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F5\/s9XCNR1uN\/AxTKs3WvWkdlU7cCiV5Zv5L+e+Iz8kNRstXuIBMKEoNJuW9iBEaiBD7GUrJUA8K54DZlvngEyrwjEkdxY4yR02YTXK5RtRVWEND6RpPmTI+ZAi50O\/cgcSQq4Bw6BQKsFvYE+WbGhpDJOInEljC5g7DH0mjmkzwx5b0QnTmsAs0b9QQYMnwLRFrUoOPbPsfIPzwCkoA6uJ7T8lig+dB0LIiZjRQ3YWOEmJn8WbklDLKd42uTG6\/2PkqThEnuDVQjspPSXyIyCIZ6WHPcxpkjF0PaaaB2cpqGcvpG0b3Gv212tvY2leAhYhsyjMeAgniT1C0rUaJms1Klur4UvWaoRXY8GoRwJNRgXuxaxB4k23GhVQO\/2mo2Z64Omq550LDa\/ghTvUDo\/HqZqTm3mYEQyHMWUfuLY43brM4MYVY+L6QrFEkDAdzsg477r3V6bf\/otKLrzB+gkMQEXuPULGOfR2h9oYUHkXn8YrgJTrT7OdwqmE2hinE2MgElIEgK\/XmxOSKk1P9GSWYi44bewjaZof1cY+isY+po3Neh+Fg+k5FQ1GcBTWtG3V23r9W7OJfzZ+40t4ctwEXUYRimJMrq+d6OnwzmlxfLiOwLjM+72Vp\/tnz6CKsOsOtdvOXjfZ6F31YHuht9408zqVz7JKuvq3QkN5oXEL0bPG+qcXGOtnmWAJqHGyR8gsAfqJRIdZ72TbXP8EopEd+L5QOnzO9GVFA33rMLXQZz9BP\/eUmuEZTpV0clYR\/T6lMTvx3QmnKBeRNcmUgKVftc9S\/fAZdFOZjy0\/06ePyaEj2nE+Gnvq0cgiTdM6ihKoWACVqGf1K07+Yw+p3VMtwitfS4\/2BduSEAYjw6aex0VvU8iDzIiCeZyOYUGa5uIoTMawkCsT9hZ9XjXueX28yj2Wcdox6PY916d8iLmjnyUq5g6A8l1v\/GxjUWUBaAGVSzph4AJKBTMaKdtEIi+AqsCyoi2WxRyFUYGCSrOwEDO2e+Myuev\/f9CTnJdHLTim+EJZ\/FhpPXfcGcLmY4VujblhJhoVC3H7IFhrAg\/KQQFJHzmhmOYs348KaWF8UzzmD9WofBC2FTnQCY0mUp3lk14PibEJv169VFnGbIT7elqSQTGlQ+WTU9WCg3A\/4\/GUNE2aHbhp4mbi92i\/1+orXKmgdCt6P4aWDzZHxfGWN9HsmzlFG5ENm485QEZiRa3n2rdUx1450yGSW\/6Zunl9h1YOnUd51K1XfI+EEOVE1pChDqp9XZz+u8af9Jrr1+gipBGrgUstnaM2kqsbVo5tgLAZ5gZW3m8M3ipVX+qo9nV62Prt36iN3tPFNK51meU7VuTEyQfTysHbw4UXIS6siKVgvmDLgmhOK5XkgvCxnd+HXP4YssaC\/4GdP6w\/SpHgL65hXwhNe+NXvBqS5CFXpPGrNO6Npcq9sQANfP1XaC55l7YqBI16683xtiCDV9AIWAJ5C418ncavm0cp1sBgMynrV30o5BYz+c6CkIyEKJOxKW4t1YXrGFjQ\/84Y+mMFp+OEASCfw4iylYieWQmL+I2Ij7veeiU3CG1EHFCtN5zkFgAfZYDPKhcg33pVCRKrBCReASR\/a0AhFXqafbqiOR+UMlSXWirhOytgUL5LPTqjnnSyxUYcei7T0BolgNky0IlK3ONKrXLwNa4fZEIL2D69IyshlV5yGAqJxWUD0U1DOoL1mqA4lHanBXk\/nQxopIVAU9OdssunJDn4gzsJlb4kcgd1xip6GCxyJxpu0+RcO6yjdg3Vtai36K\/XiAOjhuoLnBx2kbIiNznzTGYOLeg\/mBv29VovBVS5SbTGXR5AX1t21OHsNI13o17b12Ea7dLV4IU30lvDr9L99pTlls42ihMSH81Wd1fC\/Ua0\/ZNUkFWLHLBL\/6kJGVTu0ISEoa1CTThw+HuE\/IRXPxHfZFTzE0vLRo5LTB\/WKHXdlVNUaAmlGuUIoUPfQAY+p7++YBFM8YxApRyoZM9\/a1U1tzWWwuWKpdq72LZC0OwpTVW0tS1A\/i\/hm0LVVLR09CUtZ0iP8u5tCtgTx7YqIsyXpQqzdUmaJc09ONQjybfwLlAFU4b0vxWh06e7bS0AIY+OqO\/UjmsgB8kd09drFZ9YQmhouQlp6FLPkVstERvX62zXSbjkvdgsLaGDLyPsY0IrT5KS\/OS1VEfjEh1V5isAhsCp5wG718bbiqqd9D\/VsC\/qqIHqEch\/De7uArosaKxEwHfcSeZnyU\/QvGQ504fCyuER9FfdTCTvpjawbqkGyQOiyj+WmKfCiMYxWKcSEHSkKwmvUAYFLt\/KQhHGqTVrkw1QMEI\/xwj97eOxPEkNpoxBEIrJi6TmsKZZUiU\/Zl6gjJEgvGVr42WfV94u8CrUFgVTyaay+jatW\/C1WGSWCkYjtF6nL2oIrxbbJoqSTlWTaZi2Wz5dgdGwK8q+0yiyXL8RDIdiX45xpbtIrmziWVIWD6CUy\/yFczvOz+04jqDDfuX4\/e2Nkl\/scXFJE2lFyvqLCmw1owxbCSGjDvdoleLWCIxD5ZqSxFJpiSLpUtzlKKoiZ5mJLMK9tLWD3len3\/vq6Eb\/54OC5JHwBjj9CpFTjifKIkZ0ES4iaqYOpRbOteERLUoESwPhXqsv6JOEvJA+o8wbREdgxpFW5gXxpU2mqVNRJhE9kw\/ydT3RxCUiZp56j7QLAZFbcmGw4MJdUH6CBDEXr27JbTarr6dah2hfndUvG1zXOntfHYxhonrmRHKbwboLDcMRkCT0eUgupCo4VR+3dO2iMcQHoHLmw\/tMWg3+NQzmWqtxq\/8COiP1wLSojzTr58+4PoYx3h61AKhl6s2u3AP56j6gXkVxHrxa7usm2FMYBTaNY9cfSR77GLqx+MUiy6biJ+ei4ueEssi1RWUbgnX76XvwFxJO\/Z0dmmnVwS2iL1BQs0xBXeaGx0+rPX9bP51TBQlHPSk5maVExM1iDWAWpcSLzxgIxB14U28iqoSsUe6OzMYRjceB57SNw9dKFNoSHN2W7MhNR7\/kHqERTXXgLust2VYw2glUPFErnojoKtY7Yf1nJqKooU+fkb3yxj9JPp7xdRHU4iX2Vu4Ss9vPFCeKVWFwW4GE04Z6ukSNtrWpcpUR1Cc9hITE7zX7UtH+PnCoalJ+EuOekSe1ADfoC9dioV+YyTMJfwJDvvh4ndMjNHX1ff2p0n2bKydmuz8fvlLXawwDdYfaEyEkdVXbeOSJb7EnvArVETVTdjcjTXOWGaxnqbF+Bshiy2CGJ7zibwDIZYxOcv9sR6j1q8K8i3UWWtpHwr3TPrcYfq7bQn\/VIfJJeTUfjXSw\/zOjG0+kaT5lMHlKYfKkwuRPvBprfypWLAHOdLEhRENv4vrhK\/1EJONJ3e8UJV09751\/TF4WMXC409tCmES5w0UCkx2BAtz16ojM8OokVyc1sV13Ph5tj\/xn401CnAv1NmPtRHq8y2OKwhQFCR7BaYXbHHZa6JSje9oUnN03mxET+767w2FXQAzp3WLYx\/NG2C5+UXjzRTVD6qrEvdfUW32FvN+SpnmbLdotLNpFStlp7zZbuJJTat7nfL1WywuSJwd+x2eTH\/JnPuT8F4Di54yxlPTJz69MoYB405VRDRYtFRiYNfBoqtCaWCxyF+rJ9hwY1Tk7slIonHNGdU81i\/bOgbPx8+IucaTEL9WDZj121E35n8ekb2qX9TwmvFPlTxGZ9pLxg2NanDC6CyGHQBQI30FX3VsppeNUJm01FYcoGNMDOwqyXcqSbXrGSEB7D6xfNoRICk5cc6POMoYWY3Z0ls4yTlt0KTljvZiVnoBFU0JkcWnHpUcXacCMrKUqsKXzIa0Mf9gRoZeM9RHG+siOvHT2j3ysp1TzaO8xWYYpI8gH845BJwPqgPfvhKKMctxmsRjlAczJmGhjHIDfs+6r8ogwBbKcKVCa9Xu0r2R8Wa\/hRWp9L90KQvTwpeQBvgvtSPcXlIsc2yHwMZelcpH4W8S95JTKAaCzxGHUB79oPhUwveofYEbw+OkHI3TtwAuiRmxD8+2aY0WPONEDcicfRkRAVAb6KR9\/4lgGigBeoPOp8ymJ6u0gaAi1kcedL9O\/SiDbd+45fQ0WHy6UMSxalBbiqYyurAKRWRVMIuHk48oSE2FyFnI6zx4ymDrOcoGSEVAl2EYIDxoP4eRz6oi5iFba\/J34jXP1LMfJVcrKtdUG5GGhZGsO5ECFY3\/pXJIiMFk15BtigYSWIh0Azn0sjFPOv8HHKOCHTc7tq2pJqJRVVF1n+BJzdJerCrt2pzkeLOawqXbuAGkP42Vht1UQI16+wYLRyKO1VDO3wy2He+XsVCxCgZK1EgsFrvlbih2O5vm0G8+5lQPVa8vJrhzKLNdri5RRbLNJHca9ZP\/\/IU4u0MUfRHGk9LosiKwRR64rRifaNKUdDK9ELRAO\/oAdIPZnh\/8WGMt\/ilBONY7yj+ycdFkepa2CXXLIq1zyp3v+qTsO5r7wVkx113tXDK+KruAyaFg4g++i9ZKSzV0gQZFeM2xv0Nh6KVFWvOErp9eM0JVIDM\/yG8I5S03i9AdOlVEAng9L8L2JQ88C52Ofp0lA7iQMImbxQ4VgZA6tzLDBV5qLbTRK2OU4TdWRQuWy46RM+TLnoHP5o2MyL9Nl37vs7F2xzp5D83GyPK1WRQD+mEZB7ZhrbKTjMWhtIF1CmVhqU5\/u\/tpwwV+2skxkTXiXoJOoKEOLg+HRywyvblhZriY1LZO+f+S4sxonasK\/RkXcGrdPo1EUTENU42TAswaQnuQkDKkVWb5Na8FQBA2F1oii4yNBY2qAtSQxBdRSApFssppKU4gkFMfX8O3o64Go9nxbfJOWN\/XWih5\/oCW+x8tb6vL0NkpbXw8cd3a8D3h0w57f\/Pzwcdm5YhXomy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\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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-npedvp7u.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Climate and Hazards<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Wildfire and land<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a> needs fuel, dry weather and ignition. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate change<\/a> lengthens fire seasons and dries fuels, while land use, fire suppression and settlement at the forest edge change what burns and who is exposed. This page sets out how fire regimes form and shift, how <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.fire-weather-extreme\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"Hot, dry and windy conditions over dry fuels in which any ignition spreads fast and suppression fails.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">fire danger<\/a> and burned area are measured, and what evidence serves the agencies that manage land, fire and smoke.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Wildfire and land on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"console\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Wildfire and land: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Fire weather, fuels and landscapes. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Weather dries the fuel<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heat, low humidity, wind and lack of rain dry vegetation. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.fire-weather-extreme\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"Hot, dry and windy conditions over dry fuels in which any ignition spreads fast and suppression fails.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Fire danger<\/a> rating <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> track this drying in fuel layers of different depth, from fine litter to deep organic soil.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M10 20c5.5-2.5.8-6.4 3-10\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 9.4c1.1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.7-2 .4-3.5.4-4.8-.3-1.2-.6-2.3-1.9-3-4.2 2.8-.5 4.4 0 5.5.8z\"\/><path d=\"M14.1 6a7 7 0 0 0-1.1 4c1.9-.1 3.3-.6 4.3-1.4 1-1 1.6-2.3 1.7-4.6-2.7.1-4 1-4.9 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Fuel builds up or disappears<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Vegetation growth, past fires, grazing, fire suppression and land abandonment change how much fuel is available and how continuous it is across a landscape.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">People ignite and are exposed<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Most ignitions in many regions are human, from land clearing, machinery, power lines or arson. Expansion of homes into wildland raises both ignitions and exposure.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Fires reach far beyond the perimeter<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Smoke harms health across regions, burned slopes erode and flood, water supplies are contaminated, and power lines are cut or deliberately de-energised to prevent ignition.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Climate signals worldwide.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Active fires, daytime surface heat and rain across the world, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"world:climate\" data-ml-points=\"on\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"climate\" data-ml-plan=\"p-7ed6881d\" data-ml-view=\"globe\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:climate\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.energy.fires gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.imerg gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.biodiversity.ssta ev.eonet r.dist r.hls f.era5 r.airt r.dswxs1 r.co f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-climate\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-climate\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-180,-58,180,84\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Climate signals, the world: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"fires||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Fires and flaring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"imerg||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Rain now<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Climate signals, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"fires\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-breaks=\"10,50,200\" data-wm-short=\"Fires and flares\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Active fires and thermal anomalies<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"MW\">Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"fires\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.fires\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE FIRMS<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"imerg\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Precipitation\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite estimate, near real time\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Precipitation rate, daily mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC GPM IMERG \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"imerg\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.imerg\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite estimate, near real time<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis of how far sea temperature departs from its usual value for the date shown; a marine heat indicator, not a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.coral-bleaching\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Corals expelling their algal partners under heat stress, turning white and often dying, with loss of reef fisheries and shore protection.