{"id":184,"date":"2026-10-13T11:11:04","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T11:11:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/?page_id=184"},"modified":"2026-10-13T17:07:29","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T17:07:29","slug":"hydropower-and-water","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydropower and water"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n25xmdwl.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"dag\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 hydropower-and-water<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Hydropower and water<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Hydropower supplies flexible, low-carbon electricity in many countries, and thermal and nuclear plants need large volumes of cooling water. Both depend on rivers that drought, heat and upstream use can deplete. This page sets out how water stress becomes energy stress, how reservoirs serve competing uses, and what evidence operators, basin authorities and regulators use when water and power must be shared in the same dry season.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-canvas\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Systems<\/strong> \u00b7 around this subject<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-energy-hydro-water\" data-cx=\"energy.hydro-water\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Hydro and cooling water watch: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Hydro and cooling water watch<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Hydropower and water \u00b7 Hydro cascade \u00b7 Dry season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"nx-fk-kpis\" data-n=\"3\"><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Hydro storage, % of capacity<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k0\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">42<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-d\" data-dir=\"down\" data-good=\"na\">2<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k0\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,21.4L10.2,12.7L18.4,10.2L26.5,3.4L34.7,11.3L42.9,14.4L51.1,23L59.3,23L67.5,17.2L75.6,10.9L83.8,7.8L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,21.4L10.2,12.7L18.4,10.2L26.5,3.4L34.7,11.3L42.9,14.4L51.1,23L59.3,23L67.5,17.2L75.6,10.9L83.8,7.8L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">River temperature at intake<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k1\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">26<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">\u00b0C<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k1\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,15.9L10.2,8.5L18.4,16.1L26.5,22.9L34.7,23L42.9,13.6L51.1,7.5L59.3,12.7L67.5,10.2L75.6,14.7L83.8,21.9L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,15.9L10.2,8.5L18.4,16.1L26.5,22.9L34.7,23L42.9,13.6L51.1,7.5L59.3,12.7L67.5,10.2L75.6,14.7L83.8,21.9L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Derating risk, next 7 days<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k2\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">3<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">plants<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Alert<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k2\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,16.9L10.2,19.1L18.4,22.3L26.5,23L34.7,19.9L42.9,21.3L51.1,16.1L59.3,15.9L67.5,13.4L75.6,13.8L83.8,14.6L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,16.9L10.2,19.1L18.4,22.3L26.5,23L34.7,19.9L42.9,21.3L51.1,16.1L59.3,15.9L67.5,13.4L75.6,13.8L83.8,14.6L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Cooling water near limit<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">River temperature<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"River temperature\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-energy-hydro-water-c1\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Measured|ink|l||0:44;1:40.1;2:46.3;3:44;4:42.6;5:47.4;6:52.3;7:48.2;8:47.6;9:47.3;10:44.6;11:47.8;12:44.9;13:48.3;14:44.1;15:49.2;16:47;17:49.4;18:51.9;19:50.4;20:53.4;21:58.2;22:57.5;23:53.5~Forecast|acc|l||0:54;1:52.5;2:50.4;3:52.4;4:50.8;5:53.2;6:53.3;7:54.4;8:57.8;9:61.7;10:66.3;11:68;12:67.2;13:71.6;14:72.7;15:71.8;16:70.7;17:70.3;18:67.9;19:72.4;20:76.4;21:76.2;22:78.5;23:83.1\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Plants exposed<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-energy-hydro-water-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-energy-hydro-water-t2\" aria-label=\"Plants exposed\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Plant<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Type<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Margin to limit (\u00b0C)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Action<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-energy-hydro-water:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>TP-2<\/td><td>Thermal<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.7\">0.7<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Derate plan<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-energy-hydro-water:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>NP-1<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1.1\">1.1<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Monitor<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-energy-hydro-water:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>HP-3<\/td><td>Hydro<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">n\/a<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Release limited<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Hydro and cooling water watch: the screen's structure, terms and states for Hydropower and water.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig.<\/strong><span>Hydro and cooling water watch. Design wireframe with placeholder names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Water security in the Great Lakes<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Hydropower and water: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Hydropower and drought are linked because hydropower output depends on inflow and the head in reservoirs, and thermal and nuclear plants need cooling water from the same rivers. Drought, heat and upstream use cut both. Reservoirs often serve irrigation, supply and flood control as well, so basin authorities and operators share water under competing rules.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Water security in the Great Lakes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Rivers, lakes and how far each division sits from mapped surface water, shown for the Great Lakes as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"great-lakes:water\" data-ramp=\"orange\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1400|198 308 2000 1400|1305 -8 2008 681|80 -8 1782 1126|-8 -8 101 169\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-great-lakes-water\" data-ramp=\"orange\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Rivers, lakes and how far each division sits from mapped surface water.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Energy Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hydropower and water: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Hydropower, drought and cooling water. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Inflow and head<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Hydropower output depends on the volume flowing through the turbines and the height it falls. A drought lowers both, and run-of-river plants without storage lose output first, often within weeks of the rainfall deficit.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cooling-water limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Thermal plants with once-through cooling must reduce output when river flow is too low or too warm to meet discharge permits. The constraint binds in the same heat that raises electricity demand.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"3\" x2=\"21\" y1=\"22\" y2=\"22\"\/><line x1=\"6\" x2=\"6\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"10\" x2=\"10\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"14\" x2=\"14\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><line x1=\"18\" x2=\"18\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"11\"\/><polygon points=\"12 2 20 7 4 7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Reservoirs serve many uses<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">One release schedule decides generation, irrigation, drinking water, flood space and environmental flow. Holding water back for winter power can starve summer users downstream, and the reverse.