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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n6s8m9j5.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Environmental health<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Environmental hazards reach health through the air people breathe, the water they drink, the heat their bodies must shed and the chemicals that accumulate over years. Their effects are often diffuse, delayed and shared with other causes, which makes them easy to overlook and hard to attribute. This page sets out how environmental exposure becomes disease, how exposure and effect are measured, and what the evidence serves for health and environment authorities.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contents<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental health in seven parts.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"editorial\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\" data-variant=\"contents\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>In this dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">7 parts<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Environmental health: how the risk develops<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-couplings\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Couplings<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Air, heat and water link the environment to illness<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Environmental health evidence<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">What is measured, and how well<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Where the evidence comes from<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decisions<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-core-questions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Core questions<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">What experts ask<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental health: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Water, air, heat, pollution and health. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Exposure becomes dose<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ambient concentrations become personal exposure through where people live, work and spend their time, then dose through breathing rate, water intake and duration. Indoor sources such as household combustion of solid fuels can outweigh outdoor levels.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Heat stresses body and system<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heat raises risk for older people, outdoor workers, infants and people with chronic illness. Heatwaves increase hospital demand while reducing staff capacity and straining power for cooling, so bodies and services are stressed together.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Water carries pathogens and chemicals<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Floods and failing sanitation spread faecal pathogens; drought concentrates contaminants and pushes people to unsafe sources. Arsenic, fluoride, nitrate and lead cause chronic harm that appears only after long exposure.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Exposures combine<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Heat raises ground-level ozone, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a> smoke adds fine particles, and drought and dust compound both. Combined exposures act on the same organ <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, so effects estimated one hazard at a time can understate the joint burden.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental exposure in Africa.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Population density, daytime surface heat and haze over Africa, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"africa:health\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"health\" data-ml-plan=\"p-1f7fcea4\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:health\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.people gibs.health.lstd gibs.health.aod gibs.water.true gibs.health.no2 gibs.food.cover ev.eonet r.tropomi r.dist r.hls f.aq f.ens r.airt r.uhi\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-19,-36,53,38\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Environmental exposure, Africa: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"aod||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Haze<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Environmental exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"aod\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Haze (aerosol)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Aerosol optical depth, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"AOD\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"aod\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.aod\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite measure of haze, smoke and dust through the whole air column on the day shown; an exposure indicator, not ground-level PM2.5, an air quality index or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"no2\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Nitrogen dioxide\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC OMI Aura \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"no2\">10 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"10\u00b9\u2075 molecules\/cm\u00b2\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"no2\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.no2\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>OMI Aura (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-10<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite column of nitrogen dioxide in the lower atmosphere on the day shown, mostly from combustion; not a ground-level concentration or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" 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aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with 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hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Environmental exposure, framed on Africa.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.atmosphere\">MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gesdisc.aura-omi-omps\">OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"no2\">10 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/environmental-health\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Health Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Couplings, Monitor, Reports, standards and contributions, Twin and cascade simulator\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Couplings, Monitor, Reports, standards and contributions, Twin and cascade simulator\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Couplings<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-5-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Air, heat and water link the environment to illness.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Combustion for power, transport and cooking is the main source of fine <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.ambient-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Fine particles and gases from traffic, industry, burning and heating building up in outdoor air to levels that harm lungs and hearts.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\">particulate pollution<\/a>; heat stresses power <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/heat-and-cooling\/\">heat and cooling<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Fine particulate concentration in micrograms per cubic metre<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Contaminated water carries chemical and microbial hazards. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drinking-water-and-sanitation\/\">drinking water and sanitation<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Contaminant exceedances against WHO guideline values<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Food<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Contaminants and residues enter diets; heat affects food safety.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Residue monitoring results<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Urban green space and trees reduce heat and filter air.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Tree canopy cover by neighbourhood<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">The WHO global air quality guidelines (2021) set guideline values for fine and coarse particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, expressed in micrograms per cubic metre over stated averaging times. Heat-health warning systems follow WMO and WHO guidance (2015), which ties thresholds to local evidence of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 excess-mortality\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Deaths above the number expected in the absence of a crisis, capturing both direct and indirect effects of a shock.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">excess mortality<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Heat-health and equity watch.