{"id":82,"date":"2026-10-16T09:16:48","date_gmt":"2026-10-16T09:16:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/?page_id=82"},"modified":"2026-10-16T20:27:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T20:27:21","slug":"interdependency-and-cascade","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/","title":{"rendered":"Interdependency and cascade"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-data\" 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8MWYKZoJyzJphhtgEo9uy\/wAqzj+0+WAimuN9n7cPD9WxLAG9zrJXvBZvbOS\/86hWjrnB1SPucysgR1gvy4bLZOnZBm3Z0HUrN\/SN3LyYBc+hhw4CE8chxWnWJm06rITFuOgf5uxjvxZ2EJY3KCpNmDLWZZbzwqk2YLKvPASbDhbf5NibDpRc0NqEiL67YvuFOm++aBKwqHSdM0ndkxozKRYbZ74Kt1uSMueSbDTamebQbTnYW2rZFG782ZQk7oJZWeyNaKMVllD2JBR95LZoFz2+tn\/1MayUHUwiCGRfpJGyAmjvhCcJk+SRM1jPCHStHjaP0bRhz7Tz1ijJxcoQfHsQ\/QiBLxvenrNW9P2H7uTaaUlgEu19bJbzXg9j1YIQIGnD\/bmTkScM4pBBBxvRHfWKArCZhY\/4FhK3MIJQE59U2iKnNQQaxCnbAyOguhwj5HSQXoKEMw90TGcswRATBj\/E\/QKQyiOcFsKl8EngsR+MQOEMBH0r9JDT3fRHp7a77nQFb8UR6khiLdmIMm+5KBlmRyoDoSZo\/6UlKxELnjyDOzHvGqWaN33CqbcEo7hBvMJ4jKIA\/yPrIO8Km8IS3AJRr+Z3MLDKH4mMc6\/dxAETx5kmOGcgZwuS3J9tTvQwFwuTLP\/Tw8R\/a3z3ZDrRx8+O3wUwRC8uyI\/Ba+mnacRR4gfP3ukUHY8EDTwlMeZKIKHgzlmHg\/IY7b6yb5j14j8ssDdT5+LjeMgFoSjdoiyvJG2MZBCJCBMGWIdx59\/h9s1+o827rdRWHAk6O0UrMm7YvZvJIYiqjVCj9WgxjJZw3JLa+J7MAvN38kbwxIYlbOQhlNDJR7Mp631lecsV2sof5pDGMfZhDLuoJslG1kvVg8lawXu8KTJwrsB1J76rX7p9ARRdK9f0j14MCuert9\/t9M+C0dLhyYRPOhkV62dAuND+51zyxPlo5BDVL0kBo7o+dC+FgvBZbyMv4GrADHobAoYxjO925OoilIWJEe0fY\/YGAClViEs+Eg\/LUHIQ7Wi1X07wBr23kKcKr9ZuisvOlLH4si+\/K4k3ZgenP6H4JveaJY0wlLiOhvDfEUJN3+\/Cwyn37xySNp8q3cUWTm5N6vf6aDID7pt5bQYZSvzYPNya0k3qrhAeBjEZe+2BNeLZ4GUdAHioOMwHlxxCx5FrOxDuRZpF4kGpDHojzKbTEkfe663qtQ5ckUvvjL1KPP8aG19g+JnzxARq8Vy6xqlWmNRUoh9kokQo1E+eKz2U0em2cP5afrSv4hOOQaQfrKYUQlTChmzLCE5njMuuasb2IWsRcBlnFi4iaNzJltDnjoQy4fhALmAEg88Hi7yHhMtLwEE91U9r4pI01O1kfdCLSlI8grcRMbL0G\/vA49jYXg1GYBUrDGGQeFzYsX57zCxNY4KoWsalRLEWkhXIwUfbZbp6DScgKr\/f+kVt6w6nbIgogL3iqHdww5S8waVxEIVZhHHkRDaMRCbmGEtdk7oUk9YCvSRHpL6DuNsOKwiQF4DQ3+aJHDtUAYpt19H9R3Ym6EQ1jU47oWHoIVQPXt8KJiCpjm1TxefePerTtGVX\/6BmNcs9oNWUPxgSZmPlqvWYTZmQFqfUXexG9w9YafLwMZVvMajd7ruTYfIcVkJCM8WoKG31rDpdZViekMmBRJ8xOHIs6BuQKTpMDr5TdvBd5P2SOV9BplgKgeKqFQsS613q3wlEkxH3zfCvvhTFcJnxxH8cT78+eMnhYb79tz6y3mslUDmQIWWfjNTHn2VtlUA0g4EaQUTDKSXi9JvOqfZdNtNy0E9XtIchmU0kcgnwiPaN5cauRwcRQn0QkJIq4fe8ZsIq4AN8vR\/0ItHBOh7G64NUAvjKkbcjBYlWZrKLVFPj3B1jeB5tgsTQtRIGl+KsT9FSv3e9jQ595B9nOGRUSzgaGQBnEiYws2Q1CTbg9FKkDO2ODDwRlBxdy1YwP1hBxTUa1n8rpVrpSYthA9chMe3dLZRjrsDRHOSqO5zQMt09oH6\/XBgu3d0tnhdK7ZaZher86AU3vlpigcazkfRxVG8b8XmCChvHoidpMfR+EIgqQ1yo7gcas1iVmvLwlq6XHBHE9idNkLJTIa59xHFxC2+SAUPeYvCJuv2qe+rrgkRnyFQtsOBF8uHmxVRbb\/ZN9160SIqjUuYViqaY0U9CaZNsFAtbB1EqCngse7zWmMsB5TO272TE5GaEnSPeP+lfxBN0eP4dgs2j986iW5M0pJBplbQ3aPiwaBgoslEikaWPCF8hTXXp86LUyiojw6n3loJOoPNUEmUmB9r62i87sqWwJIxF\/TyFpyUSx\/3Z6fVwsb2iMn3wFxv6KE+5LvUQe\/Rnkuu3R+Nk2UGKrMlQuHx6sI8hrNsGRuHHwN1Fs+DooNchYw0pOwYOX4X3ZbbW976KYXmGUPWsDShMO7N2RyNFM9w8NFrPD8phr+YYN+DTRaXfHtQmTipjm1nSG4gaq+\/TuOTj2pfLD563AgjYUD+Q0RV6bHpC8rkL9ik9MuFr09vsmzQd85TWzAjA5MjXqz55vZE9xcPIp+0RSLScCImk+JnYOOectKSez\/XcucCQcSc9NbkC5TnMxoFiKsfWNZw559Ciz\/YuzFQtnnxwS+sqMawfMXQk\/GtHCPGvM4x1jHpAjQo8rYxa+iWfs4w\/GevXU+g5x1hJwyK1WfIm83j6BkIUNRQKvDDNRBOUxCyFGkxmm3X2vTQ\/JfLOS\/nzohZVAD3116NHDwxyNRkaFTzC9irgKfyiudjPGn3ohpFI+Yo9bPLCKh3G9ZZQo8kwGqUTKJwnYushDIHpEqhGccsiq3PIfW8IdZpaCXxigj5SDbJuN4Dau1pFwfJpVY\/xIm7ActAT\/DcBNJcadRDs+7nwT5gZAKfvegU50ZsPew42rVlHVcWm4OSjkLxgzijlegVIKGtX6hywKerpmVUq+YBuUPGIXsJ2+JeSKEnaNK5hJTW08LTWx60yCGJ6EiE\/jqFvIlIxHAYoeqXDXxPLMnEcV2759DqppQD7NarGZpxnNdJMz2G+OTy6qTC2OuoveNaT0jnIYeGajjW273lL+oBPDHq2vjJWoJNfbWqqfq6hbmPE3MXP9GC3rdUeVikZKM1cyzmqtsH7xqB6INGOwqQ3T5i27awE+u6iVUlMoRsg52Fa9eSO7kJVSW8rbrMszpZk\/GpwdmYPqRQ5qkBYyQf+eCrW8FZDtD+Eeaq\/3WG8EwmTMnGyqlgizWRQPdtwuqv21eP2q9tfi7OfaTSKiW62E0Nc8qYHRbVwMsUprzs354AqT2kzy2rvL17fIQ4jMWYG+vB+4Tlaz98lqzvuz2zMMkHCcQrwKN3yIG09UiSTkvnCatb+mrjt4ZX741px6\/7aN\/T0ng6qO95cZ8C+Muz81CUL4cZ+7oC1sfVyfr4FxdIqUv4J9fHYyt8iLs\/yUn1Wzh98Jsu\/i9dq+ySrZrJbF9Po\/0HCsXfZCAS2ZrVGGcLMiaA0bDCssshgVvbNJRQWjUdgmBxQWJ6QGhBSCrt0XIY3v8tlHNtte0XQcK11HXi2Ka9lG1oaxqkGvAdfiE4TnFC5JPqQQu93VA6rbtnoGY1LKUQ1kFfLsbwq3bmqBDGpRrGthzANSUwLi9UENEivHogb+1Bq48aza827jwETZ7Z1Oreq5fRFlYf116RAa6tz0Niy9QKh1m2TFKm5rs1gGNXdtBX2J0giTeekzyp0nlmn6QoaWVf0ZxxMHY3O7I1ZOZ37K3M680bAHwGdz4YBJP8fkOovbR7B5TVQfm79z89eny+x3YfhvGePNItFmNyJyTeWiV8zpmo7zrFEbtPPpcLl3TccY713Teb0COH8EuAAQbJjx9h2DULBVBaOBtv4nm4NzfnFtsVhkmEb49Hj\/8U2FsMxtbZei5ruozmMLhcC55uC7iUgI2M\/yH6xONM5wNKYL4me4nFtpVSYt00mJHn8bPWNAj2\/Q41fR42+jZwzo8Q161oaqRG\/exyvzw25gR