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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1srk4z4.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Economic Development<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Development economics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Economics and development economics is the science this platform stewards for the network. It explains how economies grow and transform, how resources are allocated, and how shocks and policies affect people&#8217;s incomes, with attention to distribution and institutions.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/stem\/\">Back to STEM foundation of Economic Development<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Development economics on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"console\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Method record<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM method<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Method<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Economics and development economics<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Steward<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Economic Development<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Applied in<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Economic Development<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Data<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-data\">4 inputs<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Checks<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-checks\">3 validation steps<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canonical page<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-label=\"Application, Simulator, Data, Methods and evidence\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Application, Simulator, Data, Methods and evidence\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-application\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Application<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods and evidence<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-application\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Application<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What economics and development economics does here.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Economics and development economics study how societies produce, distribute and consume resources and how living standards change. They estimate the costs of shocks and the trade-offs among policy responses. In economic development and development finance, economic analysis quantifies indirect losses as shocks spread through supply chains and labour markets. It supports prioritising investment in prevention and recovery. The canonical description is on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\">the STEM Commons<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cols\"><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 3v18h18\"\/><path d=\"m19 9-5 5-4-4-3 3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Growth diagnostics<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The binding constraints on a country&#8217;s growth, such as finance, infrastructure, skills or institutions, are identified by checking which symptoms each would produce against the evidence.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Structural transformation analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Productivity growth is decomposed into gains within sectors and gains from workers moving between sectors, showing how the economy is changing.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Distributional incidence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The effects of price changes, taxes or subsidies are traced to households by income group using survey data on spending and income.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Two stocks, pressure and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 adaptive-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a system, institution or community to adjust to actual or expected change, take advantage of opportunities and moderate harm. Adaptive capacity works over longer time horizons than coping.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">adaptive capacity<\/a>, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-economic-development-stem-economics-0\" data-nxi=\"sd\" data-nxi-id=\"sd\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-economic-development-stem-economics-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Stocks over time\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Growth of pressure<\/dt><dd>6.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Efficacy of capacity in reducing pressure<\/dt><dd>4.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Investment response to perceived pressure<\/dt><dd>20%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Perception delay<\/dt><dd>4.0 years<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Tipping threshold of pressure<\/dt><dd>60 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification past the threshold<\/dt><dd>2.0 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years simulated<\/dt><dd>50 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak pressure<\/dt><dd>113 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Capacity at the end<\/dt><dd>186 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years over the threshold<\/dt><dd>15.8 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pressure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Capacity<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Perceived<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>20.0<\/td><td>50.0<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>23.3<\/td><td>44.9<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>27.2<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>24.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>31.7<\/td><td>42.3<\/td><td>27.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>36.8<\/td><td>45.5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>42.3<\/td><td>51.5<\/td><td>37.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">24<\/th><td>47.9<\/td><td>60.3<\/td><td>42.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">28<\/th><td>53.2<\/td><td>71.3<\/td><td>48.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">32<\/th><td>57.8<\/td><td>84.3<\/td><td>53.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">36<\/th><td>66.4<\/td><td>98.4<\/td><td>58.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40<\/th><td>82.7<\/td><td>115.9<\/td><td>69.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">44<\/th><td>97.8<\/td><td>139.7<\/td><td>83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">48<\/th><td>109.1<\/td><td>169.4<\/td><td>97.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>System dynamics <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics<\/span><\/li><li>Critical transitions and tipping points <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461<\/span><\/li><li>Causal loop diagram <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme&#8217;s own evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/foundry\/\">Economic Development in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/universe\/\">Economic Development in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/\">Finance, Insurance and the Economy in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/reports\/\">Economic Development in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/finance-economics\/\">Faculty of Finance and Economics in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the method consumes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Datasets and records used by economics and development economics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/research\/sources\/\">the source register<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">National accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Output and structure<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Labour force surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Employment<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Household budget surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Distribution<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Firm surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Constraints<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"data\" data-nxf-kind=\"data\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P15\/stem\/economics\/#data\" data-nxf-title=\"Method record\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P15\/stem\/economics\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How development economics is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"sensitivity\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Sensitivity analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">Which inputs move the result for development economics most, one at a time across their stated ranges.