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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2bixc0k.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Health Nexus<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">One Health<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Many emerging infectious diseases in people originate in animals, and the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems is linked through shared pathogens, shared environments, food and antimicrobial use. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> treats these as one system governed by several sectors. This page sets out how risk moves across the human, animal and environmental interfaces, how it is observed, and what joint evidence serves for the ministries and services that share responsibility for it.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">One Health on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"console\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Health Nexus \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">7<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">One Health: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Human, animal and ecosystem interdependence. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 20h10\"\/><path d=\"M10 20c5.5-2.5.8-6.4 3-10\"\/><path d=\"M9.5 9.4c1.1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 3.7-2 .4-3.5.4-4.8-.3-1.2-.6-2.3-1.9-3-4.2 2.8-.5 4.4 0 5.5.8z\"\/><path d=\"M14.1 6a7 7 0 0 0-1.1 4c1.9-.1 3.3-.6 4.3-1.4 1-1 1.6-2.3 1.7-4.6-2.7.1-4 1-4.9 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Spillover at the interface<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Pathogens pass from wildlife or livestock to people where contact is frequent: land conversion, wildlife trade, intensive farming near forest edges and live animal markets. Each spillover is rare; the conditions that multiply contact are not.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Amplification in animals<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Livestock and peri-domestic animals can amplify a pathogen before it reaches people, as with avian influenza in poultry or Rift Valley fever in ruminants after heavy rains. Animal outbreaks often precede human cases, which gives them warning value.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Resistance moves between sectors<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Antimicrobial use in people, animals and crops selects resistant bacteria and resistance genes, which circulate through food, water, wastewater and soils. Resistance found in one sector cannot be explained or controlled within that sector alone.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Ecosystems set the conditions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Temperature, rainfall, land use and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.biodiversity-loss\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Decline in the variety and abundance of species and habitats that weakens services such as pollination, fisheries and soil formation.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">biodiversity loss<\/a> change the range and abundance of vectors and reservoir hosts. A changing climate shifts where diseases such as dengue, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\">malaria<\/a> and tick-borne infections can establish and persist.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Environmental exposure in Africa.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Population density, daytime surface heat and haze over Africa, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"africa:health\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"health\" data-ml-plan=\"p-fba1ab91\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:health\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.people gibs.health.lstd gibs.health.aod gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.biodiversity.evi ev.eonet r.dist r.hls f.aq r.tropomi r.labels f.ens f.era5\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-health\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-19,-36,53,38\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Environmental exposure, Africa: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"aod||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Haze<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Environmental exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"aod\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Haze (aerosol)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Aerosol optical depth, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"AOD\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"aod\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.aod\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite measure of haze, smoke and dust through the whole air column on the day shown; an exposure indicator, not ground-level PM2.5, an air quality index or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"evi\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Vegetation (EVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra EVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"EVI\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"evi\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.evi\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra EVI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite vegetation index for the 8 days to the date shown, a habitat condition indicator; not a measure of species or biodiversity.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" 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viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Environmental exposure, framed on Africa.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.atmosphere\">MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/one-health\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Health Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-couplings\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Couplings<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">One Health is itself a coupling of people, animals and ecosystems.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th>Domain<\/th><th>How it couples here<\/th><th>What to watch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Biodiversity<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Land-use change and wildlife trade bring people into contact with new pathogens. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/topics\/ecosystem-integrity\/\">ecosystem integrity<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Spillover events by land-use context<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Food<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Livestock disease threatens supply and can cross to people. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-system-shocks\/\">food system shocks<\/a>.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Animal disease notifications in WAHIS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Water<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Shared water sources carry pathogens and antimicrobial residues.