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Shortfall moves to other fuels<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Lost hydropower is replaced by gas, coal or imports, raising prices and emissions and drawing on fuel stocks. In systems that depend heavily on hydropower, a dry year can become a year of power rationing.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Hydraulic head<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The height difference between a reservoir's water level and the turbine, which with flow sets hydropower output.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Multipurpose reservoir<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A reservoir operated for several uses, such as power, irrigation, water supply and flood control, under one set of rules.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Rule curve<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The target reservoir level through the year that operators follow to balance uses and risks.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Hydropower reservoir storage<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of live capacity; gigawatt hours stored<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator and transparency platform data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Inflow to hydropower reservoirs<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">cubic metres per second<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Gauges and operator records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Hydropower generation<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">gigawatt hours<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator and statistical records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">River temperature at thermal plant intakes<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">degrees Celsius<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Station sensors and river monitoring<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Water withdrawal and consumption of generation<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">cubic metres per megawatt hour<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Plant reporting<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Seasonal streamflow outlook<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of normal<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Hydrological forecasting services<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FORECAST<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Hydropower and water as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-hydropower-and-water-n1-t nx-dag-g03-topics-hydropower-and-water-n1-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-hydropower-and-water-n1-t\">Hydropower and water: N-1 security assessment<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-hydropower-and-water-n1-d\">State estimation gives the operating point; every contingency on the list is simulated with an AC power flow; limit violations lead to remedial actions and a security-constrained dispatch that the operator approves. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E Transparency Platform reservoir filling and generation<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Weekly stored energy and hourly hydro generation in Europe<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, registration, ENTSO-E terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Reservoir and Dam Database (GRanD) and Global Dam Watch<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Dam locations, reservoir capacity and main use<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IHA hydropower data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Installed hydropower and pumped storage capacity by country<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Terms per IHA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EIA-860 and EIA-923 cooling water data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Plant-level cooling systems, withdrawals and consumption in the United States<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Runoff Data Centre<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Daily discharge from national gauge networks<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for research and public tasks under the data policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus European and Global Flood Awareness Systems<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Ensemble streamflow forecasts and seasonal outlooks<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution, terms per service<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WRI Aqueduct<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Water stress and related risk indicators by basin<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Energy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Hydropower and system operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How much water to hold in reservoirs ahead of the dry or cold season<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Seasonal inflow forecasts with skill stated; stored energy against expected demand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Basin authorities and water regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to allocate releases when generation and other uses compete<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Release scenarios with each use's loss stated separately<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Energy ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">What replacement capacity or fuel to secure for a dry year<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Dry-year scenarios, fuel stock levels, interconnector availability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Environmental regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether cooling-water permits remain adequate in a warming climate<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">River temperature records, curtailment events, ecological evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Hydropower and cooling-water exposure maps by basin<\/li><li>Dry-year generation scenarios with the replacement fuel stated<\/li><li>Release schedules examined across power, irrigation, supply and ecosystems<\/li><li>Joint briefs for energy and water regulators<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask about the water-energy link.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How much hydropower output can be relied upon in a dry year, or a run of dry years?<\/li><li>When do river temperatures or low flows force thermal and nuclear plants to reduce output?<\/li><li>How do reservoir operating rules balance electricity, irrigation, drinking water, flood control and ecosystems?<\/li><li>How do shared rivers create dependencies between countries' energy systems?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How water conditions become energy constraints.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The coupling works in both directions and across seasons. A wet spring can fill reservoirs that carry a system through summer; a dry winter can leave a hydro-dependent system short for a year. Snowmelt timing, groundwater and upstream abstraction all shape what reaches a plant.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Drought<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Lower hydropower<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Reduced inflows and reservoir levels cut energy available, often over months, and can coincide with high demand.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Temperature<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cooling limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Warm or low rivers reduce cooling efficiency and can trigger environmental limits on discharge temperature.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Floods<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Infrastructure and dam safety<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">High flows threaten substations, plants and dams and require careful reservoir management.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the coupling is analysed.