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\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uW6tj3Wirik+CqTTf37O3ILmEnWYG66p68AJXmEKMPrkr9M34sUQB8+0uXlg4c4BuqepT8ns\/KXdZv4AmcN6QSC\/7\/DgX+\/9KSZCAiGeVehrcS+g8ry2GREpMdutPG9IjorW9dd99I7+t1r38ZNWMFhKn1NsrEeDE4qEmaf5DweUIHBUmAFuD0Z1xfXXpXW6IqpG3sE3mH8Djf6Z+piskhua6wBPCNhRP7uQoYysUTd3p+6X0AWJ8oc9lCuYlTqVPLjW4RGw5C66tpwhR1Pj0us2aPpirEM0bf9ZCcD2l9eiFigGcTrucmsqKvr5pKM9PTiO7Hu0n+3L5a2Kn4+lBUANEavlKYcQa46b4GpmBQrD48PEtiOvoQjk5IFOt5eVSKHVcVXsKq69jkCGhGx\/x0gjVSL8lTI8zRIZqsndzxw9LHeVrdF8izAzabh38hP1f458NaDSGUUJAoauxfRih5z5R1Hf+JiOQXK7B\/2aD\/rJ+ZUMnFNUUnSoWYGGZp+6OpD4HWXV+6ZWwQ+rj116yuTlcZsP7ji4WsR+sfbaV47pH0+Lf5As04Mbx\/0I+pWpcbfRHOjYroHApEN2qouGgaTaXLRjNuCpvWOlQ32GD4ar2YwuV\/YLQYfNS4kp42Vz7X\/dTyuXRaIANnFcMkH53FUMjIwIpwMvO76LeBc4vCpKopVFI4wROL0cpx7VMzThHRyfWGtinJ31A\/mkRcYtOcQF\/lSxwS6zojqKx\/Y2o+HVob2WGfbwgLGsEjjRiYgNaMbwhQZoQlMEFI82vPG4QhUahhEjM0oMjUyzyqGHTeoYzRm8J8F0YtyaByRsnBz7Cz8O2nc+4\/49eR\/Vh4GbdupKbm7rOqpD6qyo3ktu\/ezMvXvUP+RJ6i1tsep8qnWo57BydfnR\/ZTSi\/bchX4CiKEFs05UWjzCqd6a6JFGbgUrTa62GUS5IiPxs5eTyd4eovG0V7zw+onxMuU345Kkbbvx1hDb8c3c3R2xz9zXlTFZtLsUmLTZpusvxwqeFaGtOv7xD3sr6auFGeIQpZesqvVGLcvg4ZkZvGBmk9VSHsZWlp1Wd9md1xdcSJZQM2eXm+tJvfWhBjBvz72vTYDwd4xrkn1Rh0wfczD9QoiXpr6kewluj8x52nX1T98MdcL3gLJ4InxuOkOJnNpc5AIucgEGBwqXrsO80gkS1LsDzO0lH1Z2ZNE4PY9JyfjE0TqjDiT8ZWWBT5uckbxUSbC1LufVwpwudLCR8RqSY9MbSR5p+4gLukqMBnigS86w4JFjsE\/DcTRFiPehHf9NP6RtgOkLRfH9BcHr5Thb3lRcpVEQNnaP0ngr+s1LfqCMiDBLD3ADniQpVuxcDVpS7hRyMX6JgVvbOTwW6Z97ldp+7w0fugTwejpqv9gvqyCcaCqkBPMPzpW4sutSQqkxt3LbqiqhTy8+RNubbFk\/p5Ea6IlxgN\/T9E+Jk7Z4jfdtKUnhjMDxuQTNJczKHunwkKL3rG2qRGA1Ofk2xzp2BQzfZU1XK+yOf5Il+N1ydYXmSJc\/DcWK30WBL3Vwaj193LbGAgVYFDcsP2WROZibtB2KU\/Z5pxUV7kZ4AzQhJTBL280H49UoSJTUXAHL1pujJTpyNFAHqLx+FxQ1\/Ee63bjv5wbDTvLDpH1Ie8u6lIgyUQlJEi9i4aeVia+nwu1aJYGl9KtSYTPRjAS63m4V9kufsJnc9sZQ+\/\/5hEJUeYvFAkal4onGwnWSXNKIkopoRS\/9xHdcsgG39TelKqgVvV96e\/\/mR2wpDw81es0QW7QCU7dJteaisDTbs2ULGSPVwcctd9DnAJEuX33U2q66GvbCVH4aHulXIvOkGlB2NZoYNfVG8wVQ\/ab5Fk3pQILlNeUo\/59qpcT4+ogXeu8OzvLyhd783pKj05Oh5T0V3+93yyXdnJNrp37scom53im87r5rZznZse7EWXUX77uc+XHnxm34xPfJo3yT3FN3Mktf9eEFIDmc8TrlDvhF2B72dQpqb8iqK7WcKPosLT0iOFxpYvpZsR5RRQVy1yr3AiVJVV2mFTy+UvelH8ms7volYNmRCsM0BabSyPfcHOHDIRfXBLIOiAosRA3cj9EMidstHdNhv1ud6ocWFjJIMbcNzCZYf9WIXLBDuyqpS5IOYzYIoH34DFvLMq+1mI4xkaPoZtNw7k6da5+q2uClQLG8R02XuaEIr3tYw0SsGuBpInIYQUuOSSI+Mch9+zHM6ha5JYigkNfOOb21zBJYDWhJKa9kWITQMLmLTGch4P45kyXVJdynaWfgF\/IWCUMlGGqP6xtQjk3EeQ63QOQpY\/f645RAEFEtnGHw5b9\/YsKJ+RgU9maNMbsgaLHVvERDHIoQbn45L86kkBTucvOG\/Xxg1f3zZehMo6M7cXeSdAVW43W\/f1uCEFb1XmH4WbqXgB8qy1wnI\/vpWfkA\/dCuEIKMYC6kleJwXcqFALYd+GojrIzoeXOHY8WgSJWbAnK4caxM9tdUmOnb1nvzqD0vqYrq7WA+IpbxDOlCgYl+41zsuD4ru3qmbCXPjc6IM7rVByzMZ50ovCSo6gPECKddINhaZ4KHKEoFcDvqtA4izLd5E2xRgFKKGhwlrwMkd0A9UdgxLF7yVuC7g2yDGr8+fokxQ8bRWzry8FrI2nT+vV8XLo69amy1y7hh4rMzkU4YyZOj13G8X7I+iXq+XAOq0BZ7nUC148uGRsjBwuCiwZACPkanfVudqlrsi86\/KTHUqKBvHSnol5fWo7kIW6vN5olB9748zylE7M0CAP0wNslDiCNlkI35iDhqh7bdpbTsMg+ge9wqStagtmGUxa3IuFqowhtCMvM+JlX3yVJnKCSqcrX6l7R7Mc4iPQfpzh14cDAk6J0hs9fJcUvA1XvmFH2EUdqvpB7iK6nhDRF0rIUrhgUEaR6imtSnjVJeyd+p6u4vqkmjfO5SjkwjIxveIvuyXT308y1bAAMcp7ILmM9UEZXV27YZi8fF2vaed1Iz5Z1Gcb2eRus3a4Gm8jGT2bcbZxpVoJMI3y8CslfKXXG\/PDXbM6mgHCxLWVvX3Yh8efZYmeuk5EyyibmUynyDaic0wowLSm+27GrLFOrLbahj6XYNePSFBCzdsKp5FuuzU+nlLrE8mmNuAl9sBg8NFCGLQ2fuD2DzQrWD0JaWMNNOMSo85QAVKjn5bHcZEUksu3bPXUtAapOlkda8QrWXGl09FV7bbp4JoL0wNqeymrq4EL5hKNE+n\/Jb2qGVZzVRjp7FBcle6KLOQxa84AwjWA\/MCxTcxCVuxC4nFID48aZrqRayfRtle+Nh+fYWOuo\/CwIOsNxi95i4Pb+r9x51jLsnefqReQYI8DQmDd5gkoRPFu0C+TXFGg\/MDe7LzHJnPKn0J40i7\/xC7fkycRvoPko5JhJp32u4lmrTQaG2PsEoI4pGeQx3a7nFA+WT+011FQfk+eRvi8hWAhxpi4DcukbmPAzyUaeaWxSLi0iyTi16QliaYJJMUKFm1tihx5JSHhroxyzY5AkYb45\/XXh7otUMQvNQeJPWx\/rJr2C\/XBmgUoXxwbRS+vny9ljgoGW3Ge5vtV3lRI4NBzBbA2VbxZOGqc8QoVsN\/7OxJfOKUFk\/EyuIdiRwvYc1W3hoBFkfwMBvI8RDTk7ud2xDeKbVYIHWjYCf3i5Aqf8vIqwwgrmOB68MfVpb2KXsYT3xL1xkuOEiqiJEwDI97HmxEtn2EPeL5jF4y7ZJ\/DV14T2lrKktHDwzIdBx+Nen3Ki3Hk8Vm\/yuqiSHkiGSaFSd7kVcmPxaxTGI08XTQeaEED2weVt7OwC9WlTqB+GzxjrDhVKSQkFp3B2emOpH2CuoUZSMyXVCP\/TrS5lAfHuSo+DlX5xV7Zm9Hv3sIXzHplY094\/KP7y7Z\/2dgrkpXCEJ\/eYZ3kjQjK2UBsWoA4itR4wUkBLvTAMmyeHBvH830X8qbIU8Z0qmRkkEM0g\/zHjCSauAYPZhjLWRqfOC4MpaGDXx+QDhRhZtNebyMfXX95+W91dUB6iRHw8zwCtF2KE53f3xvI2y7JSdNuDD9ChD2dGH8qD0tZWedB\/61yg5pcPuYPqUwsSH9zzkvR3GmdwPt6hQ4bKlvd5RP6QSei6T69sglmel+y9lKXa5Uv0x9VdZriJiCDnMh\/Sc+r+ZTAaeQxabPBdT\/JAX\/McaSBzejXLA3EE71SIjOvlLnXBp5LdWnPFxNVlejOFg3KtbEk5BIxcGH9aOQGmZf5jZgme8xE+POqoV34t0AnQRFuaHNFEJJIjVKF02Rpk6HDp5NVKsxW\/bqnPl9iu2I+xhY6bg7T9rm+i1d+ZFl5UKX10Jm2yKqSAOSlqaTFGXp01NFdy8MNp0IVPgVphSqxs\/3apskoLvOncw5DSVf5dBKCR5w8gvDzMkBg01tOez6oIkVpX7oZFkR\/YuRvf7lO6pq6V9ERa97AeTQ62ROrmjLNzbGeESPldVliDFwU+ugxKt\/odo230g8F2dMFa7P3ed44WgKHOMML70pOFV\/AamsBktO+1tra2MFC2J2rRmOiEQiJ9wn5QtQpPxj8kaRWCRaqt7vzMgzzOYYUg8FREAnJg23kWz3SheoMJdMnhi3JxLHK2SgBrmIYyUQRQdDExpC3RXsIt6WTPZiOdyVHpoFFxiQrkSlCsTLFclZ\/Yaa2lqdWUbysmgpswVWwzdzLrxzdqWYe2YhH5i7fRXYmzURWqUo+J08HF3UypM7qNeGKStu8NBZEXz9Z8YYIb74hfP0NIa0DYxBy2wNQb\/\/VGOU4261imJfXWe79CKc2yPTbKdrWKyerlV2r0QM90yCHI5ay14xx\/QTwI5F99gWu6cs81FR0xjLIHeTTKWxZA6l713iZ5ZlsTZgIk7QHGiDPcvVaGL5aJc1CjrjIy5dmo+wWV+ySp8jRdbgC1yl\/eZOoPRKfojCGytNPmJ3QbpLzvM2lbh7GOdS6IQk2kIGFFVzKFOL0zWQKw88ht+KTqzTXDksyDTued8tfCgojULVbM0Ajnq0Er\/Nd9pz1s9Ld5ZNcV1T8\/pCkTnX6OqvkVZqVSJ3thQnjMHEfmIiiM2Zi60s57xJRHNcpl2R\/7kbcqkWpL+WKy1HoLgzhR0VVX2SRfWPCQqIAZrdEAibNXHH61d+6EAcUxfbwXaKN7ZKrqOigPF1Jn\/FWJQ6A+kUd10JFdQn6cl\/i1DHDKx4PvDJTzduswt1Vu5NwXhuOtq6GXpK5lL3h4y4GDLlthGanjH3DlPQJwtRosqqbozqYk6657oBzdMLe3NSvHJyZUxCqyB8hEO8tiIn3WlZVrZGag31RQYGnlO0\/nSaiWeNS3jPFhhmkrB\/i1nyPBTzA8v9v70t4HEeuNP8KV0YDpW4yTZ2VnUIVptsej2cMe43x7mKNdu6CkkIiKymSJqnMrCZqfvviRfCI+6CUWdmLtmGXkmTc14t3fN9eXdFW5BI02xvuyhayQyIAVUhRKVjeCpV8pHf61bbLgJwYbfOzG6QByZaIkjZQGSqnVJPavyvnGoPr3VRPJqD0+SXegM7OlsbqXuaoJ89H466HHYz4NltZG6QlyT3zSCHEF84xvFBejNYz7\/qldX554xztFD012udMnh\/ot4zeTN307WJPjWWkmWH5hPLzBdNUyWaVVhoaSlWG9WpcLW3WBZszHeer8+Gsa2XGeB81KUMMJ4aA8vt+vouVN9wC5FghimSsBQjn5m0bDc8SkYiuYmbL8pohClCffAbTIioqIDIdA+Sgy7Mz1r60AZVakUr973Jqo6Ml1d6jOkrSqrmqIgLn3FEmWCnIIXoNhzqCRpwIP3bMAQJ+1i2FFNNpQnl2lI3GrmLTpru7zkTYdh++LdqQCws5XQAWy2TUxzXSE\/BKRjOuoC4Q71KvAy7bB7vqq1fP2IbdYDMpFUYTsmsJ2y\/xBP2OTNHvvDljzFxMDQqvhWSnvg2VO3WdnBB8KVs6sDSClu2o9Z\/pH\/PmpnmI4d6lNDTiZYNVVtpaep6iR2S8a8ows0zK0YX8\/jk3ydmaen4cfF20jZ3pMhGg31k4fpN+YvFGgLRVoAXrAQd+cQEKKtVT10AQoLIj18jL\/WqUa2\/3wFsuDew0cu32Jfvw5lp2f4PkgjnRGxVzDIxVGhUVwlsN\/mWpt++41n3t631jsVjEeTrG76FzMepyqvPCUHUAZarjr+AT59Y+A09wj7emb+3+ZteoNL0ayV6babtNRuChfAaFuSCVuREsWBTW7jRqa6VNHi\/JK4dORf1ZgTupNLg5gdloJ9bISQKd+pigJztJvkQFiup3RE5J0tRvhRFshMLCyNTa5RccQa1vyJoQaQPLiqXrPtSmve+Sc3JBtgSH7Z2d3WOMKCnao0Z67R95kUdlmZdjsFDnQ0QY1KcLKwjnixuMVtroQFEVk2d2KDeiKVPnQK8OU4QZSGihGLXTajjf2PkQuhqO+tVoJioaogGWmsYolOqybn6\/fm\/Ry3S734ePsS4Eyf7qytyX+E7UMGr6RiheKSq4ljqSs22Upyi9DqqLlgtQw+2nZQjjbNYtk6CMvO8i1ns1ua0OWxbiG9oDM6w2VAQmMwmLEqJ\/NJPOV5qr1dKgyq+rpXP0bQ2GRtuQb6WKhdHUIk0TRXC0BfsIKioaAV4Xd8Zo3D7eSLyzv9gCk9DeI3CuE9IEf0xyqJUyOYegYl2sJt1QnhxUxejv4BtDQRXMzaQS5YcJ9kTAo8Zg2NiiuSiwYloXso7zPLfsG3k6p77Be6GvJX5Vv\/WVzha+VvXvqxX1eq92XxvyZMFVYUd6gRUFvh5RzNcjbvkGcCd2whRpBBebZ8UZcJdU7+7SKDu+i8qpT36dy+m0YTUsd6wwGZXRFojfaeFS9omiTFzKITIUcogMRRyiqX2jDhHdPA8+6RVvPgN77NOoeT4NneiziEk+HTIxeMfT1hdfplL2xSu932t5pgJOH7YN8Dd2FQH7dp80LvhPRbT\/WKgcmPGZ0LiY89okJqG\/lx2TjBLRNZIjPuHushw2uP6Ywyf75H7aSOFYcZIg9kGcmfIcovAn8WMJtiiOHhOoroZtmWT2zF37LEPD2sQfb6oTqT06bdF+j\/b3jSRylg8el4Xf4lsEEwbkXLR3U51IKBZdYs8izRJcjLpT6ceML0QYN8wboboegqqGw+PAz7z5PDxV3u68TXbBFv2coPLdzdwP\/dCfTb1tXsccFAfJ6VDmFAhsKEVs\/vs7aOuXOh8+nG24ZfrFHfxaDIWnwGgdsbUz9Fxb43RvRCTwpbd2g7BpZJTHAbirhC5IMX3dZZ5Bm9GANt4NZFpHx\/HQdpwNxhLYztk1\/erA3NfEt7sKwg4zRdmFCzsoEK1UJtgc+BBgc6iJ22k3g3n4Refge9RjT74ApI22NpTnsR1SzWLARnEFo+FLfOPU51qeGbzHXqSDEI8O3b79FCM5pL8Sv1EEE4HnBgYAmlC9Dz2wN9o6WWJ5shurac4jfaussNo5Igtz2PCHLgdzAbsCwFnoxoecS3l2Tx3MF04SMu7CzFPI3IS8ren0dlFRoKgE\/747uB6Cm8+GekZkLJGqCncH9ZiYLPD2Sn5Kw14J0N2w+IxYt\/mTVD3JBe0BXOGVgKi5aO65YzAz1m22OpIoSe+bUcSJPVICJ\/RDJqAvjZS8inz5g5dVX4iVqo\/Ph1EOiHcsEo3JO++PybuzeVI43\/a+9\/KcMTDDsCtWcHH9LBGcQgvmqmHqBrdYbrxljgwTCO2nCkXlLlbVhmOh6vfZmQQnXhYDI2GplNOKhF8FEco6QltNi4lHIPkZN6IzNeXP+t62NUfjknbnSrRGz5TW6E8Y\/NMtaJqkMUSIfIKp7xQh8unYgcZzZ3DoGYmhBQ7KrwVbhJvdGKQK3oNGW45EefN+favWA2CeOCuGSbyda0JlRc+jhd4QRzULfCS\/aJXRljHZrflHYW5D2V6f7iMXYTu5lwM1Ke8z1JZcJLuH+3ZjD70Zexya8ID4fNgDadjYaGpfOVCEUwH47FBstdwZuDCwxr4Vr0VL+UvdH5cDKTgXqaBrV\/hDWt3cRAZqwQ0+1CIdBInUMlKd8FvFKwyxMXgbt\/CEA5qNrLzsOXhq9aFPp6DOz2WSHT9MIP6qfYnvx6iuGryGkhTfKtRKXpIGMgoyaq99HT+9pNUvDay2rb7JOsiSqn7NVV9DbLMyZLWVgZgs5VSdpqy6v5JdnjXmRR9HCXatUxL9sieegpyJqgAE1sJs7lq\/YJRGoW3UpUW9LLcpV5yelyFHZ3todNgIlU1B1jIREAAo4rcYeJ0+K0RN2FwFWMA53NrYa+i6eAkPwidYZzigLlktNOuT1jBQOXmzW7BiYMXHBYoMrikW6oxWNpnNPv8XuETkRdAryqphb1TnqKqE0SDb\/oqT7tc263596r\/7Oe5+PeTTKbfrjreaVqcmCKpTOyp3FsMmNbBucCaAdixkgZ\/y+RBgZMGd0UJOtoL9bi9+a6khoL36WdFKXypcycUa2nlePihybzF4fne3RYe8ROr3hDjC\/mpbnbw7rIR6F8\/9eOHHS7\/wz6mfp\/4hOZ5LNJXdoEJ9Vjj9tOHD\/PSJWl+SyMfgNj5RLfo\/1dEWay7up7Z3735CW7uCVydyVXPENmKxJAxRKZY4SEys6GokwfkY6ALoA6KAGICKyDVEgso4AjKuOslvpheTBl7CoaeoKH0tHgsx0zr5v1zteI5yFQmCgau8OgUQTFC9uplwDPdWV1n9ZctAbkEpKcPrIkQKB5GSIdY6dk\/a4lbcNNzNnYVRaVnkukx24zdnNYVNJc\/T6qVQ6eZfcTc+RKdrILaCDkGJ2DoOXXMxt11fXxmi9SrLj4ZiHbOkID3neXCIUgwXo6cA3tiiBbWFeDfZBdBzalU6HDkovWQCXQgkcBWDAGlFa7H2VR9gi5puvr95e5dyun\/RtplCp\/x+LlNJz29v5bKgkmxBM5ek2cjCbkwDaZXTfL5Uyv1i0IfVRdTD9v93WED25+vHJ3+BHUIZNQn5ZoUDLd+vH2P\/Fi6lqoHA3p8St1gb1U2X3N7IB71YR0ckQyoVVD2m63K3kR7LaLup8\/Mubm0+d14RZcHnTX9XM1XnCne8QH3Jw0V4pNbu7OmKTLEffaUJfAwV\/j924yp1wqpzTEeXogPOX3bJeErSNNjFAA7bHpywraoKcZo46Q0adP3BYomdF8LOjwlWDZDYht8wGgM7MuQLBYTLXEcXao2RpifAYw\/PWqkJiZqobvH1kna1SjZ1ZdLHhhqCEA\/Cq5hiqFaa9grFjFC26Vg24rR6TRgIfcQ2yF51+pLUlA5yVu\/kM1dXNdA5BH8VhktFXTGbpTXPhKB9UzEDjKHD\/KVpDKDrrK4s7jhh1UmK5ypgscKDLh5jdy6hB34HZW0IRyI+ATkCxJtV9wRy3sF8xBWnn37K4cwhj\/X4s9UJblK7xo3iVctLYn\/vDa9mzHyZCQI983JKJMhd4WUxYr7h7C4CEa5Ob4ZQq62KvHfaRkq4kW\/DPTpSjM9kcMGBNyoruQm03QZ8dZ\/6alWCP1r3ulzK9ld4+kV1A3uJbZ5wGQixJPoFvHxTt3lHvwVrdiHS5ZdotLZ15nRf2NZZ17hGKtVyUWKWAnQS5JkvETFV1X6tkJZf41hs41i6Qbl2HEs\/2FZxLGD5tKBQdib9tqZPHmMduwYlsi37SnUKsvyYOnNML0zXnMX0OvicFkBsl23JX9TOmVqN3dW5mF+VXrptoZHhuf1uHLlym\/iVyJWJ+fxiGt7N6xHstv0zkNe2TeDUl1a+79UJ56EQhHX6zVGsfG9KS5M+NhZgqfhDb8v37ph5VkQtXqm5yIMy8kdGEfQa9HV9pT52vjBGDHcZB6NV1uPR2yVZEf+3\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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n14q4yvd.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Food Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Food trade and markets<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Trade moves food from surplus to deficit regions and lets countries eat beyond what they grow. It also concentrates dependence: a few exporters supply most traded grain and vegetable oil, and much of it passes through a few straits, canals and ports. Prices carry shocks from world markets into local ones, unevenly. This page sets out how import dependence, market concentration, chokepoints and price transmission are measured, and who decides on the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Food trade and markets on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"console\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Food Nexus \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">8<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Food trade and markets: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Import concentration, prices and trade routes. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 21c.6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1 .6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1\"\/><path d=\"M19.38 20A11.6 11.6 0 0 0 21 14l-9-4-9 4c0 2.9.94 5.34 2.81 7.76\"\/><path d=\"M19 13V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6\"\/><path d=\"M12 10v4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Import dependence and concentration<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Countries that import much of a staple from few suppliers are exposed to those suppliers&#8217; harvests, policies and logistics. Concentration of both suppliers and routes compounds the exposure.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M9 19h8.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7h-11a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7H15\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Chokepoints channel flows<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Grain, oilseeds and fertiliser move through a limited set of straits, canals, rail corridors and ports. Closure, congestion or low water reroutes cargo, lengthens voyages and raises freight and insurance costs.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m16 16 3-8 3 8c-.87.65-1.92 1-3 1s-2.13-.35-3-1Z\"\/><path d=\"m2 16 3-8 3 8c-.87.65-1.92 1-3 1s-2.13-.35-3-1Z\"\/><path d=\"M7 21h10\"\/><path d=\"M12 3v18\"\/><path d=\"M3 7h2c2 0 5-1 7-2 2 1 5 2 7 2h2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Export restrictions multiply<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">When prices spike, exporters may restrict sales to protect domestic consumers. Each restriction raises world prices further and encourages others to follow, so a supply shock becomes a policy shock.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M18.09 10.37A6 6 0 1 1 10.34 18\"\/><path d=\"M7 6h1v4\"\/><path d=\"m16.71 13.88.7.71-2.82 2.82\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Transmission is uneven<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">World price changes reach local markets through exchange rates, transport costs, tariffs, subsidies and market structure. Currency depreciation can raise import costs even while world prices fall.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Growing conditions in the Black Sea region.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Crop greenness, night lights and population density over the Black Sea region, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"black-sea:food\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"food\" data-ml-plan=\"p-b272ceca\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:food\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.food.ndvi gibs.energy.ntl gibs.health.people gibs.water.rzsm gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover ev.eonet r.dist r.hls r.smap f.power r.dswxs1 r.labels f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-food\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-food\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"22,39,44,50\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Growing conditions, the Black Sea region: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lights and people<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ndvi||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Crop vigour<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Growing conditions, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ndvi\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Greenness (NDVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra NDVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"NDVI\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ndvi\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.ndvi\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra NDVI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite greenness index over the 8 days to the date shown; an indicator of crop and pasture condition, not a yield estimate or a food security warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"rzsm\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Soil moisture, root zone\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA NSIDC DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Model with satellite data assimilated\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA NSIDC DAAC SMAP Level 4 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Modelled<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"rzsm\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.rzsm\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA NSIDC DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Model with satellite data assimilated<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-11<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"5\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Growing conditions, framed on the Black Sea region.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.smap.l4\">SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (13 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/food-trade-and-markets\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Food Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Markets transmit shocks from every domain into prices.