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a> in environmental samples<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Domain\">Energy<\/td><td data-label=\"How it couples here\">Cold chains for vaccines and diagnostics, for people and animals.<\/td><td data-label=\"What to watch\">Veterinary cold chain coverage<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> High-Level Expert Panel&#8217;s definition of 2021, adopted by FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH, describes an integrated approach that aims to balance and optimise the health of people, animals and ecosystems. Jones and colleagues (2008) showed that most emerging infectious disease events are zoonotic and that most of those originate in wildlife.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">SEIR on a network of places.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">An outbreak seeded in one place spreads through a small-world network by the share of contacts people make elsewhere; play it to see the order of arrival and how the timing of measures moves the peak. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Africa; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-health-nexus-topics-one-health-0\" data-nxi=\"seir\" data-nxi-id=\"seir\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"SEIR on a network of places\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"net\">Network<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-health-nexus-topics-one-health-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Epidemic curve\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Basic reproduction number R0<\/dt><dd>2.5<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Latent period<\/dt><dd>3.0 days<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Infectious period<\/dt><dd>5.0 days<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Share of contacts made in other places<\/dt><dd>8%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Places in the network<\/dt><dd>24<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Measures start on day<\/dt><dd>40<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Contact reduction from measures<\/dt><dd>40%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Days simulated<\/dt><dd>240 days<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak new infections<\/dt><dd>5.70 per 1,000 a day<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Day of the peak<\/dt><dd>124<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Share ever infected<\/dt><dd>59%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Places reached<\/dt><dd>100%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Reproduction number under measures<\/dt><dd>1.50<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Day<\/th><th scope=\"col\">New infections per 1,000<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cumulative infected (%)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>0.00<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">17<\/th><td>0.03<\/td><td>0.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">34<\/th><td>0.45<\/td><td>0.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">51<\/th><td>1.37<\/td><td>2.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">68<\/th><td>2.53<\/td><td>5.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">85<\/th><td>3.94<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">102<\/th><td>5.12<\/td><td>18.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">119<\/th><td>5.67<\/td><td>28.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">136<\/th><td>5.51<\/td><td>37.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">153<\/th><td>4.49<\/td><td>46.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">170<\/th><td>2.84<\/td><td>52.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">187<\/th><td>1.45<\/td><td>55.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">204<\/th><td>0.65<\/td><td>57.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">221<\/th><td>0.28<\/td><td>58.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">238<\/th><td>0.12<\/td><td>58.6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>SEIR compartments <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Kermack and McKendrick (1927), Proc. R. Soc. A 115<\/span><\/li><li>Metapopulation coupling by mobility <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Balcan and others (2009), PNAS 106<\/span><\/li><li>Small-world network <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Watts and Strogatz (1998), Nature 393<\/span><\/li><li>Modelling infectious diseases <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Keeling and Rohani (2008), Princeton University Press<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page&#8217;s map can draw:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-src\"><li>Cities <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Airports <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><li>Major roads <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Natural Earth<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">SEIR on a network of places. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: SEIR compartments (Kermack and McKendrick (1927), Proc. R. Soc. A 115); Metapopulation coupling by mobility (Balcan and others (2009), PNAS 106); Small-world network (Watts and Strogatz (1998), Nature 393).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/foundry\/\">Health Nexus in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/universe\/\">Health Nexus in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/\">Health and Biosecurity in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/reports\/\">Health Nexus in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/health-society\/\">Faculty of Health and Society in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-standards\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">One Health evidence and where it goes.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Integrated surveillance analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/observatory-signal\/\">Observatory Signal series<\/a> and the Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk and Resilience series. Disease notification stays with national authorities under the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> and WOAH rules. Useful contributions: linked human, animal and environmental surveillance cases, and evaluations of joint investigations.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model One Health as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-one-health-G04\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h35\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.respiratory.tuberculosis-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Airborne and respiratory infection\" data-td=\"Rising or drug-resistant tuberculosis, a slowly spreading airborne bacterial disease, often in crowded or poor settings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H35\" data-tr=\"draft\">Tuberculosis surge<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h37\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.enteric.enteric-fever\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Faecal-oral and foodborne infection\" data-td=\"Systemic Salmonella infection from contaminated food and water, endemic where sanitation is poor.