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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-ndpyva7m.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Food Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Food system shocks<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Food <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are hit by shocks that start in different places: drought and flood, pests such as <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.locust-swarm\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"Dense migrating swarms of locusts that devour crops and pasture across borders.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">desert locust<\/a> and fall <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.insect-pest-outbreak\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"Population explosions of insect pests that strip crops and stored grain over wide areas.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">armyworm<\/a>, plant and animal disease, conflict, economic crises and disruption of trade or energy. The damage depends less on the shock itself than on what it meets: concentrated supply, low stocks, high import dependence, indebted households and weak services. This page sets out how food-system shocks propagate and compound, how they are monitored, and who acts on the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the work runs.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"dag\"><div class=\"nx-hero-canvas\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Systems<\/strong> \u00b7 around this subject<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Illustrative<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-food-early-warning\" data-cx=\"food.early-warning\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Market and harvest early warning: illustrative console with example names and values\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Market and harvest early warning: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Food system shocks.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig.<\/strong><span>Market and harvest early warning: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Food system shocks: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Disease, drought, conflict and supply disruption. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Weather shocks hit output and income<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Drought, heat and flood reduce harvests, kill livestock and destroy stores, and they cut farm labour income at the same time. Rural households lose their food and the money to buy it in the same season.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z\"\/><path d=\"M3.22 12l6.28 0 .5-1 2 4.5 2-7 1.5 3.5 5.27 0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Transboundary pests and disease<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.locust-swarm\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"Dense migrating swarms of locusts that devour crops and pasture across borders.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">Desert locust<\/a> swarms, fall <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.insect-pest-outbreak\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"Population explosions of insect pests that strip crops and stored grain over wide areas.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">armyworm<\/a>, wheat rusts, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h43\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.animal-health.swine-fever\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Livestock and aquaculture epizootics\" data-td=\"African or classical swine fever sweeping pig herds, with mass culls, trade bans and little or no treatment.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H43\" data-tr=\"draft\">African swine fever<\/a> and avian influenza spread with wind, trade and animal movement. Control depends on surveillance and rapid response in countries that may lack both.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4 15s1-1 4-1 5 2 8 2 4-1 4-1V3s-1 1-4 1-5-2-8-2-4 1-4 1z\"\/><line x1=\"4\" x2=\"4\" y1=\"22\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Conflict breaks every link<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Conflict displaces farmers, blocks markets and aid, destroys infrastructure and drives up prices. It is a leading driver of the most severe food crises and often coincides with weather and economic shocks.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Shocks compound and cascade<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A drought that coincides with a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h59\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.economic.currency-crisis\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Economic shocks and governance failure\" data-td=\"A fast collapse in the value of a currency that drives inflation and import costs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H59\" data-tr=\"draft\">currency crisis<\/a>, a fertiliser price spike and an export ban causes far more hunger than any one alone. Recovery is slow because assets sold to cope are not quickly rebuilt.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Growing conditions in the Black Sea region.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Crop greenness, root-zone soil moisture and plant growth over the Black Sea region, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"black-sea:food\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"food\" data-ml-plan=\"p-91cef2dc\" data-ml-relief=\"1.3\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:food\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.food.ndvi gibs.water.rzsm gibs.food.gpp gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.health.people ev.eonet r.dist r.hls r.smap f.power r.dswxs1 f.flood f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-food\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-food\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"22,39,44,50\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Growing conditions, the Black Sea region: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ndvi||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Crop vigour<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"rzsm||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Drought signal<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"gpp||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Plant growth<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Growing conditions, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ndvi\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Greenness (NDVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra NDVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"NDVI\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ndvi\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.ndvi\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra NDVI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite greenness index over the 