{"id":67,"date":"2026-11-02T02:08:40","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T02:08:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/?page_id=67"},"modified":"2026-11-02T02:08:40","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T02:08:40","slug":"power-grids-and-interconnection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/","title":{"rendered":"Power grids and interconnection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script>window.nexusLiveStrings={\"label\":\"Load the live map\",\"note\":\"Imagery and feeds come from other services (NASA, USGS, OpenStreetMap) and load only when you ask.\"};<\/script><script>(function(){\"use strict\";var n=window,l=document,y=\"nexus.live-map\",$=\"nexus.live-map.reload\";if(n.NXLive){return}var E=[\/(^|\\.)gibs\\.earthdata\\.nasa\\.gov$\/i,\/(^|\\.)eonet\\.gsfc\\.nasa\\.gov$\/i,\/(^|\\.)power\\.larc\\.nasa\\.gov$\/i,\/(^|\\.)earthquake\\.usgs\\.gov$\/i,\/(^|\\.)open-meteo\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)openfreemap\\.org$\/i,\/(^|\\.)openstreetmap\\.org$\/i,\/(^|\\.)cartocdn\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)arcgisonline\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)maplibre\\.org$\/i,\/(^|\\.)protomaps\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)versatiles\\.org$\/i,\/(^|\\.)amazonaws\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)raw\\.githubusercontent\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)media\\.githubusercontent\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)geoboundaries\\.org$\/i,\/(^|\\.)jsdelivr\\.net$\/i,\/(^|\\.)unpkg\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)cdn[j]s\\.cloudflare\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)googleapis\\.com$\/i,\/(^|\\.)gstatic\\.com$\/i];var C=[\/(^|\\.)amazonaws\\.com$\/i];var b=n.nexusLiveStrings?n.nexusLiveStrings:{};var A={label:b.label?b.label:\"Load the live map\",note:b.note?b.note:\"Imagery and feeds come from other services (NASA, USGS, OpenStreetMap) and load only when you ask.\"};var I=[\"experience\",\"external\",\"optional-content\",\"embeds\",\"media\"];var p=[],u=[],k=0;function j(){try{if(n.localStorage.getItem(y)===\"1\"){return true}}catch(e){}try{return n.sessionStorage.getItem(y)===\"1\"}catch(e){return false}}function S(){var e=n.nexusConsent;if(!e){return null}return typeof e.allows===\"function\"?e:null}function z(){var e=n.nexusConsent;if(!e){return false}if(typeof e.granted!==\"function\"){return false}for(var t=0;t<I.length;t++){try{if(e.granted(I[t])){return true}}catch(r){}}return false}function d(e){var t=S();if(t){try{return t.allows(e?e:\"maps\")===true}catch(r){return false}}return j()?true:z()}function D(e){try{var t=e?typeof e===\"string\"?e:e.url?e.url:e.href?e.href:String(e):\"\";var r=new URL(t,l.baseURI);if(r.protocol!==\"http:\"){if(r.protocol!==\"https:\"){return\"\"}}return r.origin===n.location.origin?\"\":r.hostname}catch(o){return\"\"}}function X(e){for(var t=0;t<C.length;t++){if(C[t].test(e)){return\"globe\"}}return\"maps\"}function f(e){var t=D(e);if(!t){return false}var r=false;for(var o=0;o<E.length;o++){if(E[o].test(t)){r=true;break}}if(!r){return false}if(d(X(t))){return false}k++;return true}var w=0;function c(){if(w){return}w=setTimeout(function(){w=0;L()},250)}function v(e){setTimeout(function(){try{e.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"error\"))}catch(t){}},0)}var N=n.fetch;if(N){n.fetch=function(e){if(f(e)){c();return Promise.reject(new TypeError(\"Blocked until the live map is loaded\"))}return N.apply(this,arguments)}}var g=n.XMLHttpRequest?n.XMLHttpRequest.prototype:null;if(g){var K=g.open,_=g.send;g.open=function(e,t){this.__nxLiveUrl=t;return K.apply(this,arguments)};g.send=function(){if(f(this.__nxLiveUrl)){c();v(this);return}return _.apply(this,arguments)}}var h=n.HTMLImageElement?Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n.HTMLImageElement.prototype,\"src\"):null;if(h){if(h.set){Object.defineProperty(n.HTMLImageElement.prototype,\"src\",{configurable:true,enumerable:h.enumerable,get:h.get,set:function(e){if(f(e)){c();v(this);return}h.set.call(this,e)}})}}var O=n.Element?n.Element.prototype.setAttribute:null;if(O){n.Element.prototype.setAttribute=function(e,t){if(e===\"src\"){if(this.tagName===\"IMG\"){if(f(t)){c();v(this);return}}}return O.apply(this,arguments)}}function M(e){if(!e){return false}if(e.tagName===\"SCRIPT\"){return f(e.src)}if(e.tagName===\"LINK\"){return f(e.href)}return false}if(n.Node){var G=n.Node.prototype.appendChild,Y=n.Node.prototype.insertBefore;n.Node.prototype.appendChild=function(e){if(M(e)){c();v(e);return e}return G.apply(this,arguments)};n.Node.prototype.insertBefore=function(e){if(M(e)){c();v(e);return e}return Y.apply(this,arguments)}}var R='[data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\"],[data-nx-le],[data-nx-eo],[data-grx-globe],[data-grx-obs],.nx-sb[data-nx-sb]';function T(){var e=[l];var t=l.querySelectorAll(\"*\");for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){if(t[r].shadowRoot){e.push(t[r].shadowRoot)}}return e}function B(){var e=S();if(e){if(typeof e.enable===\"function\"){try{e.enable(\"maps\",\"site\")}catch(t){}try{e.enable(\"globe\",\"site\")}catch(t){}m();return}}try{n.localStorage.setItem(y,\"1\")}catch(t){try{n.sessionStorage.setItem(y,\"1\")}catch(r){}}m()}function F(e,t){var r=e.createElement(\"button\");r.type=\"button\";r.textContent=A.label;r.setAttribute(\"style\",\"pointer-events:auto;min-height:44px;min-width:44px;padding:0 18px;cursor:pointer;font:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:14px;line-height:1.2;border-radius:2px;border:1px solid var(--nx-border-strong,#8a8a8a);background:var(--nx-text-primary,#111);color:var(--nx-bg-canvas,#fff)\");var o=\"nx-live-note-\"+Math.floor(Math.random()*1e9);r.setAttribute(\"aria-describedby\",o);r.addEventListener(\"click\",B);r.addEventListener(\"focus\",function(){r.style.outline=\"2px solid var(--nx-focus,#4c9aff)\";r.style.outlineOffset=\"2px\"});r.addEventListener(\"blur\",function(){r.style.outline=\"\"});var a=e.createElement(\"span\");a.id=o;a.textContent=A.note;a.setAttribute(\"style\",\"pointer-events:none;font-size:12px;line-height:1.4;padding:3px 7px;border-radius:2px;background:var(--nx-bg-canvas,#fff);color:var(--nx-text-secondary,#333);border:1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline,#bbb);max-width:34em\");t.appendChild(r);t.appendChild(a)}function W(e){var t=e.ownerDocument;var r=t.createElement(\"div\");r.className=\"nx-live-gate\";r.setAttribute(\"style\",\"position:absolute;inset-block-start:10px;inset-inline-start:10px;z-index:6;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:6px;max-width:calc(100% - 20px);pointer-events:none;font:inherit\");var o=S();var a=false;if(o){if(typeof o.placeholder===\"function\"){try{var s=t.createElement(\"div\");s.setAttribute(\"style\",\"pointer-events:auto\");r.appendChild(s);o.placeholder(s,\"maps\");a=s.childNodes.length>0;if(!a){r.removeChild(s)}}catch(i){a=false}}}if(!a){F(t,r)}return r}function L(){if(d(\"maps\")){return}var e=T();for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){var r=e[t].querySelectorAll(R);for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++){var a=r[o];if(a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-live-gate\")){continue}if(a.closest(\".nx-live-gate\")){continue}var s=a.getBoundingClientRect();if(s.width<120){continue}var i=a.querySelector(\".le-stage,.eo-stage\");if(!i){if(a.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-le\")||a.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-eo\")){continue}i=a}a.setAttribute(\"data-nx-live-gate\",\"1\");var H=n.getComputedStyle(i);if(H.position===\"static\"){i.style.position=\"relative\"}var U=W(i);i.appendChild(U);u.push({host:a,wrap:U,stage:i})}}J()}function J(){for(var e=0;e<u.length;e++){var t=u[e].stage,r=t?t.querySelector(\".nx-wm-presets\"):null;var o=r?r.getBoundingClientRect():null;if(o?o.height>0:false){var a=Math.round(o.bottom-t.getBoundingClientRect().top+8)+\"px\";if(u[e].wrap.style.insetBlockStart!==a){u[e].wrap.style.insetBlockStart=a}}}}function Q(){for(var e=0;e<u.length;e++){try{u[e].wrap.remove()}catch(t){}try{u[e].host.removeAttribute(\"data-nx-live-gate\")}catch(t){}}u=[]}function V(e,t,r){p.push({name:e,selector:t,fn:r});if(x){try{r(\"on\")}catch(o){}}}function Z(e){for(var t=0;t<p.length;t++){try{p[t].fn(e)}catch(r){}}}function ee(){var e=[],t=T();for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){var o=t[r].querySelectorAll(R);for(var a=0;a<o.length;a++){var s=false;for(var i=0;i<p.length;i++){try{if(o[a].matches(p[i].selector)){s=true;break}}catch(H){}}if(!s){e.push(o[a])}}}return e}function te(e){if(k===0){return}if(ee().length===0){return}var t=e?\"on\":\"off\";try{if(n.sessionStorage.getItem($)===t){return}n.sessionStorage.setItem($,t)}catch(r){return}n.location.reload()}var x=d(\"maps\");function m(){var e=d(\"maps\");if(e===x){if(!e){c()}return}x=e;if(e){Q()}Z(e?\"on\":\"off\");if(!e){c()}try{l.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(\"nexus:live-map\",{detail:{granted:e}}))}catch(t){}te(e)}function q(){L();if(n.MutationObserver){var e=new n.MutationObserver(function(){if(x){return}c()});e.observe(l.documentElement,{childList:true,subtree:true});setTimeout(function(){e.disconnect()},2e4)}}if(l.readyState===\"loading\"){l.