{"id":183,"date":"2026-10-13T11:10:06","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T11:10:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/?page_id=183"},"modified":"2026-10-13T17:06:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T17:06:59","slug":"heat-and-cooling","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/","title":{"rendered":"Heat and cooling"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1jfy8mb.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 heat-and-cooling<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Heat and cooling<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Heat waves raise electricity demand for cooling at the same time as they lower what the system can supply: lines carry less, thermal plants lose efficiency and cooling water, and solar panels produce less per unit of sunlight. Cold spells do the same to heating demand and gas supply. This page sets out how temperature extremes stress energy systems, how cooling access shapes health risk, and what evidence operators, health agencies and planners use.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">G03 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Climate and hazard exposure in Canada<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Heat and cooling: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Grid stress in a heat wave is the squeeze on a power system from both sides: cooling demand rises while lines carry less, thermal plants lose efficiency and cooling water, and solar panels produce less per unit of sunlight. Cold spells do the same through heating and gas demand. Access to cooling is also a health protection, so outages during heat raise health risk.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Climate and hazard exposure in Canada.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Coastal exposure, deserts, deltas and glaciers across the region, shown for Canada as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"canada:climate\" data-ramp=\"red\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1020|770 -8 1399 648|1219 358 1622 804|616 -8 938 467\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-canada-climate\" data-ramp=\"red\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Coastal exposure, deserts, deltas and glaciers across the region.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Energy Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Heat and cooling: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Cooling requirements and extreme heat. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Demand rises with temperature<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Cooling demand climbs steeply above a comfort threshold, and electric heating does the same in cold spells. Summer peaks arrive in the late afternoon and evening, when solar output is already falling and the grid leans on other resources.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Supply falls with temperature<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Overhead lines sag and must be derated, transformers overheat, and thermal plants lose output or are curtailed when river water exceeds discharge temperature limits. In cold extremes, gas wells, pipelines and plant equipment can freeze.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Coincident stress<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A heat dome raises demand across a whole region and its neighbours at once, so imports are scarce exactly when they are needed. Wildfire risk in the same days may force operators to de-energise lines preventively.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z\"\/><path d=\"M3.22 12l6.28 0 .5-1 2 4.5 2-7 1.5 3.5 5.27 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cooling is a health service<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Where air conditioning is the main protection against heat illness, an outage during a heat wave becomes a public health emergency. Older people, those living alone and households without cooling carry most of the risk.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Cooling degree days<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The sum over days of how far mean temperature exceeds a base temperature, a proxy for cooling energy demand.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Line derating<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Reducing the current a power line may carry because high air temperature and low wind limit how much heat it can shed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Universal thermal climate index<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A measure of how hot or cold conditions feel to the human body, combining temperature, humidity, wind and radiation.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Cooling and heating degree days<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">degree days<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily and annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Reanalysis and station temperature<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Peak demand sensitivity to temperature<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatts per degree Celsius<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">seasonal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator load records and weather<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Overhead line derating<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of nominal rating<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator dynamic line rating<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Thermal plant curtailment for cooling water<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatts; hours<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Plant and operator notifications<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Household access to cooling<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of households<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">periodic survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Household surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Universal thermal climate index<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">degrees Celsius<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Reanalysis-derived heat stress<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Heat-related emergency admissions during outages<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">admissions<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Health surveillance linked to outage records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Heat and cooling as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-heat-and-cooling-ipcc-risk-t nx-dag-g03-topics-heat-and-cooling-ipcc-risk-d\" 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id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-heat-and-cooling-ipcc-risk-t\">Heat and cooling: risk as hazard, exposure and vulnerability<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-heat-and-cooling-ipcc-risk-d\">Risk arises from the interaction of hazard, exposure and vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity); responses act on each driver and leave a residual risk that is monitored. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ERA5 and ERA5-HEAT (Copernicus)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Hourly temperature and thermal comfort indices worldwide<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Eurostat cooling and heating degree days<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Degree days by country and region<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free reuse, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E and EIA hourly demand data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Load records to estimate temperature sensitivity<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">ENTSO-E terms; public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E unavailability of generation units<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Notified outages and derating of thermal plants<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, registration, ENTSO-E terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IEA cooling and buildings data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Air-conditioner stocks and cooling energy use by region<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">IEA terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National heat-health warning systems and surveillance<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Heat alerts, excess mortality and hospital admissions<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per agency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Energy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Transmission system operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How much reserve to hold ahead of a forecast heat wave or cold spell<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Temperature-demand curves, derating estimates, neighbouring systems' expected peaks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Public health agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which neighbourhoods and facilities need priority protection from heat during an outage<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Cooling dependence maps, outage exposure, heat-stress forecasts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Environmental regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether and when to grant temporary derogations from cooling-water temperature limits<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">River temperature records, plant curtailment, ecological evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Building and planning authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How cooling standards and passive design reduce peak demand<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Demand response curves and building stock data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Temperature-demand response curves by system and season<\/li><li>Heat and cold stress scenarios for supply and demand together<\/li><li>Maps of cooling dependence and outage exposure for health planning<\/li><li>Briefs on derating and cooling-water limits across thermal fleets<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask about heat and cooling.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How will peak demand change as heatwaves become more frequent and air conditioning spreads?<\/li><li>How much do high temperatures reduce the capacity of lines, cables, transformers and power plants?