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">coral bleaching<\/a> alert.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" 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data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Climate signals, framed on the world.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.firms\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gpm.imerg\">GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (22 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/wildfire-and-land\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Climate and Hazards live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Twin and cascade simulator, Indicators, Methods and evidence\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Twin and cascade simulator, Indicators, Methods and evidence\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Across the domains<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods and evidence<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Wildfire links land, air and power systems.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/forest-and-landscapes\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Biodiversity<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Fire regimes are shifting with heat, drought and land use.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Burned area against the historical range<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Smoke carries fine particulates far from the fire.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Smoke exposure days<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Power lines can ignite fires, and fire-weather shutoffs cut supply.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Shutoff events and ignitions<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a> analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/observatory-signal\/\">Observatory Signal series<\/a>. UNEP&#8217;s report of 2022 on extraordinary landscape fires sets the global context; burned area and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.fire-weather-extreme\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"Hot, dry and windy conditions over dry fuels in which any ignition spreads fast and suppression fails.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">fire danger<\/a> come from satellite and national <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Fire perimeter and ignition records.<\/li><li>Smoke health studies with exposure data.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model wildfire and land as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-wildfire-and-land-G-P02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.coastal-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater overtopping or breaching the shoreline and flooding land, from surge, waves, high tides or a raised sea level.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Coastal flood<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Storm surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>High-tide flooding (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal erosion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Estuary flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Wetland loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mangrove loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Groundwater flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/financial-and-economic-risk-standards\/\">Financial and economic risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-adaptation-and-transition-risk\/\">Climate adaptation and transition risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NS-14<\/code> Conformance and crosswalk to external standards<\/li><li><code>NRS-H65<\/code> Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H62<\/code> Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H71<\/code> Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H79<\/code> Hazard family: Mental health crises (NHS-1 health.mental)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H75<\/code> Hazard family: Climate-sensitive illness (NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H7<\/code> Hazard family: Large-scale circulation anomalies (NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CMIP6 climate projections (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)<\/li><li>INFORM Risk Index (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population<\/li><li>Total greenhouse gas emissions per year<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Fire Weather Index<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">dimensionless index<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Canadian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Forest Fire<\/a> Weather Index System computed from weather data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Active fire detections<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of detections<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite thermal anomaly products<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Burned area<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hectares<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly and annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite burned area products<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Fire radiative power<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatts<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per detection<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite thermal sensors<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Fire season length<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">days above a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.fire-weather-extreme\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"Hot, dry and windy conditions over dry fuels in which any ignition spreads fast and suppression fails.