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",q)}else{q()}n.addEventListener(\"load\",function(){setTimeout(L,400)});l.addEventListener(\"nexus-consent:ready\",m);l.addEventListener(\"nexus-consent:change\",m);var P=0;var re=setInterval(function(){P++;m();if(P>40){clearInterval(re)}},400);n.NXLive={allowed:d,blocked:f,grant:B,register:V,hosts:E.length}})();<\/script><style>.pix-dark-mode-switch, .bx-color-mode-toggle, .color-switcher, .page-headline { display: none !important; }<\/style><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-sig-data\">{\"S\":[{\"id\":\"W\",\"name\":\"Water\"},{\"id\":\"E\",\"name\":\"Energy\"},{\"id\":\"I\",\"name\":\"Infrastructure\"},{\"id\":\"F\",\"name\":\"Food\"},{\"id\":\"H\",\"name\":\"Health\"},{\"id\":\"B\",\"name\":\"Biodiversity\"}],\"D\":{\"W\":{\"E\":[0.6,\"cooling water and hydropower\"],\"F\":[0.8,\"irrigation\"],\"H\":[0.7,\"drinking water and sanitation\"],\"B\":[0.6,\"environmental flows\"],\"I\":[0.3,\"erosion and flood damage\"]},\"E\":{\"W\":[0.5,\"pumping and treatment\"],\"F\":[0.5,\"fertiliser, machinery and cold chains\"],\"H\":[0.5,\"hospital power\"],\"I\":[0.8,\"power for transport and telecoms\"],\"B\":[0.2,\"pollution from backup fuels\"]},\"I\":{\"W\":[0.6,\"pipes, dams and treatment works\"],\"E\":[0.6,\"transmission and fuel logistics\"],\"F\":[0.5,\"transport to market\"],\"H\":[0.5,\"access to care\"],\"B\":[0.2,\"coastal and river defences\"]},\"F\":{\"H\":[0.7,\"nutrition\"],\"W\":[0.3,\"withdrawals and runoff\"],\"B\":[0.6,\"land conversion\"],\"E\":[0.2,\"bioenergy feedstock\"],\"I\":[0.1,\"rural roads and storage\"]},\"H\":{\"F\":[0.3,\"farm labour\"],\"I\":[0.3,\"workforce for operations\"],\"E\":[0.2,\"grid workforce\"],\"W\":[0.2,\"utility workforce\"],\"B\":[0.1,\"conservation capacity\"]},\"B\":{\"W\":[0.5,\"watershed regulation\"],\"F\":[0.6,\"pollination and soils\"],\"H\":[0.4,\"zoonotic spillover and medicines\"],\"I\":[0.2,\"storm surge protection\"],\"E\":[0.1,\"biomass\"]}},\"CTX\":[{\"id\":\"urban-flood\",\"o\":\"WI\",\"n\":\"Urban flood\",\"s\":\"WEIH\",\"t\":\"Flooded streets take out substations, pumping stations and clinic access together; drinking water fails when power does.\"},{\"id\":\"hydropower\",\"o\":\"W\",\"n\":\"Hydropower reservoir\",\"s\":\"WEIB\",\"t\":\"A dam stores water for power and flood control, and reshapes the river's sediment, fish passage and wetlands downstream.\"},{\"id\":\"drought\",\"o\":\"W\",\"n\":\"Drought\",\"s\":\"WEFHB\",\"t\":\"Low river flows cut irrigation, cooling water and hydropower at once; food prices, nutrition and ecosystems follow.\"},{\"id\":\"heatwave\",\"o\":\"EH\",\"n\":\"Heatwave\",\"s\":\"WEFH\",\"t\":\"Cooling demand peaks the grid while rivers warm; heat stress fills hospitals and wilts crops.\"},{\"id\":\"blackout\",\"o\":\"E\",\"n\":\"Grid blackout\",\"s\":\"WEIFH\",\"t\":\"Without power, water treatment, telecoms, cold chains and hospitals fall back on fuel that runs out.\"},{\"id\":\"pandemic\",\"o\":\"H\",\"n\":\"Pandemic\",\"s\":\"EIFH\",\"t\":\"Workforce absence ripples from clinics into grid operations, logistics and farm labour.\"},{\"id\":\"pollinator\",\"o\":\"B\",\"n\":\"Pollinator decline\",\"s\":\"FHB\",\"t\":\"Fewer pollinators lower yields of fruit and vegetables, with a direct path to diet quality.\"},{\"id\":\"storm-surge\",\"o\":\"IB\",\"n\":\"Coastal storm surge\",\"s\":\"WEIHB\",\"t\":\"Mangroves and dunes absorb the surge; where they are gone, ports, substations and water intakes take it.\"}],\"K\":{\"shock\":0.6,\"gain\":0.35,\"rounds\":4},\"note\":\"teaching values\"}<\/script><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-sig-engine\" data-nx-run=\"sig\" data-nx-src=\"nexus-embed-signature.da3c87c267a0.js\" data-nx-sri=\"sha256-2jyHwmeg83e7xN+0QFoYCKfT1RqWeZ5rDTQYhy7VLN0=\"><\/script><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-data\" data-nx-pack=\"deflate\" data-nx-on-sight=\".nx-wm[data-nx-water], [data-nx-map=ctx-field], [data-ra-map]\" data-nx-asset=\"water-data.3b3a22b282e0.txt\" data-nx-sri=\"sha256-OzoisoLgSBF+GOOCOut2UxVhsLZRJ7WYRe5RBuccql8=\"><\/script><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-gibs\" data-nx-pack=\"deflate\" data-nx-on-sight=\".nx-wm[data-nx-water], [data-nx-map=ctx-field], [data-ra-map]\" data-nx-asset=\"water-gibs.1e3509ec98ed.txt\" data-nx-sri=\"sha256-HjUJ7JjtuBr7AH88A+TtFwwNlVvyPUUGEekoP2or5ag=\"><\/script><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-engine\" data-nx-run=\"water\" data-nx-on-sight=\".nx-wm[data-nx-water], [data-nx-map=ctx-field], [data-ra-map]\" data-nx-src=\"nexus-embed-water.01305f33bf9e.js\" data-nx-sri=\"sha256-ATBfM7+e+1qWCgCALDnJl8+KCU1DkGN7yi1+3RH\/M7A=\"><\/script><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-maplibre-sources\" data-nx-run=\"mlsources\" data-nx-on-sight=\".nx-wm[data-nx-water], [data-nx-map=ctx-field], [data-ra-map]\">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<\/script><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-maplibre-engine\" data-nx-run=\"maplibre\" data-nx-on-sight=\".nx-wm[data-nx-water], [data-nx-map=ctx-field], [data-ra-map]\" data-nx-src=\"nexus-embed-maplibre.b0fc0bdf5ffc.js\" data-nx-sri=\"sha256-sPwL31\/8ffkYCKI8ELO5Y2YMlixXFACzhmxgiA9l\/Tc=\"><\/script><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nx-twin-es-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-G03\" data-nx-pack=\"deflate\">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<\/script><script data-digest=\"1HDcdXHFCxvm20tlR9FHTN8XvrJhNFlbW03tKxwWJ8I=\" type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-es-load\" data-nx-run=\"estates\">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<\/script><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-assets\">{\"nxe-es-code\":{\"f\":\"es-code.d470dc7571c5.txt\",\"s\":\"sha256-1HDcdXHFCxvm20tlR9FHTN8XvrJhNFlbW03tKxwWJ8I=\",\"a\":\"\"},\"nxe-gl-base-od\":{\"f\":\"gl-base-od.e0622a96e899.txt\",\"s\":\"sha256-4GIqluiZJntyAGfMYGNoAXwwxMKhdab+7YEFBoLlZ5o=\",\"a\":\" data-nx-pack=\\\"deflate\\\"\"},\"nxe-map-context\":{\"f\":\"map-context.a965226720a1.txt\",\"s\":\"sha256-qWUiZyChbKiTtLWpFCZROVpB5QISXNBKfepOJ+zOkWA=\",\"a\":\" data-nx-pack=\\\"deflate\\\"\"},\"nxe-map-pool\":{\"f\":\"map-pool.c31dae84875a.txt\",\"s\":\"sha256-wx2uhIda8fEz4BK1sUQO7edPcs22Bvn4FE0NpYLDyEo=\",\"a\":\" data-nx-pack=\\\"deflate\\\"\"},\"nxe-ml-src-code\":{\"f\":\"ml-src-code.5a99eb24c979.txt\",\"s\":\"sha256-WpnrJMl5+Rt6GCPchYzz9V8Fw\/mt0BVdtedF3t\/o0+o=\",\"a\":\"\"},\"nxe-xt-code\":{\"f\":\"xt-code.371023489e89.txt\",\"s\":\"sha256-NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\",\"a\":\"\"}}<\/script><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-mount\" data-nx-run=\"mount\">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<\/script><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-boot\">if(typeof window.__nxStill!==\"function\")window.__nxStill=function(){try{if(document.documentElement.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-still\"))return true;if(document.body?\/(?:^|\\s)mdp-readabler-stop-animations(?:\\s|$)\/.test(document.body.className):false)return true;var g=JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem(\"readabler\")||\"{}\");return g?g.stopAnimations===true||g.stopAnimations===\"true\"||g.stopAnimations===1:false}catch(G){return false}};(function(){function g(e,a){var f=atob(e),s=new Uint8Array(f.length),r;for(r=0;r< f.length;r++){s[r]=f.charCodeAt(r)}var o=0,i=0,u=0,n=new Uint8Array(Math.max(1024,s.length*6)),t=0;var c=[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,17,19,23,27,31,35,43,51,59,67,83,99,115,131,163,195,227,258];var d=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,0];var m=[1,2,3,4,5,7,9,13,17,25,33,49,65,97,129,193,257,385,513,769,1025,1537,2049,3073,4097,6145,8193,12289,16385,24577];var y=[0,0,0,0,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13];var ct=[16,17,18,0,8,7,9,6,10,5,11,4,12,3,13,2,14,1,15];function b(w){while(u< w){if(o>=s.length){throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: truncated\")}i|=s[o++]<< u;u+=8}var h=i%(1<< w);i>>>=w;u-=w;return h}function S(w,h,A){var v=new Uint16Array(16),_=new Uint16Array(16),p=new Uint16Array(A),x;for(x=0;x< A;x++){v[w[h+x]]++}v[0]=0;for(x=1;x<16;x++){_[x]=_[x-1]+v[x-1]}for(x=0;x< A;x++){if(w[h+x]){p[_[w[h+x]]++]=x}}return{count:v,sym:p}}function X(w){var h=0,A=0,v=0,_,p;for(_=1;_<16;_++){h|=b(1);p=w.count[_];if(h-p< A){return w.sym[v+(h-A)]}v+=p;A+=p;A<<=1;h<<=1}throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad code\")}function B(w){if(t+w<=n.length){return}var h=new Uint8Array(Math.max(n.length*2,t+w));h.set(n.subarray(0,t));n=h}var j=null,W=null,Y=0;while(!Y){Y=b(1);var q=b(2),J,H;if(q===0){i=0;u=0;var D=s[o]|s[o+1]<<8;o+=4;B(D);n.set(s.subarray(o,o+D),t);t+=D;o+=D;continue}if(q===1){if(!j){var Z=new Uint8Array(288),k=new Uint8Array(30);for(r=0;r<288;r++){Z[r]=r<144?8:r<256?9:r<280?7:8}for(r=0;r<30;r++){k[r]=5}j=S(Z,0,288);W=S(k,0,30)}J=j;H=W}else if(q===2){var F=b(5)+257,tt=b(5)+1,dt=b(4)+4,N=new Uint8Array(320),nt=new Uint8Array(19);for(r=0;r< dt;r++){nt[ct[r]]=b(3)}var lt=S(nt,0,19),U=0;while(U< F+tt){var O=X(lt),R=0,et=0;if(O<16){N[U++]=O;continue}if(O===16){if(!U){throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad repeat\")}et=N[U-1];R=3+b(2)}else if(O===17){R=3+b(3)}else{R=11+b(7)}while(R--){N[U++]=et}}J=S(N,0,F);H=S(N,F,tt)}else{throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad block\")}for(;;){var E=X(J);if(E<256){B(1);n[t++]=E;continue}if(E===256){break}E-=257;var rt=c[E]+b(d[E]),at=X(H),it=m[at]+b(y[at]);if(it>t){throw new Error(\"nx-inflate: bad distance\")}B(rt);for(var ot=0;ot< rt;ot++){n[t]=n[t-it];t++}}}return a?n.subarray(0,t):new TextDecoder(\"utf-8\").decode(n.subarray(0,t))}if(typeof window.