8d0ScZ08TiJ3V5cqBlQkzkm8OqzgJ\/1mjwBV6bcG+QViL8qvEj2bGYbkYeix3myCULey5Okll2BfVkP6y\/hAig6PUkTHm3W36HTi1DMjJp38lcTAHaBzdDpy7qkw4l2xsQF2p0U0H81k1NktjjdTvP+bHyeUJ3Jd+M0veKazhVPjBdW0gQst08ycZTxoyoAwTn3ClllKZUbsHY+IddXcWRZU+XlOsomJanh+tB5WL8SVSBS9oYw6UV2GnRB8tKyX705qmEhO9fQkRALSiDjYmMBP5bNcPV2EAdLI513zywxQWjgtN1xzq7DLO50FnznEAD95dP1lYMGJgoFniFwj5qteAuiprzTaKb\/cYOFItQxQE5E\/Xhqc6UeHnp9vFMwvbVcfhV5xiUIDnDjFgT\/N7gFyb3r9egxadEj0qZHZJ8e9XsKQlEPD\/v0iNy3vAPaJomSHtSSOxkFcFEYBgZ1lieeay5zwnSk\/o\/nonoH\/S6MdMr2xX63TdvevmefD83zsbc1rZbbKDjAISmSLuAdYEV1x3Tpem2cT94q4jwxg5nJv6Up3JUtJ1tx+SqaKNkI4a+B3LUye2aejP4mHE5EuDNEisBjvjP3AGaLiKLwi5+E8nmCSBaXUdTnCQbY6oFRFLzy1SCpoiJkYUfROTRmsnfPsUNZ29fub\/cVPfCO6D6utw46io5Z66jzcSNEGuIsY\/ZOsMqdsW9Z2PJOZObj2+JGZ6bX3AlmLsOk+iySE8PH3io+EVUmbPrcYfBVxA1RbCN0Q8Li+RebSjaGG6ZzNqVa8SgdxmpCfHLNKgk8huQvngzymjAoBrSMwnggEBlthag+lIlBI2AHe9eYvLd1fpwWdUax8Jnb8U9ybHT8PAPqjr3t+X1yyXK1vhudsjt673ajkzt637KMxP4FlFx2L3Lecsk+7BUTuMsGq7\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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2ra6qha.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G-P04 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 interdependency-and-cascade<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Critical Infrastructure<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Critical Infrastructure<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Interdependency and cascade<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Infrastructure systems depend on each other: power runs water pumps and telecommunications, telecommunications control the grid, fuel needs both, and all need transport and staff. A failure in one can cascade into others, and restoration must follow the same dependencies. This page sets out how interdependencies arise and cascade, how they are mapped and modelled, and what evidence serves those who plan for multi-system failure.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">G-P04 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 In development \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Infrastructure exposure in Western\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Interdependency and cascade: how the\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Infrastructure interdependency is the relationship by which the state of one infrastructure system affects others, through physical, cyber, geographic or logical links. It lets a failure in power, communications or transport cascade into other lifelines, and it makes restoration depend on the same links.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Infrastructure exposure in Western Europe.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">For interdependency and cascade, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on night lights, true-colour imagery and population density, framed on Western Europe; 3 further NASA layers wait in the list.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"western-europe:infrastructure\" data-ml-src=\"infrastructure\" data-ml-plan=\"p-23c4c686\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-infrastructure\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-infrastructure\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-6,42,17,55.5\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Infrastructure exposure, Western Europe: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lights and people<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Infrastructure exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"evi\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Vegetation (EVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra EVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"evi\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" 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aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" 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data-wm-xt=\"nD8AHC9C+3M3ObZpd9R\/Lxb2bo29sfEuijTslQu3cAY=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div 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class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>For interdependency and cascade, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on night lights, true-colour imagery and population density, framed on Western Europe; 3 further NASA layers wait in the list.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 GDACS \u00b7 Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li>Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, \u00a9 MapLibre contributors.