{"id":185,"date":"2026-10-13T11:27:04","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T11:27:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/?page_id=185"},"modified":"2026-10-13T18:05:40","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T18:05:40","slug":"soil-and-land","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil and land"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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Ly\/tdouBUiqSGXioUSf1Fy8vpycMNFB\/\/PLyvsUy91gpjKjNck35zM2MstBNTa8sCsyMmgYO9ACAd08cpZv64FNO2HAnJ\/Jfo1YOChKMaeZylVLrxz30gdy7sPpgUFAUk7MC1k5SuZpTM5Ggd\/zXVCyuFKyBGexVsLxeUo6+l\/lOANU8ioyEDSlEVNnSLWfKFu4EaEeuv4KuTm5jeHlLOm5IxkmjZBxbxEQ4JbeV4q5gQDlEf+yMR67rFo2copHu8EKLeGt\/6VD5AAAys7ZcyaXc8oOCmeXF5gpY+uwcgydmYova5ibEaeQwXjkK+LOciR3GEzVRHKmgld0rppGMHJSWYT7YOEjGO6mzpAtQbKS\/WHuLVps7YiHz\/9rmHnNP1Db3fW1zA3eSuxtiTscy0AQxpxO5vSHmBIYgGH9lzCkH8y+V5l9spdL8S6X5x620NP8CFzhAC4JBdUe1t+WS8l2vF6Gf2bcnYRxgWNPLOEQ2Xd+ed0Ll022xQIXHD2qNRSK8iNDVdjvsP3EDU2sdJIuYdK1Sgvv2nDq1J1qOWIrkgCWUlXIGnvq0E7jJOqsMxYyFvUg6UTMwFLN3bbv1QxG\/2oOEoRzNQ6+V1BoHoDUOWW5HLLdTZr8\/pWzi\/mq0WMZye8ByW0AYSyqDE\/YbVigdMK\/pgHtRv3AHxbDsyZ0YxQTYx+KhMPtHuEiwGdULCpv5jHRJzEfEqRVLJJNZAt6mMJ4cE9pZvkmdWSBvqbsWR3r0S7NuBjs0mTb7aD1RFcmp5m21C1O1AdaPzhOa83qNosKx+7TerCpoDuqWzVq2n8RxbWZ+NbXnNsbS5ASej9WD1BdQEx8rNXwM+pg0nbfxbjZj\/ff8+Lh9TBxCFM7foF8t5hpwJWwFC3yyTvexv6n5i1HuoAY0dQMJ51wqWbSghWGS8nAUyywg8IvCwJYhEWENKrUqtwfmqbbsNcXq\/cmaHZ4F4fzgeRrFmUvGQsyco6PFYmEv3ttJOjpq\/\/jjj0fPYzGNyAH6QF3lAl1IRJxD0pVXeXsxqSoI5+dE48SQOLP8a5x44QmeDr0oqrHj283A\/8lxGfh\/39IC\/6cY+D\/9C4H\/X\/eE+VmA1bsC+kwG8ztFauRT7m2FdMMGZp4j48CQblI+tCkbuoF8WLYpG5QPrZ0+bxhQ0wTCKqrrS6ocVpwgsXyNEQysodr84Z8O4+Ib3jNmEZNuYp06fuHUkFVLmXbTHVh\/d4YQBN\/YGPUOtmIK4a6o8CvJEt\/TfVHjV7MomqLKqKkEoTcqcLPFwqCSSGaVlzBRxaKCciCqeFiuZ1UouAsYaOFYCPY3WkudW9KX0EOYka75QsQy6u8OWM1qUaHMIuZElyiT0kau678TzeBKYnhO4lqQ1n\/GeU4weuYvcT4TiJ2x1JmoaFbFMiDbLvtrLCPzPSF4WmMYT0JPbjQ8zKMExvHjKePlM6YNsdT9KR7CIYkly12r\/B3g7g3cVieo0hMDwGyRRx3GRspEL+jTTl4pN7kswuwz13VTusrd1JQZuxkqJg1Z2FabsmMWWyeURe6vRspyxq337D2tlMImSArtK4OgTWTgwH0pBf1yln6eVkp+NaDjQU1H6n1hmTWQlF3qsPG+XtOSBa8FzWZeOtkKm8UYNuMqNKZCfo4knLfmzMZJzGWYcCu9INvMVMg8gokJSZGYYDa+tpmWkEXytVC90bBxso1QbxYQSfSZ4RckD2uy6QyT+7nALfMhwwM2xbF9staz3TJRz7k24pKK2y0wPJo6bjNBX12ZEDXJjYXhJjk4Jf+P1mVLRInUk04GsOJam37pUzBK2xLTr6m94UATdV7pv9P7nRv8XUo3O9dQe13TJwIeCU\/h7PAsm3lxXfWZzEJrTg4kBC6ZFL9F7Er8oFKk\/HVSI4JOzgm4afI4FN1dvebFq9BKfxNSFkzD2\/lioEAIwlTmwXt2EKYvL2QYeYJATrysHyVJAA0Mz8afRUhZLaNTFsM8CvZNYg+7kLqeNNi3YAOr2BO8EcJZGEUKAGwkQVRvYM9n4YFGZwUaz34\/Cs+1puBfxLTTjdGrhXysLaSfRPk0lpZ6lqRCSQ44riDG3AvOz0R6DmnwOXLU1G110srWSwupGeChBJa5AfZSIY04hxJsLAa0xt1Y5rgGIA67ca\/dP291iZf5PA4gSu6QgGsPuEPUHzy5oBx\/gUqJmRnqF3WaEJulclECO4PFvuORJ8I5P8jCP3gNSx1uuodnYnyQ+cmMu+gxlQviJ5FcDoQYYTCNwI7zafdQtojzqVqQQ1zqDI9PGBvIiJzDs0EuBBzaW8IQ8kGNArAqHGkjnR+aEQIp254rkMX4nKzhYAf8Ts+xRK7WIAmW50RbLOlo3VqxUHlg4SwJdiRSYhohrsnhgaa3SIDCAqCDIufCJS1yAIkbLkbC1CrziPuCB67aLYfQZRJ3FRH4eZryWOi4klsjtIflqMWAQ8R0UY+dFE7AGrIBtqJuUkJbvUwUOnK31ckr2s11F1HeZyDRwT+Y9XyYa58N3USdqOmqjA0I8JNEGpTdxFkJJ1nD\/4RIk2jgGkM7W3QPz8INIlwUpCThg1aIzJ07Ws5saKdePCmP+TRyDmghSVy23uY7vj3w0m4mjCH80NMYsIANbZ86QxtY0J\/gTfKFt7CmoV1nhlhSc6JCC5xuNvXgEPAZ\/j0nElXwW3Ugi2FaimgDAvPbsxXV7FUtzL9WO7SzuYZfNct5uUxzjQiHtt\/Q2K9a+3pz4AADuVmD2matfqu9WohRAepCHfVYVDEIfCxEA+jyihkJxQvVNsOHopky5nSwuAQLOtPPdV1pkuHwLIjqoATgydh7BknqXHBIqAMnjMBrcn4WCFxGLo9OgOdDnJ8FsGzgStBYTZIr3gflGtbBFVEuTEV+UFyfFZS1i0GC88LJUp5VkhWRPuM7ZfPsVmR2yOW3kL2nE3015mUdy+G8PiAePk55wVoVAWwvqycX1iQH3sgL40zAGTt7UC33OfZdMehzOTucylgBq6qlEgAChKeFegVPUpE4LCbR1EElID2yuQEbez8La5wQJuLvZ4X6dN8MzeAvQjN4EzSDt0PzCgCyvyAcDq9lQjT5EA6HPOWxX1NPCmre2oC6cNd3oRTuciseNpNCWaADIzdq07y2Z8LLvTFxie8dmnGpRdcVfbkx\/0qng32dHv+pTg+Bl5yUvCQo+MhJAx9532\/A\/QYnwaJyW39pdJ+gN0Zzn4hkNIo4S93Ds3yDv0Z8BO68c1SRD8+isKnaEnLusQQvCpUwLI\/Aoo4jtnScwBWg42Tu4StMq9ClQXn1kxxzSEt518AfsQ2pM3EsczbV2FnR46aCovT5w9pODOQ+REU7G3sz3lV\/Iac1eyKlRICy4hV8KBYTu05BDgGWTAPsrkbtu24p8iUBlbuSS3LJFLFUZuJ8Q1GXWAUbP+PSfgzsJN6yHiW+FUqymmbfaL4U8BiBPZz83Kybq6o6FWcalitiKUg4xZIchCEeqxLuCiWN8yhYEDlXgoHgc+4EU\/LIuRRMkqDzRTCe+c6MDeEyEucnpu7LcIRgw6lwfmFRGDu\/sigZZc5\/GLjAHS4YepCd31gc+vzGe3Y8wXjkPLNsPnL+xcC95PyNQezlK\/wMBIMwo\/MHdMadhWCQTeJcwMFxTzg3gpVhD+deMOXQdG4FQx+a8yQYuGycTLDJLLxMgqVzjc0i\/ilNps4\/pMb+b7dHngkjS8IIOkIII9IHQhjxocaHKvCmPLfhv2NoDL+W8AtCCOUhDyLjJ0PhHlnd34N3v9vd3wPT6Dq8Z5l9+E27R6OwU7IMX2wfGaX2FK99GYrqkoiuZ0+9mToISp1ev+I6X\/UDrG2rus7Bqt+R8lDjTq3Oxk081X05Q8HK1OryfL\/Xi02zCNEbvDjRahPaa\/flIdfyvh1uvzsKGRQVFmdtKO3GhPTd1u0T4I7L2XtK1bUTzXW61\/rzWyeGa9L7PWB9uTDvjkY7Z8p2zVJNSXLUn8DnXK4SL6\/3gJO+Z61uUA3N4A4iQp1AhzzZs