__nxInflate!==\"function\"){window.__nxInflate=g}function G(e){var a=g(e,true),f=a[0]|a[1]<<8|a[2]<<16|a[3]<<24;var s=a.subarray(4+f);function r(o,i){var u=\"\",n=s.subarray(o,o+i);for(var t=0;i>t;t+=8192){u+=String.fromCharCode.apply(null,n.subarray(t,t+8192))}return btoa(u)}return JSON.parse(new TextDecoder(\"utf-8\").decode(a.subarray(4,4+f)),function(o,i){return i?i.$b?r(i.$b[0],i.$b[1]):i:i})}if(typeof window.__nxUnpack!==\"function\"){window.__nxUnpack=G}if(typeof window.__nxLate!==\"function\"){window.__nxLate=function(e,a){if(document.readyState!==\"loading\"){return null}if(!document.querySelector('template[data-nx-libs-last~=\"'+e+'\"]')){return null}return new Promise(function(f,s){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){var r=a();if(r){f(r)}else{s(new Error(\"nx-late: \"+e))}},{once:true})})}}if(typeof window.__nxAsset!==\"function\"){var I={};window.__nxAsset=function(e,a){if(I[e]){return I[e]}var f=document.getElementById(\"nxe-boot\"),s=[],r=window.NX_ASSET_BASE,o=f?f.getAttribute(\"data-nx-asset-base\"):\"\";if(r){s.push(String(r))}if(o){s.push(o)}s.push(\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/nexus-assets\/\");function i(t){if(!a){return t}return crypto.subtle.digest(\"SHA-256\",new TextEncoder().encode(t)).then(function(c){if(\"sha256-\"+btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(null,new Uint8Array(c)))!==a){throw new Error(\"nx-asset: integrity\")}return t})}function u(t){if(t>=s.length){return Promise.reject(new Error(\"nx-asset: \"+e))}var c=s[t].charAt(s[t].length-1)===\"\/\"?s[t]:s[t]+\"\/\";return fetch(c+e,{credentials:\"omit\"}).then(function(d){if(!d.ok){throw new Error(\"nx-asset: \"+d.status)}return d.text()}).then(i).then(null,function(){return u(t+1)})}var n=u(0);I[e]=n;n.then(null,function(){delete I[e]});return n}}if(typeof window.__nxText!==\"function\"){window.__nxText=function(e){if(!e){return Promise.reject(new Error(\"nx-text: none\"))}var a=e.getAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\");if(a?!e.textContent:false){return window.__nxAsset(a,e.getAttribute(\"data-nx-sri\")||\"\")}return Promise.resolve(e.textContent)}}function ut(e){var a=e.getAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\");if(a?!e.textContent:false){return window.__nxAsset(a,e.getAttribute(\"data-nx-sri\")||\"\").then(function(n){return window.__nxInflate(n)})}var f=e.getAttribute(\"data-nx-src\");if(f?!e.textContent:false){var s=window.NX_RUNTIME||{},r=s.base||window.NX_RUNTIME_BASE||\"\",o=(s.files||{})[f.replace(\/\\.[0-9a-f]{12}(\\.js)$\/,\"$1\")]||null,i=[];if(r){i.push([r+f,e.getAttribute(\"data-nx-sri\")||\"\"])}if(o?!!o.url:false){i.push([o.url,o.sri||\"\"])}var u=function(n){if(n>=i.length){return Promise.reject(new Error(\"nx-lazy: \"+f))}var t={credentials:\"same-origin\"};if(i[n][1]){t.integrity=i[n][1]}return fetch(i[n][0],t).then(function(c){if(!c.ok){throw new Error(\"nx-lazy: \"+c.status)}return c.text()}).then(null,function(){return u(n+1)})};return u(0)}return Promise.resolve(window.__nxInflate(e.textContent))}function st(e){var a=e[0].getAttribute(\"data-nx-on-sight\")||\"[data-nx-map]\",f=null,s=false;function r(){if(s){return}s=true;if(f){f.disconnect()}var i=document.querySelectorAll(\"script[data-nx-on-sight][data-nx-asset]:not([data-nx-run])\"),u=[];for(var n=0;n!==i.length;n++){(function(t){if(t.textContent){return}u.push(window.__nxAsset(t.getAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\"),t.getAttribute(\"data-nx-sri\")||\"\").then(function(c){t.textContent=c;t.removeAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\")},function(){t.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"failed\")}))})(i[n])}Promise.all(u.concat(e.map(function(t){return ut(t).then(null,function(){return null})}))).then(function(t){var c=t.slice(u.length);for(var d=0;d!==e.length;d++){if(c[d]===null){e[d].setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"failed\");continue}var m=document.createElement(\"script\");m.className=\"_iub_cs_skip\";m.setAttribute(\"data-nx-runtime\",e[d].getAttribute(\"data-nx-run\"));m.textContent=c[d];(document.head||document.documentElement).appendChild(m);e[d].setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"true\")}try{document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(\"nexus:lazy-ready\"))}catch(y){}})}function o(){if(s){return}var i=[document],u=document.querySelectorAll(\".nxe-host\"),n=[],t,c;for(t=0;t!==u.length;t++){if(u[t].shadowRoot){i.push(u[t].shadowRoot)}}for(t=0;t!==i.length;t++){c=i[t].querySelectorAll(a);for(var d=0;d!==c.length;d++){n.push(c[d])}}if(!n.length){return}if(!window.IntersectionObserver){r();return}f=f||new IntersectionObserver(function(m){for(var y=0;y!==m.length;y++){if(m[y].isIntersecting){r();return}}},{rootMargin:\"800px 0px 800px 0px\"});for(t=0;t!==n.length;t++){if(!n[t].__nxLazySeen){n[t].__nxLazySeen=true;f.observe(n[t])}}}document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",o);document.addEventListener(\"nexus:runtime-ready\",o);window.addEventListener(\"load\",o);setTimeout(o,0)}var K=document.querySelectorAll(\"script[data-nx-run]\"),C=[],$=[];for(var z=0;z< K.length;z++){var l=K[z];if(l.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\")){continue}if(l.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-on-sight\")){l.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"waiting\");$.push(l);continue}if(l.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-src\")?!l.textContent:false){l.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"loading\");C.push(l);continue}if(l.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\")?!l.textContent:false){l.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"loading\");C.push(l);continue}l.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"true\");try{var L=document.createElement(\"script\");L.className=\"_iub_cs_skip\";L.setAttribute(\"data-nx-runtime\",l.getAttribute(\"data-nx-run\"));L.textContent=window.__nxInflate(l.textContent);(document.head||document.documentElement).appendChild(L)}catch(e){l.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"failed\")}}if($.length){st($)}if(!C.length){return}var Q=window.NX_RUNTIME||{},V=Q.base||window.NX_RUNTIME_BASE||\"\",T=window.__nxMount,P=[];if(typeof T===\"function\"){window.__nxMount=function(e){P.push(e)}}function ft(){if(typeof T===\"function\"){window.__nxMount=T;for(var e=0;e< P.length;e++){try{T(P[e])}catch(a){}}}try{document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(\"nexus:runtime-ready\"))}catch(a){}}function M(e){if(e>=C.length){ft();return}var a=C[e],f=a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-src\")||\"\",s=Q.files||{},r=[];if(a.hasAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\")){window.__nxAsset(a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-asset\"),a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-sri\")||\"\").then(function(u){var n=document.createElement(\"script\");n.className=\"_iub_cs_skip\";n.setAttribute(\"data-nx-runtime\",a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-run\"));n.textContent=window.__nxInflate(u);(document.head||document.documentElement).appendChild(n);a.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"true\")}).then(null,function(){a.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"failed\")}).then(function(){M(e+1)});return}var o=s[f.replace(\/\\.[0-9a-f]{12}(\\.js)$\/,\"$1\")]||null;if(V){r.push([V+f,a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-sri\")||\"\"])}if(o?!!o.url:false){r.push([o.url,o.sri||\"\"])}function i(u){if(u>=r.length){a.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"failed\");M(e+1);return}var n=document.createElement(\"script\");n.className=\"_iub_cs_skip\";n.setAttribute(\"data-nx-runtime\",a.getAttribute(\"data-nx-run\"));if(r[u][1]){n.integrity=r[u][1]}n.onload=function(){a.setAttribute(\"data-nx-ran\",\"true\");M(e+1)};n.onerror=function(){if(n.parentNode){n.parentNode.removeChild(n)}i(u+1)};n.src=r[u][0];(document.head||document.documentElement).appendChild(n)}i(0)}M(0)})();<\/script><div class=\"nxe-host\" data-nxe-embed=\"n-g03-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection\"><div class=\"nxe\" id=\"nxe-n2kl1n94\" data-inst=\"gcri\" data-theme=\"dark\" data-grammar=\"atlas\" data-domain=\"energy\" data-arche=\"topic\" data-density=\"compact\" lang=\"en\" data-nx-css=\"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\"><style>#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2kl1n94.