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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1otjmiw.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Climate and Hazards<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Heat and drought<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">Extreme heat<\/a> and drought are slow to start and costly to end. Heat harms people, crops, livestock and infrastructure within days; drought builds over months as rainfall deficits pass into soils, rivers and aquifers. This page sets out how heat and drought develop, how they are measured with standard indices, and what evidence serves the services and ministries that prepare for them.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Heat and drought on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"fieldmap\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Heat and drought: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Compound heat and hydrologic stress. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat domes and dry soils<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Persistent high pressure brings clear skies and subsiding air. Dry soils return less energy as evaporation and more as heat, so drought and heat reinforce each other.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Humidity sets the human limit<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The body cools by sweating, which fails as humidity rises. Wet-bulb and heat-stress indices combine temperature, humidity, wind and radiation to describe the load on people.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Drought propagates through the water cycle<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.meteorological-drought\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"A prolonged shortfall of rain against the local normal, the starting point of every other kind of drought.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">rainfall deficit<\/a> becomes <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.agricultural-drought\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"Soil moisture too low for crops and pasture during the growing season, cutting yields and herd condition.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">soil moisture drought<\/a>, then streamflow and groundwater drought, each with a longer lag. Recovery follows the same order, so aquifers can stay low long after rains return.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Impacts cross sectors<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heat raises electricity demand while reducing thermal plant cooling and line capacity. Drought cuts hydropower, river transport and irrigation at once, and the losses compound.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Water now worldwide.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Root-zone soil moisture, rain and daytime surface heat across the world, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"world:water\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"water\" data-ml-plan=\"p-aa9d0785\" data-ml-relief=\"1.3\" data-ml-chart=\"f.power\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:water\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.water.rzsm gibs.water.imerg gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.true gibs.water.flood gibs.food.cover ev.eonet r.smap r.dist r.hls f.flood r.dswxs1 f.ens r.imerg\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-water\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-water\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-180,-58,180,84\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Water now, the world: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"rzsm||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Drought signal<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"imerg||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Rain now<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Water now, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"rzsm\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Soil moisture, root zone\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA NSIDC DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Model with satellite data assimilated\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA NSIDC DAAC SMAP Level 4 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Modelled<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"rzsm\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.rzsm\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA NSIDC DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Model with satellite data assimilated<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-11<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"imerg\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Precipitation\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite estimate, near real time\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Precipitation rate, daily mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC GPM IMERG \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"imerg\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.imerg\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite estimate, near real time<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Water now, framed on the world.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA SMAP \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.smap.l4\">SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gpm.imerg\">GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA SMAP. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/heat-and-drought\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Climate and Hazards live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Monitor, Indicators, Twin and cascade simulator\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Monitor, Indicators, Twin and cascade simulator\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Across the domains<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-5-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Heat and drought reach every domain within one season.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat raises mortality, especially among older people and outdoor workers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Excess mortality during heat episodes<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat raises cooling demand while reducing plant and line capacity.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Peak demand on hot evenings<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/agricultural-production\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Food<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat and dry spells at flowering cut yields sharply.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Heat stress days in crop stages<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Heat and drought analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-systems\/\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience series<\/a>. Drought indices follow WMO guidance (SPI, WMO-No. 1090, 2012); attribution of heat events, the strongest area of attribution science, is reported with method and confidence.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Local heat-health outcome data, aggregated.<\/li><li>Drought impact records from farms and utilities.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Multi-hazard outlook.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-hazards-multi\" data-cx=\"hazards.multi\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Multi-hazard outlook: illustrative console with example names and values\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Multi-hazard outlook: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Heat and drought.