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not official warnings.<\/li><li>Live: GDACS (EC JRC \/ UN OCHA) Events are indicative, not official warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P04\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Critical Infrastructure live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Interdependency and cascade: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Shared failure points and restoration sequence. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4 14a1 1 0 0 1-.78-1.63l9.9-10.2a.5.5 0 0 1 .86.46l-1.92 6.02A1 1 0 0 0 13 10h7a1 1 0 0 1 .78 1.63l-9.9 10.2a.5.5 0 0 1-.86-.46l1.92-6.02A1 1 0 0 0 11 14z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Physical dependency<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">One system needs a physical output of another, as pumps need electricity and generators need fuel. When the supply stops, the dependent system stops once its buffer runs out.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4.9 19.1C1 15.2 1 8.8 4.9 4.9\"\/><path d=\"M7.8 16.2c-2.3-2.3-2.3-6.1 0-8.5\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M16.2 7.8c2.3 2.3 2.3 6.1 0 8.5\"\/><path d=\"M19.1 4.9C23 8.8 23 15.1 19.1 19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cyber dependency<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Control systems, billing and coordination depend on data networks. Communications failure can stop operations even when physical equipment is undamaged.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.106 5.553a2 2 0 0 0 1.788 0l3.659-1.83A1 1 0 0 1 21 4.619v12.764a1 1 0 0 1-.553.894l-4.553 2.277a2 2 0 0 1-1.788 0l-4.212-2.106a2 2 0 0 0-1.788 0l-3.659 1.83A1 1 0 0 1 3 19.381V6.618a1 1 0 0 1 .553-.894l4.553-2.277a2 2 0 0 1 1.788 0z\"\/><path d=\"M15 5.76v15\"\/><path d=\"M9 3.24v15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Geographic dependency<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Systems share corridors, bridges, tunnels and sites. One flood, fire or earthquake damages several at once, removing the redundancy that separate systems seemed to offer.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"19\" cy=\"5\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"19\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M10.4 21.9a10 10 0 0 0 9.941-15.416\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 2.1a10 10 0 0 0-9.841 15.416\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Restoration interlocks<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Repairing power needs communications and road access; restoring communications needs power. Restoration plans that ignore these loops stall.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Physical dependency<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A dependency in which one system needs a material output of another, such as electricity.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Geographic dependency<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Exposure of several systems to the same local event because they share a location.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Infrastructure stress test<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">An analysis that applies hazard scenarios to mapped systems to see which services fail and for how long.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Mapped interdependencies between sectors<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of documented dependencies<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Dependency inventories<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Co-located critical assets<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of sites hosting several sectors<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Geospatial analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Buffer time by dependency<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hours<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per asset class<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator continuity data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Services affected per initiating failure<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of dependent services<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per scenario<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Interdependency