{"id":187,"date":"2026-10-13T11:11:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T11:11:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/?page_id=187"},"modified":"2026-10-13T17:09:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T17:09:01","slug":"power-grids-and-interconnection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/","title":{"rendered":"Power grids and interconnection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 power-grids-and-interconnect<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Power grids and interconnection<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">A power grid is a single machine spread across a region or a continent: generation and demand must balance every second, and a fault anywhere is felt everywhere that is synchronously connected. Interconnection shares reserves and smooths variability, but it also shares disturbances. This page sets out how grids are operated within security limits, how failures propagate along lines and across borders, and what evidence operators and regulators use to plan and run them.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">G03 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Energy demand and corridors in Viet\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Power grids and interconnection: how\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Power grid reliability is the ability of a grid to deliver electricity within accepted standards and in the amount desired. Generation and demand must balance every second, and a fault anywhere is felt across the synchronous area. Operators run grids within security limits such as the N-1 criterion; interconnection shares reserves and also disturbances.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Energy demand and corridors in Viet Nam.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Where demand concentrates in cities and the rail, road and port corridors that move fuel and equipment, shown for Viet Nam as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"vietnam:energy\" data-ramp=\"orange\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1400|832 356 985 473|1116 797 1231 933|786 186 930 307\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-vietnam-energy\" data-ramp=\"orange\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Where demand concentrates in cities and the rail, road and port corridors that move fuel and equipment.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Energy Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Power grids and interconnection: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Transmission, distribution and system dependencies. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Balance and frequency<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Frequency falls when demand exceeds supply and rises when it does not. Inertia from rotating machines and fast reserves arrest the change; as inverter-based generation grows, operators must procure these services explicitly rather than receive them for free.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Security limits and contingencies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Operators run the system so that the loss of any single major element, the N-1 criterion, leaves flows and voltages within limits. Operating close to those limits leaves no margin for a second event before the first is cleared.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cascading failure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">An overloaded line trips, its flow shifts to parallel paths, those overload in turn, and protection separates the grid into islands with too much or too little generation. Cascades unfold in minutes and cross borders faster than operators can coordinate.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependencies beyond the grid<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Control centres need telecommunications, substations need batteries, and gas plants need pipelines whose compressors may need electricity. Water, payments and hospitals depend on the grid in turn, so a grid failure becomes a multi-sector event.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">N-1 criterion<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The planning and operating rule that a grid must stay within limits after the loss of any single element, such as one line or generator.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">SAIDI<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The system average interruption duration index: the average outage minutes per customer over a year, defined in IEEE 1366.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">SAIFI<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The system average interruption frequency index: the average number of interruptions per customer over a year, defined in IEEE 1366.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Synchronous inertia<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The kinetic energy stored in spinning generators that slows frequency change after a disturbance.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">System average interruption duration index (SAIDI)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">minutes per customer per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Utility interruption records under IEEE 1366<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">interruptions per customer per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Utility interruption records under IEEE 1366<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Frequency deviation and time outside the standard range<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hertz; minutes per month<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">continuous<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator measurements, phasor measurement units<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Cross-border transfer capacity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatts<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Transparency platform publications<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Transmission circuit availability<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of hours available<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator outage records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Congestion management and redispatch volume<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatt hours; cost in national currency<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator and regulator reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Synchronous inertia<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">gigawatt seconds<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator estimation from committed units<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Power grids and interconnection as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-power-grids-and-interconnectio-t nx-dag-g03-topics-power-grids-and-interconnectio-d\" 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B7ex6dnE3uwTzxWXL1pldvo9\/y\/Q8zCNaV81qqIZ2dnSyTuUOXbXSrZTtHF0w8ke2+HU+u6l1yYM8jLOplrzENNW2OjDrnsGeZRbT2KtLC2F3GWZ5Gj5sGGiARNKfPa123UFW1895bJgdyle61e12ldbvs2rhRE+qG197vPBQuMCEAx\/8\/d0BHySbvKcTmvq07fhNslyvWs6iP+tpOhr29Gd\/u7qczS9mLbbT5zCgsU\/7GI+UIoAvXV7PLlm2x9V5BGAnoiu\/71j6gQwLgfv59eLi57YQ2MRR4n\/tFQJEKQRaaqf\/Aw==\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-power-grids-and-interconnectio-t\">Power grids and interconnection: N-1 security assessment<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-power-grids-and-interconnectio-d\">State estimation gives the operating point; every contingency on the list is simulated with an AC power flow; limit violations lead to remedial actions and a security-constrained dispatch that the operator approves. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E Transparency Platform<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Load, generation, cross-border flows, transfer capacities and outages for European bidding zones<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, registration, ENTSO-E terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EIA Hourly Electric Grid Monitor (Form EIA-930)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Hourly demand, generation and interchange for US balancing authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EIA-861 annual electric power industry report<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Utility reliability indices and customer counts<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E Ten-Year Network Development Plan<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Planned transmission projects and system needs studies<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public report, ENTSO-E terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OpenStreetMap power infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Lines, substations and plants mapped by contributors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open Database Licence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Gridfinder<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Modelled medium-voltage network extent from night-time lights and roads<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Incident investigation reports (ENTSO-E expert panels, NERC and FERC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Reconstructions of major disturbances, their causes and recommendations<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public reports<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Energy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Transmission system operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which contingencies