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Oil and gas prices move freight, fertiliser and biofuel demand, and with them grain prices. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\">energy security<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Correlation of energy and food price indices<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Drought in an exporting region tightens world supply.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Production outlook in major exporters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Health<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Price spikes reduce dietary quality before they reduce calories.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Cost of a healthy diet relative to income<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Trade shifts land conversion to exporting regions.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Land-use change embodied in imports<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Puma and colleagues showed in 2015 that the global wheat and rice trade networks became more connected and more concentrated, which spreads small shocks but makes importers vulnerable to disruption in a few exporters. Export restrictions in 2022 were tracked in near real time by IFPRI&#8217;s export restrictions tracker.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A shock through an input-output economy.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A loss of output in one sector propagates through the technical coefficients to its suppliers and customers, and recovers at the rate you set; the coefficients are teaching values, not national accounts. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Black Sea region; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-food-nexus-topics-food-trade-and-markets-0\" data-nxi=\"io\" data-nxi-id=\"io\" data-nxi-z=\"jZXBbts4EIZfZTDAYh2AMSTH7ra6bdEN0MNiF2mAHgIfGGlsDUKRAjlKowZ+9wVJy1bddtGThBE5H+eff6hXFBZDWOGfEFpXP4G03g37FrQFtv0g126QfhCg2lnXjaiwdZaCjFjhPem6ZbuHzjVk4AtLC0G0UANszBDEa+FngmdtBgoKrBPQ0HtquBZ2dokKe+11F7B6eEVusMJ0CmpQodGPZLDCT1SL89CywI59EFj0LnDcD2xBWgLDQa5Q4WBZsEJU2LHFqlDY6ResNgqDUI9VqTAdJX1qsCoOak6dM\/krgdul7NO3Y\/bfYpwlQBZmgpVHWFkU3+NuCoXGYbUqFLaM1fqS3wx+Rv8wROGc\/ckJGj2G77BvfwW7ucB6Cmxm4Duq3TP5EbwWOgN78tDo8aTrspiwxfIkbo5O+i6Lt5ldLItNphfLcpX4qxO\/dZ6\/OjsvXY8BAneDiTb6cc1vpsb+sToXXZzYSYpU5lbhjl+oweoVA8Xnm3W5eqcwJEtF1+Gt9h3bPSq8JS9sOJAHbZvs\/si8da6B3ruaQsgr7722oXc+Nv9z6wwFbSht8iQ6KfqXJb8fcXtQmH0ys7hxIcxK\/icPmHFBIKqfWu4He2E5DSNp\/\/vMd99I2Q1GZknvnWiT0zXsqRZYxBXcGyY\/mxXhjsJlLnH9LNXf8WB6t6M6DraTljxkAXG+43m25aME6Ek\/AVvXk9ePbFjGWUGZWMYO1a32Ejv0ktuPCscLVRZJgEazGY\/Vxwqmm2u2Eg\/RdK4PMZ91DaUWf8gCTFP08eJM\/w6+bnWgADvvOghDn0SKqnw6vp81T5ExXQGTP05DQ7td9MRWoWH7FNEPhSpVuVUPpVqp6\/iyUjcpcKPKHCjVOr+sz5FNWrLJge2ppMk\/d+VM6ve6fvqifQORqfdUATeGjg0K8DiMYCgca5OW2J8rhEW6uA01V\/EqngSLh73Znnp7t5rhbp3\/ltZxmoqjHBmeMfUQxHX\/h1mfIe\/LH11DWvIwaCEY3QCB5KfJNttDnDZLcn80Ru7Vdd1qtse\/22L+T7vCw38=\" aria-label=\"A shock through an input-output economy\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"bars\">By sector<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"net\">Network<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-food-nexus-topics-food-trade-and-markets-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Output lost\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Sector hit first (position in the list)<\/dt><dd>0<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Size of the shock<\/dt><dd>30% of its output<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Duration of the shock<\/dt><dd>30 days<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Recovery rate<\/dt><dd>0.08 per day<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Days simulated<\/dt><dd>180 days<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Output lost over the run<\/dt><dd>0.73% of a year&#8217;s output<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Total over direct (multiplier)<\/dt><dd>1.87 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Most affected other sector<\/dt><dd>Transport<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Its peak inoperability<\/dt><dd>4.4%<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Peak inoperability (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Output weight (%)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Farming<\/th><td>33.86<\/td><td>14.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Fertiliser and inputs<\/th><td>0.22<\/td><td>10.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Food processing<\/th><td>0.21<\/td><td>18.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Transport<\/th><td>4.36<\/td><td>22.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Wholesale and retail<\/th><td>2.15<\/td><td>16.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Energy<\/th><td>1.09<\/td><td>18.1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>Input-output analysis <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press<\/span><\/li><li>Inoperability input-output model <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7<\/span><\/li><li>Dynamic inoperability and recovery <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Seaports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Maritime chokepoints <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Nexus (named straits and canals at their published coordinates)<\/span><\/li><li>Railways <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Major roads <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">A shock through an input-output economy. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Input-output analysis (Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press); Inoperability input-output model (Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7); Dynamic inoperability and recovery (Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/foundry\/\">Food Nexus in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/universe\/\">Food Nexus in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/\">Water and Food Systems in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/reports\/\">Food Nexus in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Market evidence and where it is published.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Trade and price transmission analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/strategic-systems\/\">Strategic Systems series<\/a>. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) forecasts no prices and advises on no trades; market monitoring at global level is done by the Agricultural Market Information System. Price series would carry NS-3 identifiers under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>. Local market price data and records of trade policy changes with dates are the contributions that help most.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model food trade and markets as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-security-and-nutrition-risk\/\">Food security and nutrition risk<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-food-trade-and-markets-G02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h57\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.humanitarian.famine\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Humanitarian crises\" data-td=\"Extreme food deprivation with widespread starvation, acute malnutrition and rising deaths in a population.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H57\" data-tr=\"draft\">Famine<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h57\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.humanitarian.mass-displacement\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Humanitarian crises\" data-td=\"Large numbers of people forced to leave their homes by conflict, disaster or collapse, straining host areas and services.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H57\" data-tr=\"draft\">Mass displacement<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h61\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.cascade.health-system-overload\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Cascading failure\" data-td=\"Demand for care exceeding capacity, from a surge of cases or injuries or from loss of staff and supplies, so that avoidable deaths rise.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H61\" data-tr=\"draft\">Health-system overload<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Chronic malnutrition (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Acute malnutrition surge (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-security-and-nutrition-risk\/\">Food security and nutrition risk<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/society\/conflict-and-security-risk-standards\/\">Conflict and security risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/early-warning\/early-warning-and-anticipatory-action\/\">Early warning and anticipatory action<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-risk-standards\/\">Health risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H57<\/code> Hazard family: Humanitarian crises (NHS-1 soc.humanitarian)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H61<\/code> Hazard family: Cascading failure (NHS-1 sys.cascade)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H81<\/code> Hazard family: Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency (NHS-1 health.nutrition)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H59<\/code> Hazard family: Economic shocks and governance failure (NHS-1 soc.economic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-N3<\/code> Food and agriculture risk and resilience<\/li><li><code>NRS-N7<\/code> Water-energy-food-health-biodiversity-infrastructure nexus coupling<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>IPC acute food insecurity analyses (listed for reference)<\/li><li>FEWS NET outlooks and data (listed for reference)<\/li><li>FAO GIEWS Food Price Monitoring and Analysis tool (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Prevalence of undernourishment<\/li><li>Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity<\/li><li>Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age<\/li><li>Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>The Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin: 178 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Cereal import dependency ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of domestic supply<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Food balance sheets<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Supplier concentration of staple imports<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">Herfindahl-Hirschman index<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Bilateral trade statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">FAO Food Price Index<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">index points against a base