{"id":170,"date":"2026-10-13T12:07:23","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T12:07:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/?page_id=170"},"modified":"2026-10-13T19:22:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T19:22:23","slug":"environmental-health","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Environmental health"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-fig-engine\" 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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"editorial\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G04 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 environmental-health<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Health Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Environmental health<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Environmental hazards reach health through the air people breathe, the water they drink, the heat their bodies must shed and the chemicals that accumulate over years. Their effects are often diffuse, delayed and shared with other causes, which makes them easy to overlook and hard to attribute. This page sets out how environmental exposure becomes disease, how exposure and effect are measured, and what the evidence serves for health and environment authorities.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"contents\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>In this dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">7 parts<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">The short answer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Environmental health: how the risk develops<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Terms used on this page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">What is measured, and how well<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canvas<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">From sources to decisions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Where the evidence comes from<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decisions<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 Established \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Access to care in East Africa<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-4-sec\"><span>03<\/span>Heat-health and equity watch, in\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>04<\/span>Environmental health: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>05<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>06<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>07<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>08<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Environmental health is the part of public health concerned with how air, water, heat, chemicals and the built environment affect people. Its effects are often diffuse, delayed and shared with other causes, so exposure is measured against WHO guidelines and attributed burdens are estimated with stated uncertainty.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Access to care in East Africa.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">How far each division sits from a large city, with the roads and airports that carry patients and supplies, shown for East Africa as an example geography for this subject.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-map nx-cmap\" data-nx-map=\"ctx\" data-cmap=\"east-africa:health\" data-ramp=\"red\" data-basis=\"case\" data-focus=\"0 0 2000 1400|581 513 1397 1307|918 68 1509 786|597 128 1000 549|556 611 692 771\"><figure class=\"nx-fk\" data-fk=\"map-east-africa-health\" data-ramp=\"red\" 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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>How far each division sits from a large city, with the roads and airports that carry patients and supplies.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Indicator derived from Natural Earth at map scale; a screening view, not an assessment.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/environmental-health\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Health Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Health Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Heat-health and equity watch, in outline.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-health-heat-equity\" data-cx=\"health.heat-equity\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Heat-health and equity watch: illustrative console with placeholder names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Heat-health and equity watch<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Environmental health \u00b7 Summer season \u00b7 District 4<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure's values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Heat-health alert level 3<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Daily maximum temperature<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Daily maximum temperature\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-health-heat-equity-c0\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Observed and forecast|ink|l||0:42.3;1:40.9;2:43.6;3:44.5;4:48.1;5:50.1;6:47.2;7:51.9;8:52.7;9:54.7;10:61.6;11:64.4;12:71.8;13:71.8;14:69.1;15:69.6;16:70.6;17:76.9;18:80.9;19:81.9;20:88;21:86.4;22:87.4;23:89.6\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Outreach to at-risk groups<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-health-heat-equity-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-health-heat-equity-t1\" aria-label=\"Outreach to at-risk groups\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Group<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Registered<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Contacted (%)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">State<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-health-heat-equity:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>People over 75 living alone<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1048\">1048<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"76\">76<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Behind<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-health-heat-equity:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Outdoor workers<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1932\">1932<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"45\">45<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Behind<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-health-heat-equity:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Care homes<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"39\">39<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"99\">99<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>On track<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"queue\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Actions<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-q\"><li><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>A-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qb\"><span class=\"nx-cx-qt\">Open cooling centres, district 4<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qm\">Civil protection<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-age\">today<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>A-2<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qb\"><span class=\"nx-cx-qt\">Adjust outdoor work hours<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qm\">Labour inspectorate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-age\"><span class=\"nx-cx-n\">1<\/span> d<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Heat-health and equity watch: the screen's structure, terms and states for Environmental health.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental health: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Water, air, heat, pollution and health. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Exposure becomes dose<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ambient concentrations become personal exposure through where people live, work and spend their time, then dose through breathing rate, water intake and duration. Indoor sources such as household combustion of solid fuels can outweigh outdoor levels.