\/oNwG6RQwl8XBKAOgMcb41M13WyGZd+Urg3oKQgdb0ROk1Z6q7WLIf\/ApaVyVYjLu6SRNwmAe\/Wngx1YiF0o25kw2VGc\/4x4lMeCxXcQFMa42byhLkNJ\/JAdTVCSle+G0J3F0Kk4SCHc1LKfUlfXhprFHOk8mBogkFEni7v0QORpBdRZJCe7KOvJKSMByS1eIBMoEh6QX\/H8GzgrtbaFQb\/rl1hIENG26\/\/Gy41wCO75a0cgx4U9t3Jep32hn1XnhmAN8detjmwiAmlqxzaYRPwKF4lseCxWK\/hKpmYp58fbq5dD3NbinMCG0gwDnuVW8Q3D0n\/kL687GhUiRTVEnpe4lotbXRn0xVcdaUejNUs5XMei3s\/TaLIAcFW3lr1QFdreQST2ykPcp\/XaGzhcjvQYywnxy0Hi\/AGm0Wt8RNcHfPx7ev7cWt9R+7HXtBnY3e0a42nbtobY5rQlK72rfW1C4vILja7uqbs3p32rrGPC\/0mlvv6LS3weFEcjPXhlCW7gr8XiO5LNaDrulfFbUMrrZyunmRIacUjZ8Q84VyzC+eSXTpXTMwi52JNOyM7q0HG7ile9oLhtd64r8Ejc8hHOnWxRzcR2I6yG\/h5i4A9VoDd6IA96g+q99sNKKF3JA924TyyS+cGQb1FULWRXXgdAS2ysLjNY8FT7fRAfWpy\/bANCmLQrHCa3z2VYGmE9BWSHUvTH2gUmn6lq6\/uw1plildBIePB+kqPFpR9c78K40ulY39wW50PZ8UInQ8FaXx2n3of+uznIvoIZZ\/cVufT2Wf7omj9CVr\/LLHz2b7ofeqbxmf7svepb8lH+u4bBkI\/yyDC6rPNoxqWvsA9S59tQOFnYeAP9rPKSMPGNRR9tj3BtFceqlckqr6c4d1rTznPxEUcTiEsFX9KvSk3ZB7wjpoSkd82Ym6w5oLx6YAHcLsPbn4nZug9cVZrlvFICoRxUkgGOLoHVX42lyWzeCR\/ZPPRl1w1G0MuBU+h5bo8u1bnZMRWbrNwBh5CUMBLMRkyn64MuAVIdtML+27tCdJPqFwZn6473ObTUGy8L0XN1mvlest82qSWTws8M+kN+9Cr5I4D4I5QDJZ\/NoOyj8BJjZgvDq7yTCRT+UziZ2c4sYgZslXAhRdGjs8G+WAQ8UzuKNC9k4wHiv3WRuhw+0mDX7vopI61EGf75L2hLXBd2TzjddywhK64jEEBZv3yZo2t9ytxA32QQzNU4qZAojzNMawd5Bj2Bv2Nza8bXIQpFQrbNTD5OaHUdQtFy6dl4E7aZcWxu\/3gRmHA0yaIl26rszybFBAvkSUIY9Jb9plPlcjb2\/dizOP\/o7p2an0\/ua3O09mi6PsJ+l70nvq2suDxd7N+BJ0S+p3rhpgl7SNrxHUC0jaIP\/biEUTowZXshAyjsY6\/pkg7I75J\/aWqWy5zKcB9pyqFl8ERsEkeb6AI5QR+M0XojNFHfaqRVCr\/LWGJ0hjfvtiaDQHj\/e2IoVu0UJGKUlvwTKAuu48sgCaaCBlxL\/PHfJDXHVCcYgBhBxplSCqsHy\/epdhB4oKGWCdEPWtYiscxJAT7bFWy6yBPHSORTqsgTxkK2bIEn9a0Exm0MxLGkBYpgWAtyOTsDrdx0DoF5cgb5OSGKc\/Gjfw17DbNrhf2ndBRt7rBpYhGTvcyXkk5eQ+YL1za8zp6oGW1sN8N6reGfDfRnuX6aubsxPYjOHT9K7gR5PtLrX2xnMaEDYwlm1Bc5k51de4dh5D0lwHmiKR0BbKgXmZoV+4WIVxtTDwcVyTKhlZA4dYTtb6Biyue0ZXvxT6PNuR5BlnlzaJeG1Ouqlo4A2XyCuikpagDWekazHNqJxLm2mWmkQb3Ll1eGiF9QpmPa+u7rY5fpYL6xbombtjz+\/vsQojfFja8Q2iv1VcxWpBdURdiufjLDsIpskf5FAZyHh3JI7g9ToRqPE6E1hieao2XUkvtoOKaqTuRhvowUuEc0NUSk0ekSj6gK5xKA8dK4kqtRf0OG6Z8msx5Q1vUGye7uxtj8tUb+4PG2OFyd4dBOH17h9AYO2xYOPDSE4pZrcmCNA5YSy8gbLAlwNcV3kUTsKhvRIQ1L7qCX+wAXr0MZ3VtbzaLljdeOsncCBUhgGkHl5a0Vg7pum5YXPNQjqyrJZKcFFFhC9cvrsbGOy2G8s8qCKdOyMLAKV9dIzcuRLuEirCqoQ5KGCj1OslTnzvJywvJQ8gG7QBdz3cKnTosjUCoPAi5b3bsGYJrbQy7w7JuqMo7ckcotoVvuMPazBA+fWLQzb4JiXC2NR3Yh+XN2oValBYqFVBWRzMch+rocSLjOXQ1hLBCJtIkHmHAqKiQPndVvsY3IAynXoDY84ZKk9TidwPNoyTjd4N+Z6hC6cQ0JlrEXMVJJrVgOVHxdtVyX6wH28P79bg8TmfSGEcfyqwFjKDj1OJEFLiYKTRgEb45g2CD5qcadkr06iyzJsHYwk3tZDjMuHp+Kp8\/o1O+I++AC832ibk4X1qn3dBaWO0TB0rYyPXN9gks1Mh8Oi96lm9ap3Q1cn3ryWofr1M7E8uI26Xr3q3dz6QJ9TJf9BQuQDDJ7Jntqh\/JekoUzV00247oNL2El8N4dIUQ3nFfIIGLEFKXJNi\/WaDMDAUrCv5lJXAolvkFUX9K0j83AhtKH+ue0Yc4phraHNoYEzk6ZkMYWgJgDm0ZITk6VrCMw4A\/6JsM91e6saFQpa14p1F5zrW7lUXTtfwbwqJSl6cheEkZf0NL75mo6xdTl5\/H3eZE4PKyTYo3lsO95ZQ6LYgHpO\/gUvvyCv5japL\/Ih2xU5WP4XYIxRc9SssrdPYoPmKcTweg+mT72w3DKOprQV95nCGoHWUI4CRIDTYsEd7o1pty\/ErBgqdXXsYNlLsqWbsLQS8HQmK5PCoh9TW48a1+2xt4PjbmDrGxXBlXv4rCQPmVe5MbvFOoupK\/C7qtqkC+XbnlRrXs1G0kYJSyV8uH0lEhsyK8hoQIrxf3Wepy24+SDAw15SsicA0636FIyuybYvHSbmo\/Pg4n90kqXVJ4zzkSe9DL+3SVCjgu38vxckD8i5cly2MMxdvqj7KWyTCMQHcmZt7HPsuOs7rfOCt9yjGMkqFPt0RbuuGEE7a4TIKQw91JaIrU\/e+pe5Gm3lK7GxvPMqgrsaXMwpP3DQsw7hVZNkCqgWu1WaaFR\/Kayxydwlmjng75tUB6HpzExUaQpfETBNE6+Nik\/yWpICzeky+s9Lj9HahkYlQZg7PyGxMgF5JUVCZPxMIiRTRSuaGBnigaqIiv63f9pilmc8xvZQM36SZ7GihbQzGfIRy+Vb8HxZWxYXbr3RoTWmiPQ2pH+J2RKxmfN1T5gFJHtl3SrtV2Jtay4LOLd7G6ckWuVFpbKeTNPA6uxmEUGCmErzT6imuMWaeurv6AlOPgLWPVHVwyDTneykDO8Vp6I+6lzXYcRP5QqTkgagPi9zPgoGMXBIqTVyHX4nI5eg4MAHpUkue7QG1SbrrtYiuKBiaggpt7mIC0nyVDzF51YiEmMJOk5slqsmfR2tE9WYWFQPUtPqhxxtEOAwdviUPEsRgCEbD3veqm6eIDNoVh\/L8a75TrxBvWiQNC1RsvuOl7\/eIrEHnvpF+757qzJZm2D9mFbobyqbTOMSxchZiO6SpQR6fURghBT2XlQxsPba1jFWbCnCUnB7brOzkc+oNEEifvHeNl2hlhQyfvvccH0pVcVW0T1SXUUtqFP45exGYiw7h9icFyQT5t7ImZyBDd8Ubs6eDWu8Uj3mduLC+OrdYDntv9dfUdgXaHV1uFKxaKb8qPB8jIOR5RLr9rc6Yqu3GPy\/v7nVh+XEAxe8OzVFWrT48M1bwqw8+ylCCpPkxDdWKVRfA5mRIRvVi7IretJRfMtr6h8g84S9NIsM8ZKHD5nhZLaNGp22uKGzS786auuiRTefECoKUtq16d1qKdYENMVOk8rGYUzI0UPgglr26lipHsAlqet5RMBYHpZX111nkg4KM4PsS0k53vPw9JcbVD0A0apLBS1yCr43UnOciHGJM0FB4kj4e6SsmbuK3OpGJMk2KrLt1Pwgh7kz6LNz6PtaSae9NX2xVayhRC9ouxZPg4pPKv36eVxpQXl0QEiZ9Dlojtp9wTRc7I7b3RcNT+uNVqHeH5vBIDncXGAmLWVqupYlkq5NVpYjh9unGTdC6PDS8p\/tvqBkLN7+3jhgHUCTs1WSAtXaQuijvMnyBDxoiZT50Vug2cX4yYJd0aP0oo7SZO+eAoTZChWPHRb8zB0QVGGx7Ox4P6T3QtitiOvCh2haToZOzZifXso59qzOuNWymmq3hjzmofsXJDrUVhDxq00wzMa7vmWd7go0H7P4V2C0FTlaR0AEnv4MxOhgeXUTLoxg6YFfDTAF1\/BXqt460Lq6+ZzgzioQXw7e5aVcgAw7e7a4NT8FmkfOjmndSG+y+ixAvgU0x2Con4cZLMeMxT0ikcChDNjbylKxXMTjkkHPSo61fQtR+F\/sSgnYyLh3DKk1zo3naAKOXzZKJBlOMypNqOBiN7x\/5O6XrNTlqtkrWjFS7jw9VHwKTTvkL1tP5JjFqmWaVIbKegyVVR+yvWPu0Xa5\/2iwtYjnqE\/R73VcyM0y6k+vL6V\/sOCTmUri2+puraW0Zo+fv3GJTD32MtCXui6Ui9vvwaDfwAU0Z85l7QVX+ld60lbY6s4KLSesxr1mMqGVvei2s6mi3ScGpQuvZkfVpZ+K\/oxtpIwZadmhXJI\/KLQgGMiiDWVAJ1ALKs7OFXzRCOqNHUAjvj5SXaN4GMNnzUJ6qfFY2SmGOuH54LxzOj26LpHQGPjNdco\/Yimr1wRQz4Sie8\/GEVObjqEa6x98BSJYwkM88PBfyCd63qUbXV6pNYWENvGkblE572VL8XRX5vxCFnGA7d+2A6MjLzwlhYSQqHIfobOfVxQ079iAswv3LBg3vY\/0YMbgC822RDBU5rKnBmumkvkvfjB7BgxTepfgHPkQF11CQddLMGJVNxFVvB94kqdaCoQ9bw8aoN1owsiYCnoAi6qePrNlw99IsHKZlbM2gwjV5eBN0Gklh4PMqbwbcMwQDoeJv+ILgwByTDbjFOt15SBKD4SCgdkO+O6XbLIk27bCoLsK26meuvaRZ4mh7ubmiEjLRbrf9qqC6zxnfUq9VA4nXw0KLcgHCBzzgUnOAUwzjjqbjkcHmRkTDPHoZpJpCfVxo6Xxz8dnN9z9PQi8I\/eGpQ\/HYHPjwkpc9R+xLdlkYOffw09Ua8k9qJFGsbweV8p8D0vXjuZYR2crk6rtfJFfLduJPbSFMxsBqDHAeE2kHqLXAwI2Ut1kJJDl+XTFBW6x+m5EYA4WMEiqep7uCGSvR\/QW2W+i6yNieEfmHhzOdp1AENApKKcjGEK\/hNHvtJwL\/d\/QREnsQAvh6Q\/lA\/syMge65RNUEKH4ajPOW179D+H8\/6o2X9aPWPRiEjlvrCE\/pTgeWWzjg\/m3fxf5UlXbjkiiw2Hm0msu3wc3I37U6Ekcpu1lIL\/B8jNgn0TuRtQUf4cwpytWDq5cdLZ+Ajk0bkLB6BBjkDb5L2tUq41azoc4ZsUeIYf0d0vaZ6aCxvhF6l4aFCdyA3eqXyB26+yYk6z8KI8Gb9oNjxLCg3NPtz4G1OGcdfFZ6ftwKbFYNIplCjM8IiYWS05p5Z6in1Al28mhoFj8r3UuZLdmSxy9UPcCtDqvmu6HXKvWBZxtubMyC38uv6vfq5JHxZd0hJ6ZY2SDf4KOKOVLpOkey1q40cnNC+W7NqAkq7gVM+lO64PcEOmYfVf8WpVMCDbqUd8GBHAJIav6FtPXxDK8m5L2qD58N0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class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G02 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 soil-and-land<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Food Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Food Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Soil and land<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Soil is the slowest food-system asset to build and one of the fastest to lose. Its organic matter, structure, nutrients and biology set how much water a field holds, how well crops use fertiliser and how a landscape absorbs rain. Erosion, salinisation, compaction, nutrient mining and conversion lower productivity long before the damage is visible. This page sets out how soil and land condition are measured, how degradation spreads, and who acts on the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-stage\" data-lv-fill=\"map\" data-lv-id=\"breadbasket\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"indonesia:food\" data-ramp=\"orange\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1000|1646 420 1928 782|834 221 1040 487|715 364 914 535\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-indonesia-food\" data-ramp=\"orange\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Plains, deltas and basins, the corridors that carry food to ports, and how far each division sits from one.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Food Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Food Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-3-sec\"><span>02<\/span>Crop and harvest monitor, in outline<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Soil and land: how the risk develops<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil degradation is the decline of a soil's capacity to support plants and store water, carbon and nutrients, through erosion, nutrient mining, salinisation, compaction and loss of organic matter. It lowers productivity long before it is visible. Soil and land condition are mapped from soil profiles, laboratory analyses and satellites, and reported nationally under the UNCCD.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Crop and harvest monitor, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-food-harvest\" data-cx=\"food.harvest\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Crop and harvest monitor: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Crop and harvest monitor<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Soil and land \u00b7 Main season \u00b7 Crop stage: grain fill<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Assessment in field<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Food Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Crop calendar<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"7\"><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Land preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Planting<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Emergence<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Vegetative<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Grain