8 days to the date shown; an indicator of crop and pasture condition, not a yield estimate or a food security warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"rzsm\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Soil moisture, root zone\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA NSIDC DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Model with satellite data assimilated\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA NSIDC DAAC SMAP Level 4 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Modelled<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"rzsm\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.rzsm\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA NSIDC DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Model with satellite data assimilated<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-11<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"gpp\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Plant growth (GPP)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite-driven model; latest 8-day period GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Gross primary production, 8-day total<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"gpp\">30 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"kgC\/m\u00b2\">Modelled (latest 8-day period GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"gpp\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.gpp\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest 8-day period GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite-driven model; latest 8-day period GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-30<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model estimate of carbon taken up by plants over the 8-day period shown; an indicator of growth, not harvest or production.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" 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aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Growing conditions, framed on the Black Sea region.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.smap.l4\">SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (13 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Gross primary production, 8-day total: MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"gpp\">30 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/food-system-shocks\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Food Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How a food shock is born in, and returns to, other systems.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Synchronous drought across breadbaskets is the shock that matters most. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drought-and-flood\/\">drought and flood<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Concurrent drought across major producing regions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">An <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h59\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.economic.commodity-price-shock\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Economic shocks and governance failure\" data-td=\"A sharp rise or fall in energy, food or metal prices that hits importers, producers or both.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H59\" data-tr=\"draft\">energy price spike<\/a> raises input costs and can prompt export restrictions on fertiliser.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Fertiliser export restrictions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Health<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Animal disease (for example <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h43\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.animal-health.swine-fever\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Livestock and aquaculture epizootics\" data-td=\"African or classical swine fever sweeping pig herds, with mass culls, trade bans and little or no treatment.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H43\" data-tr=\"draft\">African swine fever<\/a> or avian influenza) removes supply and threatens people. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/one-health\/\">One Health<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">WOAH notifications in major producers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Pests and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.invasive-species\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"A non-native plant, animal or microbe spreading unchecked and displacing natives, damaging farming, fisheries and ecosystems.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">invasive species spread<\/a> with warming and trade.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Plant pest outbreak reports under the IPPC<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Gaupp and colleagues (2020) found that the risk of simultaneous low yields across major breadbaskets rises with warming. Kornhuber and colleagues (2023) showed that climate and crop models underestimate the atmospheric patterns that cause synchronised low yields, so model-based estimates of joint failure are likely too low.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A shock through an input-output economy.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A loss of output in one sector propagates through the technical coefficients to its suppliers and customers, and recovers at the rate you set; the coefficients are teaching values, not national accounts. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Black Sea region; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-food-nexus-topics-food-system-shocks-0\" data-nxi=\"io\" data-nxi-id=\"io\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"A shock through an input-output economy\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"bars\">By sector<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"net\">Network<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-food-nexus-topics-food-system-shocks-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Output lost\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Sector hit first (position in the list)<\/dt><dd>0<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Size of the shock<\/dt><dd>30% of its output<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Duration of the shock<\/dt><dd>30 days<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Recovery rate<\/dt><dd>0.08 per day<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Days simulated<\/dt><dd>180 days<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Output lost over the run<\/dt><dd>0.89% of a year&#8217;s output<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Total over direct (multiplier)<\/dt><dd>1.86 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Most affected other sector<\/dt><dd>Fertiliser and inputs<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Its peak inoperability<\/dt><dd>3.5%<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Peak inoperability (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Output weight (%)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Farming<\/th><td>30.13<\/td><td>22.