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Power grids and interconnection<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">A power grid is a single machine spread across a region or a continent: generation and demand must balance every second, and a fault anywhere is felt everywhere that is synchronously connected. Interconnection shares reserves and smooths variability, but it also shares disturbances. This page sets out how grids are operated within security limits, how failures propagate along lines and across borders, and what evidence operators and regulators use to plan and run them.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Power grids and interconnection on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"console\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Power grids and interconnection: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Transmission, distribution and system dependencies. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Balance and frequency<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Frequency falls when demand exceeds supply and rises when it does not. Inertia from rotating machines and fast reserves arrest the change; as inverter-based generation grows, operators must procure these services explicitly rather than receive them for free.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Security limits and contingencies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Operators run the system so that the loss of any single major element, the N-1 criterion, leaves flows and voltages within limits. Operating close to those limits leaves no margin for a second event before the first is cleared.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cascading failure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">An overloaded line trips, its flow shifts to parallel paths, those overload in turn, and protection separates the grid into islands with too much or too little generation. Cascades unfold in minutes and cross borders faster than operators can coordinate.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependencies beyond the grid<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Control centres need telecommunications, substations need batteries, and gas plants need pipelines whose compressors may need electricity. Water, payments and hospitals depend on the grid in turn, so a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\">grid failure<\/a> becomes a multi-sector event.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Energy now in Europe.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Night lights, population density and land cover over Europe, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"europe:energy\" data-ml-src=\"energy\" data-ml-plan=\"p-9a09bed0\" data-ml-chart=\"f.power\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:energy\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.energy.ntl gibs.health.people gibs.energy.solar gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.energy.lst r.dnb r.dist r.hls f.power r.labels f.ens f.era5 r.airt\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-energy\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-energy\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-25,34,45,71\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Energy now, Europe: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lights and people<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"solar||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Solar resource<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Energy now, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"solar\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Surface sunlight\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GMAO \/ GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Reanalysis model; latest month GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Incoming sunlight at the surface over land, monthly mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GMAO \/ GES DISC MERRA-2 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"solar\">July 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"W\/m\u00b2\">Modelled (latest month GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"solar\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.solar\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest month GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MERRA-2 (NASA GMAO \/ GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GMAO \/ GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>monthly; Reanalysis model; latest month GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-07-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Reanalysis model estimate of monthly mean incoming sunlight over land; an indicator of solar resource, not a site yield assessment.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lst\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lst\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lst\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.lst\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground on the day shown, an indicator of cooling demand; not air temperature or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Energy now, framed on Europe.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA\/NOAA VIIRS \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gmao.merra2\">MERRA-2 reanalysis, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA\/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (10 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Incoming sunlight at the surface over land, monthly mean: MERRA-2, NASA GMAO \/ GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"solar\">July 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day: VIIRS NOAA-20, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lst\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Energy Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The grid as the most connected node in the nexus.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Treatment and pumping trip with voltage and frequency disturbances; grids need water for thermal cooling. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/water-energy-interdependence\/\">water-energy interdependence<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Utility load on critical feeders<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Health<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Hospitals rely on grid supply with on-site backup; home medical devices rely on the grid alone.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Registered medically dependent customers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Food<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Cold stores, irrigation and processing plants are large, interruptible loads.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Agricultural load under demand response schemes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Transmission corridors fragment habitat and can start wildfires in dry, windy conditions.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Vegetation management and fire-weather shutoff events<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">System stability is measured in frequency (hertz), rate of change of frequency (hertz per second), voltage and reserve margins. As inverter-based generation replaces synchronous machines, inertia falls and grid-forming capability becomes a design question, documented in NERC&#8217;s reports on inverter-based resource performance. The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\">blackout<\/a> of the Iberian Peninsula on 28 April 2025 was investigated by an ENTSO-E expert panel; its findings, not commentary, are the reference.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A cascade through interdependent networks.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 hazard-footprint\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The mapped area and intensity field of a particular hazard event, used to overlay exposure and compute consequences.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">hazard footprint<\/a> takes out co-located assets in every layer; fragmentation, dependency between layers and overload of the survivors then spread the failure. The 3D view separates the layers by depth. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Europe; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-s-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-0\" data-nxi=\"cascade\" data-nxi-id=\"cascade\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"A cascade through interdependent networks\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"layers\">Layers in 3D<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-s-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Cascade by layer\" data-nx-z=\"nZZLj5swFIX\/imWp0swC4icQKWYzi64qdVGpaw94JigERuC2zL+v\/KJKSYjJJjki3HO\/XI6xD23TKVC1chwF7Kak6ZL3oakhmLCAvIBgIgLyHEHwiQUk+yw1kgS5Kw9aTfrSQJ8gmATk5k4BKUKmxtyWyK469oOAqqthiQ47c7E8bEOg+zTzCFZGIBBGTc0SgTzGgAuaEsfgZAQDLnJTs2RgDzKQLC08g5UxDBSZmiVD9hhDjlLmEKyKIMiZqVgCFA8OgYU4WhX1GK6HEaMVAjmF\/qbYEljll4QjoAivA7gSASn+fwTnpq5btboiAgImJDB4uQki1KxSpDyCo8hmDie3cfiaNQ58n4JwFCi83EQRalYpYqZBXRANh5ebOELNGgeJoMjnfHq5jSK\/n1ASMw3G5ox6uYkj1Kxx0IjFiuaEerltuaL7CaUx0+D5nFEvt3Hk9zPKYl5dy6183sivA0gdwuna01vtX+RYyVqBUauPQHLTDhP3Hub8uhvQg+zGt344Czj0Wmr1lOwRwARgzp9h+bMfTk33DsajHBTo34A+KtDKTzWApy\/Pof2H1MfL9m0HQS21TCoBKwxBLeA3XoAMt5gUABOeUmAVT3MrkPs0s7njRmY3xlNq\/TLiXfbMflHs7WP86OyH2aVbXnib2c\/gGsvlk29Pl3\/YZZGF\/Yv5GCAyn+isvBqF9rX1e1jhDlR2cZTf+z9quJ29CwJ6kwDnM4GVcQQEG4IfqlVVfx4jIchNCEpTGk6VRsZB0DylsPwqV\/pPvn03NUk19OYHPfxSDsS\/F+bTzL8VCX43Y\/PatI3+FPDY1LXq4K78Cw==\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Assets per layer<\/dt><dd>18<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Hazard footprint<\/dt><dd>8% of area<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Assets that depend on another layer<\/dt><dd>60%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Spare capacity (tolerance)<\/dt><dd>30%<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Assets hit by the hazard<\/dt><dd>9%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Assets still working<\/dt><dd>30%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification of the initial damage<\/dt><dd>7.6 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Steps to settle<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Power working (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Gas working (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Telecoms working (%)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>83<\/td><td>89<\/td><td>100<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">1<\/th><td>39<\/td><td>67<\/td><td>78<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2<\/th><td>33<\/td><td>33<\/td><td>50<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">3<\/th><td>33<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>39<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>33<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>33<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Interdependent networks <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Buldyrev and others (2010), Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464<\/span><\/li><li>Overload cascades <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66<\/span><\/li><li>Betweenness load <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25<\/span><\/li><li>Multilayer networks <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Kivela and others (2014), Journal of Complex Networks 2<\/span><\/li><li>Infrastructure interdependencies <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly (2001), IEEE Control Systems 21(6)<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Major roads <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Railways <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Seaports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Airports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Urban extents <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA\/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP) \u00b7 register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers<\/span><\/li><li>Natural events (NASA EONET) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">NASA EONET \u00b7 register nasa.eonet.events<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">A cascade through interdependent networks. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Interdependent networks (Buldyrev and others (2010), Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464); Overload cascades (Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66); Betweenness load (Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/foundry\/\">Energy Nexus in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/universe\/\">Energy Nexus in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/energy-infrastructure\/\">Energy and Critical Infrastructure in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/reports\/\">Energy Nexus in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/\">Faculty of Infrastructure, Energy and Industry in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Grid evidence, its restrictions and contributions.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Grid studies are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/global-sector\/\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience series<\/a> and the Scenario and Stress-Test series. Network models are restricted for security; public outputs use permitted or synthetic test <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, and every model would carry an NS-12 card under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) operates no grid and holds no reliability mandate.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Published disturbance and outage investigation reports.<\/li><li>Interconnection data for regional studies, under the operators&#8217; terms.<\/li><li>Lessons from black-start and restoration exercises.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model power grids and interconnection as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/energy-infrastructure\/energy-utilities-sector-standards\/\">Energy utilities and grids<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-G03\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h3\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.wind.windstorm\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Damaging wind\" data-td=\"Damaging non-convective wind from a steep pressure gradient, bringing treefall, structural damage and power-line failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H3\" data-tr=\"draft\">Windstorm<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h22\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 space.solar-storm.geomagnetic-storm\" data-tk=\"Space and near-Earth \u00b7 Solar-terrestrial storms\" data-td=\"A disturbance of Earth's magnetic field driven by the solar wind that disrupts power grids, satellites, navigation and radio.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H22\" data-tr=\"draft\">Geomagnetic storm<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\">Widespread power outage<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Large forest disturbance (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Geomagnetically induced current (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Ionospheric disturbance (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Satellite space-environment anomaly (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Shoreline ice shove (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Thermospheric drag surge (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Radiation-belt electron enhancement (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Seiche (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Satellite-navigation disruption (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Uncontrolled re-entry (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Satellite communications outage (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/energy-infrastructure\/energy-utilities-sector-standards\/\">Energy utilities and grids<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/water-utilities-sector-standards\/\">Water utilities and basins<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/digital-ai\/digital-and-telecom-sector-standards\/\">Digital, telecom and platforms<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/industry-trade\/transport-and-logistics-sector-standards\/\">Transport, logistics and supply chains<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/finance-and-insurance-sector-standards\/\">Finance, insurance and capital markets<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Coupling<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H84<\/code> Hazard family: Energy system instability and shortfall (NHS-1 infra.energy)<\/li><li><code>NRS-N2<\/code> Energy risk and resilience<\/li><li><code>NRS-H109<\/code> Hazard family: Energy-transition technology failures (NHS-1 tech.energy-transition)<\/li><li><code>NRS-U8<\/code> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> platform profile: Energy Nexus<\/li><li><code>NRS-T12<\/code> Energy transition technology risk<\/li><li><code>NRS-H53<\/code> Hazard family: Cyber-physical disruption (NHS-1 cyber.cyber-physical)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Global Power Plant Database v1.3.0 (listed for reference)<\/li><li>ENTSO-E Transparency Platform (listed for reference)<\/li><li>World Development Indicators (listed for reference)<\/li><li>OECD Data Explorer (incl. Creditor Reporting System, insurance and pension statistics) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Proportion of population with access to electricity<\/li><li>Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption<\/li><li>Number of other destroyed or damaged critical infrastructure units and facilities, attributed to disasters<\/li><li>Access to