<\/li><li>Which populations face the greatest health risk if power fails during extreme heat?<\/li><li>How will electrified heating change winter peaks and the risk of cold-weather shortfalls?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Why heat stresses energy systems from both sides.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">On the demand side, cooling load rises steeply with temperature, especially when nights stay hot and buildings cannot shed heat. On the supply side, conductors sag and must carry less current when hot, transformers age faster, and thermal and nuclear plants lose efficiency or must reduce output when cooling water is too warm or environmental limits on discharge temperature are reached. Solar panels also produce less per unit of sunlight when hot.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Heat often coincides with drought, low wind and wildfire risk, which can force preventive shutdowns of lines. The result is a common-cause stress that standard planning, which assumes independent failures, may underestimate. In cold climates, electrified heating creates the mirror image: very high demand during cold, still periods.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How heat risk is analysed.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Temperature-demand models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Statistical and building-physics models link weather to load, using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\">forecasting and time-series<\/a> methods. They are less reliable beyond the range of observed temperatures.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Equipment derating<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Engineering standards describe how capacity falls with temperature. Actual behaviour depends on equipment age and local conditions.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Climate projections<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Downscaled climate model outputs describe future heat. They carry model and scenario uncertainty that must be carried into energy results.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Health-outage studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Epidemiological evidence links heat and power loss to health harm. Data on outage exposure by household is often limited.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Load forecasting with weather \u00b7 Wind and solar power forecasts \u00b7 Seasonal adequacy outlooks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Forecasting and time-series analysis: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/power-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Power systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contingency and load flow studies \u00b7 Frequency stability with less inertia<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/power-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Power systems engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/energy-technology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Energy generation, storage and grid technology<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Weather-driven generation profiles \u00b7 Storage technology comparison<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/energy-technology\/\" aria-label=\"Energy generation, storage and grid technology: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/resilience-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Reliability and resilience engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Restoration curve analysis \u00b7 Fault trees for critical sites \u00b7 Fragility curves for grid assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/resilience-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Reliability and resilience engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimization and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Capacity expansion planning \u00b7 Unit commitment and dispatch \u00b7 Restoration sequencing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Optimization and operations research: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Temperature-demand relationships shift as air conditioning spreads, so past curves understate future peaks in growing markets. Household cooling access is surveyed rarely and unevenly. Linking outages to health outcomes requires data that health and energy agencies seldom share, and attribution of individual cases is rarely possible. Energy Nexus does not issue heat or outage alerts; meteorological services, health authorities and grid operators do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Why do heat waves stress grids from both sides?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Demand for cooling rises while lines, transformers and thermal plants lose capacity. Neighbouring systems face the same heat, so imports are harder to find.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a degree day?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A measure of how far, and for how long, outdoor temperature departs from a base temperature. Summed over a season, it is a standard proxy for heating or cooling need.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is cooling access an energy issue or a health issue?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Both. Cooling protects people from heat illness, and it depends on reliable and affordable electricity. That is why the evidence is prepared for energy and health authorities together.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why can a heatwave cause outages even with enough power plants?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because heat reduces what lines and transformers can carry and can force plants to reduce output, while demand rises. Local network overloads can cause outages even when total supply is adequate.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is cooling demand an energy problem or a health problem?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Both. Cooling protects health, and its electricity demand shapes the reliability of the system that provides it.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Energy Nexus run heat warnings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Weather and health warnings are issued by national meteorological and public health authorities.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Energy Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\">Energy security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\">Power grids and interconnection <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/renewables-and-storage\/\">Renewables and storage <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/\">Hydropower and water <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/industrial-energy-systems\/\">Industrial energy systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/nuclear-energy-safety-interface\/\">Nuclear energy and the safety interface <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\">Energy Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Energy%20Nexus%3A%20Heat%20and%20cooling\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why do heat waves stress grids from both sides?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Demand for cooling rises while lines, transformers and thermal plants lose capacity. Neighbouring systems face the same heat, so imports are harder to find.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a degree day?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A measure of how far, and for how long, outdoor temperature departs from a base temperature. Summed over a season, it is a standard proxy for heating or cooling need.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is cooling access an energy issue or a health issue?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Both. Cooling protects people from heat illness, and it depends on reliable and affordable electricity. That is why the evidence is prepared for energy and health authorities together.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why can a heatwave cause outages even with enough power plants?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because heat reduces what lines and transformers can carry and can force plants to reduce output, while demand rises. Local network overloads can cause outages even when total supply is adequate.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is cooling demand an energy problem or a health problem?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Both. Cooling protects health, and its electricity demand shapes the reliability of the system that provides it.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does Energy Nexus run heat warnings?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. Weather and health warnings are issued by national meteorological and public health authorities.\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#terms\",\"name\":\"Key terms: Heat and cooling\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#webpage\"},\"hasDefinedTerm\":[{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Cooling degree days\",\"description\":\"The sum over days of how far mean temperature exceeds a base temperature, a proxy for cooling energy demand.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Line derating\",\"description\":\"Reducing the current a power line may carry because high air temperature and low wind limit how much heat it can shed.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Universal thermal climate index\",\"description\":\"A measure of how hot or cold conditions feel to the human body, combining temperature, humidity, wind and radiation.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/#terms\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n\n<!-- nx-rev:fb1da50c0a5eba79 -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LightDarkAuto G03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 heat-and-coolingGCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0 GCRI\u00b7Energy Nexus\u00b7Established Topic dossier \u00b7 Energy Nexus Heat and cooling Heat waves raise electricity demand for cooling at the &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Heat and cooling&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":159,"menu_order":845,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-183","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/183","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=183"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":328,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/183\/revisions\/328"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/159"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}