fill<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">now<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Harvest<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">next<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Post-harvest<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Vegetation index, season to date<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Vegetation index, season to date\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-food-harvest-c1\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"This season|acc|l||0:40.162181430775675;1:41.52819722555578;2:37.69345987401903;3:33.93610652405769;4:37.17768031470478;5:32.22443939633668;6:31.752339163701983;7:33.66328706778586;8:29.107557210233065;9:29.147225765697662;10:27.845890082232657;11:28.96847303202376;12:28.18663716968149;13:24.936373816896232;14:21.49903038069606;15:26.02613465469331;16:19.564640431106092;17:23.129893801175058;18:18.368391591683032;19:16.590915904100985;20:16.307504694722596;21:17.00601959777996;22:16.596277675125748;23:14.159229674935343~Past seasons, upper|s3|l||0:46.162181430775675;1:49.72819722555578;2:48.093459874019025;3:46.53610652405769;4:51.977680314704784;5:49.22443939633668;6:50.952339163701986;7:55.063287067785865;8:52.70755721023306;9:54.94722576569767;10:55.84589008223266;11:59.16847303202376;12:60.586637169681495;13:59.53637381689623;14:58.29903038069607;15:65.02613465469331;16:60.764640431106095;17:66.52989380117506;18:63.96839159168303;19:64.39091590410099;20:66.3075046947226;21:69.20601959777997;22:70.99627767512575;23:70.75922967493534~Past seasons, lower|s3|l||0:34.162181430775675;1:33.52819722555578;2:27.693459874019027;3:21.936106524057692;4:23.17768031470478;5:16.224439396336678;6:13.752339163701983;7:13.663287067785859;8:7.107557210233065;9:5.147225765697662;10:1.845890082232657;11:1;12:1;13:1;14:1;15:1;16:1;17:1;18:1;19:1;20:1;21:1;22:1;23:1\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Yield outlook by zone<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-food-harvest-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-food-harvest-t2\" aria-label=\"Yield outlook by zone\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Zone<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Expected yield (t\/ha)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">vs average<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Confidence<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Highland zone<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"2.1\">2.1<\/td><td data-sv=\"-8.360240336507559\">\u25bc 8<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Coastal plain<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"3.2\">3.2<\/td><td data-sv=\"-4.778119482565671\">\u25bc 5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Region North<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><td data-sv=\"-16.13122272468172\">\u25bc 16<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Low<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Region South<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1\">1.0<\/td><td data-sv=\"-6.106840325752273\">\u25bc 6<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Field assessment plots<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">red: crop stress observed<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Field assessment plots: schematic on placeholder geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M443.4 125l26 40.6-74.6 22.5-46.4 28.2-73.4 5.2-74.5 12.5-55.8-28.7-47.1-22.2-87.2-17.5 27.1-40.6 5.7-34.8 39.2-29.5 35.7-38.4 86.9 6.2 73.9-10.9 63.7 21 43.5 26.8 52.7 24.4z\"\/><path class=\"cx-haz2\" d=\"M356.4 112.5l17.4 35.6-54.7 8.2-37.9 27.5-50-13.5-17-32-36-25.8 25.6-29.8 40.9-12.3 36.5-8.6 43.9 0 18.6 26.6z\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"116.7\" cy=\"155.9\" r=\"3.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"252.8\" cy=\"172.2\" r=\"7.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"399.2\" cy=\"122.9\" r=\"5.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"192.0\" cy=\"187.5\" r=\"3.3\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"270.4\" cy=\"128.0\" r=\"3.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"229.0\" cy=\"202.6\" r=\"3.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"141.0\" cy=\"83.4\" r=\"4.5\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"422.0\" cy=\"162.9\" r=\"5.6\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"386.7\" cy=\"71.3\" r=\"4.9\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"68.0\" cy=\"45.1\" r=\"3.