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H37\" data-tr=\"draft\">Typhoid and paratyphoid fever<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Health-system overload (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-security-and-one-health\/\">Health security and One Health<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">Biological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/biodiversity-risk-standards\/\">Biodiversity and nature risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\">Global and systemic risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-10<\/code> Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H83<\/code> Hazard family: Health system capacity failure (NHS-1 health.system)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H42<\/code> Hazard family: Rare and persistent human infections (NHS-1 health.other-human)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H41<\/code> Hazard family: Animal-to-human spillover (NHS-1 health.zoonotic)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H43<\/code> Hazard family: Livestock and aquaculture epizootics (NHS-1 health.animal-health)<\/li><li><code>NRS-D3<\/code> Humanitarian response and resilient recovery<\/li><li><code>NRS-H46<\/code> Hazard family: Environmental and product harm to people (NHS-1 health.harm)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>WHO Disease Outbreak News (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WAHIS animal health events (listed for reference)<\/li><li>WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> capacity and health emergency preparedness<\/li><li>Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>West Africa: 59 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Notified animal disease events<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">events per reporting period<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">immediate and six-monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National veterinary services reporting to WOAH<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Human cases of priority zoonoses<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">notified cases<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">weekly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Notifiable disease surveillance<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Antimicrobial use in animals<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">milligrams of active ingredient per kilogram of animal biomass<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">National reports to WOAH ANIMUSE<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a> in priority bacteria<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of tested isolates resistant<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Laboratory surveillance reported to WHO GLASS<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Vector suitability<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">dimensionless index<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Climate-driven ecological niche models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">MODELLED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Forest loss at the human-animal interface<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">square kilometres<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Satellite land-cover change<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Joint multisectoral investigations<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of investigations conducted jointly<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> coordination mechanism records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/one-health\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sector signature of One Health.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The sectors <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WIFH\" data-sig-name=\"Health and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).\" data-sig-inst=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Infrastructure, Food and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.42. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"rVfLjqtGEP2VUkt352r3AxqQjBeR8lpknTUxjI2Gxwj6JnZ+LPt8WVQFtmeuzRiTuzLQXafqnDoU7U1evPTbTZflZVb9TD9F46HMU9EcsenLPe4F7I6pCNUXAbvTeNGlwoVfxHbT+\/YN2peXvvCpUAJ2Vdb374KVWH+zSd9u0rRp\/bGG7WY9lLb\/dntXNvteQNaVGR7KPC+aVPjuayG2m7e2Ou3b5iZiD+fLPOsPAt7asvF9KtQKXQxhLJMV2mC4sAGolYsBz3d4XqcqF2TQNgCt3QpdxL8uArWihzje4bj6Kf4HSKMU6MhKs0J9uaQrtaIlvD7A6zaC35XdrioeVk8NV0O7FTfbhIary\/zh22Bf7l4F5Kn4zYQGVKUVqBq1lgEYJy0EIMMaY6nBhNKBlYmMa9RKRmACGYGVMWhpatRWWjBWBmBlBFq6GnVIu7RMIJYRhDUaCzqSGqw0YGRQo04onNFlAkZGNRotHWhHN\/SQgqQBbfmWwE2NJpAhaC01hARdo4llCFSA5hrpiZMGwqE4KpKfRGBBxkSCbxNpZAgBX8dopAMFWvGtZQlwXA6lIwnwEhvIiDXAK7qVAWuA1xK0TFgDHKsk7mgsXngQc9YAL2y1YwXwogcxZw3wqpomnECGOOpKaUkCvEgfEqbjoLE\/lgXAsYHSsADI7TWUjyTg5jNxloD411QiC2BlgjKumTYLYClCmppZM3\/LiriaSTP9mNjXxg7ciQUxYMpM3siEuNfMmbhToExqJjxQZ1xTM19mzrTrkS\/rTYlrphsONVFt9cAXZUyl10xXGpQhBnQTAzcctarZ6ER7WCOfx1Kf48jl7PcLLplcj24bUpPH2e1DbWxyY+FcOzucvX7mRwYno5z5D\/627KZRI7I3G33QkF+vweaDyGRudvm5DxYGiw99IrM4mQA1kQf0\/s4w3h3aLu\/FdlOVTXG7KCDPfIavPEeOmn9OOhU0wQQcTSp4Pgk4mVTwkILed+1rgX+VuT\/Q12I9hX2ZWW1zTaMfp7mTxcggeDKRmUikhiTmXpLIPZnETiTB\/0PnCh\/MgH+yKVfwcAA\/Q+kz1ONuzIJ3n8BP92AWdPQJNH6H0uOZ+N\/jfUhucs1RSSbPOlWr6UQP3WriObJpPS\/FdxkjH1\/v+S+eU7Oo2Mfwi188Pb7WuFgomvT3jnp0OB2OeoqGRaVgPHuCVWpABn2+4pOpAvU3Id58N\/q3rHul78bdr8qh9JNru6LxRXf\/\/N8VO3+z\/63KfCHgSIRtIOCUCgwCAeeeuVjAoSj3B5+KOBbQHWkyrrcbXxxv0RpGUgzjxNZt1rRtYrN\/t9k4se2KKvNl2\/RQNvBWZadz9F2mTZsXJMPdhYtt+6Iae19Sqqkz\/iGr2g8H+2Hcd2zGyX8GL91ETDwdk7d+IkhNqVplf7xTCk2gBNA+zBo6YKSiLvO8KsT298wX3WeS+90HoDCeAoJ\/\/wGlH+p\/lVbPkHZ8uZi1fkLeu3FzJL4b+FBmo4x0g0KaJt0HhXqfdV5sf2yKbn+aIfU7sMRNYLHY5qHY9z1tnhN+oe5LZV+iujYTov\/avHRZ77uvO\/+1K54SX9t4ApPFtwvFt\/MHyoJ5smScPDtNTDg1TH5q23z2LDHOTcGwwMFCgYMZAuNCe+NSf+Mig+NnDi+aXGx\/KbLKH2Zojp8Ze4Bi1cMnBnj4pNK4VGpcrDUuEvvOEGeJfijbvPyz6PrSn57T\/HaSD4CsuXuv+Xq\/\/Q8=\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Health and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.42<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 nutrition<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions, Core questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Methods and evidence, Decisions, Core questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Core questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WOAH World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Notifications by national veterinary services of animal disease events and six-monthly status reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, WOAH terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">FAO EMPRES Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Animal disease events, zoonoses included, compiled from national veterinary reports and other sources<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, FAO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">National resistance and use data in human health<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, attribution, WHO terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WOAH ANIMUSE<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Antimicrobial