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Standardized Precipitation Index<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">standard deviations at a stated accumulation period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Gridded precipitation<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">standard deviations at a stated accumulation period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Gridded climate data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil moisture anomaly<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percentile against reference period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily to monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite retrievals and land models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">Heatwave<\/a> days<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of days above a local threshold<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">seasonal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Station and reanalysis temperature<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Wet-bulb globe temperature<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">degrees Celsius<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Station data or reanalysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Vegetation condition<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">anomaly of a vegetation index<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">dekadal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite vegetation indices<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Streamflow percentile<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percentile of flow for the day of year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">River gauging networks<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/heat-and-drought\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model heat and drought as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-heat-and-drought-G-P02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.coastal-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater overtopping or breaching the shoreline and flooding land, from surge, waves, high tides or a raised sea level.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Coastal flood<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Storm surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>High-tide flooding (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal erosion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Estuary flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Wetland loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mangrove loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Groundwater flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/financial-and-economic-risk-standards\/\">Financial and economic risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-adaptation-and-transition-risk\/\">Climate adaptation and transition risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NS-14<\/code> Conformance and crosswalk to external standards<\/li><li><code>NRS-H65<\/code> Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H62<\/code> Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H71<\/code> Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H79<\/code> Hazard family: Mental health crises (NHS-1 health.mental)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H75<\/code> Hazard family: Climate-sensitive illness (NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H7<\/code> Hazard family: Large-scale circulation anomalies (NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CMIP6 climate projections (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)<\/li><li>INFORM Risk Index (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population<\/li><li>Total greenhouse gas emissions per year<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Sources, Risk and response, Decisions, Methods and evidence\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Risk and response, Decisions, Methods and evidence\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-nexus\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Risk and response<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods and evidence<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus European and Global Drought Observatories (JRC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Drought indicators including precipitation, soil moisture and vegetation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, Copernicus and JRC terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">SPEIbase (CSIC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Global gridded SPEI at multiple time scales<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, licence to check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ERA5-Land (Copernicus <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Service)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Land surface temperature, soil moisture and evaporation fields<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">NASA MODIS and VIIRS vegetation products<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Vegetation indices and land surface temperature<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, NASA data policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Runoff Data Centre (WMO, BfG)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">River discharge records from national services<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for non-commercial use, GRDC terms (to check)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Drought Information System (NOAA and partners)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Drought monitors and outlooks<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per source<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/heat-and-drought\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" data-nx-duo=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-nexus-h\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Risk and response<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-nexus-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coupled risk, applied response.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-nduo-lede\" data-lede=\"The sectors {s} touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.\">The sectors <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a> touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-nduo\" data-active=\"sig\" data-compose=\"pair\"><div class=\"nx-nduo-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Show\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-nduo=\"sig\" aria-pressed=\"true\">A \u00b7 Risk<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-nduo=\"phex\" aria-pressed=\"false\">B \u00b7 Response<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-ctx\"><p class=\"nx-nduo-ctxk\">Choose a context<\/p><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-pair\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-nduo-fig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEFH\" data-sig-ctx=\"heatwave\" data-sig-name=\"Heatwave\" data-sig-line=\"Cooling demand peaks the grid while rivers warm; heat stress fills hospitals and wilts crops.\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\" data-nduo-pane=\"sig\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span><b class=\"nx-nduo-ab\">A<\/b>Coupled risk across six sectors<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Food and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.43. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-phex-apply nx-nsig-load\"><p class=\"nx-phex-aphd\"><span>Sectors \u00b7 <b class=\"nx-phex-apn\">Heatwave<\/b><\/span><span>Stress<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-phex-aps\"><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"0\" data-key=\"W\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">W<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Water<\/b> depends on energy for pumping and treatment<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"2\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.21<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"1\" data-key=\"E\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">E<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Energy<\/b> first hit, then depends on water for cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.72<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"2\" data-key=\"I\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">I<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Infrastructure<\/b> outside this context<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">\u2013<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"3\" data-key=\"F\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">F<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Food<\/b> depends on water for irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"3\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.27<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"4\" data-key=\"H\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">H<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Health<\/b> first hit, then depends on water for drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span>0.84<\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"5\" data-key=\"B\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">B<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Biodiversity<\/b> outside this context<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">\u2013<\/span><\/button><\/li><\/ol><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Illustrative: a teaching cascade over teaching values, not measurements.