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 232\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Tornado chart of the result's sensitivity to six inputs\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"300\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"208\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"89.6\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"end\">Hazard intensity<\/text><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"178.6\" y=\"20\" width=\"121.4\" height=\"18\"\/><rect class=\"nx-au-bar nx-au-bar-ac\" x=\"300\" y=\"20\" width=\"92.4\" height=\"18\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"129.2\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"end\">Exposure value<\/text><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"202.3\" y=\"52\" width=\"97.7\" height=\"18\"\/><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"300\" y=\"52\" width=\"81.8\" height=\"18\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"146.8\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"end\">Vulnerability curve<\/text><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"212.9\" y=\"84\" width=\"87.1\" height=\"18\"\/><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"300\" y=\"84\" width=\"72.6\" height=\"18\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"186.4\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"end\">Coupling strength<\/text><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"236.6\" y=\"116\" width=\"63.4\" height=\"18\"\/><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"300\" y=\"116\" width=\"68.6\" height=\"18\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"215\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"end\">Adaptive capacity<\/text><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"253.8\" y=\"148\" width=\"46.2\" height=\"18\"\/><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"300\" y=\"148\" width=\"52.8\" height=\"18\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"243.6\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"end\">Data resolution<\/text><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"271.0\" y=\"180\" width=\"29.0\" height=\"18\"\/><rect class=\"nx-au-bar\" x=\"300\" y=\"180\" width=\"23.8\" height=\"18\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"230\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">input at its low value<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"370\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\">input at its high value<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Illustrative one-at-a-time sensitivity; a full analysis adds variance-based (Sobol) indices. Not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-label=\"Validation, Connections, Stewardship, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Validation, Connections, Stewardship, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-checks\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Validation<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-connections\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Connections<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-stewardship\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Stewardship<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-9-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-checks\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Validation<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How results are checked.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Models are assessed against historical episodes and out-of-sample data. Parameter estimates are compared across studies and identification strategies.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Check<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is done<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Data revision checks<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Analyses note revisions and rebasing of national accounts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Alternative explanations<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Diagnoses consider competing explanations for observed symptoms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Distributional robustness<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Incidence results are tested with alternative survey years<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Equilibrium models may understate disruption and nonlinear cascades. Informal economies and non-market losses are poorly measured.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-connections\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connections<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics that rely on this method.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/inclusive-productivity\/\"><span>Inclusive productivity<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/industrial-policy-and-upgrading\/\"><span>Industrial policy and upgrading<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/trade-and-external-shocks\/\"><span>Trade and external shocks<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/regional-economic-development\/\"><span>Regional economic development<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/digital-economy-and-inclusion\/\"><span>Digital economy and inclusion<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/public-finance-and-risk\/\"><span>Public finance and risk<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/food-energy-water-economics\/\"><span>Food energy water economics<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/topics\/employment-and-technology\/\"><span>Employment and technology<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-stewardship\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Stewardship<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who maintains the method.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Economic Development stewards economics and development economics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\">Canonical page: Economics and development economics<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-9-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"finance\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What are the limits of economics and development economics in this field?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Equilibrium models may understate disruption and nonlinear cascades. Informal economies and non-market losses are poorly measured.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How are results checked?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Models are assessed against historical episodes and out-of-sample data. Parameter estimates are compared across studies and identification strategies.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are the values on this page real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method&#8217;s use, not a run; no result is reported here.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where else is this method applied?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/economics\/\">canonical method page<\/a> lists every platform that applies it.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"finance\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Economic Development<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/economic-development\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/economic-development\/stem\/economics#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-erisk-global-economic-development-stem-economics-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-erisk-global-economic-development-stem-economics-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-erisk-global-economic-development-stem-economics-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/finance-economics\/economic-development\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Economic development and macroeconomic shocks<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/humanitarian\/humanitarian-sector-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Humanitarian and civil society<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Economic Development<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. 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