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hydrological modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Rainfall-runoff and river models estimate inflows under past and projected climate. Projections of precipitation are less certain than those of temperature.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Reservoir optimization<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\">Optimization<\/a> models study release rules across competing uses. They depend on how each use is valued, which is a policy choice.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Plant cooling analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Engineering models relate river conditions to plant output. Site data is often held by operators.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Joint scenarios<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Combined water and energy stress cases, built with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\">forecasting<\/a> methods, test whether systems withstand dry, hot periods together.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Load forecasting with weather \u00b7 Wind and solar power forecasts \u00b7 Seasonal adequacy outlooks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Forecasting and time-series analysis: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimization and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Capacity expansion planning \u00b7 Unit commitment and dispatch \u00b7 Restoration sequencing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Optimization and operations research: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/energy-technology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Energy generation, storage and grid technology<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Weather-driven generation profiles \u00b7 Storage technology comparison<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/energy-technology\/\" aria-label=\"Energy generation, storage and grid technology: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/power-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Power systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contingency and load flow studies \u00b7 Frequency stability with less inertia<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/power-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Power systems engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/resilience-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Reliability and resilience engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Restoration curve analysis \u00b7 Fault trees for critical sites \u00b7 Fragility curves for grid assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/resilience-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Reliability and resilience engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Reservoir operating rules and plant-level water data are often confidential, so public analyses rely on aggregated or modelled values. Seasonal streamflow forecasts have limited skill in many basins. Climate change shifts the inflow and river temperature statistics on which reservoirs and cooling systems were designed, so historical records understate some risks. Energy Nexus does not set releases or permits; operators, basin authorities and regulators do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Why does drought cut thermal power as well as hydropower?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Many thermal plants draw river water for cooling and must cut output when flow is low or the water is too warm to discharge within permit limits.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is hydropower a source of flexibility or of risk?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Both. Reservoirs provide flexible power and storage, but their output depends on rainfall and snowmelt, so dry years and changing inflows must be planned for.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who governs the coupling of water and power?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Usually separate energy and water institutions. The evidence is therefore prepared so that both regulators see the same scenarios, with the water side developed alongside Water Nexus.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is hydropower a reliable backup for wind and solar?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It is a valuable source of flexibility, but its energy depends on water. In droughts, hydropower may be least available exactly when it is needed.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do nuclear plants reduce output in heatwaves?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Cooling becomes less effective when water is warm, and environmental rules limit how much heat plants may return to rivers. Operators reduce output to stay within those limits.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Energy Nexus advise on dam operations?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Dam operations and safety belong to owners and regulators.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Energy Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\">Energy security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\">Power grids and interconnection <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/renewables-and-storage\/\">Renewables and storage <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\">Heat and cooling <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/industrial-energy-systems\/\">Industrial energy systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/nuclear-energy-safety-interface\/\">Nuclear energy and the safety interface <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\">Energy Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Energy%20Nexus%3A%20Hydropower%20and%20water\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why does drought cut thermal power as well as hydropower?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Many thermal plants draw river water for cooling and must cut output when flow is low or the water is too warm to discharge within permit limits.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is hydropower a source of flexibility or of risk?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Both. 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Operators reduce output to stay within those limits.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does Energy Nexus advise on dam operations?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. Dam operations and safety belong to owners and regulators.\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTermSet\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#terms\",\"name\":\"Key terms: Hydropower and water\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#webpage\"},\"hasDefinedTerm\":[{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Hydraulic head\",\"description\":\"The height difference between a reservoir's water level and the turbine, which with flow sets hydropower output.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Multipurpose reservoir\",\"description\":\"A reservoir operated for several uses, such as power, irrigation, water supply and flood control, under one set of rules.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#terms\"}},{\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"name\":\"Rule curve\",\"description\":\"The target reservoir level through the year that operators follow to balance uses and risks.\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/#terms\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n\n<!-- nx-rev:0d683ed526eb469c -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LightDarkAuto G03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 hydropower-and-waterGCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0 GCRI\u00b7Energy Nexus\u00b7Established Topic dossier \u00b7 Energy Nexus Hydropower and water Hydropower supplies flexible, low-carbon electricity in many countries, and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Hydropower and water&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":159,"menu_order":846,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-184","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/184","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=184"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/184\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":330,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/184\/revisions\/330"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/159"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}