{"id":188,"date":"2026-10-13T11:11:56","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T11:11:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/?page_id=188"},"modified":"2026-10-13T17:09:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T17:09:31","slug":"radiological-and-nuclear-risk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"Radiological and nuclear risk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1u7a6cd.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"dag\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G03 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 radiological-and-nuclear-ris<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Radiological and nuclear risk<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Radiological and nuclear emergencies are rare, but their consequences reach health, food, water, land use, trade and public trust for long periods. Preparedness for them is governed by international conventions, safety standards and independent national authorities. This page sets out how radiological risk is framed, how monitoring networks and protective actions work, and why the decisions belong to designated regulators and emergency authorities rather than to energy analysis.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-canvas\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Systems<\/strong> \u00b7 around this subject<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-energy-hydro-water\" data-cx=\"energy.hydro-water\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Hydro and cooling water watch: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Hydro and cooling water watch<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Radiological and nuclear risk \u00b7 Hydro cascade \u00b7 Dry season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"nx-fk-kpis\" data-n=\"3\"><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Hydro storage, % of capacity<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k0\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">43<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-d\" data-dir=\"down\" data-good=\"na\">4<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k0\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,22L10.2,23L18.4,19.5L26.5,14.6L34.7,4.7L42.9,4.6L51.1,8.2L59.3,10.5L67.5,12.5L75.6,9.1L83.8,3L92,16.8L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,22L10.2,23L18.4,19.5L26.5,14.6L34.7,4.7L42.9,4.6L51.1,8.2L59.3,10.5L67.5,12.5L75.6,9.1L83.8,3L92,16.8\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"16.8\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">River temperature at intake<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k1\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">24<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">\u00b0C<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Watch<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k1\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,19.4L10.2,13L18.4,17.3L26.5,23L34.7,18.9L42.9,9.6L51.1,14.1L59.3,15.8L67.5,17.3L75.6,14L83.8,7.4L92,3L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,19.4L10.2,13L18.4,17.3L26.5,23L34.7,18.9L42.9,9.6L51.1,14.1L59.3,15.8L67.5,17.3L75.6,14L83.8,7.4L92,3\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><li class=\"nx-fk-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-l\">Derating risk, next 7 days<\/span><div class=\"nx-fk-kpi-line\" data-fk-view=\"kpi:k2\"><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-v\" data-k=\"kv\" data-tn=\"true\">3<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-kpi-u\">plants<\/span><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Alert<\/span><\/div><div data-fk-view=\"spark:k2\"><svg class=\"nx-fk-spark\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 26\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path data-m=\"sarea\" data-k=\"sa\" d=\"M2,23L10.2,19.8L18.4,13L26.5,15.7L34.7,11.3L42.9,12.4L51.1,9.8L59.3,5.3L67.5,5.8L75.6,3L83.8,5.7L92,4.4L92,26L2,26Z\"\/><path data-m=\"sline\" data-k=\"sl\" d=\"M2,23L10.2,19.8L18.4,13L26.5,15.7L34.7,11.3L42.9,12.4L51.1,9.8L59.3,5.3L67.5,5.8L75.6,3L83.8,5.7L92,4.4\"\/><circle data-m=\"sdot\" data-k=\"sd\" cx=\"92\" cy=\"4.4\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Cooling water near limit<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">River temperature<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"River temperature\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-energy-hydro-water-c1\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Measured|ink|l||0:45;1:50.9;2:49.7;3:49.8;4:51.9;5:51;6:55.2;7:61.9;8:63.5;9:64.7;10:63.6;11:61.1;12:58.5;13:60.2;14:66.4;15:69.9;16:69.9;17:75.4;18:73.6;19:73;20:77.1;21:81.3;22:84.1;23:82.8~Forecast|acc|l||0:54;1:52.5;2:50.4;3:52.4;4:50.8;5:53.2;6:53.3;7:54.4;8:57.8;9:61.7;10:66.3;11:68;12:67.2;13:71.6;14:72.7;15:71.8;16:70.7;17:70.3;18:67.9;19:72.4;20:76.4;21:76.2;22:78.5;23:83.1\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Plants exposed<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-energy-hydro-water-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-energy-hydro-water-t2\" aria-label=\"Plants exposed\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Plant<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Type<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Margin to limit (\u00b0C)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Action<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-energy-hydro-water:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>TP-2<\/td><td>Thermal<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.5\">0.5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Derate plan<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-energy-hydro-water:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>NP-1<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"2.8\">2.8<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Monitor<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-energy-hydro-water:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>HP-3<\/td><td>Hydro<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">n\/a<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Release limited<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Hydro and cooling water watch: the screen's structure, terms and states for Radiological and nuclear risk.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig.<\/strong><span>Hydro and cooling water watch. Design wireframe with placeholder names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Energy demand and corridors in North\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Radiological and nuclear risk: how\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A radiological or nuclear emergency is an event in which radioactive material or radiation creates a hazard to people, food, water or land. It is rare, and its consequences can last for years. Monitoring networks measure dose rates and contamination; designated regulators and emergency authorities decide protective actions under national law and IAEA safety standards.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Energy demand and corridors in North America.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Where demand concentrates in cities and the rail, road and port corridors that move fuel and equipment, shown for North America as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"north-america:energy\" data-ramp=\"orange\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1250|772 0 1557 593|899 784 1355 1040|1361 1001 1426 1071|1332 993 1423 1048\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-north-america-energy\" data-ramp=\"orange\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Where demand concentrates in cities and the rail, road and port corridors that move fuel and equipment.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Energy Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Radiological and nuclear risk: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Nuclear and radiological safety context and independent regulatory role. