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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n33nwhf3.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Food Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Soil and land<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Soil is the slowest food-system asset to build and one of the fastest to lose. Its organic matter, structure, nutrients and biology set how much water a field holds, how well crops use fertiliser and how a landscape absorbs rain. Erosion, salinisation, compaction, nutrient mining and conversion lower productivity long before the damage is visible. This page sets out how soil and land condition are measured, how degradation spreads, and who acts on the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"food\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Soil and land on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"fieldmap\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Food Nexus \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Soil and land: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil health, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.land-degradation\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Long-term decline of the productivity and health of land from erosion, nutrient loss, compaction or salting.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\">land degradation<\/a> and productivity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Erosion removes the productive layer<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Water and wind strip topsoil fastest where land is bare, steep or overgrazed. Topsoil holds most of the organic matter and nutrients, and it forms far more slowly than it is lost under poor management.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nutrient mining and excess<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Harvests remove nutrients that are not replaced where fertiliser is unaffordable, while heavy use elsewhere leaks nitrogen and phosphorus into water. Both lower long-term productivity, in different places.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Salinity and waterlogging<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Irrigation without drainage raises water tables and leaves salts in the root zone. Coastal land takes salt from storm surges and from seawater drawn into overpumped aquifers.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Degradation feeds back<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Degraded soil holds less water, so droughts bite sooner and floods run off faster. Lower yields push cultivation onto marginal land and forest, and the degradation front moves with it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Growing conditions in the Black Sea region.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Land cover, root-zone soil moisture and crop greenness over the Black Sea region, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"black-sea:food\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"food\" data-ml-plan=\"p-c665833e\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:food\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.food.cover gibs.water.rzsm gibs.food.ndvi gibs.water.true gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.sfsm ev.eonet r.dist r.hls r.smap r.dswxs1 f.power r.labels f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-food\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-food\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"22,39,44,50\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Growing conditions, the Black Sea region: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"cover||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Land cover<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"rzsm||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Drought signal<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ndvi||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Crop vigour<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Growing conditions, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"rzsm\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Soil moisture, root zone\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA NSIDC DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Model with satellite data assimilated\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA NSIDC DAAC SMAP Level 4 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Modelled<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"rzsm\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.rzsm\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA NSIDC DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Model with satellite data assimilated<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-11<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ndvi\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Greenness (NDVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra NDVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"NDVI\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ndvi\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.ndvi\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra NDVI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite greenness index over the 8 days to the date shown; an indicator of crop and pasture condition, not a yield estimate or a food security warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"sfsm\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Soil moisture, surface\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA NSIDC DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Model with satellite data assimilated\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Surface soil moisture, 0 to 5 cm<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA NSIDC DAAC SMAP Level 4 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sfsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Modelled<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"sfsm\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.sfsm\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA NSIDC DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Model with satellite data assimilated<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-11<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Growing conditions, framed on the Black Sea region.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.smap.l4\">SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (13 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"rzsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Surface soil moisture, 0 to 5 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sfsm\">11 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Food Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Couplings, Monitor, Reports, standards and contributions, Twin and cascade simulator\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Couplings, Monitor, Reports, standards and contributions, Twin and cascade simulator\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Couplings<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-5-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Soil links water storage, carbon, food and nature.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Soil structure and organic matter control infiltration and water holding capacity. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/catchment-hydrology\/\">catchment hydrology<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Soil organic carbon in tonnes per hectare; infiltration rate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Bioenergy crops compete for land; tillage and fertiliser use energy.