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-health-heat-equity\" data-cx=\"health.heat-equity\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Heat-health and equity watch: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Heat-health and equity watch<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Environmental health \u00b7 Summer season \u00b7 District 4<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Heat-health alert level 3<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Daily maximum temperature<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Daily maximum temperature\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-health-heat-equity-c0\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Observed and forecast|ink|l||0:42.3;1:40.9;2:43.6;3:44.5;4:48.1;5:50.1;6:47.2;7:51.9;8:52.7;9:54.7;10:61.6;11:64.4;12:71.8;13:71.8;14:69.1;15:69.6;16:70.6;17:76.9;18:80.9;19:81.9;20:88;21:86.4;22:87.4;23:89.6\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Outreach to at-risk groups<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-health-heat-equity-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-health-heat-equity-t1\" aria-label=\"Outreach to at-risk groups\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Group<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Registered<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Contacted (%)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">State<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-health-heat-equity:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>People over 75 living alone<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1048\">1048<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"76\">76<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Behind<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-health-heat-equity:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Outdoor workers<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1932\">1932<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"45\">45<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Behind<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-health-heat-equity:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Care homes<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"39\">39<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"99\">99<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>On track<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"queue\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Actions<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-q\"><li><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"not\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>A-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qb\"><span class=\"nx-cx-qt\">Open cooling centres, district 4<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qm\">Civil protection<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-age\">today<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>A-2<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qb\"><span class=\"nx-cx-qt\">Adjust outdoor work hours<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-qm\">Labour inspectorate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-age\"><span class=\"nx-cx-n\">1<\/span> d<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Heat-health and equity watch: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Environmental health.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental health evidence.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Exposure and heat-health analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-quarterly\/\">Country Quarterly series<\/a>. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) sets no exposure limits and issues no heat warnings. Monitoring datasets would carry NS-3b metadata under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>. Useful contributions: low-cost sensor data with co-location calibration, and heat-health outcome studies.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model environmental health as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-environmental-health-G04\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h35\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.respiratory.tuberculosis-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Airborne and respiratory infection\" data-td=\"Rising or drug-resistant tuberculosis, a slowly spreading airborne bacterial disease, often in crowded or poor settings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H35\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tuberculosis surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h37\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.enteric.enteric-fever\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Faecal-oral and foodborne infection\" data-td=\"Systemic Salmonella infection from contaminated food and water, endemic where sanitation is poor.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H37\" data-tr=\"draft\">Typhoid and paratyphoid fever<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Health-system overload (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">Biological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/biodiversity-risk-standards\/\">Biodiversity and nature risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\">Global and systemic risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H83<\/code> Hazard family: Health system capacity failure (NHS-1 health.system)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H42<\/code> Hazard family: Rare and persistent human infections (NHS-1 health.other-human)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H41<\/code> Hazard family: Animal-to-human spillover (NHS-1 health.zoonotic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H43<\/code> Hazard family: Livestock and aquaculture epizootics (NHS-1 health.animal-health)<\/li><li><code>NRS-D3<\/code> Humanitarian response and resilient recovery<\/li><li><code>NRS-H46<\/code> Hazard family: Environmental and product harm to people (NHS-1 health.harm)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>WHO Disease Outbreak News (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WAHIS animal health events (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> capacity and health emergency preparedness<\/li><li>Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>West Africa: 59 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Indicators, Methods and evidence, Sources, Decisions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Indicators, Methods and evidence, Sources, Decisions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Decisions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Annual mean fine particulate matter<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">micrograms per cubic metre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Ground monitors fused with satellite and model estimates<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Population above the WHO air quality guideline<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">persons<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Exposure surfaces on gridded population<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Heat stress<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">universal thermal climate index, degrees Celsius<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Reanalysis and weather forecasts<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">Heatwave<\/a> exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">person-days of heatwave exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">seasonal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Temperature records on gridded population<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Heat-related excess deaths<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">deaths above expected<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">seasonal<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Vital registration against modelled baselines<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Reliance on polluting cooking fuels<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Household surveys, SDG indicator 7.1.2<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Drinking-water contaminant exceedance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of samples above the guideline value<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Water quality surveillance<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Blood lead concentration<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">micrograms per decilitre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Biomonitoring surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/environmental-health\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How environmental health is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in environmental health: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Health, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"387.99\" y2=\"161\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"334\" y=\"92.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"387.99\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"172.01\" y2=\"161\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"172.01\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"226\" y=\"92.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Health<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"388.0\" cy=\"161.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"399.99\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"start\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"172.0\" cy=\"161.