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat stresses body and system<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heat raises risk for older people, outdoor workers, infants and people with chronic illness. Heatwaves increase hospital demand while reducing staff capacity and straining power for cooling, so bodies and services are stressed together.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Water carries pathogens and chemicals<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Floods and failing sanitation spread faecal pathogens; drought concentrates contaminants and pushes people to unsafe sources. Arsenic, fluoride, nitrate and lead cause chronic harm that appears only after long exposure.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Exposures combine<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heat raises ground-level ozone, wildfire smoke adds fine particles, and drought and dust compound both. Combined exposures act on the same organ systems, so effects estimated one hazard at a time can understate the joint burden.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Fine particulate matter<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Airborne particles of 2.5 micrometres or less, known as PM2.5, which reach deep into the lungs and bloodstream.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">WHO air quality guideline<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A health-based concentration level for an air pollutant set by WHO, used as a reference for national standards.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Exposure-response function<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">The estimated relationship between the level of an exposure and the change in a health outcome.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Heat-health action plan<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">A plan that links heat forecasts to warnings and protective measures for people at risk.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Annual mean fine particulate matter<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">micrograms per cubic metre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Ground monitors fused with satellite and model estimates<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population above the WHO air quality guideline<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">persons<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Exposure surfaces on gridded population<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Heat stress<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">universal thermal climate index, degrees Celsius<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Reanalysis and weather forecasts<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Heatwave exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">person-days of heatwave exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">seasonal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Temperature records on gridded population<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Heat-related excess deaths<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">deaths above expected<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">seasonal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Vital registration against modelled baselines<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Reliance on polluting cooking fuels<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Household surveys, SDG indicator 7.1.2<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Drinking-water contaminant exceedance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of samples above the guideline value<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Water quality surveillance<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Blood lead concentration<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">micrograms per decilitre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Biomonitoring surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/environmental-health\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Environmental health as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g04-topics-environmental-health-ipcc-risk-t nx-dag-g04-topics-environmental-health-ipcc-risk-d\" 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vQDV0vCIiPPEiszdU\/FZcMCSOF6n2ooi3VlnEAasQBTcFlQYeqGqSyEw+79CT19tUXaN9k21naIFvxwsmGTq+qwcn1z+33k643Kz5xt3YrpCFHh92KT9Eg25XLye2P44931zd8r3I7vhp\/vBtfgMn1RcspyHa6UDwVdpmUc9ZkzdtgDVXFXXysOFs8JKnpJ1Q1zeDoQFBM1fXPk\/FNY0hh3ElajKzsJWW5teaBS\/UMdhz8UHcnLy3pvU8iewgm\/CbwjsKGYS9hLyc\/3t\/dtkibpMsVL5kxFzc0Kj4oZzljYCo\/ezoB4nRg3nWaKew5zfd3e0TPVmVH2Tf5aSu84Lb9kpQz0Ki9M5QZ9Zvt8U+XF+PJx3GL0Ow5mbI0Zl2kRkYzLgonr8YX3KtXaczyMkrS8m2jMNxQCaTfxN9Prq4\/\/qlt4lfpPIu\/dJp4YjTxLTHB\/wE=\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g04-topics-environmental-health-ipcc-risk-t\">Environmental health: risk as hazard, exposure and vulnerability<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g04-topics-environmental-health-ipcc-risk-d\">Risk arises from the interaction of hazard, exposure and vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity); responses act on each driver and leave a residual risk that is monitored. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO Ambient Air Quality Database<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Annual mean particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide from city monitors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution, WHO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OpenAQ<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Harmonised real-time and historical air quality measurements<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open; licence per contributing source<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Reanalysis and forecasts of aerosols, ozone and wildfire smoke<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ERA5 and ERA5-HEAT (Copernicus)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Temperature and thermal stress indices, the universal thermal climate index included<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene service levels<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IHME Global Burden of Disease<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Modelled burden attributable to environmental risk factors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for non-commercial use, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Lancet Countdown on health and climate change<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Indicators of heat exposure, health impacts and adaptation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Published report and data, terms per indicator<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/environmental-health\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Health Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries of health and environment<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which pollutants and sources to regulate first, and which populations to protect<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Exposure surfaces against guideline values; attributable burden with uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Municipal health and emergency authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to activate heat-health action plans and where to open cooling centres<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Heat stress forecasts with their skill; exposure of vulnerable groups by neighbourhood<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Drinking-water regulators and suppliers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which supplies need treatment, a source change or public advisories<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Contaminant exceedance by supply; seasonal and flood-related contamination risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Hospital systems<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to prepare staffing, cooling and admissions for heat and smoke episodes<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Seasonal exposure outlooks; past admission patterns during episodes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Exposure surfaces for air, heat and water hazards with their error<\/li><li>Heat-health evidence for action plans and hospital preparedness<\/li><li>Attributable burden estimates with model assumptions stated<\/li><li>Combined-exposure profiles for districts and facilities<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Environmental health connects a measured exposure to a health outcome.