSFamndpcF2e0bPktKgFeo2SSiv7qxc0W7rprqibf\/JL3Zfhz6q86cICqM8aGlKtC5Eqe40l0t4FhsSzyrzLjiHNND\/f6OWr7Mspb2Xfksrnyi8M3zB3ByaPru87+te6+LIe9uDGNILD\/eoa+0ON7ZZVCoWITwYqS7nzKiF6g8Fvkq+H7gwRnbzodY\/IMqtev8IbWCi7xs6b8b0t+fygqJaE1TyPC2wEp0D+imSE2ItxLK\/qHPN+ZbYucay4c9RKDp5BiQwdJBy7eymuIWhPcOV9dZsVBA3SG63q2q7yMsvLvFV+6KxWDr4LX5h022O4skfNiW5pElQp5qtudVWYqAt2QZjxp35D\/VzYUlbfzHgRAjtZFvwkAJO4tgxOQ76hjNfVVP9YoCB9PgJy3iaPCvQiuUVEwXJS8Scju4D6ZYIlKA+MhwWoYbFf0u8h0h2UyQnxYYL5MS0kK7tbGnwyww57kXRRSbpqILX\/7QV+ZDU4w4ZnSTf7ly0SlW\/UWJsEFPCLs3mm2drPQPrS1yCg3\/upFEORuZ5S39BvTsckF5ejeoQh8ke1aEKvw6p\/pFbGXnSJ10TtypmnW4Uq3UrJz8AZcmAUJk5Jk9wnRGA+rMuOE0h9kTTbFsezckgFdzkTeVJ0R7UcWlEeTWw8pPPVkwA79cIA9SGjWR\/SjtSzgno0\/qqybEGgYm\/PaJtZTiYen3ZlnJiZNxCPC2Qdh7LCITl0KgLbqM7qV7omZ0SX2Gv6Jw\/pcnsztbXM4wb+Um7Q9SvlOYK+jiqRkcSdsdsW7vRJtNgU1PUHpwLkzDP62fZR39zp2VYqRTinF2NRdQKNmS49CQigxswXm0N1zNdT67ZlO+NoMomn7g7b4iaD6jPNnNYTWRX5TAclnL0DRfIST44hoF4WbT\/0K6AB2+Y4cc8+fvTjZW5EH3OzO1CPDbanQWgYEeGYbNyD8ZvbcMPNwiSc1owhxKBe5UZhlz1q5CCuLfDa7pvsvB4wvt4qHx0zfjGt59L1XPN6Hl3PM6\/n0\/V883oBXS8wrxfS9ULzeju63s68XkTXi8zr7el6e\/N6js1+eHXNV\/MjUHHMCJBG9x2JvRu7AbyRRpNB0AXgcoGgRs4\/nVlIQCt5ADDIwuRnRHfqbqbcGUK3CnLO3Jo7Zi2bAD8yATjqKY024jo3AVPSJlhWpWee0RcV4ntPUgmmMEyVCRQfUXtAnT4EhE9YZmpJEmXwpYwGSHx5No7hGE+fRTe+PzXzIe5DI1EJuRyw8hKVH1SK6chG74uOM1S+wvkilHLbL0kOwcIAGeQ8pEylY9v4WqjRfQKj3Ac6IhPgaQvj7Aeyq+nraY9PRq2lNf56Kc19JpLyzPeAt+bq1BelLT5JUl2AqYGBxpl9Vij7RE+QWZ+UWqg7Vws91599uX2+GMHAaYHnwgXXluf0YfeO6mbGP6vykfeJbNIPxt\/ZnjJoylRwLkszcmpigiQihS8ddbjNMQD6vAFQcq7Zzw\/UWfEpt\/DwVM5O6OtnB6dlUwzwUcbL1yMdReC5GoMRJZNMfig+Qbb2KpIy6Icat7LkxgXoTrkOn+C71bTw0tzmrap7c0NO3JLTF+OaYwv5kimF0dNW7RqxVc+3TtA1BlVHcyz1JJkvMJyGb4YalDpV+aovDWqBLxv4OGmvpjvatAPTrItcXL8zJBrLw6pgBkwwF0HpJ+UK44ufcFKuwG1eTjdDucExNyuoGkwr2NxlxB2ooMln8h4tUhRMbam42WNl8oW0BhhFKnQxpbmr7tLlBBp4k3g1hxzMRMQ7YUcPi\/HpOnJa6hk8LAc1\/ZfbP84lN+lS+RCrnP6omyNORbw41cOL65rRKv49THn\/XSeuPUJqKz5AWZ+20U18eOlnNzO2DXOxyk1csF3D6wcNrvfQ6iy8857xLDEFqltc5bcFFxsDzT\/eoHYBed3c5sdt9AGY5CYrL4\/NdhRd8Kresu5ezeZmiFrEkEauTSmh3UkedfW2kNYpb6leIrdBCSGFpEHG2prgOxAeh8Q\/M0dG\/P7pxhj7sHFsqivptSIABKMtsAexX3R3bO6Fk16rJTfA0l+4y1usYW04Msi82xxWT0hRxFI1cg97ehxvlForVLPdwOO8GKWuEhOhBI\/PTN0Hqq5dc300pXAijQuF9pWzJ03Gc6OhHncSzbwrch5xVcTO3iIQa0kaa8tlUwFqrFFsJ+4\/DKyZp8HQCQQCYOqJGTFMR1xZ9PJ61IVL18cu1hH9QtjG3xCz6FFFug2XH+fSQMyGJYJKFFQIBYDjALsuGPRya0qQ9Meoz7IlOHsFKgIs2dumUVC1zchxdjUh6A6fBkakeBPZzrBemxizbtbrnDou94ZtIe\/vsVpgOjThhhNP+l1GYbxNbZHDz3UOfZi\/JTtPyL5mIkL042CcxMLP4C3itd3W+GX5VZj5YivPzGpzJpKzcndygY44ZfCgLRuqnSt30DeBzesrc77+rOQjxmEv4bE9cfJCVtX3sFcJsY6zMvvP6ENKXE\/N2CR2\/6eXQMRdLHFo+Op7JSStm20uufQNj09YBn9akalYPWE5XCPBYECEXlresLatWVW7tNyiUKLZUMozWdfKgw\/s2c3NWXO81PbJ92PKA90VDnQEH\/JTtXgDV7N477xmU4FlpNfqh3ALPI3rJSQUVHkPM+q5FYMmb9SOisxQu+sRzkIvNC44lgdmwhNOS8fdXJt1C50HvWfS3Yc7jtOSnPABjfeH3glmNKbwsTHN\/aM81PnjWRJGiCKpFNBHIvkp2+Uj9Mnx8H8FxZRwioCrpcNw9aOQ0Gbl5VBtPgeXS\/Ehu4SxH3nDAi6n9O4rFtbRDmeW\/\/dBZlGPtJwTUzAdKdxR429Q7r5\/BIYuLq4rvQXWuEbKI0iMNR1Tm+kE\/1W6MmLaxItxa+jW2E3YPU6NHYmpSBM+NMZ4XfD5l3GmRu5j9EZvl4bwdx+epZLss1B5i6UejPH16Nx9PKZOpyIH3k55C\/FbeLsgT39V9wp07C5D1hrq6wKNtPWZL6+5VtM6yj4\/rC8vy4eFoEq1n33YD7469irBzEvpCIkxRqgQ+r37OOgl1UE\/zh2KBuXSAij90CqQ3jhPWdMIHSZAR3fCMDGFU3DAxCZOnyLCDQeL0CscU+hE8GU3HXPtYIorjumMt1MnhuAObzL2pQeCQGj4s61BAvUu7pJbDo\/EI5sIpeI4HnLFoePtPFjqZLJnQSTE2hti2b1bkKYpNhhzQJdT10vzWukaZXomx7BMTqPS6HDLXbLAB4Y9fbaahD73cl99BoWqg4ZrTEti1mG0+HxI8\/PlREM5eZHGCxg2zZRfOs\/8Hf95BuybHwhYVrRgiYTKIFCCJs7JGEVuSoaJXobYpAxyT4r8FS6LE+nkQRGsv3+fZLc75+9f8nLV1MdYeHW1i37ZygchQXhwZ0h6WmO6\/k51qUl91KTGWyMtrfn+DKjad87GvTV+vw96pZPW+90N8c+l5lVZl+YNSGf81+LvitSIl\/NJuPV40BUHf2mh\/RCz7jy4tudO6bG+cGAllv8PZikh9lnEhOa7SzlSdylVQ6+gaOQWrsV4PbrmMILOfC+tzrhCG2B3C73D9T38LKidxQuCdCs1mzfEYLnJY0TKGDQQ+6aTT00sVjpv7bEbM8F7XOIj7QQPRu8Z+3MB5W0OuIpc39G3g0GC8JyTqUYua39dWc6zYHZfRHoFlKtOF2MwPhIEzsnomrmxCUKPO21vEXABooUYdregttrXJr+zGsBM4mewcBsRK69MPRvczZgD2eAiRwyy6ISuxqxmOc+RY5wDEe\/DhAPwRMjRTBSepP32BIricnr6saBTOFaBvVa8\/3aW+uRG6coWtzjeFw0JFwZD1Ya5YDC+Uvh5Z0svLKtyJeYco2vAfnlo7AxsJYT8wlyU8lfUNuHBcyLb2K\/ax4qJjH1MyKbA9WOzbFE37rLcTAOukssl\/KVFI9bkps43ldPZano1kXqaiE+n1sPpbLXg\/2\/vS3gcR640\/wpXRgOlajJNnZWVQhXGx87ltdcY7y7G6MlZUFRIYiVF0iSVRxM1v33xInjEfVDKrPKix5gupUTGHS9evOP7thWhrom2jYRGR8OqNSjgcX4q8go08Cgp6R1MrsDXIQBVhrlX53IfxUhk09YdHnH9PEaRHKEwCmKBZt0zCCLcTFWcAcgUXgbpi3rgfMWy00gZ87y2uOxY4xSrtvA4QEnVQmQ6\/wqABGJagUMQqWZdzGamheHeXbcUwa\/XHGpne4ymhj76ho5AXM1p0Y2xwcIr5n44oQwZhNRlvXZA8On9JTYZHEmwlfCEaoQJNG6E\/LxMGOJKrbKy1ksX0agfeCYOUZk1QLhbw\/Y\/9NLjfGnjN5YYU8lGU122qbioR5E7CPMLctxB46sTWaOsPFdjmaQuP5hGm1+i7QWeOi7iJKR1yFBOfDgzcK7z6V2X+MhsR3UmDfbnB1k3itsy2R0Qd4JcJE3aEnXQsjrcPXtHK5dUxlIBftSHnLatvLvbon1eoqYveTLZ2OPTYuLL6ye7tI0LtK6S9plINtA9h+Rsw8N2jD9G+1Y11xIKH0fJhM1TmdQw0ScgcvF6HtEy3VCPl3kd1ejd7BbueDbdiq4mTZgb6eI68Wuw0rhhZ3QL1i1p010c+dwTXtGhzks1UXobqH5A2c4ARaszyJGgPtmFaM6e86\/JR2Afu2kK24fRIIZQ6xVkAuqlCk7k5L26Nx9mPUgyNa8f7Yl7ndXWh3kjC95k\/VRilI57PQt9z9QHczux4gCM1xtVHnW7vMSLDlmblrnDLHy9bCy0sQbShPBh49+2G\/+aLfB+5Fr0Cke1RaM+u7rdLUvrbcAS59flEtW1z5cEXZgEmuHKw868Y\/iBRdnyQAplyIbGXXH78eNF+3p8qqTFnFkgEZDu+1ddGmpchoum0D085nrdUsXIXGNRXiLqwuvYagbhsmwzsUnW1kWuwWsbXucOhtegTp+YyHWTzlenT3foVNQvjhn75N3G0bctY05nfQjhVSOC6Lby8HiSy+YYjLxwVPW9u5PHxYNg2jo+Uilm+JoRMigWNpHz5jZ4SXNlTDpTfVIbhTxl9QOlFH\/gQCkD4oi9Nq+HoxFB3dEr4uONqqgf5vHZSvpQ9DRteEcqDR6O01DcggpNMB8LsuaHWlGaJkWVVK4pZephY7o3NuKImStj9Ap1t9adOB\/soAL0Itkm+MMkMrvhD55b34alwPy4Lp5bmdmZNjvzhsZC08ZQAJAhGcnj6d5nIiq6v6ogjV7yc\/1psj0n6Q6VRAUKjvkJBei5SPMSlcM3++hv0+HoX63NcRzXasOULjTY5rsXNs1MbUeJ07xKsgMbkQ1NF0Z0tR5795QhW9wKPp7QYI5mVTqO2lPN9URoGDd2rJmKej4zsb+iyYqNTF3T1dlBeskqpRkqnd9tg13tYOyHkGpHctRugNfmovEQ2iIdCWHDRnte+wZnYxTpWOZugeaMAJTTp2LLAfcTCV8Ki8ukr3ZKbMTuGwm6JdavnaStZdlEGi1vJdJoqRZpTIzcNsp2nyZwqAxpJ+Rt5RKEVz63cWkAwyAeT5SgIZrBporLPE23UdnNbn1MMsvy+xg4e5Wj7WJXGrYJpEP35kvJjcc6HkBauFMgjbQE3OV+OwjAQPLdFUq3VuhSLx8eOb4HzCFbJ3XKgP7AoFujyJnLFw\/xpUyeUJFboc4k3m2KZPefnybkb9A7H6P4JVAadmQv1ag8VW6vpOgQpQG9\/xZzixhXeVPZZTSi4aML6LrBLWQ398aScSnc7kmww\/mUBQTRXuDx1d3D9SMlLKcRg3VJGd146Zd1eHnf8Fa8tHOuhUh7JwqFuSyvRuwyOawOZXQ6ReWnSVSnUcWWrROm\/cXcINoUtfyq7VJWBoeoRk\/RC9OpY6dfUkL0M\/U3w+Y8WL9AEU3izu6Cz00L+9LrN\/HuLtrX9L41HwNYeekmH496XIMIHL6DP3m1ZSlTW5YmtcWyros2lW0doKAgr9751yztyA7TR8koqQGB42NS+C67B15olJFm+GeJ+vz5fUOYXqMDerqbhWH8t0Q\/pOyG\/NyxJJyiAvMjPJ3wP4cU\/7PLgipGGcJ\/7B\/6p2L6Q7BPULojPA1wmNwdo+rd567Qz21xn0np02nn9R+sjSlCu+BpiB7AnZlONwpIRqJgCQWkfhyl8btV+IMXeFxZ3q+9+XQ66JmU\/ZN2rsjXY38RwfXc03\/uVNpFHGWPUYVV78\/sOLGvqwZD2XkSrMZ3fdr9XHLBGk4d5RqO5xGvnDjzdZ3wuRGaUsbRFt\/FaU0KAvPHnsxDtfCsl++0Ez\/4yt1p7\/14VuupbgUU8T31OTglWT+D+Nxohx9\/7mRE+4dVDPLTiRR\/Sj9NIOEsyTpf59OpxWQXvTajy7KNmCRrLuwiJ\/uIxHkfJWfD7sOGxtIMgKRFx+R0QiXYOSoPRRUKkizIz7WXZPskS2rkgmNi03dyuPZdH9oZtG8A9SCq\/Mn\/IH96+M\/JVD1CEIJFzJLhD8MoLehQRvwRhOS7YBX+4MN\/pqzJzxSarPTsKBw5ZEMrQuS4BG4ah+EqDBzSKfuHB\/SyL6MTqtipb\/Zlfmpkg\/Xv7wJwqUy\/1rni98USfr6QrNJhx\/AElsp1CHEekK3pKx9Ioxfp7a7VFVKQGyVSHDSVQtEgv6nr3aGqBl6+i+Nk+5BtLOGSn\/Gy6CM4nzd0CtIiZAzOLPnMdfAg6V2Al0cRlSirx8fpV1FWydANDP46mVdORAjlEQfwQS+nQCc+TEhoPFVDE0FOTn3ayyl\/Qv2TceESBALD8lU+xC1iXWFkKeufMLWnXdZWGHkbhXPYxtM5DI\/UlWoYLYd3yKA4pLS1DQ+2B2UH6UdUvyXZg8XSYCD8TEvE9DC\/VCwKb5eM1ZNCe0dS7MlGpUBNEBSoDR24o7LQ8RcSxDL8OEDeCQ\/jb30pOl77Wp5RL+WZLznt2yeT7PFuRj5CZmTwdEeI4oZvjnezBbgBR4c+W+oVmAt3jYFqVlIJa1JfzMfEDu2jc6qHNBzuJXGaFHZhRAXy3vuK7zt9QP070TLlh6OitrunIyrRu+PcPy7849Iv\/Dz1z6m\/S\/3dzt8nh3OJplIyYH2BuJRpYwPYXSBIKblJms7J0eO5b9p70\/BFhw0Yn0s4an8H62FDsBDxecbBF970gIZQcgyLCE87\/e2XHHpGvibcdZqGtr0jAKN+5CdZca79n+poixXw+6nttu83sMO+x\/dTbX6c44YabqKLKfXHaioxtg8zTz+o+mM5ZNbgKTRkeA\/baUSEGAwMvFNgTzqziEIZP+7QypmqPDs3loCaatD8ZGqaENmliLxSNLQ6g3HvpaEE31Iq+FqKXVOYmBa86xU7YMINF1RgRXE98qMpiVRY\/2PSncX1pm\/W5z70+9ME2jK5bwaJw6UOt8YiVVJ3gYIvMP4ULyu2\/ei2gJyOgkqJtcFrgYrzc5mhl0p+oWN69Mw2BscqXud0NZ3hg9u\/aGdbLVe7DnWcpm7peLQ8weNPn1rzWyEQhn5jLkEuURnk3e6bcmvLQoo1S7Qi\/sZoGXghjp99VIT4rg0G3cadoELSSCfkjh7SyJ2bFf43o01c7TRrgruhtae8lOtFS14vWqrX9Qll50ZiQsRtY63S2J8B+9P7kVnR0\/ZhlumrNziuZScsztLlBdF8tW6DG5mvT0n2bgkOfh9b3fADdPfW4eOREkwsyAez9cxyxdGmI10A9BQP1eMv8KmXRi9T3XR0m8PXPDNqH1Ev8rF+ogyWjODcCKI06LC09HldqUWpNEup1BKuVTZMzNx4qc08\/IOsdm+w+Tgbe\/j5xyIqPqL4wZodWlBJJTPJGmmGm4iiSQD\/dx3TLbPY+JNyIZUai7n2\/FxOX1mdsBT8\/BFrdcCOMMn2xe7OZbCPqnpqYWIlczia3Kl9nSQsKt9vT1JdCbukgmAHBclQ96t6LtqLSjeMWQ4bP82f0E5daTdFknZTV3CZ8ZL6mf8+z6bmGjXjnSjYBboDSld6dWqkO0enYyqKS77nnT2X7Wyrc+d6irLdLr5ov\/qX7evEdmOPOoySy\/d9MnbjM\/NmveN3SRVf8\/pmv0jD72VBakbm9S5XUDpRV9BzEWU7W31FUZzT5YfZgb3HfvSWgrrlXWlb5AQWVZXy+xfdKb5PxbNoVQMXQlBEYNXG97F3OJhDdkXvwxLIcgB8tKis5HEI5EzxdaeNr97Xvnot+FZ3cAuNWzjscACpcJgsVZmNYMyNtnxOnLjxLVTMK5uyN0ICTf\/FSz\/t1hk0bT+9n8o8RZ8mdbRVpL5Kzmsp6rBs2NWDtJAIQmq45DdHJjgOPxfMuIAuo7AUWTyW1ie3vYFLGNqxVAmysoiwqVCK4tr6nsePseOdLs7PWe1kX8BvCCtKSckqmn9C7QKaXeci19ocqOUwk9oOjO4QxSiQlDJ+c4S6p51GuQAHn8zRpndk9R47M8lXAZMWFccRAGRenEan4t0CptKfrx+f\/MXtsnieMqcXeWYF2LT+h\/nj0f8AH1XjqQozFQ9AXrVWeO6Hp5ITxNB5sEaidMDuj5MyTpGvWlqw+nxK6oCfD3dxKHjwCBK3YCdWDmW03dT5OT62\/p47r4iy4GXTO4E1E48H4iapYM1kkHpOl7pNsoPivae8ZPJLeOTRPpy2U1qCvExawOBw8wR0gfExymCk+kd0VUETD2kCC7Sx0LuAC5bTu8h3ijrSKEOWBmshyhzkxi6qjkhi+D1v61QDBj6w5+riOTqixJsPitYDvURp3Xzaro67Qx+3IC2p2Ge7iBVHDUXYY7ZBz+1E8fEI+u5qNbDWasB5LvUXL364ZGqMfFwUq6QfGOr4mGvIGdWhyHzoMmZCMd72bNzrpukguf4XOuWH0ji3PGUTs3TIo90BVco1ApMspG+4LEMovhHif9QWBjE+6BHFdV4GaL9HcY1LCao4SmHZkYeZ62UrAxghJ5h0yHvaZzTdITEC9UuBPk0OMDgZUE9P7lte1AAWb1SWsJPW3tKyIByijlTlQLiIriQQ+nnGEbNSa4Ed1bmhpF2eIQXJq1b36t9PTgNd7o2q3VEJWe08UbqN6xW\/2XaZft+oVKM02gLggOQw1idleLDi0Lu+miR7nE7p4HUrPVm0Z1v55C7zdsw10UYyeeawt7N8J9UFrNDglTd8ZdQb88d8ytpo+hEmoa3s6cP+eHwrT7TpOBE9oyxrvM6QbSXnmFQAs6X7as4sWBid0VsTVj8MhaYcUaCsNU8rgkba6dbEeEq9T4Tpvl+XOAKDWY8BrKCp9Q\/z7gdND7yb486C58Ps1MH3eYN9Wp7HhSmsN+OnzLupau72KrNAsDbWW97IijnshlC1y5qDMfHNFWpLyfLGIgRzjMWJlP+wazTUCNamMFLYIW2U4YrsyGPVnBmIucXI9xqboRV44I3RLkz18IVjGLm2EXXNAIqtJdAWroHCfYeCJ7R9SGqc3NZ9xoVjK8vdfEM9ABd7nBDS8lqI17vevkxAmqLsBUez8xGbzC6\/UVA49t0\/sd1fSLq\/usrNR4lJaQrabxu6r6XZ2HjFjhGIPTyDPLd7zl3KjajxnY2CintaaC6flwgsUIxJ2LDs1m098K5CI8k1Hok5HSIJ+ppsFiwEJKUKpnVpuziSXCLC5zLJ5ZyBIk3xT8pPk7JOIeOXaoPEH3Z3zKv6HfXClB1QSprjSwRkL0835yyJ8x0KtskuufOSKocLh14rQKWt4S3AWeNMVKiw+hff0fWFM1owZO+raxh2tANb5GVtObCQyc+sQF6HuB2gmdkZWVrlNmsoggz2RWMPb5Kska2IYGXQevDL+bluxChjw7vEvPGQAJIhoB\/1iniXb0asfJYl4PYORTDhkh0D30CGoY6mdFDJ6OpRthsqH5x6HeTFUPPwW9fL\/KyAPJFUs0NxUiV5xtfF9FOojfw6qr6ojipUT1TRzsIs5OcyRvppWFivCuD5IiIW9qAz3JG0zKis0T6K7btUQnwnTC4VwVHk6cshz96FXugPcfcBPmCmXogj4fEf7acw\/MEPPYJKYbmenlEZJ5U4lM6DWNURaBQ76w7HaXSmK5atZmPdOJ\/vXsBNkUPGtKZkcMiBzCD\/sROJNqHBvRsmmI3NTxw6Bvhv6NMEbKCwMqu6uUx8tOUl2Z\/L\/AB2iWHg3SICtEWKDXUv7ynC7HukMN\/yJRDsO0P9JhyWLA+K3v6tCoMydh\/rhxQSC9hviiQT3Z3BKXqetpTxPZ7QVxqIpn21YQFmuliy+lxmU1Us0895fjJpE4hZnBC\/pNfVltSF0ypiMmST694oAH\/AONKMzRDXLE3EE6NSbu2iUlyPDdyW\/FwXZxtTlRjOdtsb15a9lX3MNdDixqQKg0yy5MKVJvuZyfDnTUMf199iOQmGcEufK4yQ5NYoNTiZMdu7Am9OQaZwW3X9Nr0+xnfFvIw9dFwbzP65rohHvmZi57b0Hs7MHlkVCECS2d60OEePTjrOp\/J0Q1OqwqssWl4kuMe1mcUoOLG0wWFl\/iTASQgRca70xpciQGDXW0JHPqgyRelYOgcP4tJQ8+f3jdHW1D4KW6x6iorB6RQaemVyzbl4z4iTshkHjAEve8cFY\/K9vdzirYxDAX+64G1evF40jlbAgWZ4tqJXUQsKpVWTsp8LcG9jxq7IK42LRhAki1fAC1FDfjDrRwKtshpp3m73S1\/N6zhSLCqHJBICQG0VWz3IhbxAkuYTx5ak4djkbAWAq6hG0lAQCJrcGPK06A\/hptRYgm19DdkyFUr3DFiJzBCKjSnBzHvPNG0qh1ZRPKxqCqqjRvDNXCuuHM5Uu4hs0JG5w3eUn0nTEG+nup+TX\/sQdVKlzutlCEWlfV4aD+JS31jxhFhffEIs9SeElIDFIuW2G0C9\/1fjlON8t4pqHh6dwvsxYxy4fltD29Sb7Utl0erlAb9pFsdMmGhdHc0rDD9c2Z0PcE1Z9qmmYjCWBXbQkoawZR2k86vmy4xHsrVRImxgDzSD7BTqNTJ9NY+rkRpxmmQPla8sFlNlySFydAV6UWOKl7fJ2iP5KQpnqBx+wm6Hto10izaXhnlYY6i1VZLVQCoWenDOdgjDN5Mm9H\/22Io3c6W7tu+Sbdqx2yl\/TqkV4aVJYzfQoLNl0aN7yN5sulGGu7xS6IpK3+9B6lS7r\/VKNlJUIjXaC5PGYRM+YMiis1Ziy3PmdogotqspJHnpOhGXWlHKc+ZxGIXzkSn8dRnFD7LMvgGwkBiA2SmRDJOmrRh+9ac2xQGy2Cb3EmtsC66ikoNyuBIdxyhcB6LyQZ3XQmV1CfbypSSowyEqHlfs2ZnmQ9bgPleHk3BRGzMtr4b+JnPOOsfHVRwYct8IrU5Zx4Yp5RNCO6vGqk6O\/GAvulzDAV1swgtX6FdunJldsFaJPyIgnutoS6LX9nleW5k52AcVEthkbH9zmQitDrZR6XptcBBlXRWX4j2m6ICynbqhrcolWLY33JUtZKdEAKqQolIIjMIjgn61\/TIgJ0bb\/OwGaUCK5diRNVAZqqBUk9m\/q+cak+vdVE8moPT5JdGAzsGWxuZeFqgnL0cTrocDjPg+W3kbpDXJI\/NIJSQWzjG9UF6NNjLv+rV1cXnjAu0UIzU65kxeHti3jNFM3fLtck+NdaSZYfuE8vMF01TJVpVWGxpqVab1akItbfYFWzKd56uL4axrZcFYjpqMIYYTQ0D5\/TCPj8obbgF6rJBFMtYDhEvzto2GZ4loRFdxs2V5zRAFqE8+g2sRFdXnNGnGADnoyuycta\/tQKV2pNL+u5za2GhJs3eojpK0aq5qiMAld5QJVgZyyF7DqY5gESfKjx1zgICfdUshxXSWUJ4dZaPxq9j06e6ucxG2w4dvizasvkJJF4DFMgX1eY30AryS04yrqEvEuzTqgCv2wa756t0ztmM32E1KpdGE7F7C\/ku8QH8kS\/RHb844MxdTg8FrIZHUt6FSUtfJCcGTsq0DWyNo2Y7a+Jn+a97dNA8x3LuUhka8bLDGSltPz1P0iIx3TRlmlsk4upDfP+cmPVvTzs9DrIu2szNdIQL0OwvHb7JPLL4TIG0VaMF6wIFfXICCSo3UNRAEqOLINfLyuBrl3osfeM+lgZ1Gbt2+RA5vruX3N2gumBO9UTHHwFylUVEhLGrwJ0u7fce17mt\/3jUWm0Vcp2PiHroQo66kOi8MTQdQpvr4DWLi3Ppn4Anu8db0vd3dxI3K0qvR7LWFtmIyggjlMxjMBa3MjWDBorJW0qi9lTZlvCavHDoV9YsCd1LpcHMCs9EurJGLBAb1MUFPdpp8iQoU1e+InpKkqd8qI9gJhZWRqXXILwSCWt+QNSnSBpYVy9B9aE173yXn5IKIBAfxzq7uMU6UFO1QI732j7zIo7LMyzFYqPMhIwza06UVhPPFDUYrbXSgqIrFM9uXG9GVqQugV6cpwgoktFCM2Wk1nG\/seghdHUf9bjQTFQ3ZAEtNZxRGddkwf1h\/sBhlut8fwsejLgXJ\/urK3Jf4QdQwavpGKF4pKriWOpLzbZSnKL0OqouWC1DD7adlCON81i2ToIy87yLWezW5rQ5bFvIb2gMzrDZUBiazCIsSsn80i85XuqvV2qAqrqulc\/RtHYZG35BvZYqF2dQiTRNDcLQF\/wgqKhoBXpd3xljcPt9IorO\/2gKT0NEjcK4T0gR\/zOvQKuXrHIKKdbWa94b65KAqxngH35gKqmBuJo0oP01wJAKeNQbDxhbNRYEV04aQdZznueXYyN9zGhssC30t8av6V18ZbOFrTf++2lCvj2r3tSlPFlwVdqQX2FDg6xHFfD3ilm8Ad2IXTJFGcLF5VpwBd0n17i6NssO7qJz65NO5nE4b1sJyxyqTURltgfidVi5ljyjqxLXsI0Ml+8hQxT6a2ndqH9Hd8+CR3vDmM7DHPo2a59PQiT6LmOTTKRNDdDztffFlJmVfvNL7vZVnKuD0Yd8Af2NXEbBvd0njgv9URLvPhSqAGZ8JjYs7r33FpPT3umOSUSq6RnPEJ9xdloOA6485fLJP7qeNFI4VvxIcfVBnpjyHKPxJ4liCLTpGjwk0V8O2TAp75q59lqlh7cufb6oTaT06bdFuh3b3jSRzlk8el6Xf4lsEkwbkXLV3U51IKhZdY88izRJcjLpT6eeMr0SYN8wboboegqmGw+PA33nzeXiqvPi8TeJgi35OUPnuZu6HfujPpt42r48cFAcpaV\/mFAhsKEVs\/us76OvXOh8enG24bfrVHfxaTIWnwGgdsbUz9Fxb43RvRCTwpbd2g7BpZJTHAYSrhC5IMX3bZZFBm9GANt4NFFpHh\/HQdpwPxhLYzjk0\/erA3NfEt7sKwg6zRNmNCxIUiFYqE2wOPAiwOdTC7aybwTz8qgvwPeixJ18B0kbbGiry2A6pZjFgo7iC0fA1fufU51qeGSxjL7JBiEeHTm4\/HZEc0l+J3yiCicD3BgYAmlC9Tz2wd9o6eWJ5shurZc4jfau8sNo1Iktz2PCHLgdzAVIB4Cx080POpTy7pw7mCxcJmXdh5Sl0bkLe1nR2u6goUFRCfN8dXA8hzGdDfUd0LJGqCg8H9TVxWWDxSj5K014J0N2w+YxYt\/mT1DzJJe0BXOGVgKi5bO65YzIztm22NpIoSe+bUcSJPVICp\/RDIWAvjZS8inz9Q5RVX4mVqY8vhzEOiHcsko3JB++PKbvzeVI43\/ax9\/KSMTDDIBUruLi+SBSn0IK5ali6wS3WG2+ZI8MEQvulQlEZH1Wt4Vioejk7k+DEy3JgJCyVclqR8JsgQllnaKtpMfEMJD\/jTnSupvxZP9q27mhcU3yuRG\/0TOmN\/oLBP92Spsk7hgyRL7D0nTJEvhw60HjuDA49IzG0wEH5rWCLcLcbg1bBR9Bo65EYbz6sb9V2AMwTZ8UwicW5JlVWjDxa6B1xVLcgRvKr1hhtmZPdun8U7jaU7fTvfeYybCf3cqAm5X2GEslFEj\/ct4I99GbscWjCA+LLYQ+kQbDR1L5yoAinCvDZoRC13Bm4MLDGfi9Ri5b6l3o8LgdScK5SQdeuiIe0urmJDNRCGHyoRToIEqlnpDrhXxU\/YYiNIdq4hScc0Gxk9WXPwVNrD306BXV+LpPs8GkC+Vftj\/h+jOqqwXsoSfGtQm3kJe9AQUFGydq3idNLWvvSwGrb2puskyyp5tdc8zXENitDUVsZiMlSTtVpKqr7K4nzrDFv+mOU4NA6JdEve+IpyJmoBkBiLazmrvcLxmgU2mZdWrTLUky54vS8Djk6O0Kj00aoYgqyl4mCAEARv8bA6\/RZIVrC5irAAi7g1sZfQ7fFS3gQPsE7wwF1yVqh2Z+0hYEqyZvdghcDGz4uMGRwXbEwZ7S6yWz28l8QEpEXQW8oqwbZqC5R1QijQ7b9dEy6T9us+\/Slf+7nY\/fpIZ9OOak73mtanZogqE7trNxZTJvUwbrBhQDasVAE\/pYvhwAjC+GMFnqyFex3e\/FbSx0B7dXPilb6UuVKrtbQwfPySZFHi8H3d3dbtM9LpP6dEEfYX22rk3eHjVDvjnP\/uPCPS7\/wz6mfp\/4+OZxLNJXdoEJ9Ufj9acOn+elfamNJIh+D2\/jEtOj\/VEdbbLm4n9revfsFbR0KXp3IVc0R24jFkjBkpVjiIDG5oquRBOdjoAtgDIgBYgAqItcQCSrjCMi46iS\/mV5MGngJh56iofS1eCzETBvk\/3qt4znKVSQIBq7y6hRAMkH15m7CMdxbXWP1ly0DuQVlpAyvixApHERKhljr3D1pj1t103A3d1ZGpXWR6zKRxt+d1xSESp6n1Wuh0s2\/oTTeR6drILaCDUGJ2DoOXXMxt91f3xii9Srbj4ZiHbOl4H0u8mAfpRguRk8BvLFFC2or8W6yC6Dn1KZ0OHJQeskCuhBI4CoOAdKL1mPtqx7AHjXdev\/u\/V3K5f5V22cKnfLjXGaSnt\/eynVBJdmCZi1Ji5Gl3Zgm0qqk+Xyp1PvFpA+ri6iH\/f\/vsILsz9ePT\/4CB4QyZhLyzAonWn5YPx79W7iUqiYCR39KwmJtTDfd6\/ZOPhjFOjogGVKpYOoxXZc7QXooo+2mzs\/xsfX53HlFlAUvm\/6uZmrOFe54gfqSh6vwSKvd2dMVheI4+kqT+Bgq4n\/s5lUahFXnmI4uRXtcvuyS8ZSkaRAfARy2PThBrKoqcVo46Q0abP3BYomDF8Iujgl2DZDYhj8wFgM7MuQLFYTLQkcXaouRZiQgYg+vWqkLiVqobvn1kn61RjZ1Y9LHhpqCEE\/Cm7hiqF6aZIViRSj7dCgbcVm9JQyEPmMbdK86fU1qSgc9qw\/ymaubGugCgr8Jw6WirZjN0ppnQrC+qZgBxtBh\/r1ZDGDorK4s7jhh1UmK5ypgscIXXT5GfC5hBH4HdW0IRyI+ATkCxJtV9w2UHMN6xA2nv\/2Sw5lDvtbjz1YnuEnFjRvFq5aXxP7eG17Nmfk6CwRG5vWMSFC6IspixHrDxV0EIlydvhtCrbYp8tFpOynhRr4Nd+hAMT6TyYUA3qis5C7QVgz46jH11aYEf7TtdbmUyVf49qvqBvYaYp5wGQi5JPoNvPyubvOOcQvW7EJkyC+xaG3rzOm+sK2zrnONVKvlssQsFegkyDNfomKqmv1WKS2\/5LHY5rF0k3LtPJZ+sq3yWMDzaUGh7Ez6bU2fPMY7dg1KZFv2leoUZPkhdeaYXpiuOYvpdfA5LYDYLhPJX9XBmVqL3dW5mN+UXrrtoZHhuX1uHLly+\/IbkSsT9\/nFNLybtyPYbcdnIK9tu8CZL61i36sTLkOhCOvsm6NY+b4rK0362FiApeIHvS0\/umPWWRG1eKXmKvfKzB8ZRdBb0Nf1jfrcxcIYMdxlHIxWRY9Hb5cUReLf+uvB5MfJRs8GrqVKcPcxkvb8BNvsXt2q\/5jPZ\/OJ6qxtzGiUI1oGXJ9epKeboJRtl\/sEKXoU3Gs\/ZN45HXl8tO+niTv372L9w1SWidWFPWlk3DaqMCi8DXEo3cibIq980zMZOlhA2PGvqCLCWJBxDW\/o8NPAmHJWnyWlZVTATB1WwrluhYC7xRhON0VzD\/n10I9dhlKfUuTK2Io7It9qqouzupjXjKgtUzahYe792ltedG0xznBVxo2TPLPZvKlonpJ4jOdLKzqluYJMiTbzanXtjvZoH50+TTpFciSbElPWMS+TnwEPQFFaZ6UfclDG1xWXeVWNZGoCC2pUl8kzRn4VQhXMd6\/lVFtsI4DtV6iISkhz6DZun1NhKftJwV5H+CRC6I+g+hCKlajqGGivg4fctP8GVbJDSsT9odgOn+9un5RVDVbhdNfIrvOh2e14quK8QFcJ0uyNa4z\/eGGZx03zftpi+\/XtH7yS9nY30xj7+t93zRh2BdZGYPeS3WJwB5uwMGIyHhyYOp4dYpvXdX6S29Ps2i3nuiRi\/KlMath8pxz2RV93mW6UjhjxZjsfxT1rmWtI9QfC1TTzICCom6xeSlmks1rKwo0YBWmpTDUYFrbof5d75QXnvUiMYarrEl8HN\/CdIilfSmLkIeR9by5Jbxc2wynZ7ZQauXTZi5GVeBwvyULZ0YTGaqXoVkm8TSsSUulktLDs8prWXhJUQhzriyo1wbE8WrMa77GyaLdE6+rM1yt5yCFbAKdKmdWnUm7Gp5cH71aXLRaAycImrjZ\/4x24vr5qgApGaGomxouVnMlM0wqwMrtdkshbS0eGPSamgPV4WEW9QaVSJsiLDnNcbGfPkyFUjAo6s4s4obtkYerZKOj\/FlzSpaV99e+PgL1t9WsSsMOsfFfE6fbq0JswmA\/1SMmTta\/oELlA5rhxtndvNNphl775hG2J1sTpXcky3m07j+goUmOn25iGIUmZI3gurdz7OJKLkTY\/eqs55HWwVDHMzbO\/7SzsEA1ECHMpwS4vfCxTFhdT14ima3jPbUiXNJPjtBVa2Iu3jWvXtaVuTHhBoxyIaighRoVwZaPq9oOa8ksXJGMzQRAQz59Semzxr+qS+hhB+9MB4tPsoZ75xGQ1LWr\/kGDRH5LWnekCuhw0DQMbT1Ogzeey4RjrQleuwrvWqznQZbr2tbr2wYKrwzbjC8TdGbPeVWxnXfr4OOw1X6NsuhKoiYns9qmIssNjrssql+FMuXBJzn2mAVO3RHSJ28+IJ0opKtoE6PoiKEGJR1Jbm4NW2OVnj0iW7TJdbZNj8Tr63L7cWu\/zfVC\/FKix7qCmkK49Q8awtv04u1i24tTAzxZZq2Ka7QL0NH89fzz6qyVOxZV4VVaaBVSnjchUqYo3F+9IcnTZt70x0sflMD3hxnHLaaMdOZnMpbLqg8+GSA1rwWYqqQ9EkCwxS8e09uGRJ9WKPqlGRTB774Xo5Y0Nd0N1entis+r0ysRm1cmW2Kzzgvqt7PK7zFi\/Syf1hzuEL0aQTS+C03MjIesgsXwtzpP6V197B\/e1wba+9j5jT6THkCd2Q21H0ShJWQ7gXMNJvqrcw78DwgnwEp9OwReDDQieQc9JbfEYfUXWPBaneYVcrtLEj5CcTqiskkd0T9lI9skz2g0IBgNfMgX+JgdOeHzikRN2j0djOoNdKDTfYAmEB2mUDo3B7jolrYpgdGgKdy3rktlSqEPYuUIjcliW1olP6sTrzrepWIFUD+h1oBkoWjgmypuFS8Z\/5DDiXYvgRuV3Fojp6KGCXURI+dpBn8pmkiIkUiWACWZDDI0jSwv793ckJYzZI6cke7cGd4uPzY14y3gBTk5U5a61Dr\/qvrHbbcItyLT9lFSLCmOloZkuFIsOa6MrWQGVY\/OqYr+I+aMA2D7CmGOq7QPMz1dHGlCBwpLilhwW+ZT6dl+1J6wwCeS2tLyl19\/u8egFJFhh6n9Yh0qQotHNsMqUUumz0lrYU88O8Agu+yqrTWVMclLKJ0Kd2xuT2puY35uQmJbqhc7qKhnI\/gpDUVnkj6qt9qfdVJ7PuViRhE6\/F3jDdw7SmAXcdbR2ddfy1htCIpdkDhJJeBo20MtEe\/sDJ6mXKklNnXYhnHNwzGFDGNA4qS1VysH43C0nrDz6AyDv1P66qiycgbWVsKC5FMejBM9VBDOqc5iHAZ59cHofj0+P\/yYNuXLSCsDsarVOSPCFlLAFVsrtXFgpS9AM6KWy7hYJfHDi0dE1nzWu8hFzo0vzbhSXSMO7FUo\/s655Z00NioL90MI1DqbE6fW6yCAfAonQbB0OvGc8J9HoKdHjBflLw2ErWfxwa2zaY+LjR4eXexsnrbzOQ4U8FDAQ8ONY\/mqA3pgVbkXjp24shVnlQMCkKg9UENk+x6ggcp1esf2FrY\/BH\/WHxDwUrkGjk7nlV42u+h+8H7vaKWwG+2R\/fvTI38eohbmjRpO3klH04Hx1jhftQbGTzdhSzlaNc3BoQlkNLjje8W4nBYY9pNchdgMHp+T5XZJ5VXnY+lI1y1uHP\/jUmp061Zk+qtY+cW11+lvYcvHYQ6nL5znZpUbVdtpccWGRCofbUme6YBiP7Z29amVTspnnKlWQFwn093LHVb+usPp3qUa0uo4Og6WMINo+8JqNtmOiq0sI75MrMppgXLuTeaz6ID3mhLluv6KOMtxdhcdv7MF1l0Z99tTo\/vQnF+ObZKaK2FY4o9xqhU2v2mui8HcP5ModMH99NwtXP0yvJcTlSxOfYbjZoD2HfOTdMJXXMGoOFzg4Lon0xGfLha67axkKbNGLHPG4FGJY+fcgQcUb7xVrIEKM1iOvWDjGaL24aClsttnBYDCWh8r0+uqc1hUNzY7zJlr7kJGF50rYSmxS4RUBXtv+OcV+tu+QzyLh5CVwWIYaz6mUCEvEQXGM1reJvKB7fcgbvV4rwFZ8J2QcSyP2nFUiCTsWXWqfRdSmXXkX83u7Gf66PW6x9uVmcBl+v3XcuUtFvXkSPAp+55ZzsE1qzPjs4cIRjqsZ13SEbIupTiu1NUzo2kybQUNtFJymFFHzVx5OmlJkNN6GdWjw4dBdfOt8Qd1wYR3BmKA0N599y6l65Tg1S67bTZsxVFGqhBc6RWsEzo4a\/8oUbImTn4iGqfCbFXkRbBtx\/B2xszkAh4VTNljXSozN4IAEfDGMA12xQ8bB9oDpUR6RL6ahm4nTRtKUtwEQWyd1q8gL2QFjXDdFPgDH2bGA0q9cBAhX5Bz6mh2z+zikc6EyAuFNX\/rVaN7qDVVofcS3MssUbfxdCtfmPrXDlAQrwWAIaeXyDamvrN3UuoEUmfSGjqtjwYdXsQdHp0hIaIOY5Wb0VXCV6RVaO7HEljgm7QBKyNAjKkfhfprOXlDrxkFVCinDo3DCdJoUyywmHiQClsbH+RiFDQLWbeENk2wnE8LWmPmDioqJ0MQ9PlM78HHtLS+BMoGWXVa3qmlxR53GlVMGYXGzyU3WwkWda+IiHDFn+jDTblqciyWxbHZcY5pisI1Yd2os6VNDh9ItJGdK3J1rOtLhBy\/w+DiHNyRVsA9n4ryvPHC94FDFbH1y0HtsIEhS\/HqXaKYBv6djpbqvhiK8sIKvXeYcbh28X9YnX2AobqyUUCuD8szyTluZp5bpX2sMce3gNYL5aNGmD5tTqURcMv+t3KOgfHQ8tfSrZXnZjKCLkm8QKsGxkSVDfBhz7HGOOQ62gPIIaQgDFEj5zMFX1SWq46NtUqy+xcGhUdRplEhjqht1kzX6ErosEvssep1dCIAAWFcqBAHJPXrM5IlxQ1fYLsMBcBEViU5dw9Skg8hFaXHvU8+j7BAd0O5+SrR3apQoPhPXSkkeuUboLQyDbdxK0ijGlXC247B0GpGJpjlzCcsydPbuGFXv+iQ+DKPj99A3UzZzY9pcxbl1Fb1jVGcxsFPbvvnoEgaaO+lBdU0GoRG22nPZWCHsLJciws7a4FzeVwrLdaNMZbFwfRjKHu4BF6SrgTX34hhTYiVih4yEhlzIm6TBvMACTYxJGJEkYzVz8vj\/a\/qWGG8AZ5HAizW82INCVW5RsIvngwYdcIAZsb9CVnVUJ7Ekykhzl5BdG6T3C07ehmwo7J18NoTs281o9db1\/sSYwS642QjD29kWCRkPyna98UKzVNtsKffgSOMCu6yf2FQlD1dZORemlJM6uBHQaz3b3AObmwoTccffA8r8yS1e0PmmUeZP4xRH4eBdj7F5UWe41GcnRlmGoZLp07T4OrgZYyKeqSAtcs4oNz21sLEdNbwdNZjQNvJb+WmSokcEqL+iSXntWHqrteDIlb+dE1TTR5LeHHQV09ertdUpvVMevOcyKldLq7iaSuTeB3ag1FgqfFU+l7BLohzr\/BwfsbPawAAlMgMTfzjZgZc5xOlTHwscIo3xnUVLlk3jNStJ2rKOfhR\/\/DQp0iib3HM4ATZkjaoa0ijDVCUsXtbGljZSNJXNjeSgo1AI+4bKwYwc7iZdQUo4CNVQwQWA89Sy9onouTtnNaPNO2kUaQ1q7jcSjsiSF5E\/S5gdFctJsY3glMD89g5hsEWclxkqRUoHhaGn9+XLPfxsPB7V7Jlx1SjaRy4xytbN5a1TDp+xHZvrIZ4XcP23aLv1IM5tG38N8pVCg1sp75l6Y6mKSR9lNkYscpOf8ebtZiN\/tuUrLQ4la+YPuaBoF2Z39RV3ZsHDomG1pg4LkVLEBTbyq3poWdXZZhhMKPQcgYAIlamFRJYMB83t1uV1EQtDlL08HVGJ9GS3Ml5bKRGulL1UA9pfpK0sxeIawrQekGYOyQP9aTfoaDfLlbKGm11yGpThm\/BW\/eQxrxu2EdTIcZXfrDcmw39QZI1dwHuReXFSxhAmrDxaFMPTRw3y7Vuq64IXaWztGSwk6TLimsNRxQNkXNBe\/kn1YiMpscm2EOI\/229gDX3JE3wXPmc7l\/CRIiP+mHb8VCIwA27lY1J3w2w5y0o1AJeHdXbZxAnlWWONFxm3XBcqCoL8qbgu2Zp9KpEbU5kjTYCmv+4I8oUUlZZxuA60CJ2hcq70qrAdszwpSUO8hFdZBXwqDr1Vy0lEm+ip97zZbXhqHaCX+Qj6VlskKJIbQjSbvfzXp0lV50XQg5hWk3tDcQYk0GPS4X9us+7TqUcHzVD36UuPE\/rzsfv0kHef6uP3gR06RLt1SUGvFQQsxBCAewVe83G0r8IxvMTwNh\/DxydzRK4rvJm9kZ4GF6PMIlOF8V4wYFJeSF0km\/cjq3O99+bTC9AyJNCDBsc7gQ9a4sZoL9+49Ax9mqRg65jQUBVWqQLfzVSR2z9r8b9gsnQ2BtKALCrL\/Om+V9bpwwhymCRa7EJ\/HZGruOrgWhJXokg5NGGgs++JHPMTLQgqJUi6GAAN67OL0qWwqH2WEPH0Lsbe0WLyfi2mGxfeEonK976Rk1EN3+o3jCHM5f2QvNKX2LT1QEhGRwrDh2e4lwrnTPzQXFrI8XzaNlqVxkQPRHKDbStsrV0OgUOgB0ZbFeNGgeDXSpxV1RodipM0T1ODbGJNymYraHCNcBSQT407Iod12a4JzIPFvd3r1hnN2XOwQ6gAlR\/snp3sq\/OCC5Ml9L1qoLa+IMOdhbmhbKMKQSsHyEWmTtwKQnRGxpp8obyQHKOkhOKm+p4eOcQBhQGZYA3w5wnjkliFoagY3szm6KRhrHJEL+jbzRAuqu+D\/ShaAR3oa4waV0Ju\/PcOxXnZUhycsx3Ck8L\/pJLQ3ST2Igu\/1xfTL2jJvc5CmtGda7O0nPEG6CK+wUZ9aMauoOBZHoux6NY1tc5H1yHnpu2UUurwVGaYw801rt8R\/2BoTbCdPQdPp2CL0vzpM\/xxSoMsrxG\/2bs+3qwkFG9f\/wFUryjJUOlBobRC\/RGiIqT6tKpmwTQBMS3eB5vGP52CuES7pK4ayunSFbH+qiyD0tefTsH+nKYtlvMdfK7iEqFs2tW3y+OH7nNU12WyNVteUtQEQYraBdwzfyTtF5IV7o4PbBQzFBjJGtvIV1LjpgXj4TWCi23sRCny3vuK7+\/utmifl0j9O7kWyB06itrusNn\/3XHuHxd+4eepf079NPF3qb+r\/d3O3yco3VWo9kmU9lSKjKMvHBc6tUoOT5HXVdgMked2VFYp8uwtg0Prtue6zjM\/8pOsONd+i0LbEbL8VEdbfHu6n9pK8X7VW0vtFEkhsm2ALlZT1R\/yqNAUBWgrX0HBIVX8cFR8j9JIVdbuwZK0U97IwfCHenPfvjf3oar7tOsNf0ndfSr6T1namftIt9tOki6RVop2PANpqHJQ2fN2WASKFwQ0GJyvy500840bF7miLgV\/EIwGpAYI6ptgE\/wYyhl6U6wc1OfqMhdEr+Bb6ZEU8bp9M2GpCrmGbWJvH7rijqZleWE2AX0Y4gwsVZu2m23IOjZvf5pUWVRUx7yGeKyuzVgE76LqiHaqWS1fEQrIoT\/H\/MkoFVtllTHEmRIBSdFenjYuZJhgtQr2Sd1xYmI0fDkvprbaNLGrFkdRsSqPYScRoIpvni\/VLVx+P3PibbkaJc6OIhE8HsUijWIkkEIwfAHcmiVfsP0DKHSxX9ShzjU5CfLMl3S+Uz\/XPRae\/fEXMAYnG5G6YPUAdlVAqoGJPnw15WjhXympOUXAv2KCs7TV+IJD2phuAfbSBmS141FmAerYFtxYg3hYIGytWXRzZk7D1zrEjPckMzQkc7ibQ2LaoeuAcpxhm9r3Pazac5Ait\/z5xVrDyG4PFEqdU+Oj6h1uALlgx0cUP6DddGpcuA7ntbYicqI\/NaYwKSgna2yiqVMUpJnIMDyPjyI468IenFURpqdgSYFOSajB1HvjOpvhKvugHaGlKZAxqOIjOqE7D3t8vV1UPiiGYhfVyFkNV5VVjxZWs6mbEq86\/+rMvgmqcFLpyhBBFdYmtMLvZ9Gs+kVjg6rrcPJt6wz+SbYCmz1rD71VGjC2dQbYUSJLOitk17oCLpHz8PouqaJtinZyydr9agJWtFZv+vFu31AKqYN0Lasf77cAnzprfqXlbyd4hP3qjMq6\/a90aZLHULZTP2RRMwWEyFQM5RqqVT0i9UMEs8Ji7BwwOq1QN9mHhKVjVHpZSDF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aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Climate and Hazards<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Flood and storm<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Floods and storms cause much of the world&#8217;s disaster loss. Rivers overflow after prolonged rain or snowmelt, intense bursts overwhelm drains in hours, and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a> drives the sea inland. Cyclones combine wind, rain and surge in one system. This page sets out how these hazards form, how they are measured and modelled, and what evidence serves the agencies that forecast, plan and defend against them.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Flood and storm on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"dossier\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Flood and storm: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Extreme precipitation, coastal storm and flooding. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Rainfall becomes runoff<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How much rain becomes flood depends on its intensity and duration, how wet the ground already is, slope, land cover and drainage. Saturated or sealed ground turns modest rain into high runoff.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Warmer air holds more water<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Each degree of warming raises the air&#8217;s capacity for water vapour, which intensifies heavy rainfall. Short-duration extremes can increase faster than averages.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 21c.6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1 .6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1\"\/><path d=\"M19.38 20A11.6 11.6 0 0 0 21 14l-9-4-9 4c0 2.9.94 5.34 2.81 7.76\"\/><path d=\"M19 13V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6\"\/><path d=\"M12 10v4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Surge pushes the sea inland<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Low pressure and onshore winds raise sea level at the coast. Surge on a high tide, on top of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a>, reaches defences and land that normal tides never touch.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Hazards arrive together<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">cyclone<\/a> can bring wind damage, surge and river flooding at once, and a coastal river can be blocked by surge while it carries heavy rain. Treating each hazard alone understates the combined event.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Water now worldwide.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture across the world, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"world:water\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"water\" data-ml-plan=\"p-17315f81\" data-ml-relief=\"1.6\" data-ml-chart=\"f.ens\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:water\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.water.flood gibs.water.imerg gibs.water.rzsm gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.health.people ev.eonet r.imerg r.dist r.hls f.flood r.dswxs1 r.smap r.goese\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-water\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-water\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-180,-58,180,84\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Water now, the world: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Floods this week<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"imerg||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Rain now<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"rzsm||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Drought signal<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Water now, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"imerg\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Precipitation\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite estimate, near real time\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Precipitation rate, daily mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC GPM IMERG \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"imerg\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.imerg\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite estimate, near real time<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"rzsm\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Soil moisture, root zone\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA NSIDC DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Model with satellite data assimilated\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA NSIDC DAAC SMAP Level 4 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Modelled<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"rzsm\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.rzsm\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA NSIDC DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Model with satellite data assimilated<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-11<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" 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aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Water now, framed on the world.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA GPM IMERG Early \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gpm.imerg\">GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.smap.l4\">SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Climate and Hazards live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Monitor, Indicators, Simulator\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Monitor, Indicators, Simulator\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Across the domains<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-5-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Simulator<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Floods and storms test water, power and health systems at once.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drought-and-flood\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Water<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">River, surface and coastal floods each need their own hazard model.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Flood type stated with each map<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/grid-disruption-and-recovery\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Storm winds and flooded substations cause long outages.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Substations in flood zones<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/healthcare-infrastructure\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Flooded hospitals and post-flood disease are the main health effects.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Facilities in flood zones<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Flood and storm analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-systems\/\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience series<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tropical cyclone<\/a> records come from IBTrACS and flood forecasting context from GloFAS; national services issue warnings. Hazard layers would carry NS-3b metadata under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Surveyed flood marks with dates.<\/li><li>Storm damage and outage records.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Flood and storm hazard modeller.