<\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-nduo-bridge\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-nduo-bridge-l\">applied to<\/span><span class=\"nx-nduo-bridge-a\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex nx-nduo-fig\" data-nx-phex=\"1245\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/programmes\/nexus-universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-cycle\/publish\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action findings go into the editions; the Q4 synthesis informs next year's mandate.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;People for the next cycle&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence; qualified participants take roles in the next cycle.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;learning&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Learning by doing&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a course; learners join missions, and missions return to the Foundry.&quot;}],&quot;AP&quot;:{&quot;urban-flood&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;warn30&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;30%&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;less damage with 24 hours' warning of a storm or heatwave&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;With 24 hours' warning of a coming storm or heatwave&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Flood-depth nowcast from rain gauges and terrain&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Warning lead time&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;30%&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;City twin links substations, pumps and clinics to flood depth&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Lifelines modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Exercise: keep water and power running through a 1-in-100 flood&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours to restore&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared asset records so utilities exchange outage data&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Agencies sharing records&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;City flood profile of exposed lifelines&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Assets profiled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;I&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for utility and emergency operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Urban flood&quot;},&quot;hydropower&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Inflow forecasts and sediment models for the reservoir&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Forecast skill&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Basin twin trades power, flood storage and river flows&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Release options tested&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Release-rule exercise with operators and downstream users&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Users at the table&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WE&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Common records for releases, flows and fish passage&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Flow records shared&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Basin profile: storage, output and river health&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Basin indicators&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course on multi-purpose reservoir operation&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WE&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Hydropower reservoir&quot;},&quot;drought&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[null,{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;adapt71&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$7.1T&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;net benefits&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;From $1.8T invested in five adaptation areas from 2020 to 2030, water management among them&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;},null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;adapt71&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$7.1T&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;net benefits&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;From $1.8T invested in five adaptation areas from 2020 to 2030, water management among them&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Drought index from rainfall, soil moisture and river flow&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Lead time to trigger&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WF&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Allocation model for irrigation, cooling and drinking water&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Demand met in drought&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$7.1T&quot;},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Early-action exercise with water and agriculture ministries&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days from trigger to 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qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WFB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Drought&quot;},&quot;heatwave&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[null,null,{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;heat&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;1,190&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;deaths avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Estimated after Ahmedabad's heat action plan, the first in South Asia&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Hess et al., J. Environ. Public Health, 2018&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7973519&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;heat&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;1,190&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;deaths avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Estimated after Ahmedabad's heat action plan, the first in South Asia&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Hess et al., J. Environ. Public Health, 2018&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7973519&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Heat-health thresholds from temperature and admissions&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Threshold accuracy&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;H&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Grid peak and river temperature model for the heat season&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Peak hours foreseen&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WE&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Heat action plan exercise with health and grid operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Alert-to-action hours&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;1,190&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared heat-alert levels and response records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Agencies on one 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least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Cascade model of what fails when the grid does&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Dependencies mapped&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Twin of backup fuel, water treatment and cold chains&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours of autonomy&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Black-start exercise across utilities and hospitals&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hours to restore&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Interdependency records shared by operators&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators sharing&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Lifeline resilience profile&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Outage hours a year&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course on interdependent infrastructure&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Operators qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Grid blackout&quot;},&quot;pandemic&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;academy&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;ghrf&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$60B+&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;expected losses a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Expected