period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">International export quotations<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Indicator of food price anomalies (SDG 2.c.1)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">standardised anomaly class<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Domestic market price monitoring<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Stocks-to-use ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of annual use<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Supply and demand balances<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Export restrictions in force<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">share of world calorie trade affected<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Policy trackers<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Dry bulk freight rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">index points<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Shipping market indices<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Food import bill against export earnings<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">ratio<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Trade and balance of payments statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/food-trade-and-markets\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sector signature of food trade and markets.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The sectors food trade and markets touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WFHB\" data-sig-name=\"Food and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Food gives nutrition to health (0.7), land conversion to biodiversity (0.6) and withdrawals and runoff to water (0.3).\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Food, Health and Biodiversity selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Food and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Food gives nutrition to health (0.7), land conversion to biodiversity (0.6) and withdrawals and runoff to water (0.3).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">E<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span>B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Biodiversity<\/b> \u00b7 land conversion<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Biodiversity<\/b> \u00b7 environmental flows<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 nutrition<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UN Comtrade<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Bilateral trade flows by commodity and partner<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free with registration, terms per UN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">CEPII BACI<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Reconciled bilateral trade flows at product level<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open licence, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">AMIS Market Monitor (G20 Agricultural Market Information System)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Supply, demand, stocks and policy for wheat, maize, rice and soybeans<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAO GIEWS Food Price Monitoring and Analysis tool<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Domestic retail and wholesale staple prices by market<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IFPRI Food and Fertilizer Export Restrictions Tracker<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Export bans and licensing requirements by country and product<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAOSTAT food balances and trade<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Supply utilisation accounts and trade by commodity<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IMF PortWatch<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Port calls and chokepoint transits from satellite vessel tracking<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, terms per IMF<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/food-trade-and-markets\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How food trade and markets is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in food trade and markets: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Food, Trade, Climate, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"398.6\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"339.3\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"375.95\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"183.58\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"184.05\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"161.4\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"220.7\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Food<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"398.6\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"410.6\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"start\">Trade<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"365.3\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"start\">Climate<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"end\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"161.4\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"149.4\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Food Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Trade and agriculture ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether to diversify