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-hazards-flood-storm\" data-cx=\"hazards.flood-storm\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Flood and storm hazard modeller: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Flood and storm hazard modeller<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Flood and storm \u00b7 River delta \u00b7 Return period set<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Model run complete<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Climate and Hazards<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"4\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Flood depth by return period<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">hydraulic model \u00b7 illustrative<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Flood depth by return period: schematic on example geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M0 250 L0 87.5 C 96 70, 168 125, 240 105 S 384 50, 480 75 L480 250 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-flood0\" d=\"M0 107.5 C 96 90, 168 145, 240 125 S 384 70, 480 95 L480 75 S 384 50, 240 105 S 96 70, 0 87.5 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-flood1\" d=\"M0 127.5 C 96 110, 168 165, 240 145 S 384 90, 480 115 L480 75 S 384 50, 240 105 S 96 70, 0 87.5 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-flood2\" d=\"M0 147.5 C 96 130, 168 185, 240 165 S 384 110, 480 135 L480 75 S 384 50, 240 105 S 96 70, 0 87.5 Z\"\/><rect class=\"cx-site-hot\" x=\"100.6\" y=\"115\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"114.6\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"start\">Port<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"259\" y=\"145\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"273\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"start\">Town<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"379\" y=\"115\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"393\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"start\">Plant<\/text><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"16\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"start\">Sea<\/text><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"464\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"end\">Bands: 1-in-10 \u00b7 1-in-100 \u00b7 1-in-1000<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"2\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Scenario set<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-hazards-flood-storm-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-hazards-flood-storm-t1\" aria-label=\"Scenario set\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Return period<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Area (km\u00b2)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Depth p90 (m)<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-hazards-flood-storm:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>1-in-10<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"17\">17<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-hazards-flood-storm:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>1-in-100<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"46\">46<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1.4\">1.4<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-hazards-flood-storm:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>1-in-1000<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"41\">41<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"3.3\">3.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Validation against observed flood<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Validation against observed flood\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-hazards-flood-storm-c2\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Model|ink|l||0:44.6;1:44;2:45.7;3:41.1;4:42.5;5:38.6;6:37.7;7:43;8:39.5;9:39.8;10:36.1;11:37;12:42.3;13:37.5;14:36.7;15:41.6;16:38;17:32.7;18:34.9;19:38.3;20:38.1;21:36;22:41.2;23:40~Observed extent|acc|l||0:50.1;1:46.7;2:50.1;3:53.1;4:55.1;5:53.9;6:54.9;7:55.6;8:54.6;9:57.3;10:58.8;11:58.7;12:58.9;13:58.3;14:61;15:60.6;16:56.9;17:60.2;18:63.4;19:61.4;20:63.7;21:63;22:59.2;23:60.7\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Flood and storm hazard modeller: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Flood and storm.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Peak river discharge<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">cubic metres per second<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">River gauging stations<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Discharge <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 return-period\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The average interval between events that reach or exceed a given intensity, equal to the inverse of the annual exceedance probability. It describes long-run frequency, not a schedule.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">return period<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">years<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Flood frequency analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Rainfall intensity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">millimetres per hour<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">sub-daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Rain gauges and weather radar<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Storm surge<\/a> height<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">metres above predicted tide<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Tide gauges<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tropical cyclone<\/a> maximum sustained wind<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">knots at a stated averaging period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">six-hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Best-track archives<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Flood extent<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">square kilometres<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite flood mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population in flood hazard zone<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">people by return period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per model release<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Flood hazard maps and population grids<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Route a storm through a river network.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-climate-hazards-topics-flood-and-storm-0\" data-nxi=\"routing\" data-nxi-id=\"routing\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Route a storm through a river network\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"net\">Network<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-climate-hazards-topics-flood-and-storm-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Hydrographs\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Storm rainfall depth<\/dt><dd>120 mm<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Storm duration<\/dt><dd>12 h<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Curve number (soil and land cover)<\/dt><dd>78<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Catchment area<\/dt><dd>800 km\u00b2<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Reaches on the main stem<\/dt><dd>5<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Travel time per reach (Muskingum K)<\/dt><dd>6.0 h<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Muskingum X (storage weighting)<\/dt><dd>0.20<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Channel capacity per unit area<\/dt><dd>300 L\/s per km\u00b2<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak discharge at the outlet<\/dt><dd>452 m\u00b3\/s<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Time to peak<\/dt><dd>21.6 h<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Attenuation by the channel<\/dt><dd>61%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Hours over capacity<\/dt><dd>26.4 h<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Runoff coefficient<\/dt><dd>52%<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Hour<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Outlet (m\u00b3\/s)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unrouted (m\u00b3\/s)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Upper reach (m\u00b3\/s)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2.4<\/th><td>0.0<\/td><td>678.9<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12.0<\/th><td>308.3<\/td><td>1,151.4<\/td><td>181.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">21.6<\/th><td>452.4<\/td><td>35.1<\/td><td>73.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">31.2<\/th><td>363.3<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><td>11.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40.8<\/th><td>198.8<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>1.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">50.4<\/th><td>79.3<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">60.0<\/th><td>25.4<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">69.6<\/th><td>6.9<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">79.2<\/th><td>1.7<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">88.8<\/th><td>0.4<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">98.4<\/th><td>0.1<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">108.0<\/th><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">117.6<\/th><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">127.2<\/th><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">136.8<\/th><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Curve number runoff <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">USDA Soil Conservation Service (1972), National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology<\/span><\/li><li>Linear reservoir <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Nash (1957), The form of the instantaneous unit hydrograph, IAHS 45<\/span><\/li><li>Muskingum channel routing <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">McCarthy (1938); Cunge (1969), Journal of Hydraulic Research 7<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Rivers <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Lakes and reservoirs <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Cities <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA GPM IMERG Early \u00b7 register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers<\/span><\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS \u00b7 register open-meteo.public-pages<\/span><\/li><li>Surface soil moisture (SMAP) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA SMAP \u00b7 register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers<\/span><\/li><li>Surface water, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-HLS) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-HLS (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026) \u00b7 register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers<\/span><\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-S1 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel-1 data 2026) \u00b7 register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Route a storm through a river network. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Curve number runoff (USDA Soil Conservation Service (1972), National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology); Linear reservoir (Nash (1957), The form of the instantaneous unit hydrograph, IAHS 45); Muskingum channel routing (McCarthy (1938); Cunge (1969), Journal of Hydraulic Research 7).