{"id":109,"date":"2026-10-17T11:19:01","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T11:19:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/?page_id=109"},"modified":"2026-10-21T11:49:03","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T11:49:03","slug":"identity-and-authentication","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/","title":{"rendered":"Identity and authentication"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-data\" 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1dg503l.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G-P18 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 identity-and-authentication<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Digital Public Infrastructure<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Digital Public Infrastructure<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Identity and authentication<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Digital identity systems let people prove who they are to access services, open accounts, receive benefits and vote. Hundreds of millions of people still lack official identification, while identity systems that collect too much data or exclude people can cause harm. This page sets out how identity and authentication systems work, how coverage and assurance are measured, and what evidence serves the governments and regulators who build and oversee them.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">G-P18 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 In development \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Connected activity in India<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Identity and authentication: how the\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Digital identity is the set of attributes and credentials that let people prove who they are online to access services, accounts and benefits. Foundational identity enables others, gaps fall on marginalised people, centralised data raise risk and authentication strength must match the risk of each use.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Connected activity in India.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Night-time lights and population density, the footprint of electrified, connected activity, framed on India; each layer is a dated NASA product.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"india:digital\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-digital\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-digital\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"68,6.5,97.5,35.7\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Connected activity, India: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">2<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Connected activity<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-name=\"Night-time lights, daily\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-name=\"Population density, 2020\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-src=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-name=\"True colour\" data-wm-short=\"True colour\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><div><dt><kbd>Arrows<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Move<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Shift and arrows<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Turn and tilt (3D)<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>+ and \u2212<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Zoom<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>0<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Reset the view<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>N and P<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Next and previous station<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Enter<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Pin the station<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>I<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Inspect a point<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>M<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Measure<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>C<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Compare dates<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Escape<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Close<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Night-time lights and population density, the footprint of electrified, connected activity, framed on India.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li>Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, \u00a9 MapLibre contributors.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P18\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Digital Public Infrastructure live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Identity and authentication: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Identity infrastructure, exclusion and consent. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M17 18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H9a2 2 0 0 0-2 2\"\/><rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"10\" r=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"8\" x2=\"8\" y1=\"2\" y2=\"4\"\/><line x1=\"16\" x2=\"16\" y1=\"2\" y2=\"4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Foundational identity enables others<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A foundational identity, such as a national ID or civil registration, underpins functional credentials for health, voting, banking and benefits.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Gaps fall on the marginalised<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">People without identity documents are disproportionately poor, rural, women, stateless or displaced. Requiring ID for services can exclude them further.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect width=\"18\" height=\"11\" x=\"3\" y=\"11\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 11V7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Centralised data raise risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Large identity databases are attractive targets and can enable surveillance. Data minimisation, purpose limits and oversight reduce risk.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3.85 8.62a4 4 0 0 1 4.78-4.77 4 4 0 0 1 6.74 0 4 4 0 0 1 4.78 4.78 4 4 0 0 1 0 6.74 4 4 0 0 1-4.77 4.78 4 4 0 0 1-6.75 0 4 4 0 0 1-4.78-4.77 4 4 0 0 1 0-6.76Z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Assurance must fit the use<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Authentication strength should match the risk of the transaction. Too weak invites fraud; too strong excludes people with limited devices or skills.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Foundational identity<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A general-purpose legal identity, such as a civil register or national ID, used across services.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Functional identity<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">An identity credential issued for a specific purpose, such as voting or health insurance.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Authentication<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The process of verifying that a person is the holder of a claimed identity.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population with a foundational ID<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">ID4D global dataset and surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Birth registration completeness<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of births registered<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Civil registration statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Authentication failure rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of attempts<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">System operator records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Identity data breaches<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Regulator and incident reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Identity systems with independent oversight<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">status<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Legal and institutional review<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">DECLARED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">People unable to access services due to ID requirements<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of surveyed population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Household surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P18\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Identity and authentication as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g-p18-topics-identity-and-authentication--t nx-dag-g-p18-topics-identity-and-authentication--d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g-p18-topics-identity-and-authentication--t\">Identity and authentication: a public service over digital public infrastructure<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g-p18-topics-identity-and-authentication--d\">A person proves who they are, consents to share data, the agency exchanges data through agreed interfaces, pays through the switch, and any grievance is redressed; every step is auditable. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">World Bank ID4D global dataset and diagnostics<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Identification coverage and system assessments<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, World Bank terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UNICEF birth registration data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Birth registration by country<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, UNICEF terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">NIST Digital Identity Guidelines (SP 800-63)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Identity proofing and authentication assurance levels<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain, US government<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Data protection authority reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Breaches and enforcement concerning identity data<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, licence per authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Civil society assessments of identity systems<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Rights and inclusion analyses<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per publisher<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P18\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Digital Public Infrastructure prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries responsible for identity and civil registration<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to close coverage gaps and design safeguards<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Coverage profiles; safeguard assessments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Service providers and regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What identity assurance to require for each service<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Assurance reviews<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Data protection authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to oversee identity data<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Breach and oversight evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Identity coverage and exclusion profiles<\/li><li>Assurance level reviews matched to service risk<\/li><li>Safeguard assessments against the UN DPI Safeguards Framework<\/li><li>Evidence notes for identity governance<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Proof of identity is a gateway to almost everything else: health care, education, social protection, financial services, property and voting. Many people worldwide still lack recognized proof of identity, often the poorest and most marginalized. Digital identity can close that gap, but systems that are hard to enrol in, rely on a single biometric or concentrate personal data can create new forms of exclusion and new risks to privacy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Who can enrol in an identity system, and who is left out because of documents, disability, location, gender or status?