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"160.01\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO Ambient Air Quality Database<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Annual mean particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide from city monitors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution, WHO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">OpenAQ<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Harmonised real-time and historical air quality measurements<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open; licence per contributing source<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Reanalysis and forecasts of aerosols, ozone and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a> smoke<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ERA5 and ERA5-HEAT (Copernicus)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Temperature and thermal stress indices, the universal thermal climate index included<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene service levels<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IHME Global Burden of Disease<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Modelled burden attributable to environmental risk factors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free for non-commercial use, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Indicators of heat exposure, health impacts and adaptation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Published report and data, terms per indicator<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/environmental-health\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Health Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries of health and environment<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which pollutants and sources to regulate first, and which populations to protect<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Exposure surfaces against guideline values; attributable burden with uncertainty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Municipal health and emergency authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When to activate heat-health action plans and where to open cooling centres<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Heat stress forecasts with their skill; exposure of vulnerable groups by neighbourhood<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Drinking-water regulators and suppliers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which supplies need treatment, a source change or public advisories<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Contaminant exceedance by supply; seasonal and flood-related contamination risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Hospital <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to prepare staffing, cooling and admissions for heat and smoke episodes<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Seasonal exposure outlooks; past admission patterns during episodes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Exposure surfaces for air, heat and water hazards with their error<\/li><li>Heat-health evidence for action plans and hospital preparedness<\/li><li>Attributable burden estimates with model assumptions stated<\/li><li>Combined-exposure profiles for districts and facilities<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Environmental health connects a measured exposure to a health outcome.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>How do temperature extremes affect illness and death, and who is most sensitive?<\/li><li>What health burden comes from air pollution, including <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">wildfire<\/a> smoke?<\/li><li>When does flooding or drought compromise drinking water and sanitation?<\/li><li>Which chemical and pollutant exposures matter most, and at what levels?<\/li><li>How do exposures combine, for example heat with poor air quality?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">Extreme heat<\/a> strains the body&#8217;s ability to regulate temperature and places stress on the heart, kidneys and lungs. Older people, infants, outdoor workers, people with chronic illness and those without cooling are most at risk, and much of the harm occurs on hot nights when the body cannot recover. Cities amplify heat through the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">urban heat island<\/a> effect.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Fine particulate air pollution penetrates deep into the lungs and bloodstream and is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Floods spread contamination and disrupt treatment works; drought concentrates pollutants and reduces water for hygiene. Many exposures act together, and their combined effect can exceed the sum of their parts.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Time-series and case-crossover studies<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Short-term associations between exposure and outcomes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Confounding and exposure misclassification from fixed monitors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Cohort studies<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Long-term effects of chronic exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Expensive, slow and dependent on follow-up quality<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Exposure modelling with monitors and satellite data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Where and when people are exposed<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Personal exposure differs from outdoor concentrations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Heat-health and air-quality <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> evaluation<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Whether warnings change outcomes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Hard to separate warning effects from weather variation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/epidemiology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Epidemiology and public health science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Surveillance design and evaluation \u00b7 Nowcasting under reporting delay<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/epidemiology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Epidemiology and public health science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Evaluating public health measures \u00b7 Exposure-response for heat and air<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Causal inference and impact evaluation\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/probability-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Probability and statistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Survey-weighted and small-area estimation \u00b7 Expected baselines for excess mortality<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/probability-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Probability and statistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/data-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Linking health information systems \u00b7 Privacy-preserving publication<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/data-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contact and mobility networks \u00b7 Cascades across health and infrastructure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Complex systems and agent-based modelling\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Exposure surfaces combine sparse monitors with satellite retrievals and models, so they are estimates whose error grows where monitors are absent. Attributing disease to an exposure depends on exposure-response functions derived mostly from studies in high-income settings. Chronic effects appear years after exposure and share causes with other risks. Health Nexus gives no individual health advice and issues no air quality or heat alerts; national meteorological and health authorities do.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-17-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034228\"><span>WHO global air quality guidelines (WHO, 2021)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/library.wmo.int\/\"><span>Heatwaves and Health: guidance on warning-system development, WMO-No. 1142 (WMO and WHO, 2015)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-3b\/\"><span>NS-3b, Dataset and product metadata profile, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-17-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is a WHO air quality guideline?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A health-based concentration of a pollutant, set by WHO from the evidence on health effects. It is not a legal limit; countries set their own standards, often with interim targets on the way to the guideline.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a death be attributed to heat or air pollution?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Rarely for an individual. Population methods compare observed deaths with those expected without the exposure, and the result is an estimate with uncertainty, not a count of named cases.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why combine exposures instead of studying each one?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because people experience heat, smoke, ozone and dust together, and the effects can add or interact. Studying each alone can miss part of the joint burden.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where can I get advice about my own exposure?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">From national and local health authorities and from health professionals. This page describes science and data, and it does not give personal or medical advice.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why are heat deaths hard to count?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Heat rarely appears on death certificates. Its effect is usually estimated statistically by comparing deaths during hot periods with expected deaths, which is why estimates are reported with uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Do warnings work?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Heat-health and air-quality warnings are widely used, but measuring their effect is difficult. Evaluation studies try to separate the effect of the warning from the weather itself.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Health Nexus set exposure limits?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Standards are set by competent regulators and health authorities. Health Nexus publishes evidence they may use.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Health Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. 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