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How do temperature extremes affect illness and death, and who is most sensitive?<\/li><li>What health burden comes from air pollution, including wildfire smoke?<\/li><li>When does flooding or drought compromise drinking water and sanitation?<\/li><li>Which chemical and pollutant exposures matter most, and at what levels?<\/li><li>How do exposures combine, for example heat with poor air quality?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Extreme heat strains the body's ability to regulate temperature and places stress on the heart, kidneys and lungs. Older people, infants, outdoor workers, people with chronic illness and those without cooling are most at risk, and much of the harm occurs on hot nights when the body cannot recover. Cities amplify heat through the urban heat island effect.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Fine particulate air pollution penetrates deep into the lungs and bloodstream and is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Floods spread contamination and disrupt treatment works; drought concentrates pollutants and reduces water for hygiene. Many exposures act together, and their combined effect can exceed the sum of their parts.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Time-series and case-crossover studies<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Short-term associations between exposure and outcomes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Confounding and exposure misclassification from fixed monitors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Cohort studies<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Long-term effects of chronic exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Expensive, slow and dependent on follow-up quality<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Exposure modelling with monitors and satellite data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Where and when people are exposed<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Personal exposure differs from outdoor concentrations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Heat-health and air-quality early warning evaluation<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Whether warnings change outcomes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Hard to separate warning effects from weather variation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/epidemiology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Epidemiology and public health science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Surveillance design and evaluation \u00b7 Nowcasting under reporting delay<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/epidemiology\/\" aria-label=\"Epidemiology and public health science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Evaluating public health measures \u00b7 Exposure-response for heat and air<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\" aria-label=\"Causal inference and impact evaluation: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/probability-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Probability and statistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Survey-weighted and small-area estimation \u00b7 Expected baselines for excess mortality<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/probability-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Probability and statistics: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/data-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Linking health information systems \u00b7 Privacy-preserving publication<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/data-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contact and mobility networks \u00b7 Cascades across health and infrastructure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\" aria-label=\"Complex systems and agent-based modelling: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Exposure surfaces combine sparse monitors with satellite retrievals and models, so they are estimates whose error grows where monitors are absent. Attributing disease to an exposure depends on exposure-response functions derived mostly from studies in high-income settings. Chronic effects appear years after exposure and share causes with other risks. Health Nexus gives no individual health advice and issues no air quality or heat alerts; national meteorological and health authorities do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is a WHO air quality guideline?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A health-based concentration of a pollutant, set by WHO from the evidence on health effects. It is not a legal limit; countries set their own standards, often with interim targets on the way to the guideline.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a death be attributed to heat or air pollution?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Rarely for an individual. Population methods compare observed deaths with those expected without the exposure, and the result is an estimate with uncertainty, not a count of named cases.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why combine exposures instead of studying each one?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because people experience heat, smoke, ozone and dust together, and the effects can add or interact. Studying each alone can miss part of the joint burden.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where can I get advice about my own exposure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">From national and local health authorities and from health professionals. This page describes science and data, and it does not give personal or medical advice.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why are heat deaths hard to count?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Heat rarely appears on death certificates. Its effect is usually estimated statistically by comparing deaths during hot periods with expected deaths, which is why estimates are reported with uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Do warnings work?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Heat-health and air-quality warnings are widely used, but measuring their effect is difficult. Evaluation studies try to separate the effect of the warning from the weather itself.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Health Nexus set exposure limits?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Standards are set by competent regulators and health authorities. Health Nexus publishes evidence they may use.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Health Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/health-system-continuity\/\">Health system continuity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/one-health\/\">One Health <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/infectious-threats\/\">Infectious threats <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/health-equity\/\">Health equity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/health-supply-chains\/\">Health supply chains <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/digital-health-risk\/\">Digital health risk <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/\">Health Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Health Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Health%20Nexus%3A%20Environmental%20health\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a WHO air quality guideline?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A health-based concentration of a pollutant, set by WHO from the evidence on health effects. 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