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">fire danger<\/a> threshold<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Fire danger reanalysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population at the wildland-urban interface<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">people<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Settlement and land-cover data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Smoke fine particulate exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">micrograms per cubic metre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Air quality monitors and atmospheric models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/wildfire-and-land\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How wildfire and land is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"uncertainty-band\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Uncertainty bands<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How far the outlook for wildfire and land could spread, shown as ranges rather than a single line.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 240\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Central estimate with likely and very likely ranges for Wildfire and land\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"544\" y2=\"206\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"46\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"206\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band nx-au-band-w\" d=\"M46 142.1l83-18.8 83-18.8 83-22.6 83-20.7 83-18.8 83-18.8 0 124.1-83 0-83 0-83 1.9-83 3.8-83 0-83 3.7z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-band\" d=\"M46 145.8l83-15 83-13.2 83-16.9 83-15 83-13.2 83-13.1 0 52.6-83 5.6-83 5.7-83 7.5-83 9.4-83 5.6-83 7.6z\"\/><path class=\"nx-au-ac\" d=\"M46 149.6l83-11.3 83-9.4 83-13.1 83-11.3 83-9.4 83-9.4\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"46\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Now<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"129\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+5<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"212\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+10<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"295\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+15<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"378\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+20<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"461\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+25<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"544\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+30 y<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"36.8\" text-anchor=\"end\">high<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"40\" y=\"187.2\" text-anchor=\"end\">low<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"17.64\" text-anchor=\"end\">very likely range<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"540\" y=\"73.36\" text-anchor=\"end\">likely range<\/text><\/svg><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Central estimate<\/dt><dd>median of the ensemble<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ranges<\/dt><dd>likely and very likely, in IPCC calibrated language<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Ensemble<\/dt><dd>members, scenarios and initial conditions stated<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Read with<\/dt><dd>the sensitivity of the result to each input<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Illustrative ensemble spread on an index scale; the form follows IPCC uncertainty guidance. Not a projection.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Sources, Decisions, Core questions, Mechanisms\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Decisions, Core questions, Mechanisms\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Mechanisms<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Near-real-time active fire detections from MODIS and VIIRS<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, NASA data policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">European <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Forest Fire<\/a> Information System and Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a> Information System (Copernicus, JRC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.fire-weather-extreme\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"Hot, dry and windy conditions over dry fuels in which any ignition spreads fast and suppression fails.