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\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svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-04-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-04-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-04-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Global Health Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\u2019s Health and One Health System.<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GS-04<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Global Health Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\u2019s Health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> System. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Health is where the systems meet<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Outbreak, funding gap and heat season in fragile health systems<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>The world enters 2027 with a health system that has made lasting gains and is now under financial and biological strain at the same time. The UHC service coverage index rose from 54 to 71 between 2000 and 2023, yet 4.6 billion people were not fully covered in 2023 and 2.1 billion faced financial hardship from health costs in 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Under-five deaths stagnated at about 4.9 million a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. Tuberculosis killed 1.23 million people in 2024, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a> 610 000 and HIV 570 000 in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Noncommunicable diseases killed at least 43 million people in 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was associated with 4.71 million deaths in 2021 and one in six common infections was resistant in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>. Financing is the sharpest pressure: development assistance for health peaked at USD 80.3 billion in 2021 and is estimated at USD 38.4 billion in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup>. Health security is under test. WHO reports a Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak that began in May 2026 and reached 7 890 confirmed cases and 3 799 deaths in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 23 September, with no authorised vaccine or treatment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup>. Heat is rising as a health hazard: the 2025 Lancet Countdown, as summarised by WHO, links an average of about 546 000 deaths a year to heat<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup>. Governance is moving: the amended <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> entered into force in September 2025 and the Pandemic Agreement awaits its access and benefit-sharing annex<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It ranks no country and recommends no policy.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the health baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The service coverage index is 71 of 100 and 4.6 billion people were not fully covered in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How far is the world from universal health coverage?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">More than before, but 4.9 million under-fives died in 2024 and progress has slowed.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Are children surviving?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Noncommunicable diseases lead; tuberculosis, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a> and HIV still kill about 2.4 million a year.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Which diseases still kill most?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Yes. Resistance rose in over 40% of monitored pathogen and antibiotic pairs between 2018 and 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is resistance growing?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Aid for health is estimated at USD 38.4 billion in 2025, about half the 2021 peak.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where is the pressure on money?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Reporting on IHR capacity is near universal, but a large Ebola outbreak is running and no vaccine is authorised.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How secure is the world against outbreaks?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Density rose 52% since 2006, with a projected <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.supply-disruption\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"A break in the flow of goods or materials between producers and users that stops production or leaves shortages.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">shortage<\/a> of 11.1 million by 2030.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Does the workforce hold up?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">An outbreak that coincides with a funding gap and heat. SCN-GS04-OUT-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-001<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">In 2023, 4.6 billion people were not fully covered by essential health services, and in 2022, 2.1 billion people faced financial hardship from health costs.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-fig1-t\">People left behind on the path to UHC (million)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Not fully covered by essential health services, 2023<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">4,600<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Faced financial hardship from health costs, 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"45.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">2,100<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: WHO universal health coverage fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The measures count different things and overlap.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">The service coverage index rose from 54 to 71 between 2000 and 2023, but the pace after 2015 fell to one third of the earlier rate. Infectious disease control drove 52% of the gain, while care for noncommunicable diseases lags at 61 index points<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. At the current trajectory the index reaches 74 and 24% of people still face financial hardship in 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The poorest bear the most: out-of-pocket spending is 17.3% of current health spending worldwide<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">71<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">of 100<\/span><p>UHC service coverage index, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>deaths of children under five, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">43<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>deaths from noncommunicable diseases, 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>deaths attributable to bacterial resistance, 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">38.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>development assistance for health, 2025e<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">11.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>projected health-worker <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.supply-disruption\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"A break in the flow of goods or materials between producers and users that stops production or leaves shortages.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">shortage<\/a> by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading health as the outcome layer of the WEFH+B system.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people health risk arrives as a missed vaccine, a bill they cannot pay or a clinic without staff.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Aid for health has halved since 2021 and out-of-pocket spending is 17.3% of health spending.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Health is well measured at the level of deaths and coverage and thinly measured at the level of facilities, animal-side drivers and deaths without a recorded cause.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of the world\u2019s health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> system and the couplings through which it carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a health-system ranking, a clinical guideline, a forecast of any outbreak, a funding recommendation or an assessment of any ministry, hospital, programme or government. Health policy, clinical practice and emergency declarations rest with national authorities and WHO under the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 health edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Tuberculosis, fact sheet (24 March 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a>, fact sheet (4 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), HIV and AIDS, fact sheet (27 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Noncommunicable diseases, fact sheet (25 September 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a> 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cs-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Health is where the systems meet<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>20 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is health risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry health shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which health capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five coupling chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Health is usually reported as a sector: services, diseases, spending. The 2026 evidence reads it as the outcome of almost every other system. Safe water and food, clean air and cooking fuels, stable climate and healthy ecosystems all shape who falls ill and who is treated in time<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The long gains are real. The coverage index rose from 54 to 71 since 2000, under-five mortality is less than half its 2000 level and vaccines averted an estimated 59 million measles deaths between 2000 and 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>. Yet progress has slowed since 2015, and none of the health-related goal indicators with numeric targets is on track<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Money and people are the binding constraints. Aid for health is estimated at about half its 2021 peak and WHO country offices report service disruption<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The workforce has grown by 52% in density since 2006, yet a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.supply-disruption\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"A break in the flow of goods or materials between producers and users that stops production or leaves shortages.