use in animals reported by national authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public summaries, WOAH terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Occurrence records for reservoir hosts and vectors<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, licence per record (CC0, CC BY or CC BY-NC)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Hansen Global Forest Change<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Annual forest loss and gain mapped from Landsat<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution (CC BY 4.0)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">INSDC sequence archives (GenBank, ENA, DDBJ)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Pathogen genomes from human, animal and environmental samples<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and unrestricted access<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G04\/topics\/one-health\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How One Health is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in One Health: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Health, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"387.99\" y2=\"161\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"334\" y=\"92.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"387.99\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"172.01\" y2=\"161\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"172.01\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"226\" y=\"92.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Health<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"388.0\" cy=\"161.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"399.99\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"start\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"172.0\" cy=\"161.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"160.01\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Health Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> coordination mechanisms<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which zoonoses to prioritise, and how ministries share surveillance and response<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Joint risk assessments with each sector&#8217;s evidence labelled; prioritisation inputs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Chief veterinary officers and veterinary services<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">When an animal outbreak warrants control measures with human health implications<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Animal event reports beside human surveillance and sequence relatedness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Ministries of health and agriculture<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to restrict or steward antimicrobial use across human and animal sectors<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Resistance and use data compared across sectors, with comparability stated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Environment and wildlife authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which land-use and wildlife trade practices raise spillover risk<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Interface maps and host occurrence evidence, with sampling gaps shown<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Joint risk assessments that combine human, animal and environmental evidence<\/li><li>Spillover interface maps by land use, livestock density and host range<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a> and use evidence linked across sectors<\/li><li>One Health evidence packs for multisectoral coordination mechanisms<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What experts ask.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The central questions concern spillover, resistance and coordination.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Where and under what conditions do pathogens move between animals and people?<\/li><li>How do land-use change, farming practices and wildlife trade alter spillover risk?<\/li><li>How does antimicrobial use in human medicine, livestock and aquaculture drive resistance?<\/li><li>Can surveillance in animals and the environment give earlier warning than human case reports?<\/li><li>Which institutions must share data and decisions for a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> approach to work?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods, Sources\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods, Sources\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Sources<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Mechanisms and drivers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Many emerging infectious diseases in people originate in animals. Spillover depends on contact between species, which is shaped by <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.biodiversity-loss\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Decline in the variety and abundance of species and habitats that weakens services such as pollination, fisheries and soil formation.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">habitat loss<\/a>, agricultural expansion, livestock density and the handling and trade of animals. Once a pathogen reaches people, its spread depends on transmissibility, population mobility and the response.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a> follows a different but connected mechanism: every use of an antimicrobial selects for resistant organisms, and resistance genes move between bacteria and between humans, animals and the environment through water, soil, food and waste. The result is a slow-moving threat to the effectiveness of routine medicine.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and where the methods stop.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method or data<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Limits<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Integrated surveillance across human, animal and environmental sectors<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Earlier and broader detection of shared threats<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Sectors use different <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, definitions and reporting incentives<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Wastewater and environmental sampling<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Community-level signals of pathogens and resistance<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Signals need careful interpretation and do not identify cases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Genomic sequencing<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Pathogen origins, relatedness and resistance genes<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Sampling is uneven across regions and species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method or data\">Ecological and land-use modelling<\/td><td data-label=\"What it shows\">Where conditions favour spillover<\/td><td data-label=\"Limits\">Identifies risk, not events; validation is difficult<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/epidemiology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Epidemiology