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aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Health system continuity<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">A health system keeps working through a shock when its staff, power, water, medicines, data and referral routes hold together long enough for essential care to continue. Continuity fails at the weakest of these dependencies, often far from the hazard itself. This page sets out how disruption develops and propagates through services, how continuity is measured, and what the evidence serves for the institutions that must keep care running.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Health system continuity on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"fieldmap\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Health Nexus \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">8<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Health system continuity: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Hospitals, staff, power and essential services. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependencies fail in sequence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A facility depends on grid power, piped water, medical oxygen, fuel, communications and supply deliveries. Losing one rarely stops care at once: generators, stored water and buffer stock buy time, and the binding constraint is whichever buffer runs out first.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">The workforce is the first buffer<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Staff absorb surges through overtime, redeployment and task shifting, but illness, displacement, caring duties and unpaid salaries erode that capacity. A system that loses staff loses services even when its buildings and supplies are intact.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Essential services are crowded out<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">During an epidemic or disaster, routine immunisation, maternal care, chronic disease management and mental health services are deferred or abandoned. The indirect harm from interrupted care appears later than the direct harm of the shock and is counted less often.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M5 22h14\"\/><path d=\"M5 2h14\"\/><path d=\"M17 22v-4.172a2 2 0 0 0-.586-1.414L12 12l-4.414 4.414A2 2 0 0 0 7 17.828V22\"\/><path d=\"M7 2v4.172a2 2 0 0 0 .586 1.414L12 12l4.414-4.414A2 2 0 0 0 17 6.172V2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Disruption compounds across shocks<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A system still recovering from one event meets the next with depleted staff, stock and finance. Heat during an outbreak, or conflict during a flood, stacks the pressures, and recovery lengthens with each overlapping shock.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental exposure in Africa.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Population density, daytime surface heat and haze over Africa, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"africa:health\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"health\" data-ml-plan=\"p-c0258b7c\" data-ml-relief=\"1.2\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:health\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.people gibs.health.lstd gibs.health.aod gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.energy.ntl ev.eonet r.dist r.hls f.aq r.tropomi r.labels r.tempo r.dust\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-19,-36,53,38\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Environmental exposure, Africa: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"aod||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Haze<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Environmental exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"aod\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Haze (aerosol)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Aerosol optical depth, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"AOD\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"aod\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.aod\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite measure of haze, smoke and dust through the whole air column on the day shown; an exposure indicator, not ground-level PM2.5, an air quality index or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" 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class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Environmental exposure, framed on Africa.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.atmosphere\">MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/health-system-continuity\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Health Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Health services keep running only if their inputs do.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Power for theatres, intensive care, oxygen and cold chains. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/grid-disruption-and-recovery\/\">grid disruption and recovery<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Backup autonomy in hours; facilities without reliable electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Safe water for clinical care, sterilisation and dialysis. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/water-utilities\/\">water utilities<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Water storage at facilities in days of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Food<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Nutrition for inpatients and therapeutic feeding programmes.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Supply interruptions of therapeutic foods<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Medicinal resources and disease ecology shift with ecosystem change.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Vector range change near facilities<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">WHO&#8217;s Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (2019) and its operational framework for climate resilient and low carbon health <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> (2023) describe continuity as a property of the whole system: workforce, supplies, facilities, information and finance. Continuity is measured by service volumes against baseline, for example essential services tracked during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Surveillance and capacity board.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-health-surveillance\" data-cx=\"health.surveillance\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Surveillance and capacity board: illustrative console with example names and values\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Surveillance and capacity board: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Health system continuity.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Continuity evidence and contributions.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Continuity analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/country-quarterly\/\">Country Quarterly series<\/a>. Decisions on health services stay with ministries of health and providers; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) assesses no facility. Service-volume series would carry NS-3 identifiers under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>, using aggregated data only.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Service disruption records from past emergencies.<\/li><li>Facility continuity plans and their exercise results.<\/li><li>Workforce absence data during shocks, aggregated.