suppliers, adjust tariffs or negotiate long-term supply arrangements<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Supplier concentration, route exposure and price transmission for each staple<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Food reserve agencies and state importers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to buy forward and how large a buffer to hold against a route or exporter shock<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Stocks-to-use, freight and lead-time scenarios including chokepoint closures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Central banks and finance ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How a food price shock will pass into inflation and the balance of payments<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Import bill scenarios and pass-through estimates by commodity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">WTO members and regional trade bodies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to discipline export restrictions and keep humanitarian food purchases exempt<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Restriction trackers and their estimated effect on world prices<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Agrifood dependency maps by commodity, supplier and route<\/li><li>Chokepoint exposure profiles by importing country<\/li><li>Estimates of world-to-local price transmission with uncertainty<\/li><li>Trade policy shock scenarios<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and data<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Most countries rely on trade for at least part of their food, feed or fertiliser. For import-dependent countries, the resilience of their food system is decided partly abroad: in the harvests of exporting regions, the policies of their governments and the security of shipping routes. Understanding that exposure is a precondition for sensible reserve, sourcing and trade policy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How concentrated are a country&#8217;s imports of staples, fertiliser and feed, by supplier and by route?<\/li><li>How do export restrictions, freight costs and exchange rates move domestic prices?<\/li><li>What role do public and private stocks play in damping price spikes, and what are their costs?<\/li><li>How do speculation, information gaps and policy announcements affect price volatility?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and processes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Markets transmit shocks across borders, and policy responses can amplify them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M9 19h8.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7h-11a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7H15\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Concentration<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Few suppliers and routes<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Dependence on one exporter or one corridor raises exposure to weather, conflict or policy in that place.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m16 16 3-8 3 8c-.87.65-1.92 1-3 1s-2.13-.35-3-1Z\"\/><path d=\"m2 16 3-8 3 8c-.87.65-1.92 1-3 1s-2.13-.35-3-1Z\"\/><path d=\"M7 21h10\"\/><path d=\"M12 3v18\"\/><path d=\"M3 7h2c2 0 5-1 7-2 2 1 5 2 7 2h2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Policy<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Export restrictions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">When several exporters restrict sales at once, world prices can rise sharply even if global supply is adequate.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M18.09 10.37A6 6 0 1 1 10.34 18\"\/><path d=\"M7 6h1v4\"\/><path d=\"m16.71 13.88.7.71-2.82 2.82\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Macroeconomy<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Currency and finance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Depreciation raises import costs; limited foreign exchange can delay purchases and payment.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Trade statistics<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Customs and trade databases show flows and partners. They can be delayed, revised or inconsistent between reporters.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Price data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">World and national price series show transmission; local market coverage is uneven.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Network analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Trade network models reveal concentration and potential cascades, but depend on assumptions about substitution.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Econometric models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Built with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/econometrics\/\">econometrics<\/a>, they estimate price transmission and the effects of policy, with results that vary by period and market.