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"241.7\" cy=\"61.6\" r=\"5.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"114.1\" cy=\"73.7\" r=\"4.5\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"282.5\" cy=\"172.3\" r=\"4.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"232.4\" cy=\"124.3\" r=\"7.0\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"420.4\" cy=\"159.6\" r=\"7.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"350.8\" cy=\"81.0\" r=\"8.0\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"464\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"end\">Plot markers \u00b7 placeholder positions<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Crop and harvest monitor: the screen's structure, terms and states for Soil and land.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Soil and land: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil health, land degradation and productivity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Erosion removes the productive layer<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Water and wind strip topsoil fastest where land is bare, steep or overgrazed. Topsoil holds most of the organic matter and nutrients, and it forms far more slowly than it is lost under poor management.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nutrient mining and excess<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Harvests remove nutrients that are not replaced where fertiliser is unaffordable, while heavy use elsewhere leaks nitrogen and phosphorus into water. Both lower long-term productivity, in different places.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Salinity and waterlogging<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Irrigation without drainage raises water tables and leaves salts in the root zone. Coastal land takes salt from storm surges and from seawater drawn into overpumped aquifers.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Degradation feeds back<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Degraded soil holds less water, so droughts bite sooner and floods run off faster. Lower yields push cultivation onto marginal land and forest, and the degradation front moves with it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Land degradation neutrality<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A state in which the amount and quality of land resources stay stable or increase within a given time and area, the target of SDG 15.3 under the UNCCD.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Soil organic carbon<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The carbon held in soil organic matter, which supports soil structure, water holding and nutrient supply.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Salinisation<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The build-up of soluble salts in soil, often from irrigation with poor drainage, which reduces crop growth.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Nutrient mining<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Removal of more nutrients in harvests than are returned by fertiliser, manure or residues, depleting soil fertility over time.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil organic carbon stock<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">tonnes of carbon per hectare to a stated depth<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">multi-year<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Soil sampling, digital soil mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Proportion of land that is degraded (SDG 15.3.1)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of land area<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">reporting cycle<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National reporting to the UNCCD<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Land productivity dynamics<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">trend class<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">multi-year<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite net primary productivity time series<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil erosion rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">tonnes per hectare per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">multi-year<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Erosion