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Fire danger<\/a> forecasts and burned area mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, Copernicus and JRC terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">MODIS burned area product (MCD64A1)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Global monthly burned area<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, NASA data policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service global fire assimilation system<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Fire emissions and smoke forecasts<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, Copernicus terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus fire danger indices historical data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Reanalysis of fire weather indices<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National fire incident databases<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Ignition causes, perimeters and suppression records<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Licence per agency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P02\/topics\/wildfire-and-land\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Climate and Hazards prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Forest and fire management agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where and when to conduct prescribed burning and fuel treatment<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Fire weather climatologies; fuel and burned area history<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Spatial planning and building authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which areas need building standards or limits for <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Interface exposure maps; fire regime evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Public health agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to advise on smoke exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Smoke forecasts and monitor data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Electricity utilities and regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When power line de-energisation is justified to prevent ignition<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Fire weather forecasts and asset exposure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Fire weather climatologies and trends, with the reference period stated<\/li><li>Burned area and fire regime analyses by land cover<\/li><li>Wildland-urban interface exposure maps<\/li><li>Post-fire cascade notes covering erosion, water and smoke<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Fire questions combine weather, vegetation and people.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How are fire-weather conditions, such as heat, low humidity and wind, changing in frequency and season length?<\/li><li>How dry and how continuous are fuels across a landscape?<\/li><li>Where do settlements and infrastructure meet flammable vegetation?<\/li><li>How do fire regimes differ between ecosystems, and which fires are ecologically normal?<\/li><li>What happens after fire, from smoke exposure to erosion and water contamination?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Hot, dry and windy weather dries fuels and drives fire spread. As temperatures rise, evaporative demand increases and fuels dry faster, lengthening fire seasons in many regions. Extreme fires can create their own weather, generating strong winds and lofting embers far ahead of the front.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Fuel load and structure depend on vegetation type, past fire, grazing, forestry and land abandonment. Fire is a natural and necessary process in many ecosystems, and long suppression can allow fuels to accumulate. Most damage to buildings comes from embers igniting materials near or on structures, which is why the area where homes meet vegetation is central to risk.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-label=\"Methods and data, Methods, Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Methods and data, Methods, Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-15-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Fire-weather indices<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">How weather conditions favour ignition and spread<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Describe potential, not whether fire will occur<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Satellite active-fire and burned-area products<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Where and when fires burn<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Small or understorey fires can be missed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Fuel mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Fuel type, load and continuity<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Changes quickly and is hard to map at fine scale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Fire spread and behaviour models<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">How a fire may move under given conditions<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Sensitive to wind and fuel inputs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Fire history and paleo records<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Long-term fire regimes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Local