models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Joint restoration exercises held<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Exercise records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Multi-sector incidents<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of incidents affecting more than one sector<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Incident databases<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P04\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Interdependency and cascade as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g-p04-topics-interdependency-and-cascade--t nx-dag-g-p04-topics-interdependency-and-cascade--d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g-p04-topics-interdependency-and-cascade--t\">Interdependency and cascade: a cascade across interdependent systems<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g-p04-topics-interdependency-and-cascade--d\">A hazard hits one system; dependencies carry the failure into others; impact grows until buffers, redundancy or restoration priorities stop it; the analysis ranks the links to strengthen. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UNDRR Principles for Resilient Infrastructure and stress test methodology<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Approach for national infrastructure stress testing<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, UN terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">CDRI Global Infrastructure Resilience report<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Cross-sector infrastructure risk analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms to check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National critical infrastructure strategies and sector plans<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Sector definitions and dependency analyses<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, licence per government<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Post-event reports on multi-system failures<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Documented cascades across lifelines<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per publisher<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OpenStreetMap infrastructure layers<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Locations of power, water, telecom and transport assets<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, ODbL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P04\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Critical Infrastructure prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National critical infrastructure coordinators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which interdependencies need joint planning and oversight<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Dependency maps; cascade scenarios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Sector operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which upstream dependencies to secure with backup or contracts<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Buffer times; co-location analyses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Emergency management agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to coordinate restoration across sectors<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Joint restoration studies; exercise results<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Cross-sector dependency maps at national or city scale<\/li><li>Co-location analyses of shared corridors and sites<\/li><li>Cascade scenarios with buffer timing<\/li><li>Joint restoration sequencing studies<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Where are the shared failure points that many services depend on without knowing it?<\/li><li>How do cascades grow, and what stops them?<\/li><li>How do restoration dependencies create deadlocks, where each system waits for another?<\/li><li>How much does the timing of failures matter compared with their scale?<\/li><li>What evidence from past events can calibrate cascade models?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and failure pathways.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Research on interdependent networks has shown that coupling can make systems more fragile than either would be alone: a small failure in one network can trigger disproportionate failure in another. Real cascades combine physical, cyber, geographic and logical dependencies, described on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/field\/interdependencies\/\">dependencies and consequences<\/a>. Time is critical: many dependencies are buffered by storage or backup, so cascades often unfold in waves as each buffer is exhausted.