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Land under bioenergy feedstocks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Health<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Dust storms from degraded land carry respiratory risk; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h30\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.contamination.soil-contamination\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Contaminated water, soil and food\" data-td=\"Toxic substances in soil from industry, mining, waste or spills that enter crops, water and people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H30\" data-tr=\"draft\">soil contamination<\/a> enters food.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Dust events; heavy metal testing in agricultural soils<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Soil biodiversity drives nutrient cycling; land conversion destroys habitat. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-integrity\/\">ecosystem integrity<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Land-cover change from natural to cropland<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">SDG indicator 15.3.1 measures the proportion of land degraded through three sub-indicators: land cover change, land productivity and soil organic carbon, under UNCCD good practice guidance. The Global Land Outlook (second edition, 2022) and the IPCC Special Report on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> and Land (2019) set the scientific context.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Crop and harvest monitor.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-food-harvest\" data-cx=\"food.harvest\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Crop and harvest monitor: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Crop and harvest monitor<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Soil and land \u00b7 Main season \u00b7 Crop stage: grain fill<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Assessment in field<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Food Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Crop calendar<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"7\"><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Land preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Planting<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Emergence<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Vegetative<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">done<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Grain fill<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">now<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Harvest<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">next<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Post-harvest<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Vegetation index, season to date<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Vegetation index, season to date\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-food-harvest-c1\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"This season|acc|l||0:40.162181430775675;1:41.52819722555578;2:37.69345987401903;3:33.93610652405769;4:37.17768031470478;5:32.22443939633668;6:31.752339163701983;7:33.66328706778586;8:29.107557210233065;9:29.147225765697662;10:27.845890082232657;11:28.96847303202376;12:28.18663716968149;13:24.936373816896232;14:21.49903038069606;15:26.02613465469331;16:19.564640431106092;17:23.129893801175058;18:18.368391591683032;19:16.590915904100985;20:16.307504694722596;21:17.00601959777996;22:16.596277675125748;23:14.159229674935343~Past seasons, upper|s3|l||0:46.162181430775675;1:49.72819722555578;2:48.093459874019025;3:46.53610652405769;4:51.977680314704784;5:49.22443939633668;6:50.952339163701986;7:55.063287067785865;8:52.70755721023306;9:54.94722576569767;10:55.84589008223266;11:59.16847303202376;12:60.586637169681495;13:59.53637381689623;14:58.29903038069607;15:65.02613465469331;16:60.764640431106095;17:66.52989380117506;18:63.96839159168303;19:64.39091590410099;20:66.3075046947226;21:69.20601959777997;22:70.99627767512575;23:70.75922967493534~Past seasons, lower|s3|l||0:34.162181430775675;1:33.52819722555578;2:27.693459874019027;3:21.936106524057692;4:23.17768031470478;5:16.224439396336678;6:13.752339163701983;7:13.663287067785859;8:7.107557210233065;9:5.147225765697662;10:1.845890082232657;11:1;12:1;13:1;14:1;15:1;16:1;17:1;18:1;19:1;20:1;21:1;22:1;23:1\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Yield outlook by zone<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-food-harvest-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-food-harvest-t2\" aria-label=\"Yield outlook by zone\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Zone<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Expected yield (t\/ha)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">vs average<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Confidence<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Highland zone<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"2.1\">2.1<\/td><td data-sv=\"-8.360240336507559\">\u25bc 8<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Coastal plain<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"3.2\">3.2<\/td><td data-sv=\"-4.778119482565671\">\u25bc 5<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Region North<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.8\">0.8<\/td><td data-sv=\"-16.13122272468172\">\u25bc 16<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Low<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-food-harvest:r2-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Region South<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1\">1.0<\/td><td data-sv=\"-6.106840325752273\">\u25bc 6<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Field assessment plots<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">red: crop stress observed<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Field assessment plots: schematic on example geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M443.4 125l26 40.6-74.6 22.5-46.4 28.2-73.4 5.2-74.5 12.5-55.8-28.7-47.1-22.2-87.2-17.5 27.1-40.6 5.7-34.8 39.2-29.5 35.7-38.4 86.9 6.2 73.9-10.9 63.7 21 43.5 26.8 52.7 24.4z\"\/><path class=\"cx-haz2\" d=\"M356.4 112.5l17.4 35.6-54.7 8.2-37.9 27.5-50-13.5-17-32-36-25.8 25.6-29.8 40.9-12.3 36.5-8.6 43.9 0 18.6 26.6z\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"116.7\" cy=\"155.9\" r=\"3.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"252.8\" cy=\"172.2\" r=\"7.4\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"399.2\" cy=\"122.9\" r=\"5.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-site-hot\" cx=\"192.0\" cy=\"187.5\" r=\"3.3\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"270.4\" cy=\"128.0\" r=\"3.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"229.0\" cy=\"202.6\" r=\"3.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"141.0\" cy=\"83.4\" r=\"4.5\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"422.0\" cy=\"162.9\" r=\"5.6\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"386.7\" cy=\"71.3\" r=\"4.9\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"68.0\" cy=\"45.1\" r=\"3.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"241.7\" cy=\"61.6\" r=\"5.2\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"114.1\" cy=\"73.7\" r=\"4.5\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"282.5\" cy=\"172.3\" r=\"4.1\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"232.4\" cy=\"124.3\" r=\"7.0\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"420.4\" cy=\"159.6\" r=\"7.7\"\/><circle class=\"cx-node\" cx=\"350.8\" cy=\"81.0\" r=\"8.0\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"464\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"end\">Plot markers \u00b7 example positions<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Crop and harvest monitor: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Soil and land.