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Fertiliser and inputs<\/th><td>3.49<\/td><td>15.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Food processing<\/th><td>1.70<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Transport<\/th><td>2.03<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Wholesale and retail<\/th><td>2.78<\/td><td>14.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Energy<\/th><td>3.02<\/td><td>8.6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Input-output analysis <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press<\/span><\/li><li>Inoperability input-output model <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7<\/span><\/li><li>Dynamic inoperability and recovery <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Seaports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Maritime chokepoints <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Nexus (named straits and canals at their published coordinates)<\/span><\/li><li>Railways <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Major roads <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">A shock through an input-output economy. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Input-output analysis (Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press); Inoperability input-output model (Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7); Dynamic inoperability and recovery (Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/foundry\/\">Food Nexus in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/universe\/\">Food Nexus in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/\">Water and Food Systems in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/reports\/\">Food Nexus in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Shock scenarios and contributions that test them.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Compound food shock scenarios are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/scenario-stress-test\/\">Scenario and Stress-Test series<\/a> and the Foresight Outlook series, always labelled as scenario evidence. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h57\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.humanitarian.famine\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Humanitarian crises\" data-td=\"Extreme food deprivation with widespread starvation, acute malnutrition and rising deaths in a population.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H57\" data-tr=\"draft\">Famine<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> remains with FEWS NET, the IPC and national <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Scenario models would carry NS-12 cards under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>. Useful contributions: historical cases of compound food shocks with sources, and critiques of scenario assumptions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model food system shocks as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-security-and-nutrition-risk\/\">Food security and nutrition risk<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-food-system-shocks-G02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h57\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.humanitarian.famine\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Humanitarian crises\" data-td=\"Extreme food deprivation with widespread starvation, acute malnutrition and rising deaths in a population.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H57\" data-tr=\"draft\">Famine<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h57\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.humanitarian.mass-displacement\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Humanitarian crises\" data-td=\"Large numbers of people forced to leave their homes by conflict, disaster or collapse, straining host areas and services.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H57\" data-tr=\"draft\">Mass displacement<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h61\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.cascade.health-system-overload\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Cascading failure\" data-td=\"Demand for care exceeding capacity, from a surge of cases or injuries or from loss of staff and supplies, so that avoidable deaths rise.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H61\" data-tr=\"draft\">Health-system overload<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Chronic malnutrition (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Acute malnutrition surge (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-security-and-nutrition-risk\/\">Food security and nutrition risk<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/society\/conflict-and-security-risk-standards\/\">Conflict and security risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/early-warning\/early-warning-and-anticipatory-action\/\">Early warning and anticipatory action<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-risk-standards\/\">Health risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H57<\/code> Hazard family: Humanitarian crises (NHS-1 soc.humanitarian)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H61<\/code> Hazard family: Cascading failure (NHS-1 sys.cascade)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H81<\/code> Hazard family: Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency (NHS-1 health.nutrition)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H59<\/code> Hazard family: Economic shocks and governance failure (NHS-1 soc.economic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-N3<\/code> Food and agriculture risk and resilience<\/li><li><code>NRS-N7<\/code> Water-energy-food-health-biodiversity-infrastructure nexus coupling<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>IPC acute food insecurity analyses (listed for reference)<\/li><li>FEWS NET outlooks and data (listed for reference)<\/li><li>FAO GIEWS Food Price Monitoring and Analysis tool (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Prevalence of undernourishment<\/li><li>Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity<\/li><li>Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age<\/li><li>Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>The Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin: 178 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Seasonal rainfall anomaly<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of the long-term mean<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">dekadal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite and gauge rainfall<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Agricultural stress index<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of cropland affected by water stress<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">dekadal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite vegetation and temperature indices<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.locust-swarm\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"Dense migrating swarms of locusts that devour crops and pasture across borders.