models with field validation<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil salinity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">decisiemens per metre (electrical conductivity)<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Soil sampling<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil nutrient balance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">kilograms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per hectare per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Input and harvest accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Conversion to and from cropland<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hectares<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite land cover classification<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Soil and land as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g02-topics-soil-and-land-food-ew-t nx-dag-g02-topics-soil-and-land-food-ew-d\" 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dk67NjJD\/MDdoebpKXhdX36K5YtLEbdOnr0j\/H1aHI12mMye\/FcFvDdFnmbkVRnj2bz8d0lZ8hvv\/Jk4YVFS94SCBcgb7WlK0i3zn+Y3E6vftrX+ZvAD52nVp1PpDq\/KUj6Pw==\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g02-topics-soil-and-land-food-ew-t\">Soil and land: food security early warning to early action<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g02-topics-soil-and-land-food-ew-d\">Market prices, crop conditions and rainfall feed a seasonal outlook and a food security analysis by area; projected phases are tested against pre-agreed triggers, and early actions are released before the lean season. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">SoilGrids (ISRIC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Global gridded soil properties with prediction uncertainty<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Harmonized World Soil Database (FAO and IIASA)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Soil units and attributes for crop and land evaluation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, terms per FAO and IIASA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Soil Partnership maps (FAO)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Country-driven maps of soil organic carbon and salt-affected soils<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, terms per FAO<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UNCCD national reporting and Trends.Earth<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Land cover, land productivity and soil carbon sub-indicators of degradation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records; open-source tool<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ESA WorldCover and Copernicus land cover<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Cropland extent and land cover change<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">LUCAS topsoil survey (European Commission JRC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Harmonised topsoil samples for mapping and validation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free on registration, terms per JRC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National soil surveys and laboratories<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Soil profiles, analyses and national soil maps<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per agency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Food Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Agriculture and environment ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to target soil conservation, restoration and fertiliser support<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Degradation hotspots, nutrient balances and soil maps with their uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National focal points to the UNCCD<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to report progress toward land degradation neutrality and which measures to commit<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Sub-indicator layers with method, baseline and confidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Irrigation and drainage authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where salinity and waterlogging call for drainage investment or changed water management<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Salinity sampling, water-table depth and irrigation records read together<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Land