to plan for and how much reserve and inertia to procure<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Contingency scenarios, inertia estimates, lessons from published incident reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Energy regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to approve transmission investment and how to set reliability incentives<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Reliability indices by region, congestion costs, network development plans<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Regional coordination centres and neighbouring operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to share reserves and align defence plans across borders<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Cross-border flow and capacity records; cascade scenarios that cross the border<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Civil protection and critical service operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which services lose power first in a regional outage and what backup they need<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Grid dependency briefs with backup endurance by site<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Grid dependency briefs linking substations to water, health and communications services<\/li><li>Contingency and cascade scenarios with assumptions stated<\/li><li>Interconnection maps with transfer capacities and their evidence labels<\/li><li>Incident reconstructions compiled from published investigations<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What grid experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Can the network carry the flows that future generation and demand patterns will create, without overloading lines or losing voltage control?<\/li><li>How does the system keep its frequency stable as fewer synchronous machines provide inertia?<\/li><li>Where would a single failure push flows onto lines that cannot carry them?<\/li><li>How do distribution networks cope as rooftop solar, heat pumps and electric vehicles change local flows?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How grids fail and recover.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Electricity follows the physics of the network, not contracts. When a line trips, its flow redistributes instantly across parallel paths. If those paths overload, protection trips them too, and a sequence of trips can separate the grid into islands with mismatched supply and demand. Under-frequency load shedding then disconnects customers in blocks to keep the remaining system alive.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Inertia from spinning generators slows the rate at which frequency falls after a disturbance, giving controls time to act. Inverter-based resources such as wind, solar and batteries do not provide inertia inherently, although grid-forming controls can provide similar support. Voltage stability depends on reactive power close to where it is needed. Weak links between regions can produce oscillations that grow if they are not damped.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How grids are analysed.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Power flow and contingency studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Steady-state models check line loading and voltages under normal conditions and after outages. They rely on accurate network data, which is often confidential.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Dynamic simulation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Time-domain models study stability over seconds. Their accuracy depends on models of inverter controls that manufacturers may not fully disclose.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Network science<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/network-science\/\">Network science<\/a> studies the structure of grids and how failures spread. Topological models are useful for insight but ignore much of the physics.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Event analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Post-event reviews by operators and regulators remain the richest evidence, but they are published unevenly across jurisdictions.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/power-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Power systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contingency and load flow studies \u00b7 Frequency stability with less inertia<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/power-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Power systems engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/network-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Network science and contagion<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Interdependency mapping \u00b7 Cascades on multilayer networks \u00b7 Criticality ranking<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/network-science\/\" aria-label=\"Network science and contagion: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/resilience-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Reliability and resilience engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Restoration curve analysis \u00b7 Fault trees for critical sites \u00b7 Fragility curves for grid assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/resilience-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Reliability and resilience engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimization and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Capacity expansion planning \u00b7 Unit commitment and dispatch \u00b7 Restoration sequencing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Optimization and operations research: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Load forecasting with weather \u00b7 Wind and solar power forecasts \u00b7 Seasonal adequacy outlooks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Forecasting and time-series analysis: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Detailed network models and contingency lists are confidential for security reasons, so public studies use simplified or synthetic grids and say so. Reliability indices are defined differently across jurisdictions, and major-event days are often excluded. Cascade models reproduce the mechanisms of past blackouts but cannot predict the next one, because protection settings and operator actions vary. Energy Nexus does not operate, dispatch or plan any grid.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/electricity-and-lifelines\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Electricity and lifelines<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Grid exposure connects to continuity of essential infrastructure services.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is the N-1 criterion?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An operating rule that the system must remain within limits after the loss of any single major element, such as a line, transformer or generating unit. Some operators also plan for more severe combinations.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does interconnection make grids safer?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It shares reserves and smooths local variability, which improves adequacy. It also lets disturbances travel further, so it needs coordinated protection, defence plans and restoration plans across borders.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why are detailed network models not published?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Topology and protection settings could help someone plan an attack. Public analyses use simplified or synthetic networks and state how they differ from the real system.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do blackouts spread so quickly?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because flows redistribute instantly after a fault and protective devices act within fractions of a second. Without enough margin, one trip can trigger others before operators can intervene.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can grids run entirely on inverter-based resources?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">This is an active area of research and operation. Grid-forming inverters, synchronous condensers and new control approaches are being studied and deployed to provide the stability services that spinning machines once provided.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Energy Nexus use confidential grid data?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Only under written agreements with the data holder, and sensitive network details are never published.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Energy Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\">Energy security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/renewables-and-storage\/\">Renewables and storage <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\">Heat and cooling <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/\">Hydropower and water <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/industrial-energy-systems\/\">Industrial energy systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/nuclear-energy-safety-interface\/\">Nuclear energy and the safety interface <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\">Energy Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Energy%20Nexus%3A%20Power%20grids%20and%20interconnection\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the N-1 criterion?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"An operating rule that the system must remain within limits after the loss of any single major element, such as a line, transformer or generating unit. 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