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">Desert locust<\/a> situation level<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">warning level from calm to danger<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">FAO Desert Locust Information Service<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Animal disease events notified<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count by disease and country<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National veterinary notifications<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Conflict events in agricultural areas<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">events per administrative unit<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Event coding from media and partner reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Projected population in IPC Phase 3 or above<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">persons<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">IPC and Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 projections<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FORECAST<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Direct agricultural loss from disasters (Sendai indicator C-2)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">monetary value at constant prices<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Post-disaster needs assessments<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/food-system-shocks\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sector signature of food system shocks.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The sectors food system shocks touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WFHB\" data-sig-name=\"Food and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Food gives nutrition to health (0.7), land conversion to biodiversity (0.6) and withdrawals and runoff to water (0.3).\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Food, Health and Biodiversity selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"rZfLjqtGEIZfpdTS2bnafYE2SMaLSLktss6aGMZGw2UEfRI7L5Z9niyqAuyZsfGFjGZhoLv\/qv\/r6oJZZ\/lLt1m3aVak5c\/0k9ceiiwR9QHrrtjhTsD2kIhQfROwPQ4XbSJc+E1s1p1v3qB5eelynwglYFumXfdusRLLT5P05SRNk5Yfc9isl31qu8\/T26LedQLStkhxX2RZXifCt99zsVm\/NeVx19QXK3YwXmZptxfw1hS17xKhFugiCCMZL9AG\/YUNQC1cBDje4ThOWc6IoG0AWrsFuhX\/uhWoBT3E4Q6H0Zv6HySNUqBXVpoF6tMlXakFDeH5AZ6nkfy2aLdlfjd72nDVb7fizTah4exSv\/+82BfbVwFZIn4zoQFVagWqQq1lAMZJCwHIsMJIajChdGBlLKMKtZIrMIFcgZURaGkq1FZaMFYGYOUKtHQV6pBmaRlDJFcQVmgs6JXUYKUBI4MKdUzLWV3GYOSqQqOlA+3ohh7SImlAW74lcVOhCWQIWksNIUlXaCIZAiWgOUd64qSBsE+OkuQnK7AgIzLBt7E0MoSAryM00oECrfjWMgIchkPpCAGe1gZyxQzwrG5lwAzwnIKWMTPAIUvyjsbiyQc5ZwZ4cqsdE8ATD3LODPBMTZNOIEMcuFJYQoAn9CFpOl407I9lADhsoDQMAHl7DcUjBLz5bJwRkP+KUmQAVsYoo4ptMwBLK6Sp2DX7t0zEVWya7UfkvjK2904uyAFbZvNGxuS9Ys\/knRbKuGLDvXXWNRX7Zedsuxr8Mm8KXLHdsM+Jcqt6vygjSr1iu9KgDDGgmwh4w1GrigudbPdjVOeR1OM6qnKu95MuFbkeqq0PTTXO1d7nxkVuLIy5c4VzrY\/+qMCpUEb\/fX1brqaBEZU3F3rPkI9XX+Y9ZCpurvJxHyz0Jd7vExWLkzHQJnKD3l1pxtt902ad2KzLos4vBwVkqU\/xlfvIQfPPUSeCOpiAg0kE9ycBR5MIblLQ+bZ5zfGvIvN7elss72vr+9rPSZ\/aYVOfo5iJKKqPYC4jGLlyTwaxE0Hwthcjg+DJSMEDkVA\/a+qsH\/b6o5oe1f7Xxpzl3Q356R15SHp1Qxq\/IPXoQf3Z5yG+CPBVaLSalv4KNFo\/po9fcJ71xwP9+FFz6tlI9n6k60ctNs+GGo41ziIoIzV2+mufevRx2n\/qKeoXpYLxL1CqF+fvUR79m5Qu3hfdW9q+0vvi6ttkX\/jJsW1e+7y9\/t3f5lt\/Mf+tTH0u4EBebSDgmAgMAgEjXBcJ2OfFbu8TEUUC2gM1xeVm7fPDpVrNSoplnNi49ZKmTUz27yYbJzZtXqa+aOoOihreyvQ4rr7qtG6ynDBcHTjtepeXw7YXFGrq236fls2HD\/q+07dclZP\/Eby0E2ui6TVZ4ycWqSmqZfrHO1JoAiWA5mFa04dFIqoiy8pcbH5Pfd7eQu63H4TCaEoI\/v0HlL7L\/4xWP4B2OFfsWj+B9+q6RxBfXXgXs1FGup6Qpu73gVDn09aLzY913u6OD6B+Jxa7CS2GbZ6AbZ6DPZP1XNRzSGszAfrX+qVNO99+3\/rvbf4UcG2jCU0Gbu8Cv95E7ONNZEYPmdNCnu0gJpxqID81TfZw\/zDOTckw4GAm4OABwDizvHFufeOsAsdbFZ7Xmdj8kqel3z\/AHG8Vdi\/F1MOZ1MMnqeNc7DibO84Cf6WJM64fiiYr\/szbrvDH5\/hfdvJekPm79\/yXu81\/\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Food and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Food gives nutrition to health (0.7), land conversion to biodiversity (0.6) and withdrawals and runoff to water (0.3).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">E<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span>B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Biodiversity<\/b> \u00b7 land conversion<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Biodiversity<\/b> \u00b7 environmental flows<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 nutrition<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAO Global Information and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning-system\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated system of risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and preparedness that enables timely action ahead of hazards.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early Warning System<\/a> (GIEWS)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Country briefs, agricultural stress index and crop prospects<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAO <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h44\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.plant-health.locust-swarm\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Plant disease and pests\" data-td=\"Dense migrating swarms of locusts that devour crops and pasture across borders.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H44\" data-tr=\"draft\">Desert Locust<\/a> Watch and Locust Hub<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Locust situation bulletins, survey and control records<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WOAH World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Notifications by national veterinary services of animal disease events<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per WOAH<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ACLED<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Coded conflict and protest events with location and date<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free with registration, terms per ACLED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">EM-DAT (CRED)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Disaster events and recorded impacts by country<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for non-commercial use, registration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">CHIRPS rainfall<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Gauge-blended satellite rainfall for drought monitoring<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public domain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Report on Food Crises<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Annual synthesis of acute <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 food-insecurity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A situation in which people lack reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food for active and healthy lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">food insecurity<\/a> and its drivers by