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Restoration has its own dependency structure. Power restoration needs communications and access; communications restoration needs power; road clearance needs fuel. Without coordination, operators can each wait for the others. Restoration science therefore treats recovery as a scheduling problem across systems, with limited crews, parts and fuel.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Systemic risk in a broader sense is studied at <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/risk-management\/\">Systemic Risk Management<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Network models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Coupled network models from <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/network-science\/\">network science and contagion<\/a> explore how failures propagate between systems.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System-of-systems simulation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Agent-based and input-output models from <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/systems-engineering\/\">systems engineering<\/a> represent operators, buffers and timing.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Restoration optimization<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Scheduling methods from <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/optimization\/\">optimization and operations research<\/a> explore restoration orders under resource constraints.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Cascade models are sensitive to dependency data that is often missing or confidential. Abstract network models can overstate or understate fragility, and real behaviour depends on human decisions in the moment.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/network-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Network science and contagion<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Critical node and link analysis \u00b7 Interdependent network models \u00b7 Redundancy assessment<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/network-science\/\" aria-label=\"Network science and contagion: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/systems-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Resilience requirements \u00b7 Interface mapping \u00b7 Verification across the life cycle<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/systems-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Systems engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/resilience-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Reliability and resilience engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Resilience metrics for lifelines \u00b7 Reliability analysis of networks \u00b7 Restoration planning<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/resilience-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Reliability and resilience engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimization and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Resilience investment portfolios \u00b7 Restoration scheduling \u00b7 Network design under uncertainty<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Optimization and operations research: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/stem\/sensing-iot\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Sensors, IoT and observation networks<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Structural health monitoring \u00b7 Leak and pressure monitoring \u00b7 Grid sensing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/sensing-iot\/\" aria-label=\"Sensors, IoT and observation networks: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Operators share dependency data reluctantly, so maps are incomplete. Models simplify how operators adapt during events. Co-location analyses rely on asset locations that may be approximate or withheld. Past cascades are few and context-specific. Sensitive dependency details are not published here. Critical Infrastructure does not direct operators; coordinators and operators decide.