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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2li3rsy.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Complex systems modelling for health<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> methods show how health risk emerges from interactions: people mixing and moving, hospitals sharing patients and staff, supply networks sharing suppliers, and health services depending on power and water. Agent-based and system dynamics models let these interactions be explored as scenarios, with every assumption visible.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/\">Back to STEM foundation of Health Nexus<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Complex systems modelling for health on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"console\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Method record<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM method<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Method<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and agent-based modelling<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Steward<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Applied in<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Health Nexus<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Data<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-data\">4 inputs<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Checks<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"#nx-sec-checks\">3 validation steps<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Canonical page<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-application\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Application<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What complex systems and agent-based modelling does here.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and agent-based modelling study systems whose behaviour emerges from interactions among many components. They help explain nonlinear dynamics, tipping points and collective behaviour. In health and biosecurity, complex systems approaches explore how interacting risks can produce sudden, systemic shifts. They support stress testing of policies against emergent behaviour. The canonical description is on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">the STEM Commons<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cols\"><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Contact and mobility networks<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Agent-based models represent households, schools, workplaces and travel, so the effect of contact patterns and public health measures on transmission can be explored under stated parameters.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Cascades across health and infrastructure<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">System dynamics models link power, water, staff and supply buffers to service capacity, tracing how a grid outage or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a> propagates into hospital functions over hours and days.<\/p><\/article><article><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\" data-size=\"lg\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M9 19h8.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7h-11a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7H15\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Patient transfer networks<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Networks of referrals and transfers between hospitals are analysed to see where surges concentrate and how resistant organisms can spread between facilities.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental exposure in Africa.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Daytime surface heat, population density and haze over Africa, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"africa:health\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"health\" data-ml-plan=\"p-9794ac5d\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:health\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.lstd gibs.health.people gibs.health.aod gibs.water.true gibs.health.no2 gibs.food.cover ev.eonet r.tropomi r.dist r.hls f.aq f.ens f.era5 r.airt\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-19,-36,53,38\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Environmental exposure, Africa: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"aod||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Haze<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Environmental exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"aod\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Haze (aerosol)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Aerosol optical depth, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"AOD\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"aod\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.aod\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite measure of haze, smoke and dust through the whole air column on the day shown; an exposure indicator, not ground-level PM2.5, an air quality index or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"no2\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Nitrogen dioxide\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC OMI Aura \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"no2\">10 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"10\u00b9\u2075 molecules\/cm\u00b2\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"no2\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.no2\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>OMI Aura (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-10<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite column of nitrogen dioxide in the lower atmosphere on the day shown, mostly from combustion; not a ground-level concentration or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" 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credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Environmental exposure, framed on Africa.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.atmosphere\">MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gesdisc.aura-omi-omps\">OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"no2\">10 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/stem\/complex-systems\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Health Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the method consumes.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Datasets and records used by complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and agent-based modelling on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/research\/sources\/\">the source register<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Social contact surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Mixing matrices by age and setting<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Aggregated mobility data from transport and telecommunications<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Movement between places<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Hospital transfer records<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Referral network structure<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data\">Facility dependency inventories<\/td><td data-label=\"Role\">Buffers and failure thresholds<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"data\" data-nxf-kind=\"data\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/stem\/complex-systems\/#data\" data-nxf-title=\"Method record\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/stem\/complex-systems\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Two stocks, pressure and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 adaptive-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a system, institution or community to adjust to actual or expected change, take advantage of opportunities and moderate harm. Adaptive capacity works over longer time horizons than coping.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">adaptive capacity<\/a>, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Africa; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-health-nexus-stem-complex-systems-0\" data-nxi=\"sd\" data-nxi-id=\"sd\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-health-nexus-stem-complex-systems-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Stocks over time\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Growth of pressure<\/dt><dd>6.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Efficacy of capacity in reducing pressure<\/dt><dd>4.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Investment response to perceived pressure<\/dt><dd>20%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Perception delay<\/dt><dd>4.0 years<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Tipping threshold of pressure<\/dt><dd>60 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification past the threshold<\/dt><dd>2.0 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years simulated<\/dt><dd>50 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak pressure<\/dt><dd>113 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Capacity at the end<\/dt><dd>186 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years over the threshold<\/dt><dd>15.8 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pressure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Capacity<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Perceived<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>20.0<\/td><td>50.0<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>23.3<\/td><td>44.9<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>27.2<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>24.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>31.7<\/td><td>42.3<\/td><td>27.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>36.8<\/td><td>45.5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>42.3<\/td><td>51.5<\/td><td>37.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">24<\/th><td>47.9<\/td><td>60.3<\/td><td>42.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">28<\/th><td>53.2<\/td><td>71.3<\/td><td>48.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">32<\/th><td>57.8<\/td><td>84.3<\/td><td>53.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">36<\/th><td>66.4<\/td><td>98.4<\/td><td>58.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40<\/th><td>82.7<\/td><td>115.9<\/td><td>69.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">44<\/th><td>97.8<\/td><td>139.7<\/td><td>83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">48<\/th><td>109.1<\/td><td>169.4<\/td><td>97.