and incomplete, with dating uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Flood extent mapping \u00b7 Vegetation and drought monitoring \u00b7 Active fire and burned area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Earth observation and remote sensing\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/climate-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Climate and atmospheric science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Detection and attribution of change \u00b7 Extreme event attribution \u00b7 Process-based model evaluation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/climate-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Climate and atmospheric science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Interpolating station data \u00b7 Merging satellite and gauge data \u00b7 Spatial clustering of events<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Spatial statistics and geostatistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Ensemble forecast interpretation \u00b7 Seasonal outlook use \u00b7 Forecast verification<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Forecasting and time-series analysis\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/stem\/extreme-value\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Return level estimation \u00b7 Non-stationary extremes \u00b7 Regional frequency analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/extreme-value\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Extreme value theory and tail risk\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.fire-weather-extreme\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"Hot, dry and windy conditions over dry fuels in which any ignition spreads fast and suppression fails.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Fire danger<\/a> indices describe weather conditions for fire, not whether a fire will start or how it will behave in a given fuel. Satellites miss small and short fires and fires under cloud or canopy. Burned area products differ in their thresholds. Ignition cause data are incomplete. Climate and Hazards does not manage fires or issue fire danger ratings; fire agencies do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/spreading-wildfire-rising-threat-extraordinary-landscape-fires\"><span>Spreading like Wildfire: the rising threat of extraordinary landscape fires (UNEP and GRID-Arendal, 2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu\/\"><span>European Forest Fire Information System and Global Wildfire Information System (Copernicus)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/\"><span>IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group I (IPCC, 2021)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is the Fire Weather Index?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A component of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System that combines fuel moisture codes and wind to rate potential fire intensity, now used in many countries.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is climate change causing more wildfires?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It increases fire weather in many regions, according to IPCC assessments, but burned area also depends on fuel, land use, ignitions and suppression, so trends differ between regions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the wildland-urban interface?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Areas where homes and other buildings meet or mix with undeveloped wildland vegetation, where exposure to wildfire is high.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is all wildfire harmful?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Many ecosystems depend on periodic fire. The concern is fire that is more frequent, larger or more severe than an ecosystem can recover from, and fire that reaches people and infrastructure.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a high fire-danger rating mean a fire will happen?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It indicates that conditions would favour ignition and spread. Whether a fire occurs also depends on ignition and fuel.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform issue fire danger ratings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Ratings are issued by competent fire and meteorological authorities.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Observatory Signal<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Scenario and Stress-Test<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/climate-hazards\/topics\/wildfire-and-land#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper--global-climate-hazards-topics-wildfire-and-land-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper--global-climate-hazards-topics-wildfire-and-land-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper--global-climate-hazards-topics-wildfire-and-land-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/decision-rights#the-nexus-standards-decision-rights\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Decision rights<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/heat-drought-wildfire\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Heat, drought and wildfire<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. 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