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model health system continuity as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-health-system-continuity-G04\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h35\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.respiratory.tuberculosis-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Airborne and respiratory infection\" data-td=\"Rising or drug-resistant tuberculosis, a slowly spreading airborne bacterial disease, often in crowded or poor settings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H35\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tuberculosis surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h37\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.enteric.enteric-fever\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Faecal-oral and foodborne infection\" data-td=\"Systemic Salmonella infection from contaminated food and water, endemic where sanitation is poor.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H37\" data-tr=\"draft\">Typhoid and paratyphoid fever<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Health-system overload (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">Biological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/biodiversity-risk-standards\/\">Biodiversity and nature risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\">Global and systemic risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H83<\/code> Hazard family: Health system capacity failure (NHS-1 health.system)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H42<\/code> Hazard family: Rare and persistent human infections (NHS-1 health.other-human)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H41<\/code> Hazard family: Animal-to-human spillover (NHS-1 health.zoonotic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H43<\/code> Hazard family: Livestock and aquaculture epizootics (NHS-1 health.animal-health)<\/li><li><code>NRS-D3<\/code> Humanitarian response and resilient recovery<\/li><li><code>NRS-H46<\/code> Hazard family: Environmental and product harm to people (NHS-1 health.harm)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>WHO Disease Outbreak News (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WAHIS animal health events (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> capacity and health emergency preparedness<\/li><li>Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>West Africa: 59 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h83\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.system.essential-service-disruption\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Health system capacity failure\" data-td=\"Interruption of routine services such as primary care, screening, immunisation and disease programmes during crises, causing excess deaths that outlast the crisis.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H83\" data-tr=\"draft\">Essential health service disruption<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of tracer services reported disrupted<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey round<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Key informant national and facility surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Routine service volume against expected<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">ratio of observed to expected visits<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Routine health information <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> such as DHIS2<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Facilities with reliable electricity and water<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of facilities<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Facility surveys such as SARA and SPA<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Backup power and water endurance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hours of autonomous operation<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per facility<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Facility asset registers<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Health worker density<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">doctors, nurses and midwives per ten thousand population<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National health workforce accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Unfilled shifts<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of rostered shifts unfilled<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Hospital human resources records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Tracer medicine stock-out<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of facilities reporting a stock-out<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Logistics management information systems<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Bed occupancy and surge capacity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent occupied; additional beds deployable<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Hospital bed management systems<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/health-system-continuity\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sector signature of health system continuity.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The sectors health system continuity touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WIFH\" data-sig-name=\"Health and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Infrastructure, Food and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.42. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"rVfLjqtGEP2VUkt352r3AxqQjBeR8lpknTUxjI2Gxwj6JnZ+LPt8WVQFtmeuzRiTuzLQXafqnDoU7U1evPTbTZflZVb9TD9F46HMU9EcsenLPe4F7I6pCNUXAbvTeNGlwoVfxHbT+\/YN2peXvvCpUAJ2Vdb374KVWH+zSd9u0rRp\/bGG7WY9lLb\/dntXNvteQNaVGR7KPC+aVPjuayG2m7e2Ou3b5iZiD+fLPOsPAt7asvF9KtQKXQxhLJMV2mC4sAGolYsBz3d4XqcqF2TQNgCt3QpdxL8uArWihzje4bj6Kf4HSKMU6MhKs0J9uaQrtaIlvD7A6zaC35XdrioeVk8NV0O7FTfbhIary\/zh22Bf7l4F5Kn4zYQGVKUVqBq1lgEYJy0EIMMaY6nBhNKBlYmMa9RKRmACGYGVMWhpatRWWjBWBmBlBFq6GnVIu7RMIJYRhDUaCzqSGqw0YGRQo04onNFlAkZGNRotHWhHN\/SQgqQBbfmWwE2NJpAhaC01hARdo4llCFSA5hrpiZMGwqE4KpKfRGBBxkSCbxNpZAgBX8dopAMFWvGtZQlwXA6lIwnwEhvIiDXAK7qVAWuA1xK0TFgDHKsk7mgsXngQc9YAL2y1YwXwogcxZw3wqpomnECGOOpKaUkCvEgfEqbjoLE\/lgXAsYHSsADI7TWUjyTg5jNxloD411QiC2BlgjKumTYLYClCmppZM3\/LiriaSTP9mNjXxg7ciQUxYMpM3siEuNfMmbhToExqJjxQZ1xTM19mzrTrkS\/rTYlrphsONVFt9cAXZUyl10xXGpQhBnQTAzcctarZ6ER7WCOfx1Kf48jl7PcLLplcj24bUpPH2e1DbWxyY+FcOzucvX7mRwYno5z5D\/627KZRI7I3G33QkF+vweaDyGRudvm5DxYGiw99IrM4mQA1kQf0\/s4w3h3aLu\/FdlOVTXG7KCDPfIavPEeOmn9OOhU0wQQcTSp4Pgk4mVTwkILed+1rgX+VuT\/Q12I9hX2ZWW1zTaMfp7mTxcggeDKRmUikhiTmXpLIPZnETiTB\/0PnCh\/MgH+yKVfwcAA\/Q+kz1ONuzIJ3n8BP92AWdPQJNH6H0uOZ+N\/jfUhucs1RSSbPOlWr6UQP3WriObJpPS\/FdxkjH1\/v+S+eU7Oo2Mfwi188Pb7WuFgomvT3jnp0OB2OeoqGRaVgPHuCVWpABn2+4pOpAvU3Id58N\/q3rHul78bdr8qh9JNru6LxRXf\/\/N8VO3+z\/63KfCHgSIRtIOCUCgwCAeeeuVjAoSj3B5+KOBbQHWkyrrcbXxxv0RpGUgzjxNZt1rRtYrN\/t9k4se2KKvNl2\/RQNvBWZadz9F2mTZsXJMPdhYtt+6Iae19Sqqkz\/iGr2g8H+2Hcd2zGyX8GL91ETDwdk7d+IkhNqVplf7xTCk2gBNA+zBo6YKSiLvO8KsT298wX3WeS+90HoDCeAoJ\/\/wGlH+p\/lVbPkHZ8uZi1fkLeu3FzJL4b+FBmo4x0g0KaJt0HhXqfdV5sf2yKbn+aIfU7sMRNYLHY5qHY9z1tnhN+oe5LZV+iujYTov\/avHRZ77uvO\/+1K54SX9t4ApPFtwvFt\/MHyoJ5smScPDtNTDg1TH5q23z2LDHOTcGwwMFCgYMZAuNCe+NSf+Mig+NnDi+aXGx\/KbLKH2Zojp8Ze4Bi1cMnBnj4pNK4VGpcrDUuEvvOEGeJfijbvPyz6PrSn57T\/HaSD4CsuXuv+Xq\/\/Q8=\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Health and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.42<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 nutrition<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions, Core questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions, Core questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Core questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO pulse surveys on continuity of essential health services<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">National reports of service disruption, its causes and mitigation across tracer services<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Published records, WHO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">DHIS2 national health information <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Routine facility reporting of service volumes, stock and workforce<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">By agreement with each ministry of health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO SARA and DHS Service Provision Assessment surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Facility readiness: power, water, equipment, staff, diagnostics and medicines<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Terms per survey programme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO National Health Workforce Accounts<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Health workforce stock, distribution and flows by cadre<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution, WHO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO HeRAMS<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Functionality, accessibility and service availability of facilities in emergencies<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">By agreement; public summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO Global Health Expenditure Database<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Health spending by source of financing and function<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution, WHO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/health-system-continuity\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How health system continuity is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in health system continuity: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Health, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"387.99\" y2=\"161\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"334\" y=\"92.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"387.99\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"172.01\" y2=\"161\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"172.01\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"226\" y=\"92.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Health<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"388.0\" cy=\"161.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"399.99\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"start\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"172.0\" cy=\"161.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"160.01\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Health Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries of health<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which essential services must be protected first in a shock, and with what reserve capacity<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Tracer-service disruption patterns; dependency maps; workforce and stock buffers by district<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Hospital boards and managers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to invest first: backup power, water storage, oxygen supply or surge staffing<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Endurance hours by dependency; stress tests by facility and scenario<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Finance ministries and development partners<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How much contingency financing keeps services running, and how fast it must flow<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Continuity scenarios with service losses stated apart from the direct impacts of the shock<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">WHO regional offices and national public health institutes<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to deploy surge teams and supplies when several countries are affected at once<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Comparable continuity evidence across countries, with reporting completeness labelled<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Dependency maps of facilities on power, water, oxygen, staff and supplies<\/li><li>Continuity stress tests for outbreak, heat, flood and outage scenarios<\/li><li>Expected-against-observed service tracking with reporting completeness stated<\/li><li>Health-system resilience briefs prepared for review by ministries<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Continuity starts from services, not buildings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which services are essential, and for how long can each be interrupted before harm occurs?<\/li><li>What does each <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 essential-service\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A service, such as water, power, health care, payments or communications, that society needs continuously and whose loss quickly causes harm.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">essential service<\/a> depend on, including dependencies outside the health sector?<\/li><li>How long can backup power, water storage, oxygen and medicine stocks sustain operations?<\/li><li>Can enough staff reach the facility and work safely during the event?<\/li><li>How do neighbouring facilities absorb diverted patients, and what happens when they are affected too?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods, Sources\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods, Sources\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Sources<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Hospitals are designed with redundancy, but redundancy is usually sized for single failures of limited duration. Extended or compound events, such as a regional outage during a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a>, can exhaust backup fuel, overheat equipment and wards, and coincide with a surge in patients. Small dependencies with no substitute, such as a single medical gas supplier or a laboratory information system, can halt whole departments.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Workforce is often the binding constraint. Staff are themselves affected by the event, may be unable to travel, and fatigue quickly under surge conditions. Continuity also degrades gradually rather than failing outright: elective activity is cancelled first, then standards of care are adjusted, and harm accumulates among patients whose treatment is delayed.