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>System dynamics <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics<\/span><\/li><li>Critical transitions and tipping points <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461<\/span><\/li><li>Causal loop diagram <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme&#8217;s own evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/foundry\/\">Health Nexus in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/universe\/\">Health Nexus in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/\">Health and Biosecurity in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/reports\/\">Health Nexus in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/health-society\/\">Faculty of Health and Society in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-checks\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Validation<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How results are checked.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Models are evaluated by matching multiple stylised facts and patterns at different scales. Sensitivity and robustness analysis test dependence on assumptions.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Check<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is done<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Pattern-oriented validation<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Models must reproduce several observed patterns at different scales, not a single curve<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 sensitivity-analysis\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Testing how much a model's outputs change when inputs or assumptions change, to identify which drive results.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">sensitivity analysis<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">The parameters that drive most of the outcome range are identified and reported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Check\">Structural alternatives<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is done\">Results are compared with simpler or differently structured models before conclusions are drawn<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Many plausible models can reproduce the same patterns. Calibration and validation data are often limited.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model complex systems modelling for health as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-stem-complex-systems-G04\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h35\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.respiratory.tuberculosis-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Airborne and respiratory infection\" data-td=\"Rising or drug-resistant tuberculosis, a slowly spreading airborne bacterial disease, often in crowded or poor settings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H35\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tuberculosis surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h37\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.enteric.enteric-fever\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Faecal-oral and foodborne infection\" data-td=\"Systemic Salmonella infection from contaminated food and water, endemic where sanitation is poor.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H37\" data-tr=\"draft\">Typhoid and paratyphoid fever<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Health-system overload (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">Biological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/biodiversity-risk-standards\/\">Biodiversity and nature risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\">Global and systemic risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H83<\/code> Hazard family: Health system capacity failure (NHS-1 health.system)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H42<\/code> Hazard family: Rare and persistent human infections (NHS-1 health.other-human)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H41<\/code> Hazard family: Animal-to-human spillover (NHS-1 health.zoonotic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H43<\/code> Hazard family: Livestock and aquaculture epizootics (NHS-1 health.animal-health)<\/li><li><code>NRS-D3<\/code> Humanitarian response and resilient recovery<\/li><li><code>NRS-H46<\/code> Hazard family: Environmental and product harm to people (NHS-1 health.harm)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>WHO Disease Outbreak News (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WAHIS animal health events (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> capacity and health emergency preparedness<\/li><li>Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>West Africa: 59 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-connections\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connections<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Topics that rely on this method.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/health-system-continuity\/\"><span>Health system continuity<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/one-health\/\"><span>One Health<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/infectious-threats\/\"><span>Infectious threats<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/environmental-health\/\"><span>Environmental health<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/health-supply-chains\/\"><span>Health supply chains<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/digital-health-risk\/\"><span>Digital health risk<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/healthcare-infrastructure\/\"><span>Healthcare infrastructure<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sector signature of complex systems modelling for health.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The sectors complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> modelling for health touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WIFH\" data-sig-name=\"Health and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Infrastructure, Food and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.42. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Health and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.42<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 nutrition<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-stewardship\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Stewardship<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who maintains the method.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/a> stewards complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and agent-based modelling for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">Canonical page: Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How complex systems modelling for health is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"method-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Model, equations and assumptions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The model structure used for complex systems modelling for health, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-eqs\"><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Risk of element i<\/span><code>R<sub>i<\/sub> = f(H<sub>i<\/sub>, E<sub>i<\/sub>, V<sub>i<\/sub>, C<sub>i<\/sub>)<\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">hazard, exposure, vulnerability and coping capacity<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Expected annual loss<\/span><code>EAL = &#8721;<sub>k<\/sub> p<sub>k<\/sub> &#183; L<sub>k<\/sub><\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">over events k with annual probability p<sub>k<\/sub><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Coupled systems<\/span><code>x<sub>t+1<\/sub> = A x<sub>t<\/sub> + B u<sub>t<\/sub> + &#949;<sub>t<\/sub><\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">A carries the couplings, u the shock, &#949; the error<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Assumption<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Why it is made<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is tested<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Hazard and exposure are independent within an event<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Keeps the loss integral tractable<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Compare with a copula fit on joint records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Couplings are linear near the operating point<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Lets shocks propagate through A<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Perturb beyond the linear range and compare<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Vulnerability curves transfer between places<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Local curves are rarely available<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Validate against observed losses where they exist<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>versioned datasets with provenance<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Outputs<\/dt><dd>distributions, never single numbers<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Code<\/dt><dd>released with the model card and tests<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Reproduction<\/dt><dd>same data, code, environment and seed<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Standard risk and state-space formulations; the assumptions listed are typical of the method, stated for review, not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-12-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Steward platform<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Complex systems methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Systems Science and Modelling stewards this method.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-13-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What are the limits of complex systems and agent-based modelling in this field?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Many plausible models can reproduce the same patterns. Calibration and validation data are often limited.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How are results checked?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Models are evaluated by matching multiple stylised facts and patterns at different scales. Sensitivity and robustness analysis test dependence on assumptions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are the values on this page real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method&#8217;s use, not a run; no result is reported here.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where else is this method applied?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\">canonical method page<\/a> lists every platform that applies it.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Health Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/health-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. 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