country<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, attribution<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/food-system-shocks\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How food system shocks is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in food system shocks: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Food, Trade, Climate, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"398.6\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"339.3\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"375.95\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"183.58\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"184.05\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"161.4\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"220.7\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Food<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"398.6\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"410.6\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"start\">Trade<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"365.3\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"start\">Climate<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"end\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"161.4\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"149.4\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Food Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Disaster management and agriculture ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to activate contingency plans, release reserves or request assistance<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Early-warning indicators agreeing across sources; projected acute <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 food-insecurity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A situation in which people lack reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food for active and healthy lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">food insecurity<\/a> phases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Plant protection and veterinary services<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to survey, treat, vaccinate or restrict movement<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Pest and disease notifications, habitat conditions and animal and trade movements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Humanitarian agencies and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 anticipatory-action\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Actions taken ahead of a predicted hazard, on the basis of a forecast or risk analysis, to prevent or reduce its humanitarian impacts before they fully unfold.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">anticipatory action<\/a> financiers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether forecast triggers justify acting before the shock peaks<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Trigger skill from hindcasts, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 lead-time\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The interval between issuing a forecast or warning and the onset of the event it concerns.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">lead time<\/a>, and the cost of acting and of not acting<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Sovereign risk pools and agricultural insurers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether a drought index pays when losses occur, and how <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 basis-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The mismatch between a trigger or index payout and the loss actually suffered, so that payment may come without loss or loss without payment.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">basis risk<\/a> is managed<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Index performance against recorded losses by season and area<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Compound shock scenarios across weather, pests, conflict, prices and trade<\/li><li>Cascade traces from shock to production, markets and access, labelled at each step<\/li><li>Anticipatory action trigger designs with their historical performance<\/li><li>Prepositioning and response options under alternative shocks<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and data<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">History shows that the most severe food crises seldom have one cause. They arise when a production shock meets weak buffers, high prices and constrained public finances, often during conflict. Experts therefore study shocks as combinations and sequences, and ask how preparation and early action can break the chain before harm peaks.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which shocks are most likely in a given food system, and which could coincide?<\/li><li>How do shocks propagate from production to prices to household consumption, and over what time frames?<\/li><li>Which early signals give useful warning, and how reliable are they?<\/li><li>What preparedness and anticipatory measures reduce harm, and what evidence supports them?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and processes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Shocks compound when buffers are thin and when they strike several links at once.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazard<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Weather and climate<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Droughts, floods and heat cause the largest production losses. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate change<\/a> alters their frequency and severity. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\">Climate and Hazards<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biology<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Pests and disease<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Outbreaks such as locusts, wheat rusts or animal diseases can spread quickly across borders.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Human<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Conflict and policy<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Conflict destroys assets and blocks access; trade restrictions and economic crises reduce supply and purchasing power.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Early warning indicators<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Rainfall, vegetation, price and pest signals, analysed with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\">forecasting and time-series analysis<\/a>, give <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 lead-time\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The interval between issuing a forecast or warning and the onset of the event it concerns.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">lead time<\/a>. False alarms and missed events both occur.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Scenario analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Explores compound shocks and cascades. Scenarios are explorations, not forecasts.