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Source to exposure pathway<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Radioactive material released to air deposits on land and water, then reaches people through external exposure, inhalation and ingestion of food and water. Each pathway has its own timing and its own protective actions.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M5 22h14\"\/><path d=\"M5 2h14\"\/><path d=\"M17 22v-4.172a2 2 0 0 0-.586-1.414L12 12l-4.414 4.414A2 2 0 0 0 7 17.828V22\"\/><path d=\"M7 2v4.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414L12 12l4.414-4.414A2 2 0 0 0 17 6.172V2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Protective actions are time-bound<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Sheltering, evacuation and iodine thyroid blocking act in the early phase; food and water restrictions and relocation follow. Their benefits and harms, including the harms of evacuation itself, have to be weighed together.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cascades beyond health<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Contamination and evacuation interrupt agriculture, fisheries, water supply, trade and local economies, and loss of trust can outlast the radiological hazard. Removing a large plant from service also strains grid adequacy and fuel supply.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Many sources beyond reactors<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Radiological risk also arises from lost or stolen industrial and medical sources, transport incidents and contaminated scrap metal. Regulatory control of sources throughout their life is the main barrier against these events.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Ambient dose rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The radiation dose rate in air at a location, measured by monitoring stations in units such as microsieverts per hour.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Protective action<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A measure such as sheltering, evacuation, iodine thyroid blocking or food restrictions taken to reduce radiation exposure.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">INES<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, which communicates the safety significance of events on a seven-level scale.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Emergency planning zone<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The area around a facility for which protective actions are planned in advance.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Ambient gamma dose rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">microsieverts per hour<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">continuous<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National radiation monitoring networks<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Activity concentration in air<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">becquerels per cubic metre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily during events<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Air samplers<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Activity concentration in food and drinking water<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">becquerels per kilogram or per litre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per sample<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Laboratory analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Projected dose for protective action planning<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">millisieverts<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per scenario<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Atmospheric dispersion and dose models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Events rated on the INES scale<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count by level<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Regulator communications through the IAEA<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population within emergency planning zones<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">persons<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">periodic<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Gridded population on planning zones<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Radiological and nuclear risk as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-radiological-and-nuclear-risk--t nx-dag-g03-topics-radiological-and-nuclear-risk--d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-radiological-and-nuclear-risk--t\">Radiological and nuclear risk: N-1 security assessment<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g03-topics-radiological-and-nuclear-risk--d\">State estimation gives the operating point; every contingency on the list is simulated with an AC power flow; limit violations lead to remedial actions and a security-constrained dispatch that the operator approves. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EURDEP European Radiological Data Exchange Platform<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Gamma dose rates from national monitoring stations in Europe<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public map; data exchange by agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">US EPA RadNet<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Near-real-time ambient radiation monitoring in the United States<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UNSCEAR reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Scientific assessments of sources, exposures and effects of ionising radiation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free access, UN terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IAEA safety standards and emergency preparedness publications<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Requirements and guidance on protective actions and their criteria<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free access, IAEA terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IAEA Incident and Trafficking Database fact sheets<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Summaries of incidents involving nuclear and radioactive material out of regulatory control<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public summaries, IAEA terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Safecast<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Citizen radiation measurements with documented instruments<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain dedication<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Energy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Independent nuclear and radiation regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How sources and installations are licensed, inspected and controlled<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Regulatory records and safety standards; energy analysis supplies context only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National emergency management and civil protection authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to shelter, evacuate, distribute iodine or restrict food and water<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Monitoring data, dispersion projections and the operational criteria in national plans<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Food safety and drinking-water authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which products and supplies to test and restrict after a release<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Activity concentrations against national limits and Codex Alimentarius guideline levels<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Public health agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to communicate risk and support affected populations over the long term<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">UNSCEAR and WHO evidence, local monitoring, health surveillance<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Plain-language guides to the roles of regulators, emergency authorities and international bodies<\/li><li>Cascade maps from a radiological emergency to food, water, energy and trade<\/li><li>Directories of public monitoring networks with their data terms<\/li><li>Briefs on the security of radioactive sources for infrastructure planners<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What radiation protection experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>What exposure pathways exist from a source or event: external radiation, inhalation, ingestion through food and water?