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/foundry\/\">Climate and Hazards in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/universe\/\">Climate and Hazards in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Climate and Earth Systems in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/reports\/\">Climate and Hazards in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Sources, Twin and cascade simulator, Decisions, Risk and response\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Twin and cascade simulator, Decisions, Risk and response\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-nexus\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Risk and response<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS, NOAA)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tropical cyclone<\/a> tracks and intensities from all agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain, US government data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS, Copernicus Emergency Management Service)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Global river discharge forecasts and reanalysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, Copernicus terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus Emergency Management Service rapid mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Satellite-based flood extent maps for activated events<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, Copernicus terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Runoff Data Centre<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Historical river discharge from national services<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for non-commercial use, GRDC terms (to check)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">GESLA global sea-level archive<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">High-frequency tide gauge records<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free with citation, licence per contributor (to check)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">JRC global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.fluvial\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"River discharge exceeding channel capacity so that water spills over the banks and covers the floodplain for days.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">river flood<\/a> hazard maps<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Modelled flood extent and depth by <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 return-period\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The average interval between events that reach or exceed a given intensity, equal to the inverse of the annual exceedance probability. It describes long-run frequency, not a schedule.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">return period<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, licence to check<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model flood and storm as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-flood-and-storm-G-P02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.coastal-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater overtopping or breaching the shoreline and flooding land, from surge, waves, high tides or a raised sea level.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Coastal flood<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Storm surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>High-tide flooding (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal erosion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Estuary flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Wetland loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mangrove loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Groundwater flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/financial-and-economic-risk-standards\/\">Financial and economic risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-adaptation-and-transition-risk\/\">Climate adaptation and transition risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NS-14<\/code> Conformance and crosswalk to external standards<\/li><li><code>NRS-H65<\/code> Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H62<\/code> Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H71<\/code> Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H79<\/code> Hazard family: Mental health crises (NHS-1 health.mental)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H75<\/code> Hazard family: Climate-sensitive illness (NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H7<\/code> Hazard family: Large-scale circulation anomalies (NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CMIP6 climate projections (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)<\/li><li>INFORM Risk Index (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population<\/li><li>Total greenhouse gas emissions per year<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Climate and Hazards prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National hydrological services<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which flood thresholds and forecast products to operate<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Frequency analyses; event reconstructions; forecast verification<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Spatial planning authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to restrict development or require flood-resilient design<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Hazard maps by <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 return-period\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The average interval between events that reach or exceed a given intensity, equal to the inverse of the annual exceedance probability. It describes long-run frequency, not a schedule.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">return period<\/a> with their uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Coastal and river defence agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What standard of protection to design for<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Surge and discharge extremes; compound scenarios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Civil protection agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which areas to prepare for evacuation in a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">cyclone<\/a> season<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Track archives; surge and rainfall evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Flood frequency analyses with confidence intervals and record length stated<\/li><li>Event reconstructions combining gauge, radar and satellite evidence<\/li><li>Compound flood scenarios for coastal river <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/li><li>Hazard map comparisons that show where products disagree<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" data-nx-duo=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-nexus-h\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Risk and response<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-nexus-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coupled risk, applied response.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-nduo-lede\" data-lede=\"The sectors {s} touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.\">The sectors <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.pluvial\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"Water ponding and running over land where intense rain exceeds the capacity of the ground and the drains, away from any river.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\">urban flood<\/a> touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-nduo\" data-active=\"sig\" data-compose=\"pair\"><div class=\"nx-nduo-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Show\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-nduo=\"sig\" aria-pressed=\"true\">A \u00b7 Risk<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-nduo=\"phex\" aria-pressed=\"false\">B \u00b7 Response<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-ctx\"><p class=\"nx-nduo-ctxk\">Choose a context<\/p><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-pair\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-nduo-fig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIH\" data-sig-ctx=\"urban-flood\" data-sig-name=\"Urban flood\" data-sig-line=\"Flooded streets take out substations, pumping stations and clinic access together; drinking water fails when power does.\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\" data-nduo-pane=\"sig\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span><b class=\"nx-nduo-ab\">A<\/b>Coupled risk across six sectors<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-phex-apply nx-nsig-load\"><p class=\"nx-phex-aphd\"><span>Sectors \u00b7 <b class=\"nx-phex-apn\">Urban flood<\/b><\/span><span>Stress<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-phex-aps\"><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"0\" data-key=\"W\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">W<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Water<\/b> first hit, then depends on infrastructure for pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"9\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.86<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"1\" data-key=\"E\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">E<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Energy<\/b> depends on water for cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"4\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.37<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"2\" data-key=\"I\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">I<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Infrastructure<\/b> first hit, then depends on energy for power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.83<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"3\" data-key=\"F\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">F<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Food<\/b> outside this context<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">\u2013<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"4\" data-key=\"H\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">H<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Health<\/b> depends on water for drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"4\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.41<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"5\" data-key=\"B\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">B<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Biodiversity<\/b> outside this context<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">\u2013<\/span><\/button><\/li><\/ol><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Illustrative: a teaching cascade over teaching values, not measurements.