<\/li><li>How reliable is authentication for different groups, and what happens when it fails?<\/li><li>What personal data does the system collect, who can access it and under what legal safeguards?<\/li><li>Can people use their identity with consent and selective disclosure, sharing only what a service needs?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and processes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Identity systems combine registration, credentials, authentication and governance.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M17 18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H9a2 2 0 0 0-2 2\"\/><rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"10\" r=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"8\" x2=\"8\" y1=\"2\" y2=\"4\"\/><line x1=\"16\" x2=\"16\" y1=\"2\" y2=\"4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Registration<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Foundational records<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Civil registration of births and deaths and population registers provide the base. Gaps in registration carry through into digital identity.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect width=\"18\" height=\"11\" x=\"3\" y=\"11\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 11V7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Authentication<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Checking identity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Passwords, cards, mobile credentials and biometrics each fail in different ways. Biometric matching works less well for some people, such as manual labourers and older people.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m14.5 12.5-8 8a2.119 2.119 0 1 1-3-3l8-8\"\/><path d=\"m16 16 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m8 8 6-6\"\/><path d=\"m9 7 8 8\"\/><path d=\"m21 11-8-8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Governance<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Rights and oversight<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Legal basis, purpose limitation, independent oversight and redress decide whether identity serves people or monitors them.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">A central lesson from national experience is that identity systems should not become mandatory gateways before they reach everyone. Where services require digital authentication before enrolment is universal and alternatives exist, the people most in need are often the ones turned away. Safeguards such as assisted channels, exception handling and clear routes to redress are part of the infrastructure, not additions to it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Coverage data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Registration and enrolment statistics show reach but often miss the people least likely to be counted.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Authentication failure analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Error rates by method and population group. They are not always published, and averages can hide large differences.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Legal and rights review<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Analysis of legal frameworks, data protection and oversight. Law on paper may differ from practice.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">User research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Studies of how people experience enrolment and authentication, complementing technical work under <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/digital-identity\/\">digital identity and public digital systems<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/stem\/digital-identity\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Digital identity and public digital systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Assurance design for services \u00b7 Verifiable credentials \u00b7 Exclusion error analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/digital-identity\/\" aria-label=\"Digital identity and public digital systems: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/stem\/cybersecurity\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Cybersecurity and cryptography<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Threat modelling DPI components \u00b7 Protecting identity databases<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/cybersecurity\/\" aria-label=\"Cybersecurity and cryptography: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/stem\/data-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Secure data exchange layers \u00b7 Common data models \u00b7 Consent-based sharing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/data-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Identity coverage estimates rely on surveys and administrative data of uneven quality. Exclusion is hard to measure because excluded people are often missing from data. Authentication statistics are rarely published. Safeguards on paper may differ from practice. Digital Public Infrastructure assesses no named national system; governments and regulators decide.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/ai-digital-governance\/topics\/digital-rights-and-privacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Digital rights and privacy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Public digital infrastructure needs rights and accountability review.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is foundational identity?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A general-purpose identity, such as a civil register or national ID, that establishes who a person is and can support other credentials.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is an identity assurance level?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A measure of confidence that a person is who they claim to be, set by how thoroughly identity was verified and how strongly it is authenticated.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why can digital ID exclude people?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because people without documents, devices, connectivity or skills, or whose biometrics fail, may be unable to enrol or authenticate when ID is required.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Should identity systems use biometrics?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Biometrics can help where documents are scarce, but they fail for some people and create sensitive data that cannot be changed if breached. Evidence suggests offering alternatives and limiting central storage.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is selective disclosure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The ability to prove a specific fact, such as being over a certain age, without revealing the rest of one's identity data. It reduces unnecessary data sharing.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a national identity number a risk?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A single identifier used across many services makes it easier to link records about a person. Sector-specific identifiers and strong legal limits reduce that risk.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform hold identity data?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It does not hold or process identity data and works only from published and aggregated evidence.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Digital Public Infrastructure.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/digital-payments-and-services\/\">Digital payments and services <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/interoperability-and-apis\/\">Interoperability and apis <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/data-spaces-and-rights\/\">Data spaces and rights <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/digital-inclusion\/\">Digital inclusion <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/public-cloud-and-concentration\/\">Public cloud and concentration <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/digital-service-resilience\/\">Digital service resilience <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/\">Digital Public Infrastructure home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Digital Public Infrastructure<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Digital%20Public%20Infrastructure%3A%20Identity%20and%20authentication\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/digital-public-infrastructure\/topics\/identity-and-authentication\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is foundational identity?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A general-purpose identity, such as a civil register or national ID, that establishes who a person is and can support other credentials.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is an identity assurance level?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A measure of confidence that a person is who they claim to be, set by how thoroughly identity was verified and how strongly it is authenticated.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why can digital ID exclude people?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because people without documents, devices, connectivity or skills, or whose biometrics fail, may be unable to enrol or authenticate when ID is required.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Should identity systems use biometrics?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Biometrics can help where documents are scarce, but they fail for some people and create sensitive data that cannot be changed if breached. 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