electricity (% of population)<\/li><li>Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Europe: 113 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">System average interruption duration index (SAIDI)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">minutes per customer per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Utility interruption records under IEEE 1366<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">interruptions per customer per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Utility interruption records under IEEE 1366<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Frequency deviation and time outside the standard range<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hertz; minutes per month<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">continuous<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator measurements, phasor measurement units<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Cross-border transfer capacity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatts<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Transparency platform publications<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Transmission circuit availability<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of hours available<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator outage records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Congestion management and redispatch volume<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">megawatt hours; cost in national currency<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator and regulator reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Synchronous inertia<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">gigawatt seconds<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">hourly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Operator estimation from committed units<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sector signature of power grids and interconnection.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The sectors power grids and interconnection touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIF\" data-sig-name=\"Energy and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Energy gives power for transport and telecoms to infrastructure (0.8), pumping and treatment to water (0.5) and fertiliser, machinery and cold chains to food (0.5).\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure and Food selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Energy and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Energy gives power for transport and telecoms to infrastructure (0.8), pumping and treatment to water (0.5) and fertiliser, machinery and cold chains to food (0.5).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Energy \u2192 Infrastructure<\/b> \u00b7 power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Energy<\/b> \u00b7 cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions, Core questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions, Core questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Core questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E Transparency Platform<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Load, generation, cross-border flows, transfer capacities and outages for European bidding zones<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, registration, ENTSO-E terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EIA Hourly Electric Grid Monitor (Form EIA-930)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Hourly demand, generation and interchange for US balancing authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EIA-861 annual electric power industry report<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Utility reliability indices and customer counts<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ENTSO-E Ten-Year Network Development Plan<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Planned transmission projects and system needs studies<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public report, ENTSO-E terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OpenStreetMap power infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Lines, substations and plants mapped by contributors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open Database Licence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Gridfinder<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Modelled medium-voltage network extent from night-time lights and roads<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Incident investigation reports (ENTSO-E expert panels, NERC and FERC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Reconstructions of major disturbances, their causes and recommendations<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public reports<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G03\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How power grids and interconnection is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in power grids and interconnection: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Energy, Critical infrastructure, Climate, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"398.6\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"339.3\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"375.95\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"183.58\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"184.05\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"161.4\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"220.7\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Energy<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"398.6\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"410.6\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"start\">Critical infrastructure<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"365.3\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"start\">Climate<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"end\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"161.4\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"149.4\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Energy Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Transmission system operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which contingencies to plan for and how much reserve and inertia to procure<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Contingency scenarios, inertia estimates, lessons from published incident reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Energy regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to approve transmission investment and how to set reliability incentives<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Reliability indices by region, congestion costs, network development plans<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Regional coordination centres and neighbouring operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to share reserves and align defence plans across borders<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Cross-border flow and capacity records; cascade scenarios that cross the border<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Civil protection and critical service operators<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which services lose power first in a regional outage and what backup they need<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Grid dependency briefs with backup endurance by site<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Grid dependency briefs linking substations to water, health and communications services<\/li><li>Contingency and cascade scenarios with assumptions stated<\/li><li>Interconnection maps with transfer capacities and their evidence labels<\/li><li>Incident reconstructions compiled from published investigations<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"energy\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What grid experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Can the network carry the flows that future generation and demand patterns will create, without overloading lines or losing voltage control?<\/li><li>How does the system keep its frequency stable as fewer synchronous machines provide inertia?<\/li><li>Where would a single failure push flows onto lines that cannot carry them?<\/li><li>How do distribution networks cope as rooftop solar, heat pumps and electric vehicles change local flows?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and limits, Methods, Sources\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and limits, Methods, Sources\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and limits<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Sources<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How grids fail and recover.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Electricity follows the physics of the network, not contracts. When a line trips, its flow redistributes instantly across parallel paths. If those paths overload, protection trips them too, and a sequence of trips can separate the grid into islands with mismatched supply and demand. Under-frequency load shedding then disconnects customers in blocks to keep the remaining system alive.