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Historical analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Past crises show patterns of propagation and response, though conditions change.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Anticipatory action evidence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Evaluations of pre-agreed actions taken before a shock peaks are growing but remain limited for some hazards.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Methods, Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Methods, Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-18-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Seasonal production outlooks \u00b7 Staple price forecasting \u00b7 Anticipatory action triggers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Forecasting and time-series analysis\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Crop condition monitoring \u00b7 Crop type and area mapping \u00b7 Irrigation and water productivity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Earth observation and remote sensing\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/ecology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ecology and biodiversity science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Pollination and natural pest control \u00b7 Fisheries and aquatic food webs<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ecology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Ecology and biodiversity science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/econometrics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Econometrics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Price transmission and market integration \u00b7 Effects of trade policy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/econometrics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Econometrics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimisation and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Humanitarian supply and prepositioning \u00b7 Strategic reserve design<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Optimisation and operations research\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Irrigation supply and demand \u00b7 Agricultural drought monitoring \u00b7 Flood exposure of cropland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Hydrology and water science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Shocks rarely arrive alone, and the record of compound events is too short to estimate their joint probability with confidence. Conflict data depend on reporting and are thinnest where conflict is worst. Pest and disease surveillance is uneven, so an absence of reports is not an absence of outbreaks. Forecast triggers carry false alarms and misses. Food Nexus issues no warnings or classifications; national authorities, the IPC and technical agencies do, under their own mandates.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-019-0600-z\"><span>Gaupp and others, Changing risks of simultaneous global breadbasket failure, Nature Climate Change 10 (2020)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-38906-7\"><span>Kornhuber and others, Risks of synchronised low yields are underestimated in climate and crop model projections, Nature Communications 14 (2023)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fsinplatform.org\/\"><span>Global Report on Food Crises 2025 (Global Network Against Food Crises and FSIN, 2025)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/fews.net\/\"><span>FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-12\/\"><span>NS-12, Software, model and AI\/ML artefacts, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-18-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is anticipatory action?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Acting on a forecast before a shock peaks, using pre-agreed triggers, plans and finance. It aims to protect lives and assets at lower cost than response after the fact, and its triggers are tested against past events.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why is conflict so central to food crises?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because it disrupts production, markets, incomes and aid at once and blocks recovery. Analyses of acute food insecurity consistently identify conflict as a leading driver of the most severe crises.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are pest and disease outbreaks predictable?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Partly. Locust breeding follows rain and vegetation that satellites can monitor, and some crop diseases follow weather conditions. Animal disease spread depends on trade and movement, which are harder to anticipate.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who declares a famine?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Famine classification follows the IPC protocols and is reviewed by the independent Famine Review Committee. Governments and United Nations agencies communicate it; no data platform declares it.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Food Nexus issue early warnings?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Warnings are issued by competent national authorities and mandated agencies. The platform studies signals and their reliability.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can shocks be ranked by importance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Their importance depends on the system and the people exposed. The platform describes shocks and their pathways rather than publishing rankings.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does climate change affect food system shocks?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It changes the frequency, intensity and location of heat, drought and heavy rainfall, and shifts the range of some pests and diseases. Attribution of any single event follows established scientific methods and states its confidence.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Food Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. 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Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-system-shocks#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-risk-global-food-nexus-topics-food-system-shocks-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-risk-global-food-nexus-topics-food-system-shocks-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-risk-global-food-nexus-topics-food-system-shocks-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/pandemic\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Pandemic<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/food-agriculture\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Food systems and agriculture<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/water-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Water risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-19\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Food Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. 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