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-cyber-resilience\/topics\/critical-business-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Critical business services<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Lifeline dependencies connect to finance operational continuity research.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is infrastructure interdependency?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A relationship in which the state of one infrastructure affects another, through physical, cyber, geographic or logical links, often in both directions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why is co-location a risk?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because systems that share a bridge, tunnel or site can be damaged together by one event, so redundancy that looks separate on paper fails at once.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do you stress test infrastructure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">By applying hazard scenarios to mapped systems and dependencies to see which services fail, for how long and in what order, as in the UNDRR stress test methodology.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can cascades be predicted?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Not precisely. Models show how stress could travel and which points matter most, but specific cascades depend on conditions and decisions that are hard to foresee.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a shared failure point?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An asset, location or service that several systems depend on, so that its loss affects all of them at once.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is this topic tested in exercises?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Lifeline cascade and restoration is the planned Nexus Universe theme for this platform; results are published only as exercises take place.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who reviews coverage of this topic?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Published analysis is designed to be reviewed by a named subject reviewer with relevant engineering expertise, to cite its references and to include independent voices, including operators. Where specialists disagree, the disagreement is reported rather than resolved by omission.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Critical Infrastructure.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/electricity-and-lifelines\/\">Electricity and lifelines <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/water-and-wastewater-assets\/\">Water and wastewater assets <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/telecommunications-and-cables\/\">Telecommunications and cables <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/transport-and-logistics-nodes\/\">Transport and logistics nodes <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/healthcare-and-emergency-services\/\">Healthcare and emergency services <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/urban-assets-and-housing\/\">Urban assets and housing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/\">Critical Infrastructure home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Critical Infrastructure<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Critical%20Infrastructure%3A%20Interdependency%20and%20cascade\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/interdependency-and-cascade\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is infrastructure interdependency?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A relationship in which the state of one infrastructure affects another, through physical, cyber, geographic or logical links, often in both directions.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why is co-location a risk?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because systems that share a bridge, tunnel or site can be damaged together by one event, so redundancy that looks separate on paper fails at once.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do you stress test infrastructure?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"By applying hazard scenarios to mapped systems and dependencies to see which services fail, for how long and in what order, as in the UNDRR stress test methodology.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can cascades be predicted?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Not precisely. 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