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Inertia from spinning generators slows the rate at which frequency falls after a disturbance, giving controls time to act. Inverter-based resources such as wind, solar and batteries do not provide inertia inherently, although grid-forming controls can provide similar support. Voltage stability depends on reactive power close to where it is needed. Weak links between regions can produce oscillations that grow if they are not damped.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-limits\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and limits<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How grids are analysed.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Power flow and contingency studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Steady-state models check line loading and voltages under normal conditions and after outages. They rely on accurate network data, which is often confidential.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Dynamic simulation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Time-domain models study stability over seconds. Their accuracy depends on models of inverter controls that manufacturers may not fully disclose.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Network science<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/network-science\/\">Network science<\/a> studies the structure of grids and how failures spread. Topological models are useful for insight but ignore much of the physics.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Event analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Post-event reviews by operators and regulators remain the richest evidence, but they are published unevenly across jurisdictions.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/power-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Power systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contingency and load flow studies \u00b7 Frequency stability with less inertia<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/power-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Power systems engineering\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/network-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Network science and contagion<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Interdependency mapping \u00b7 Cascades on multilayer networks \u00b7 Criticality ranking<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/network-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Network science and contagion\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/resilience-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Reliability and resilience engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Restoration curve analysis \u00b7 Fault trees for critical sites \u00b7 Fragility curves for grid assets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/resilience-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Reliability and resilience engineering\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimisation and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Capacity expansion planning \u00b7 Unit commitment and dispatch \u00b7 Restoration sequencing<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Optimisation and operations research\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Load forecasting with weather \u00b7 Wind and solar power forecasts \u00b7 Seasonal adequacy outlooks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Forecasting and time-series analysis\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Detailed network models and contingency lists are confidential for security reasons, so public studies use simplified or synthetic grids and say so. Reliability indices are defined differently across jurisdictions, and major-event days are often excluded. Cascade models reproduce the mechanisms of past blackouts but cannot predict the next one, because protection settings and operator actions vary. Energy Nexus does not operate, dispatch or plan any grid.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-variant=\"band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions\"><span>Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions (International Energy Agency, 2023)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.entsoe.eu\/\"><span>ENTSO-E, including the expert panel investigation of the 28 April 2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nerc.com\/\"><span>NERC disturbance reports on inverter-based resource performance (Odessa disturbances, 2021 and 2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-12\/\"><span>NS-12, Software, model and AI\/ML artefacts, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Connected, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Connected, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-18-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Connected<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-19-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-18-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/electricity-and-lifelines\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Electricity and lifelines<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Grid exposure connects to continuity of essential infrastructure services.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-19-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"energy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is the N-1 criterion?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An operating rule that the system must remain within limits after the loss of any single major element, such as a line, transformer or generating unit. Some operators also plan for more severe combinations.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does interconnection make grids safer?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It shares reserves and smooths local variability, which improves adequacy. It also lets disturbances travel further, so it needs coordinated protection, defence plans and restoration plans across borders.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why are detailed network models not published?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Topology and protection settings could help someone plan an attack. Public analyses use simplified or synthetic networks and state how they differ from the real system.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do blackouts spread so quickly?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because flows redistribute instantly after a fault and protective devices act within fractions of a second. Without enough margin, one trip can trigger others before operators can intervene.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can grids run entirely on inverter-based resources?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">This is an active area of research and operation. Grid-forming inverters, synchronous condensers and new control approaches are being studied and deployed to provide the stability services that spinning machines once provided.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Energy Nexus use confidential grid data?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Only under written agreements with the data holder, and sensitive network details are never published.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Energy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Strategic Systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Scenario and Stress-Test<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-rgy-nexus-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-rgy-nexus-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-rgy-nexus-topics-power-grids-and-interconnection-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/blackout\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Grid blackout<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/climate-energy-technologies\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Climate and energy technologies<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/energy-infrastructure\/energy-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Energy risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-20\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Energy Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-21\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-21\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the N-1 criterion?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"An operating rule that the system must remain within limits after the loss of any single major element, such as a line, transformer or generating unit. Some operators also plan for more severe combinations.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does interconnection make grids safer?