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Land evidence and the field data that improves it.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Land and soil analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-systems\/\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience series<\/a>; land tenure questions stay with national authorities and customary institutions. Soil datasets would carry NS-3b metadata under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>. Useful contributions: soil sampling results with methods, records of restoration outcomes and local knowledge of degradation, shared with consent.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model soil and land as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/land-and-soil-risk-standards\/\">Land and soil risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-soil-and-land-G02\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h21\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.surface.soil-erosion\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Erosion and sediment movement\" data-td=\"Loss of topsoil to water or wind, stripping fertility and filling reservoirs and channels downstream.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H21\" data-tr=\"draft\">Soil erosion<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.desertification\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Degradation of dryland into desert-like conditions through climate change and unsustainable land use.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\">Desertification<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h20\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.ground.land-subsidence\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Ground deformation and subsidence\" data-td=\"Gradual sinking of the ground, often from groundwater, oil or gas withdrawal, mining or peat drainage, that floods and cracks cities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H20\" data-tr=\"draft\">Land subsidence<\/a><\/li><li>Dust storm<\/li><li>Road crash (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Outdoor air pollution episode (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>High-tide flooding (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Sea-level rise (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Reservoir and channel siltation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Soil quality decline (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Diffuse runoff pollution (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Land degradation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Dune encroachment (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Surface-water flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Pipeline rupture (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Water and resource conflict (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Endemic fungal disease range expansion (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/land-and-soil-risk-standards\/\">Land and soil risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/water-risk-standards\/\">Water risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\">Geophysical hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/biodiversity-risk-standards\/\">Biodiversity and nature risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-5<\/code> Figure, map and visualisation standard (with the UI\/UX kit)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H26<\/code> Hazard family: Land and wetland degradation (NHS-1 eco.land)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H13<\/code> Hazard family: Water-quality degradation (NHS-1 water.quality)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H20<\/code> Hazard family: Ground deformation and subsidence (NHS-1 geo.ground)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H65<\/code> Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H68<\/code> Hazard family: Biome tipping elements (NHS-1 planet.biome-tipping)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H11<\/code> Hazard family: Coastal and sea-level hazards (NHS-1 water.coastal)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>SoilGrids 2.0 global soil property maps (listed for reference)<\/li><li>ESA WorldCover 10 m land cover (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Global Forest Watch tree cover loss (Hansen\/UMD) and alerts (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area<\/li><li>Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture<\/li><li>Forest area as a proportion of total land area<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Sulphur dioxide (OMPS, NOAA-20), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"supply\" aria-label=\"Indicators, Methods and evidence, Sources, Decisions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Indicators, Methods and evidence, Sources, Decisions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Decisions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil organic carbon stock<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">tonnes of carbon per hectare to a stated depth<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">multi-year<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Soil sampling, digital soil mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Proportion of land that is degraded (SDG 15.3.1)<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of land area<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">reporting cycle<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National reporting to the UNCCD<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Land productivity dynamics<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">trend class<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">multi-year<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite net primary productivity time series<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h21\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.surface.soil-erosion\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Erosion and sediment movement\" data-td=\"Loss of topsoil to water or wind, stripping fertility and filling reservoirs and channels downstream.