<\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-nduo-bridge\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-nduo-bridge-l\">applied to<\/span><span class=\"nx-nduo-bridge-a\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex nx-nduo-fig\" data-nx-phex=\"01235\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/programmes\/nexus-universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-cycle\/publish\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action findings go into the editions; the Q4 synthesis informs next year's mandate.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;People for the next cycle&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence; qualified participants take roles in the next cycle.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;learning&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Learning by doing&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a course; learners join missions, and missions return to the Foundry.&quot;}],&quot;AP&quot;:{&quot;urban-flood&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;warn30&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;30%&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;less damage with 24 hours' warning of a storm or heatwave&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;With 24 hours' warning of a coming storm or heatwave&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Flood-depth nowcast from rain gauges and terrain&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Warning lead time&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;30%&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;City twin links substations, pumps and clinics to flood depth&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Lifelines modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Exercise: keep water and power running through a 1-in-100 flood&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours to restore&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared asset records so utilities exchange outage data&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Agencies sharing records&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;City flood profile of exposed lifelines&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Assets profiled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;I&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for utility and emergency operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Urban flood&quot;},&quot;hydropower&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Inflow forecasts and sediment models for the reservoir&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Forecast skill&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Basin twin trades power, flood storage and river flows&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Release options tested&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Release-rule exercise with operators and downstream users&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Users at the table&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WE&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Common records for releases, flows and fish passage&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Flow records shared&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Basin profile: storage, output and river health&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Basin indicators&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course on multi-purpose reservoir operation&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WE&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Hydropower reservoir&quot;},&quot;drought&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[null,{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;adapt71&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$7.1T&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;net benefits&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;From $1.8T invested in five adaptation areas from 2020 to 2030, water management among them&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;},null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;adapt71&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$7.1T&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;net benefits&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;From $1.8T invested in five adaptation areas from 2020 to 2030, water management among them&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Drought index from rainfall, soil moisture and river flow&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Lead time to trigger&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WF&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Allocation model for irrigation, cooling and drinking water&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Demand met in drought&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$7.1T&quot;},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Early-action exercise with water and agriculture ministries&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days from trigger to 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qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WFB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Drought&quot;},&quot;heatwave&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[null,null,{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;heat&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;1,190&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;deaths avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Estimated after Ahmedabad's heat action plan, the first in South Asia&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Hess et al., J. Environ. Public Health, 2018&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7973519&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;heat&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;1,190&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;deaths avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Estimated after Ahmedabad's heat action plan, the first in South Asia&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Hess et al., J. Environ. Public Health, 2018&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7973519&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Heat-health thresholds from temperature and admissions&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Threshold accuracy&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;H&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Grid peak and river temperature model for the heat season&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Peak hours foreseen&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WE&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Heat action plan exercise with health and grid operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Alert-to-action hours&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;1,190&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared heat-alert levels and response records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Agencies on one 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least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Cascade model of what fails when the grid does&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Dependencies mapped&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Twin of backup fuel, water treatment and cold chains&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours of autonomy&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Black-start exercise across utilities and hospitals&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours to restore&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Interdependency records shared by operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators 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on a Global Health Risk Framework, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21891&quot;},null,null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;ghrf&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$60B+&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;expected losses a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Expected annual cost of pandemics, against about $4.5B a year to prepare&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21891&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Workforce-absence scenarios for essential services&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Scenarios tested&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Continuity board for clinics, grid and logistics&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Services monitored&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Continuity exercise across health, energy and food&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Services kept running&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$60B+&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared surveillance and continuity records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days to share data&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;H&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;After-action findings on essential services&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Findings acted on&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for continuity managers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Managers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pandemic&quot;},&quot;pollinator&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;pollin&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;crop output at risk a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Annual global crop output that depends on animal pollination&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;IPBES, Assessment report on pollinators, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/assessment-reports\/pollinators&quot;},null,null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;pollin&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;crop output at risk a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Annual global crop output that depends on animal pollination&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;IPBES, Assessment report on pollinators, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/assessment-reports\/pollinators&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Maps of pollinators and the yields that depend