administration and planning authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where conversion of cropland, pasture or forest needs control or tenure support<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Land cover change with tenure context, read against the Voluntary Guidelines on tenure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Soil and land condition maps with prediction uncertainty<\/li><li>Degradation hotspot layers combining productivity, cover and carbon<\/li><li>Nutrient balance accounts by district<\/li><li>Restoration scenarios with productivity and water effects stated as ranges<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil condition is rarely visible in a single season, which is why it is easy to neglect. Yet it sets the ceiling on yields, the buffer against drought and flood, and the cost of producing food in future. Experts treat soil as natural capital that can be run down or rebuilt, with consequences that outlast any one harvest.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>What is the condition of soils in a production region, and how fast is it changing?<\/li><li>Which practices restore organic matter, structure and water-holding capacity, and over what time scales?<\/li><li>How does land degradation interact with drought, so that degraded land loses more yield in a dry year?<\/li><li>How do tenure, incentives and markets shape whether land users invest in soil?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and processes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil change is slow to build and fast to lose, which makes it a hidden driver of risk.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Physical<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Erosion and compaction<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Wind and water erosion remove fertile topsoil; heavy machinery and overgrazing compact soil and reduce infiltration.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 7h1a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 7H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h1\"\/><path d=\"m11 7-3 5h4l-3 5\"\/><line x1=\"22\" x2=\"22\" y1=\"11\" y2=\"13\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Chemical<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nutrients and salinity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Imbalanced fertilization depletes some nutrients and pollutes water with others. Poorly drained irrigation raises salinity.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M10 20c5.5-2.5.8-6.4 3-10\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 9.4c1.1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.7-2 .4-3.5.4-4.8-.3-1.2-.6-2.3-1.9-3-4.2 2.8-.5 4.4 0 5.5.8z\"\/><path d=\"M14.1 6a7 7 0 0 0-1.1 4c1.9-.1 3.3-.6 4.3-1.4 1-1 1.6-2.3 1.7-4.6-2.7.1-4 1-4.9 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biological<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Soil life and carbon<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Soil organisms cycle nutrients and build structure. Loss of organic carbon weakens both and releases greenhouse gases.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Soil sampling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Laboratory analysis gives precise measures at points; scaling to landscapes needs careful design and spatial statistics.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Digital soil mapping<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Combines samples, terrain, climate and satellite data using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\">spatial statistics<\/a>. Maps carry prediction uncertainty that should be shown alongside them.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Remote sensing<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Detects bare soil, vegetation cover and some erosion features, but cannot measure most soil properties directly.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Long-term trials<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Decades-long experiments reveal how practices change soils. They are few, and results may not transfer between climates and soil types.