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H21\" data-tr=\"draft\">Soil erosion<\/a> rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">tonnes per hectare per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">multi-year<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Erosion models with field validation<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil salinity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">decisiemens per metre (electrical conductivity)<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Soil sampling<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Soil nutrient balance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">kilograms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per hectare per year<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Input and harvest accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Conversion to and from cropland<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hectares<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite land cover classification<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How soil and land is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in soil and land: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Food, Trade, Climate, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"398.6\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"339.3\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"375.95\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"183.58\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"184.05\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"161.4\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"220.7\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Food<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"398.6\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"410.6\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"start\">Trade<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"365.3\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"start\">Climate<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"end\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"161.4\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"149.4\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">SoilGrids (ISRIC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Global gridded soil properties with prediction uncertainty<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Harmonized World Soil Database (FAO and IIASA)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Soil units and attributes for crop and land evaluation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, terms per FAO and IIASA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Soil Partnership maps (FAO)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Country-driven maps of soil organic carbon and salt-affected soils<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, terms per FAO<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UNCCD national reporting and Trends.Earth<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Land cover, land productivity and soil carbon sub-indicators of degradation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records; open-source tool<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ESA WorldCover and Copernicus land cover<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Cropland extent and land cover change<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">LUCAS topsoil survey (European Commission JRC)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Harmonised topsoil samples for mapping and validation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free on registration, terms per JRC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National soil surveys and laboratories<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Soil profiles, analyses and national soil maps<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per agency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G02\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Food Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Agriculture and environment ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to target soil conservation, restoration and fertiliser support<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Degradation hotspots, nutrient balances and soil maps with their uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National focal points to the UNCCD<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to report progress toward <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.land-degradation\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Long-term decline of the productivity and health of land from erosion, nutrient loss, compaction or salting.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\">land degradation<\/a> neutrality and which measures to commit<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Sub-indicator layers with method, baseline and confidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Irrigation and drainage authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where salinity and waterlogging call for drainage investment or changed water management<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Salinity sampling, water-table depth and irrigation records read together<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Land administration and planning authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where conversion of cropland, pasture or forest needs control or tenure support<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Land cover change with tenure context, read against the Voluntary Guidelines on tenure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Soil and land condition maps with prediction uncertainty<\/li><li>Degradation hotspot layers combining productivity, cover and carbon<\/li><li>Nutrient balance accounts by district<\/li><li>Restoration scenarios with productivity and water effects stated as ranges<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil condition is rarely visible in a single season, which is why it is easy to neglect. Yet it sets the ceiling on yields, the buffer against drought and flood, and the cost of producing food in future. Experts treat soil as <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 natural-capital\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The stock of renewable and non-renewable natural resources and ecosystems that yields a flow of benefits to people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">natural capital<\/a> that can be run down or rebuilt, with consequences that outlast any one harvest.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>What is the condition of soils in a production region, and how fast is it changing?<\/li><li>Which practices restore organic matter, structure and water-holding capacity, and over what time scales?<\/li><li>How does <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.land-degradation\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Long-term decline of the productivity and health of land from erosion, nutrient loss, compaction or salting.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\">land degradation<\/a> interact with drought, so that degraded land loses more yield in a dry year?<\/li><li>How do tenure, incentives and markets shape whether land users invest in soil?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Drivers and processes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Soil change is slow to build and fast to lose, which makes it a hidden driver of risk.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Physical<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Erosion and compaction<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Wind and water erosion remove fertile topsoil; heavy machinery and overgrazing compact soil and reduce infiltration.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 7h1a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 7H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h1\"\/><path d=\"m11 7-3 5h4l-3 5\"\/><line x1=\"22\" x2=\"22\" y1=\"11\" y2=\"13\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Chemical<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nutrients and salinity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Imbalanced fertilisation depletes some nutrients and pollutes water with others. Poorly drained irrigation raises salinity.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M10 20c5.5-2.5.8-6.4 3-10\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 9.4c1.1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.7-2 .4-3.5.4-4.8-.3-1.2-.6-2.3-1.9-3-4.2 2.8-.5 4.4 0 5.5.8z\"\/><path d=\"M14.1 6a7 7 0 0 0-1.1 4c1.9-.1 3.3-.6 4.3-1.4 1-1 1.6-2.3 1.7-4.6-2.7.1-4 1-4.9 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Biological<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Soil life and carbon<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Soil organisms cycle nutrients and build structure. Loss of organic carbon weakens both and releases greenhouse gases.