<\/li><li>How are doses estimated, and how certain are those estimates?<\/li><li>Which protective actions, such as sheltering, evacuation or food restrictions, reduce dose, and what harms do they cause in turn?<\/li><li>How are risks communicated clearly to a public that may fear radiation strongly?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How radiological risk arises and is controlled.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Ionizing radiation can damage living cells. At high doses this causes acute effects; at lower doses the main concern is an increased probability of cancer over time. Radiation protection rests on three principles: justification of practices, optimization so that exposures are as low as reasonably achievable, and dose limits for individuals.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Nuclear installations are designed on defence in depth: multiple independent barriers and layers of protection so that no single failure leads to release. Major accidents have shown that common-cause events, loss of power and cooling, and organizational factors can defeat several layers at once. Experience also shows that the disruption of evacuation and long displacement can cause serious health and social harm of its own, which emergency planning must weigh.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How risk is assessed.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Probabilistic safety assessment<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Structured models of accident sequences used by operators and regulators. They depend on data for rare events and on assumptions about human and organizational performance.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Atmospheric and environmental dispersion<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Models estimate where released material travels and settles. They depend on source terms and weather, which are uncertain early in an event.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Dosimetry and monitoring<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Measurement networks and personal dosimetry provide the ground truth. Coverage varies between countries.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/process-safety\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Process and industrial safety engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Natural hazards triggering accidents \u00b7 Layers of protection review<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/process-safety\/\" aria-label=\"Process and industrial safety engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/resilience-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Reliability and resilience engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Restoration curve analysis \u00b7 Fault trees for critical sites \u00b7 Fragility curves for grid assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/resilience-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Reliability and resilience engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/materials-chemistry\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Materials science and chemistry<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Battery chemistry and thermal runaway \u00b7 Ageing and corrosion of grid assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/materials-chemistry\/\" aria-label=\"Materials science and chemistry: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/network-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Network science and contagion<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Interdependency mapping \u00b7 Cascades on multilayer networks \u00b7 Criticality ranking<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/network-science\/\" aria-label=\"Network science and contagion: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Load forecasting with weather \u00b7 Wind and solar power forecasts \u00b7 Seasonal adequacy outlooks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Forecasting and time-series analysis: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Dose projections in an emergency depend on release estimates and weather that are uncertain in the first hours. Monitoring network coverage and data sharing vary by country. Citizen measurements need calibration context. Energy Nexus does not perform emergency dose assessment, does not advise on protective actions and has no regulatory role; designated national authorities and the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre hold those functions.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Who decides on evacuation after a nuclear accident?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The designated national emergency authority, following its national plan and the advice of the nuclear regulator, with the operator providing plant information. International bodies support but do not decide.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does the INES scale communicate?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The significance of a nuclear or radiological event for public communication, on a scale from anomaly to major accident. It is not a tool for emergency response decisions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are citizen radiation measurements reliable?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">They can add coverage when instruments are calibrated and methods documented. They complement official monitoring networks but do not replace them.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Energy Nexus give radiation protection advice?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It explains how the system of protection and emergency response is organised and where public data can be found. Advice comes from national authorities.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where should I look for advice during a radiological emergency?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Follow the instructions of your national civil protection and radiation protection authorities. Energy Nexus does not issue emergency advice.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is any radiation dose safe?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Radiation protection assumes that risk increases with dose even at low levels, which is why exposures are kept as low as reasonably achievable within dose limits.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Energy Nexus assess specific installations?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Safety assessment of installations belongs to operators and independent regulators.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Energy Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\">Energy security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\">Power grids and interconnection <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/renewables-and-storage\/\">Renewables and storage <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\">Heat and cooling <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/hydropower-and-water\/\">Hydropower and water <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/industrial-energy-systems\/\">Industrial energy systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\">Energy Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Energy%20Nexus%3A%20Radiological%20and%20nuclear%20risk\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/radiological-and-nuclear-risk\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who decides on evacuation after a nuclear accident?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The designated national emergency authority, following its national plan and the advice of the nuclear regulator, with the operator providing plant information. 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