annual cost of pandemics, against about $4.5B a year to prepare&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21891&quot;},null,null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;ghrf&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$60B+&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;expected losses a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Expected annual cost of pandemics, against about $4.5B a year to prepare&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21891&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Workforce-absence scenarios for essential services&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Scenarios tested&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Continuity board for clinics, grid and logistics&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Services monitored&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Continuity exercise across health, energy and food&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Services kept running&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$60B+&quot;},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared surveillance and continuity records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days to share data&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;H&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;After-action findings on essential services&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Findings acted on&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;EIFH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for continuity managers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Managers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pandemic&quot;},&quot;pollinator&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;pollin&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;crop output at risk a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Annual global crop output that depends on animal pollination&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;IPBES, Assessment report on pollinators, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/assessment-reports\/pollinators&quot;},null,null],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;pollin&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;crop output at risk a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Annual global crop output that depends on animal pollination&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;IPBES, Assessment report on pollinators, 2016&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ipbes.net\/assessment-reports\/pollinators&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Maps of pollinators and the yields that depend on them&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Area mapped&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$235\u2013577B&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Yield and diet-quality model by crop&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Crops modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Landscape mission with farmers and conservation agencies&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Hectares in the mission&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Common biodiversity monitoring records&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Sites reporting&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;B&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Nature and nutrition profile&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Indicators tracked&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FHB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course on nature-dependent farming&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Advisers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;FB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pollinator decline&quot;},&quot;storm-surge&quot;:{&quot;lead&quot;:[&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;reports&quot;],&quot;slots&quot;:[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;disrupt&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;risk&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;a year at least, in infrastructure disruption costs to households and firms in low- and middle-income countries&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;At least, by households and firms in low- and middle-income countries to infrastructure disruptions&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;mangrove&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;avoid&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;$80B&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;flood losses avoided a year&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Coastal flood losses that mangroves already prevent worldwide&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/gca.org\/reports\/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience\/&quot;}],&quot;head&quot;:{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;roi4&quot;,&quot;slot&quot;:&quot;ret&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:&quot;4 : 1&quot;,&quot;k&quot;:&quot;benefit to cost&quot;,&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Net benefit of more resilient infrastructure in developing countries, over the life of the assets&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:&quot;World Bank, Lifelines, 2019&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/31805&quot;},&quot;P&quot;:{&quot;labs&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Surge model with mangrove and dune buffers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Coast modelled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$80B&quot;},&quot;foundry&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Coastal twin of ports, substations and water intakes&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Assets in the twin&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;WEI&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;universe&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Evacuation and port-recovery exercise&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Days to reopen port&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;down&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;standards&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Shared records for coastal assets and defences&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Defences recorded&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null},&quot;reports&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Coastal risk profile, built and natural defences&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Coast profiled&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IB&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:&quot;$390B&quot;},&quot;academy&quot;:{&quot;how&quot;:&quot;Course for port and coastal managers&quot;,&quot;kpi&quot;:&quot;Managers qualified&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;up&quot;,&quot;sec&quot;:&quot;IH&quot;,&quot;bench&quot;:null}},&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Coastal storm surge&quot;}}}\" data-phex-applied=\"heatwave\" data-nduo-pane=\"phex\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span><b class=\"nx-nduo-ab\">B<\/b>Applied response across six pillars<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">10 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 10 of 18 handoffs in play, 5 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-phex-apply\"><p class=\"nx-phex-aphd\"><span>Pillars \u00b7 <b class=\"nx-phex-apn\">Heatwave<\/b><\/span><span>KPI<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-phex-aps\"><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"0\" data-sec=\"H\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">L<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Labs<\/b> Heat-health thresholds from temperature and admissions<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Threshold accuracy <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"1\" data-sec=\"WE\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">F<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Foundry<\/b> Grid peak and river temperature model for the heat season<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Peak hours foreseen <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"2\" data-sec=\"EH\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">U<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Universe<\/b> Heat action plan exercise with health and grid operators<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Alert-to-action hours <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"lower