on them&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Area mapped&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Yield and diet-quality model by crop&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Crops modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Landscape mission with farmers and conservation agencies&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hectares in the mission&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Common biodiversity monitoring records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Sites reporting&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;B&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Nature and nutrition profile&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Indicators tracked&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FHB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course on nature-dependent farming&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Advisers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pollinator decline&quot;},&quot;storm-surge&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;mangrove&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$80B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;flood losses avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Coastal flood losses that mangroves already prevent worldwide&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Surge model with mangrove and dune buffers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Coast modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$80B&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Coastal twin of ports, substations and water intakes&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Assets in the twin&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Evacuation and port-recovery exercise&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days to reopen port&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared records for coastal assets and defences&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Defences recorded&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Coastal risk profile, built and natural defences&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Coast profiled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for port and coastal managers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Managers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Coastal storm surge&quot;}}}\" data-phex-applied=\"urban-flood\" data-nduo-pane=\"phex\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span><b class=\"nx-nduo-ab\">B<\/b>Applied response across six pillars<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">11 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 11 of 18 handoffs in play, 8 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-phex-apply\"><p class=\"nx-phex-aphd\"><span>Pillars \u00b7 <b class=\"nx-phex-apn\">Urban flood<\/b><\/span><span>KPI<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-phex-aps\"><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"0\" data-sec=\"WI\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">L<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Labs<\/b> Flood-depth nowcast from rain gauges and terrain<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Warning lead time <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><em class=\"nx-phex-bench\">30%<\/em><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"1\" data-sec=\"WEIH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">F<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Foundry<\/b> City twin links substations, pumps and clinics to flood depth<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Lifelines modelled <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"2\" data-sec=\"WEH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">U<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Universe<\/b> Exercise: keep water and power running through a 1-in-100 flood<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Hours to restore <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"lower is better\">\u2193<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"3\" data-sec=\"WEI\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">S<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Standards<\/b> Shared asset records so utilities exchange outage data<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Agencies sharing records <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"4\" data-sec=\"I\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">R<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Reports<\/b> City flood profile of exposed lifelines<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Assets profiled <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><em class=\"nx-phex-bench\">$390B<\/em><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"5\" data-sec=\"WEH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">A<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Academy<\/b> Course for utility and emergency operators<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Operators qualified <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><\/ol><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Illustrative applications; the values are published benchmarks, cited in the readout.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><p class=\"nx-nduo-legend\"><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k1\"><\/i>In this context<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k2\"><\/i>Dependence or handoff, heavier is stronger<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k3\"><\/i>Outside this context<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-nduo-tlw\" data-phex-for=\"nx-sec-nexus-phex\"><div class=\"nx-phex-phase nx-nduo-tl\" data-phex-tl=\"true\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-read\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\" data-for=\"sig\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Context<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Urban flood<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Flooded streets take out substations, pumping stations and clinic access together; drinking water fails when power does.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Risk<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-nduo-live\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">Hover a corner, a line or a row to trace it across both sides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy brief<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\" data-for=\"phex\"><div class=\"nx-phex-rhead\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Applied to urban flood<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\"><\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code nx-phex-rhead\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span>S<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Response<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>5<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>11<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>8<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Expected value<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nduo-vals\"><div><dt>What is at stake<\/dt><dd><strong>$390B<\/strong><span>a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries<\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">World Bank, Lifelines, 2019<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Return on resilience<\/dt><dd><strong>4 : 1<\/strong><span>benefit to cost<\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">World Bank, Lifelines, 2019<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Avoided loss<\/dt><dd><strong>30%<\/strong><span>less damage with 24 hours&#8217; warning of a storm or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a><\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">Hover a pillar, a line or a row to read how it is applied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" data-phex-acts-off=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-note\">A: a teaching cascade (shock 0.6, gain 0.35, four rounds) over teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements. B: illustrative applications and the KPI each pillar answers for; values are published benchmarks, cited, not forecasts. Open events: NASA EONET, live.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Methods and evidence, Mechanisms, Methods and data\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Methods and evidence, Mechanisms, Methods and data\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods and data<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Flood and storm questions turn on intensity, timing and the landscape.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How is the intensity of short-duration extreme rainfall changing?<\/li><li>How do <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a> combine at a given coastline?<\/li><li>Which areas flood from rivers, from surface water, from the sea, or from several at once?<\/li><li>How are tropical and extratropical storms changing in intensity, rainfall and track?<\/li><li>How well do defences, drainage and land use perform under events beyond their design?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How flood and storm is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"uncertainty-band\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Uncertainty bands<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How far the outlook for flood and storm could spread, shown as ranges rather than a single line.