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/agricultural-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Agricultural, soil and food science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Crop simulation for seasonal yield risk \u00b7 Yield gap and nutrient limitation analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/agricultural-science\/\" aria-label=\"Agricultural, soil and food science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Small-area estimation of food insecurity \u00b7 Digital soil mapping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Spatial statistics and geostatistics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Crop condition monitoring \u00b7 Crop type and area mapping \u00b7 Irrigation and water productivity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Earth observation and remote sensing: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/ecology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ecology and biodiversity science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Pollination and natural pest control \u00b7 Fisheries and aquatic food webs<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ecology\/\" aria-label=\"Ecology and biodiversity science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Irrigation supply and demand \u00b7 Agricultural drought monitoring \u00b7 Flood exposure of cropland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Hydrology and water science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Soil varies over metres, so global maps are predictions from sparse profiles and carry wide uncertainty at field scale. Satellite productivity trends mix degradation with rainfall variability and management, and need local interpretation. Erosion models are rarely validated in the field. Soil carbon changes slowly and is hard to detect against sampling error, which matters for any carbon claim. Tenure and land-use records are incomplete in many countries, so conversion is easier to see than to attribute.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is land degradation neutrality?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A commitment under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification that the amount and quality of land resources stay stable or increase. It is assessed through land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon together.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can soil carbon be measured from space?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Not directly. Satellites supply covariates used to map soil carbon from field samples, but detecting a change in carbon stocks needs repeated sampling on the ground.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why does salinity matter for food?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Salt in the root zone reduces water uptake and yields, and severe salinity takes land out of production. Irrigated land in dry regions and low-lying coasts are the most exposed.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is land degradation reversible?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Often, but slowly. Restoring organic matter and structure can take many years, and severe erosion can remove soil that takes far longer to form.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Food Nexus verify soil carbon claims?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) does not certify or verify claims. It publishes methods and evidence that others can use under their own rules.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Food Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/agricultural-production\/\">Agricultural production <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-security-and-access\/\">Food security and access <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-water-energy\/\">Food, water and energy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/storage-and-cold-chain\/\">Storage and cold chain <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/agritech-and-innovation\/\">Agritech and innovation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-trade-and-markets\/\">Food trade and markets <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/\">Food Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Food Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Food%20Nexus%3A%20Soil%20and%20land\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is land degradation neutrality?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A commitment under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification that the amount and quality of land resources stay stable or increase. 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