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Methods, Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Methods, Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-18-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/econometrics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Econometrics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Price transmission and market integration \u00b7 Effects of trade policy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/econometrics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Econometrics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/optimization\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Optimisation and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Humanitarian supply and prepositioning \u00b7 Strategic reserve design<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/optimization\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Optimisation and operations research\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Seasonal production outlooks \u00b7 Staple price forecasting \u00b7 Anticipatory action triggers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Forecasting and time-series analysis\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Small-area estimation of food insecurity \u00b7 Digital soil mapping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Spatial statistics and geostatistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/agricultural-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Agricultural, soil and food science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Crop simulation for seasonal yield risk \u00b7 Yield gap and nutrient limitation analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/agricultural-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Agricultural, soil and food science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Trade statistics arrive with lags and contain mismatches between reported imports and exports. Stocks held by private firms and some governments are not published, so stocks-to-use ratios are estimates. Price transmission estimates depend on the period and model chosen, and can shift during crises. Vessel tracking shows movements but not always cargo. Price forecasts and market outlooks are the work of AMIS, FAO and national agencies; Food Nexus does not issue them.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amis-outlook.org\/\"><span>AMIS Market Monitor (Agricultural Market Information System, G20 initiative hosted by FAO)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/worldfoodsituation\/foodpricesindex\/en\/\"><span>FAO Food Price Index (FAO)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ifpri.org\/\"><span>Food and fertiliser export restrictions tracker (IFPRI, from 2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/2\/024007\"><span>Puma and others, Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system, Environmental Research Letters 10 (2015)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-3\/\"><span>NS-3, NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk) record UNIs, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-18-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Does trade make countries more or less food secure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Both. Trade gives deficit countries access to food and spreads weather risk across regions, but concentrated dependence exposes importers to supplier and route shocks. The balance depends on diversification, reserves and policy.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do export bans raise world prices?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">They remove supply from world markets when it is already short, prompt importers to buy in haste and lead other exporters to restrict too. Studies of past price spikes find the cumulative effect substantial.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a stocks-to-use ratio?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Stocks held at the end of a marketing year relative to annual use. A lower ratio means a thinner buffer, and prices tend to react more sharply to new supply shocks.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which chokepoints matter most for food?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Those carrying a large share of grain, oilseed and fertiliser trade, such as the Turkish Straits, the Suez Canal and Bab el-Mandeb, the Strait of Hormuz for fertiliser, the Panama Canal and major inland waterways. Their weight differs by commodity and importer.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Food Nexus give trading or investment advice?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It publishes research on market structure and exposure. It does not advise on commodity trading or investment.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is trade a source of risk or of resilience?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Both. Trade diversifies supply against local harvest failure, but concentration in suppliers and routes creates exposure of its own.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which commodities are covered?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Staple cereals, oilseeds, fertiliser and feed are the focus, with other commodities where they matter for food access.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Do food reserves prevent price spikes?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Reserves can dampen local price spikes and support emergency distribution, but they are costly to hold and manage. Their value depends on size, rules for release and coordination with trade policy.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Food Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-trade-and-markets#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. 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