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Facility dependency mapping<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Which services rely on which utilities, suppliers and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Depends on accurate internal data that facilities may not hold or share<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Business impact and maximum tolerable outage analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">How long each service can be interrupted<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Tolerances are judgements and vary with case mix<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Exercises and after-action reviews<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">How plans perform with real people<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Exercises rarely test long or compound disruptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Discrete-event and agent-based simulation<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Queues, bed occupancy and staff load under surge<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Results are sensitive to behavioural assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Routine activity and outcome data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Deferred care and excess harm after events<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Attribution to the disruption needs careful causal design<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/epidemiology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Epidemiology and public health science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Surveillance design and evaluation \u00b7 Nowcasting under reporting delay<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/epidemiology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Epidemiology and public health science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contact and mobility networks \u00b7 Cascades across health and infrastructure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Complex systems and agent-based modelling\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/probability-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Probability and statistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Survey-weighted and small-area estimation \u00b7 Expected baselines for excess mortality<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/probability-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Probability and statistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/data-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Linking health information systems \u00b7 Privacy-preserving publication<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/data-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/causal-inference\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Causal inference and impact evaluation<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Evaluating public health measures \u00b7 Exposure-response for heat and air<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/causal-inference\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Causal inference and impact evaluation\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Disruption surveys rely on key informants and national self-report, so they show where services were reported disrupted, not how many people missed care. Routine data lose completeness exactly when <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are under stress, which can make disruption look smaller or larger than it was. Expected-service baselines depend on the model chosen. Stress tests are only as complete as the dependency map behind them. Health Nexus does not run services or advise on clinical care; ministries and facility managers decide under their own mandates.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241516181\"><span>Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (WHO, 2019)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\"><span>Operational framework for building climate resilient and low carbon health systems (WHO, 2023)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\"><span>Hospital Safety Index: guide for evaluators, second edition (WHO and PAHO, 2015)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/ns-3\/\"><span>NS-3, NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk) record UNIs, a proposed standard<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Connected, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Connected, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-18-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Connected<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-19-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-18-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/health-biosecurity-governance\/topics\/health-system-readiness\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr><\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Health system readiness<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Health system evidence informs governance and institutional responsibility.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-19-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is an essential health service?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A service a population needs continuously whatever the shock, such as immunisation, maternal and newborn care, emergency care and management of chronic conditions. Countries define their own lists, often drawing on WHO guidance on maintaining essential services.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why measure the indirect effects of a shock?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because people harmed by interrupted care rarely appear in emergency statistics. Comparing observed with expected service use and outcomes makes that indirect harm visible, with the uncertainty of the baseline stated.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long can a hospital run without grid power?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">As long as its fuel, its generators and the loads they must carry allow, and that differs by facility. The endurance figure belongs in the asset register and in every continuity test.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Health Nexus tell hospitals what to do?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It prepares evidence on dependencies and continuity that ministries, hospital boards and emergency agencies can use under their own mandates and procedures.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is continuity the same as emergency preparedness?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">They overlap. Preparedness covers the response to an emergency; continuity focuses on keeping routine essential services running through it, including care unrelated to the emergency itself.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Health Nexus assess individual hospitals?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Not at this service level. Facility assessments would only take place under a mandate from the facility or competent authority, with data terms agreed in advance. Published work is aggregated or uses public information.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which services are usually treated as essential?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Emergency care, intensive care, maternity, dialysis, oncology treatment, mental health crisis care and the diagnostics and pharmacy services that support them are commonly prioritised, though each health system defines its own list.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Health Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/health-nexus\/topics\/health-system-continuity#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-bal-health-nexus-topics-health-system-continuity-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-bal-health-nexus-topics-health-system-continuity-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-bal-health-nexus-topics-health-system-continuity-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/pandemic\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Pandemic<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/health-society\/health-systems\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Health systems and health care resilience<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Health risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-20\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Health Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. 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