is better\">\u2193<\/span><em class=\"nx-phex-bench\">1,190<\/em><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap\" data-k=\"3\" data-sec=\"EH\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">S<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Standards<\/b> Shared heat-alert levels and response records<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Agencies on one scale <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"4\" data-sec=\"H\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">R<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Reports<\/b> Heat season review of health and power outcomes<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Excess deaths tracked <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-phex-ap nx-phex-lead\" data-k=\"5\" data-sec=\"EHF\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-phex-apl\">A<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-aph\"><b>Academy<\/b> Course for health and utility planners<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-apk\">Planners qualified <span class=\"nx-phex-dir\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"higher is better\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/li><\/ol><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Illustrative applications; the values are published benchmarks, cited in the readout.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><p class=\"nx-nduo-legend\"><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k1\"><\/i>In this context<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k2\"><\/i>Dependence or handoff, heavier is stronger<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-nduo-k3\"><\/i>Outside this context<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-nduo-tlw\" data-phex-for=\"nx-sec-nexus-phex\"><div class=\"nx-phex-phase nx-nduo-tl\" data-phex-tl=\"true\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-read\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\" data-for=\"sig\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Context<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Heatwave<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Cooling demand peaks the grid while rivers warm; heat stress fills hospitals and wilts crops.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Risk<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.43<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-nduo-live\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">Hover a corner, a line or a row to trace it across both sides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy brief<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\" data-for=\"phex\"><div class=\"nx-phex-rhead\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Applied to heatwave<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\"><\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code nx-phex-rhead\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">S<\/span> \u00b7 <span>R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Response<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>10<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>5<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-nduo-grp\">Expected value<\/p><dl class=\"nx-nduo-vals\"><div class=\"nx-nduo-none\"><dt>What is at stake<\/dt><dd><strong>\u2013<\/strong><span>no published benchmark<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"nx-nduo-none\"><dt>Return on resilience<\/dt><dd><strong>\u2013<\/strong><span>no published benchmark<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Avoided loss<\/dt><dd><strong>1,190<\/strong><span>deaths avoided a year<\/span><small><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7973519\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hess et al., J. Environ. Public Health, 2018<\/a><\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">Hover a pillar, a line or a row to read how it is applied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" data-phex-acts-off=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-note\">A: a teaching cascade (shock 0.6, gain 0.35, four rounds) over teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements. B: illustrative applications and the KPI each pillar answers for; values are published benchmarks, cited, not forecasts. Open events: NASA EONET, live.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Climate and Hazards prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National meteorological and hydrological services<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to declare drought conditions or issue heat warnings<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Standard indices against thresholds; propagation status<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries of health and labour<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which heat-health thresholds trigger action plans and work restrictions<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Heat-stress climatologies; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a> day records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Water and agriculture ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to allocate water and plan irrigation under drought<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Soil moisture and streamflow percentiles; drought outlooks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Energy regulators and grid operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to plan for heat-driven demand and drought-reduced supply<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Joint heat and drought evidence by season<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Drought monitoring dashboards built on standard indices, with labels<\/li><li>Heat-stress climatologies for cities and workplaces<\/li><li>Drought propagation analyses from rainfall to groundwater<\/li><li>Hazard evidence notes for sector ministries<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How heat and drought is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"uncertainty-band\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Uncertainty bands<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How far the outlook for heat and drought could spread, shown as ranges rather than a single line.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 240\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Central estimate with likely and very likely ranges for Heat and drought\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"544\" y2=\"206\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"206\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band nx-au-band-w\" d=\"M46 142.1l83-18.8 83-18.8 83-22.6 83-20.7 83-18.8 83-18.8 0 124.1-83 0-83 0-83 1.9-83 3.8-83 0-83 3.7z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band\" d=\"M46 145.8l83-15 83-13.2 83-16.9 83-15 83-13.2 83-13.1 0 52.6-83 5.6-83 5.7-83 7.5-83 9.4-83 5.6-83 7.6z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-ac\" d=\"M46 149.6l83-11.3 83-9.4 83-13.1 83-11.3 83-9.4 83-9.4\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"46\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Now<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"129\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+5<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"212\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+10<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"295\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+15<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"378\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+20<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"461\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+25<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"544\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+30 y<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"36.8\" text-anchor=\"end\">high<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"187.2\" text-anchor=\"end\">low<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"17.64\" text-anchor=\"end\">very likely range<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"73.36\" text-anchor=\"end\">likely range<\/text><\/svg><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Central estimate<\/dt><dd>median of the ensemble<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ranges<\/dt><dd>likely and very likely, in IPCC calibrated language<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ensemble<\/dt><dd>members, scenarios and initial conditions stated<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Read with<\/dt><dd>the sensitivity of the result to each input<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Illustrative ensemble spread on an index scale; the form follows IPCC uncertainty guidance. Not a projection.