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It shares reserves and smooths local variability, which improves adequacy. It also lets disturbances travel further, so it needs coordinated protection, defence plans and restoration plans across borders.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why are detailed network models not published?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Topology and protection settings could help someone plan an attack. Public analyses use simplified or synthetic networks and state how they differ from the real system.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why do blackouts spread so quickly?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because flows redistribute instantly after a fault and protective devices act within fractions of a second. Without enough margin, one trip can trigger others before operators can intervene.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can grids run entirely on inverter-based resources?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"This is an active area of research and operation. Grid-forming inverters, synchronous condensers and new control approaches are being studied and deployed to provide the stability services that spinning machines once provided.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does Energy Nexus use confidential grid data?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Only under written agreements with the data holder, and sensitive network details are never published.\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n\n<!-- nx-rev:e89047934a67c576 -->\n<!-- nx-shared:ccf8ebcf5f66 -->\n<!-- nx-path:\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/ -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>40){clearInterval(re)}},400);n.NXLive={allowed:d,blocked:f,grant:B,register:V,hosts:E.length}})();GCRI \u00b7 Energy Nexus<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":39,"menu_order":869,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","_nx_seo_description":"Power grid reliability and interconnection: balancing and frequency, N-1 security, cascading failures and the SAIDI and SAIFI indices operators report.","_nx_seo_title":"Power grid reliability and interconnection | Energy Nexus","_nx_seo_image":"","_nx_seo_jsonld":"{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/#organization\",\"name\":\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\",\"alternateName\":\"GCRI\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\",\"description\":\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) works on risk science, evidence, methods and technical capability. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.\",\"address\":{\"@type\":\"PostalAddress\",\"addressLocality\":\"Toronto\",\"addressRegion\":\"ON\",\"postalCode\":\"M4R 1V2\",\"addressCountry\":\"CA\"},\"knowsAbout\":[\"Systemic risk\",\"Disaster risk reduction\",\"Risk science\",\"Earth observation\",\"Water security\",\"Food security\",\"Energy systems\",\"Global health\",\"Biodiversity\",\"Critical infrastructure\"],\"contactPoint\":[{\"@type\":\"ContactPoint\",\"contactType\":\"Consortium Secretariat\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/write-to-us\/contact\/\",\"availableLanguage\":[\"en\"]}],\"subOrganization\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"GCRI Canada\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/about\/gcri-canada\/\",\"description\":\"Lead organisation of GCRI: Consortium Secretariat and global contracting party in support of the national and regional consortiums.\",\"address\":{\"@type\":\"PostalAddress\",\"addressLocality\":\"Toronto\",\"addressRegion\":\"ON\",\"postalCode\":\"M4R 1V2\",\"addressCountry\":\"CA\"},\"parentOrganization\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"GCRI US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/about\/gcri-us\/\",\"description\":\"The United States institution of GCRI, a separate organisation with its own legal identity.\",\"address\":{\"@type\":\"PostalAddress\",\"streetAddress\":\"4500 Forbes Blvd., Suite 200\",\"addressLocality\":\"Lanham\",\"addressRegion\":\"MD\",\"postalCode\":\"20706\",\"addressCountry\":\"US\"},\"parentOrganization\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/#organization\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\",\"name\":\"Energy Nexus\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/#organization\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\",\"name\":\"Power grids and interconnection\",\"headline\":\"Power grid reliability and interconnection | Energy Nexus\",\"description\":\"Power grid reliability and interconnection: balancing and frequency, N-1 security, cascading failures and the SAIDI and SAIFI indices operators report.\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/#website\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":\"power grid reliability, n-1 criterion, cascading failure, saidi and saifi, grid frequency, cross-border interconnection\",\"about\":{\"@type\":\"Thing\",\"name\":\"power grid reliability\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#breadcrumb\"},\"mentions\":[{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"ENTSO-E Transparency Platform\",\"description\":\"Load, generation, cross-border flows, transfer capacities and outages for European bidding zones\"},{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"EIA Hourly Electric Grid Monitor (Form EIA-930)\",\"description\":\"Hourly demand, generation and interchange for US balancing authorities\"},{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"EIA-861 annual electric power industry report\",\"description\":\"Utility reliability indices and customer counts\"},{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"ENTSO-E Ten-Year Network Development Plan\",\"description\":\"Planned transmission projects and system needs studies\"},{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"OpenStreetMap power infrastructure\",\"description\":\"Lines, substations and plants mapped by contributors\"},{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"Gridfinder\",\"description\":\"Modelled medium-voltage network extent from night-time lights and roads\"},{\"@type\":\"Dataset\",\"name\":\"Incident investigation reports (ENTSO-E expert panels, NERC and FERC)\",\"description\":\"Reconstructions of major disturbances, their causes and recommendations\"}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"GCRI\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Energy Nexus\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Topics\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Power grids and interconnection\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/\"}]},{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the N-1 criterion?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"An operating rule that the system must remain within limits after the loss of any single major element, such as a line, transformer or generating unit. Some operators also plan for more severe combinations.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does interconnection make grids safer?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It shares reserves and smooths local variability, which improves adequacy. It also lets disturbances travel further, so it needs coordinated protection, defence plans and restoration plans across borders.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why are detailed network models not published?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Topology and protection settings could help someone plan an attack. Public analyses use simplified or synthetic networks and state how they differ from the real system.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why do blackouts spread so quickly?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because flows redistribute instantly after a fault and protective devices act within fractions of a second. Without enough margin, one trip can trigger others before operators can intervene.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can grids run entirely on inverter-based resources?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"This is an active area of research and operation. Grid-forming inverters, synchronous condensers and new control approaches are being studied and deployed to provide the stability services that spinning machines once provided.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does Energy Nexus use confidential grid data?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Only under written agreements with the data holder, and sensitive network details are never published.\"}}]}]}","_nx_i18n_locale":"","_nx_i18n_group":"","nexus_page_kind":"","footnotes":"","_nx_seo_image_alt":"","_nx_seo_canonical":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/power-grids-and-interconnection\/","_nx_seo_robots":"index,follow","_nx_seo_schema_type":"WebPage"},"class_list":["post-67","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67\/revisions\/118"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}