and public health science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Surveillance design and evaluation \u00b7 Nowcasting under reporting delay<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/epidemiology\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Epidemiology and public health science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/life-sciences\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Molecular and life sciences<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Genomic surveillance of pathogens \u00b7 Cross-species linkage in One Health<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/life-sciences\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Molecular and life sciences\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/complex-systems\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Contact and mobility networks \u00b7 Cascades across health and infrastructure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/complex-systems\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Complex systems and agent-based modelling\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/data-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Linking health information systems \u00b7 Privacy-preserving publication<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/data-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Data engineering, interoperability and stewardship\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/stem\/probability-statistics\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Probability and statistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Survey-weighted and small-area estimation \u00b7 Expected baselines for excess mortality<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/probability-statistics\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Probability and statistics\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Animal and wildlife surveillance is far thinner than human surveillance, and an absence of reports often reflects an absence of looking. Antimicrobial use and resistance are measured with different methods in each sector, which limits direct comparison. Spillover maps show the conditions for contact, not where the next event will happen. Sequence repositories over-represent well-funded laboratories. Health Nexus does not declare disease status or set control measures; veterinary, health and environmental authorities do under their own mandates.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/groups\/one-health-high-level-expert-panel\"><span>One Health High-Level Expert Panel, definition of One Health (FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH, 2021)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240059139\"><span>One Health Joint Plan of Action 2022\u20132026 (FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH, 2022)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06536\"><span>Jones and others, Global trends in emerging infectious diseases, Nature 451 (2008)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/wahis.woah.org\/\"><span>WOAH World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-label=\"Connected, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Connected, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-18-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Connected<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-19-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-18-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biotechnology-biosecurity\/topics\/one-health-impacts\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Related topic<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">One health impacts<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Public health and bioengineering share One Health evidence, but differ in mandate.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-19-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"health\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is One Health?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An integrated approach that recognises that the health of people, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment are closely linked and interdependent, and that brings several sectors to work together. The Quadripartite organisations share this definition.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can spillover be predicted?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Not as individual events. Evidence can identify the conditions and places where contact between people, livestock and wildlife is frequent, which helps authorities target surveillance and prevention.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why link antimicrobial resistance across sectors?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because resistant bacteria and resistance genes move through food, water and the environment. Measures in human medicine alone cannot control resistance that is being selected in animals and crops.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is One Health only about pandemics?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It also covers antimicrobial resistance, foodborne illness, neglected zoonoses, vector-borne disease and environmental contamination, many of which cause steady harm rather than sudden crises.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why is coordination so difficult?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Human, animal and environmental health are usually run by different ministries with separate budgets, legal powers and data systems. One Health asks them to share information and act together without merging their mandates.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Health Nexus collect field samples?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It works with published and governed data from competent laboratories and agencies, recorded in the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/research\/sources\/\">source and data register<\/a>.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"health\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Health Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Evidence Brief<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/health-nexus\/topics\/one-health#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-health-nexus-topics-one-health-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-health-nexus-topics-one-health-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-health-nexus-topics-one-health-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/pandemic#coupled-risk\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Pandemic<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/health-society\/health-systems\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Health systems and health care resilience<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/health-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Health risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-20\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Health Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. 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