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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n15lxf3w.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"ledger\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G03 \u00b7 INDEX \u00b7 topics<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Energy Nexus \u00b7 Topics<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Topics<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Topics at Energy Nexus: the pages in this section are listed below, each with its own scope and status.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\">Open Energy security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\">Back to Energy Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Energy Nexus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Energy security<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Power grids and interconnection<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/renewables-and-storage\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Renewables and storage<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Heat and cooling<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Hydropower and water<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/industrial-energy-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Industrial energy systems<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/nuclear-energy-safety-interface\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Nuclear energy and the safety interface<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/grid-disruption-and-recovery\/\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Grid disruption and recovery<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-about-this-section\"><span>02<\/span>Topics at Energy Nexus<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-map-of-topics\"><span>03<\/span>How the energy topics connect<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-sources\"><span>05<\/span>Where this page's references lead<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Pages in Topics<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Energy Nexus topics are the nine subject dossiers of its field, among them energy security, power grids and interconnection, and renewables and storage. Each dossier sets out how the risk develops, what is measured and in which units, the public sources and their licences, the methods, who decides and the limits of the evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-about-this-section\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">About this section<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics at Energy Nexus.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-map-of-topics\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How the topics fit<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the energy topics connect.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The topics run from energy security and grids through renewables, storage and hydropower to heat and cooling, industrial systems and nuclear safety. Grid disruption and recovery is where they meet.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Loss of load expectation<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The expected number of hours or days in a period when supply cannot meet demand, a standard adequacy measure.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">N-1 criterion<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The planning and operating rule that a grid must stay within limits after the loss of any single element, such as one line or generator.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Capacity factor<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Actual generation over a period divided by the generation at full rated output for the same period.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Cooling degree days<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The sum over days of how far mean temperature exceeds a base temperature, a proxy for cooling energy demand.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Hydraulic head<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The height difference between a reservoir's water level and the turbine, which with flow sets hydropower output.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page's references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>International Energy Agency data and outlooks<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>IRENA statistics<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/transparency.entsoe.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>ENTSO-E transparency platform<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nerc.com\/pa\/Stand\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>NERC reliability standards<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Topics.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Energy security<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Supply adequacy, access and reliability.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Power grids and interconnection<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Transmission, distribution and system dependencies.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/renewables-and-storage\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Renewables and storage<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Storage technologies and weather variability.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat and cooling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Cooling requirements and extreme heat.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Hydropower and water<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Hydropower, drought and cooling water.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/industrial-energy-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Industrial energy systems<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Industrial demand and resource pathways.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/nuclear-energy-safety-interface\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nuclear energy and the safety interface<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Energy science and regulated nuclear-safety boundaries.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/grid-disruption-and-recovery\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Grid disruption and recovery<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Outages, black-start and critical service restoration.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Radiological and nuclear risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Nuclear and radiological safety context and independent regulatory role.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-8\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Energy Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/about\/\">Mandate and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/field\/\">Field overview <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/research\/\">Research and evidence <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/innovation\/\">Innovation and practical technology <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/programmes\/\">Programmes and projects <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/tools\/\">Data and technical methods <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\">Energy Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. 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