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 240\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Central estimate with likely and very likely ranges for Flood and storm\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"544\" y2=\"206\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"206\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band nx-au-band-w\" d=\"M46 142.1l83-18.8 83-18.8 83-22.6 83-20.7 83-18.8 83-18.8 0 124.1-83 0-83 0-83 1.9-83 3.8-83 0-83 3.7z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band\" d=\"M46 145.8l83-15 83-13.2 83-16.9 83-15 83-13.2 83-13.1 0 52.6-83 5.6-83 5.7-83 7.5-83 9.4-83 5.6-83 7.6z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-ac\" d=\"M46 149.6l83-11.3 83-9.4 83-13.1 83-11.3 83-9.4 83-9.4\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"46\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Now<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"129\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+5<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"212\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+10<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"295\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+15<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"378\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+20<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"461\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+25<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"544\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+30 y<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"36.8\" text-anchor=\"end\">high<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"187.2\" text-anchor=\"end\">low<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"17.64\" text-anchor=\"end\">very likely range<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"73.36\" text-anchor=\"end\">likely range<\/text><\/svg><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Central estimate<\/dt><dd>median of the ensemble<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ranges<\/dt><dd>likely and very likely, in IPCC calibrated language<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ensemble<\/dt><dd>members, scenarios and initial conditions stated<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Read with<\/dt><dd>the sensitivity of the result to each input<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Illustrative ensemble spread on an index scale; the form follows IPCC uncertainty guidance. Not a projection.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Warmer air holds more moisture, roughly a few per cent more for each degree of warming, which is the physical reason heavy rainfall intensifies. Short, intense bursts overwhelm urban drainage and cause surface-water flooding, while longer, widespread rain fills rivers. Soil condition, slope, land cover and paved surfaces strongly shape how rain becomes runoff.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">On coasts, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a> is driven by wind and low pressure pushing water ashore; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a> raises the base on which surge and tides build, so a given storm causes higher water than it would have in the past. Changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones are less certain than changes in their rainfall and the share of intense storms.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Rain gauges and weather radar<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Observed rainfall intensity and distribution<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Gauges are sparse; radar needs calibration and has gaps in mountains<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Hydrological and hydraulic models<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Flood extent, depth and timing<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Depend on terrain data, roughness and defence information<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Storm surge<\/a> and wave models<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Coastal water levels in storms<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Sensitive to storm track and local bathymetry<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Satellite flood mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Observed flood extent over large areas<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Cloud cover and vegetation can mask water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 extreme-value-analysis\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Statistical methods for modelling the behaviour of the largest or smallest values of a process, used to estimate rare-event frequencies.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Extreme value analysis<\/a> of rainfall and river flow<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Estimates of rare event magnitudes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Short records and changing climate add uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Methods, Sources, Connected, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Methods, Sources, Connected, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-17-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Connected<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-18-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Catchment flood modelling \u00b7 Drought propagation \u00b7 Flood frequency with changing climate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Hydrology and water science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/extreme-value\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Return level estimation \u00b7 Non-stationary extremes \u00b7 Regional frequency analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/extreme-value\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Extreme value theory and tail risk\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Ensemble forecast interpretation \u00b7 Seasonal outlook use \u00b7 Forecast verification<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Forecasting and time-series analysis\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Flood extent mapping \u00b7 Vegetation and drought monitoring \u00b7 Active fire and burned area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Earth observation and remote sensing\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/ocean-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ocean and coastal science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Extreme sea-level analysis \u00b7 Marine heatwave detection \u00b7 Climate mode monitoring<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ocean-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Ocean and coastal science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Interpolating station data \u00b7 Merging satellite and gauge data \u00b7 Spatial clustering of events<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Spatial statistics and geostatistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Return periods estimated from short records are uncertain and change as the climate changes. Global flood maps lack local defences and drainage, so they over- or under-state hazard in specific places. Satellite flood mapping misses water under cloud, vegetation and in dense cities. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">Cyclone<\/a> intensity estimates differ between agencies. Climate and Hazards issues no forecasts or warnings; national services do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/products\/international-best-track-archive\"><span>IBTrACS tropical cyclone best-track archive (NOAA NCEI)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/global-flood.emergency.copernicus.eu\/\"><span>Global Flood Awareness System (Copernicus Emergency Management Service)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-3b\/\"><span>NS-3b, Dataset and product metadata profile, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-17-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/topics\/catastrophe-models\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr><\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Catastrophe models<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Hazard distributions are inputs, not automatic insurance losses or prices.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-18-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What does a hundred-year flood mean?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A flood with a one percent chance of being equalled or exceeded in any year, estimated from records. It can happen in consecutive years, and in a changing climate the estimate itself shifts.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is storm surge?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A rise in sea level above the predicted tide caused by a storm&#8217;s low pressure and winds, which can flood coasts far beyond normal tidal reach.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do flood maps from different sources disagree?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">They use different terrain data, rainfall inputs, models and assumptions about defences. Local maps from national agencies generally take precedence for planning.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does a one-in-a-hundred-year flood mean?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It describes an event with a small chance of being equalled or exceeded in any given year, estimated from past records. It does not mean the event happens once a century, and in a changing climate the estimate itself may be out of date.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do surface-water floods surprise people?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because they can occur far from rivers or the sea, when intense rain overwhelms drainage. They are often poorly represented on traditional flood maps.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform publish flood maps for planning?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Not at this service level. Flood maps for regulation and planning are issued by competent agencies; any maps published here state their method and limits.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Observatory Signal<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Scenario and Stress-Test<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/climate-hazards\/topics\/flood-and-storm#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-sk-global-climate-hazards-topics-flood-and-storm-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-sk-global-climate-hazards-topics-flood-and-storm-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-sk-global-climate-hazards-topics-flood-and-storm-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/heat-drought-wildfire\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Heat, drought and wildfire<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-19\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-20\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-20\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/flood-and-storm\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What does a hundred-year flood mean?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A flood with a one percent chance of being equalled or exceeded in any year, estimated from records. 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