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the evidence is built, and its limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Soil sampling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Laboratory analysis gives precise measures at points; scaling to landscapes needs careful design and spatial statistics.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Digital soil mapping<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Combines samples, terrain, climate and satellite data using <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\">spatial statistics<\/a>. Maps carry prediction uncertainty that should be shown alongside them.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Remote sensing<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Detects bare soil, vegetation cover and some erosion features, but cannot measure most soil properties directly.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">04<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Long-term trials<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Decades-long experiments reveal how practices change soils. They are few, and results may not transfer between climates and soil types.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/agricultural-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Agricultural, soil and food science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Crop simulation for seasonal yield risk \u00b7 Yield gap and nutrient limitation analysis<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/agricultural-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Agricultural, soil and food science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Small-area estimation of food insecurity \u00b7 Digital soil mapping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/spatial-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Spatial statistics and geostatistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Crop condition monitoring \u00b7 Crop type and area mapping \u00b7 Irrigation and water productivity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Earth observation and remote sensing\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/ecology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ecology and biodiversity science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Pollination and natural pest control \u00b7 Fisheries and aquatic food webs<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ecology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Ecology and biodiversity science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/stem\/hydrology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Hydrology and water science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Irrigation supply and demand \u00b7 Agricultural drought monitoring \u00b7 Flood exposure of cropland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/hydrology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Hydrology and water science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Soil varies over metres, so global maps are predictions from sparse profiles and carry wide uncertainty at field scale. Satellite productivity trends mix degradation with rainfall variability and management, and need local interpretation. Erosion models are rarely validated in the field. Soil carbon changes slowly and is hard to detect against sampling error, which matters for any carbon claim. Tenure and land-use records are incomplete in many countries, so conversion is easier to see than to attribute.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"food\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-17-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"food\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unccd.int\/resources\/global-land-outlook\/glo2\"><span>Global Land Outlook, second edition (UNCCD, 2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/\"><span>Status of the World&#8217;s Soil Resources (FAO and the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, 2015)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/\"><span>IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (IPCC, 2019)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unccd.int\/\"><span>Good Practice Guidance for SDG indicator 15.3.1, version 2 (UNCCD, 2021)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-3b\/\"><span>NS-3b, Dataset and product metadata profile, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-17-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"supply\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is land degradation neutrality?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A commitment under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification that the amount and quality of land resources stay stable or increase. It is assessed through land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon together.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can soil carbon be measured from space?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Not directly. Satellites supply covariates used to map soil carbon from field samples, but detecting a change in carbon stocks needs repeated sampling on the ground.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why does salinity matter for food?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Salt in the root zone reduces water uptake and yields, and severe salinity takes land out of production. Irrigated land in dry regions and low-lying coasts are the most exposed.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is land degradation reversible?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Often, but slowly. Restoring organic matter and structure can take many years, and severe erosion can remove soil that takes far longer to form.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Food Nexus verify soil carbon claims?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) does not certify or verify claims. It publishes methods and evidence that others can use under their own rules.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Food Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-food-nexus-topics-soil-and-land-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-food-nexus-topics-soil-and-land-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-food-nexus-topics-soil-and-land-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/storm-surge\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Coastal storm surge<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/food-agriculture\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Food systems and agriculture<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/water-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Water risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-18\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Food Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-19\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-19\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/soil-and-land\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is land degradation neutrality?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A commitment under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification that the amount and quality of land resources stay stable or increase. 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