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The questions concern intensity, duration and coincidence.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How have the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves changed, including night-time heat?<\/li><li>Which type of drought matters for a given decision: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or groundwater?<\/li><li>How do soil moisture and temperature feed back on each other?<\/li><li>How likely are heat and drought to occur together, and over large areas at once?<\/li><li>How do humidity and heat combine to affect the human body?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Heat extremes are increasing as the climate warms, and the increase in extremes is among the clearest signals in the observational record. Persistent high-pressure <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> trap warm air; dry soils then reduce evaporative cooling, so more of the sun&#8217;s energy heats the air, which in turn dries soils further. This land-atmosphere feedback is one reason heat and drought so often coincide.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Drought develops over weeks to years and propagates through the water cycle: a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.meteorological-drought\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"A prolonged shortfall of rain against the local normal, the starting point of every other kind of drought.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">rainfall deficit<\/a> dries soils, then reduces river flow, then depletes reservoirs and groundwater. Higher temperatures increase evaporative demand, so droughts can intensify even where rainfall does not change. Humid heat is particularly dangerous because it limits the body&#8217;s ability to cool through sweating.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Temperature and heat-stress indices<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Heat intensity, duration and humid-heat exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Indices differ, and thresholds for harm vary by population<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Standardised drought indices<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Deficits in precipitation and evaporative balance<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Each index captures a different type of drought<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Soil moisture and vegetation from satellites<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.agricultural-drought\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"Soil moisture too low for crops and pasture during the growing season, cutting yields and herd condition.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">Agricultural drought<\/a> over large areas<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Measures mainly the surface; needs ground validation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Hydrological models<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">River flow, reservoir and groundwater stress<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Water management and abstraction are hard to represent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Multivariate and extreme value statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Joint likelihood of heat and drought<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Short records limit confidence in rare combinations<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/climate-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Climate and atmospheric science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Detection and attribution of change \u00b7 Extreme event attribution \u00b7 Process-based model evaluation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/climate-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Climate and atmospheric science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/extreme-value\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Return level estimation \u00b7 Non-stationary extremes \u00b7 Regional frequency analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/extreme-value\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Extreme value theory and tail risk\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Catchment flood modelling \u00b7 Drought propagation \u00b7 Flood frequency with changing climate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Hydrology and water science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Flood extent mapping \u00b7 Vegetation and drought monitoring \u00b7 Active fire and burned area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Earth observation and remote sensing\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Ensemble forecast interpretation \u00b7 Seasonal outlook use \u00b7 Forecast verification<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Forecasting and time-series analysis\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Drought has no single definition; indices measure different parts of the water cycle and can disagree. Heat-stress indices approximate physiology and do not capture individual vulnerability. Satellite soil moisture senses only the top few centimetres. Thresholds are local, so the same index value means different things in different climates. Climate and Hazards issues no warnings or declarations; national services and governments do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-16-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/library.wmo.int\/idurl\/4\/39629\"><span>Standardized Precipitation Index user guide, WMO-No. 1090 (WMO, 2012)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/\"><span>IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group I (IPCC, 2021)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/library.wmo.int\/\"><span>Heatwaves and Health: guidance on warning-system development, WMO-No. 1142 (WMO and WHO, 2015)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-16-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is the Standardized Precipitation Index?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An index that expresses precipitation over a chosen period as the number of standard deviations from the long-term mean, recommended by WMO for monitoring meteorological drought.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the difference between meteorological and hydrological drought?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Meteorological drought is a rainfall deficit. Hydrological drought is a later shortfall in rivers, lakes and groundwater, which can persist after rain returns.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is wet-bulb globe temperature?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A heat-stress index that combines air temperature, humidity, wind and radiant heat, used in occupational and sports guidance on safe work and rest.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do warm nights matter?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because the body recovers from daytime heat stress at night. When nights stay hot, the cumulative strain rises, particularly for older people and those without cooling.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can it be in drought while it is raining?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes. Hydrological and groundwater drought can persist after rainfall returns, because rivers, reservoirs and aquifers take time to recover.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform declare droughts?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Drought declarations and restrictions are made by competent water and agricultural authorities.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. 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A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-k-global-climate-hazards-topics-heat-and-drought-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-k-global-climate-hazards-topics-heat-and-drought-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-k-global-climate-hazards-topics-heat-and-drought-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/heatwave\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Heatwave<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/heat-drought-wildfire\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Heat, drought and wildfire<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-18\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-18\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. 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