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">shortage<\/a> of 11.1 million is projected by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Biological risk is moving at the same time. A large Bundibugyo outbreak is running with no authorised vaccine, resistance to antibiotics is rising and heat deaths are rising<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup>. Governance is catching up: amended regulations are in force and the Pandemic Agreement awaits its annex<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-fig1-t\">How large are the leading infectious killers? Deaths in the latest reported year (thousand)<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">These four diseases cause about 2.5 million deaths a year, and all have effective prevention or treatment. Vaccination and treatment have averted far more: an estimated 59 million measles deaths since 2000 and 83 million TB deaths since 2000<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. The years differ by series and the bars are shown for scale only.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tuberculosis, 2024<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1230<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Malaria, 2024<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"49.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">610<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">HIV, 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"46.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">570<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Measles, 2024<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"7.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">95<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">282<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a> cases, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">41.0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people living with HIV, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people who fell ill with TB, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2 in 5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">people<\/span><p>with drug-resistant TB who accessed treatment, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The health-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their health content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hydropower for facilities<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">irrigation \u00b7 food safety<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cholera \u00b7 hygiene \u00b7 treatment<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">catchments \u00b7 pathogens<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cold chain \u00b7 processing<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">clean cooking \u00b7 clinic power<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">mining \u00b7 land use<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">withdrawals<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">bioenergy<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nutrition \u00b7 foodborne illness<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land use \u00b7 livestock<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">effluent \u00b7 residues<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">facility demand<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour \u00b7 food-chain workers<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">antimicrobial residues \u00b7 spillback<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">catchment condition<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">biomass<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pests \u00b7 animal disease<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">zoonoses \u00b7 vectors<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Unsafe water and poor sanitation spread cholera and other diarrhoeal disease.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2025 cholera deaths, highest since 1999<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">BIO \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Spillover from animals starts outbreaks that health systems must absorb.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2026 Bundibugyo outbreak<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Heat raises deaths and harms pregnancy and childhood.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> about 546 000 heat deaths a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Aid reductions disrupt services and raise out-of-pocket costs.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2025 country office reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Polluting cooking fuels cause <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">household air pollution<\/a> deaths.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2021 estimate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">Household air pollution<\/a> and health, fact sheet (16 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Food safety, fact sheet (4 June 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague, news release (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Measles, fact sheet (15 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (deaths) and 2025 (coverage). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Tuberculosis, fact sheet (24 March 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a>, fact sheet (4 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>UNAIDS (ed.), Global HIV and AIDS statistics, fact sheet (2026 data release of 27 July 2026). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), One Health, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO, WMO, UNICEF and UNFPA (eds.), New global framework launched to track increasing health risks of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> for pregnant women, newborns and children, news release (21 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c1-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the health baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>23 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-001\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">In 2023, 4.6 billion people were not fully covered by essential health services, and in 2022, 2.1 billion people faced financial hardship from health costs.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-fig1-t\">People left behind on the path to UHC (million)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Not fully covered by essential health services, 2023<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">4,600<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Faced financial hardship from health costs, 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"45.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">2,100<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: WHO universal health coverage fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The measures count different things and overlap.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The service coverage index rose from 54 to 71 between 2000 and 2023, but the pace after 2015 fell to one third of the earlier rate. Infectious disease control drove 52% of the gain, while care for noncommunicable diseases lags at 61 index points<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. At the current trajectory the index reaches 74 and 24% of people still face financial hardship in 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The poorest bear the most: out-of-pocket spending is 17.3% of current health spending worldwide<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The next UHC monitoring report, the effect of aid reductions on service coverage and the share of households with financial hardship would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-001\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">In 2023, 4.6 billion people were not fully covered by essential health services, and in 2022, 2.1 billion people faced financial hardship from health costs; progress slowed after 2015.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-002\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">An estimated 4.9 million children under five died in 2024, 2.3 million of them in the first 28 days of life, and the number has stagnated since 2022.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-003\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Tuberculosis killed 1.23 million people in 2024, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a> an estimated 610 000 in 2024 and HIV 570 000 in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">In 2025, 13.5 million children received no vaccine and first-dose measles coverage stood at 84%, below the 86% of 2019.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-005\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Noncommunicable diseases killed at least 43 million people in 2021, 75% of non-pandemic deaths, and 18 million of them died before age 70.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-006\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Bacterial <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a> was associated with 4.71 million deaths in 2021, 1.14 million of them attributable to it, and one in six laboratory-confirmed infections was resistant in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Biodiversity<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-BIO-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-BIO-007\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-BIO-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">More than 60% of emerging infectious diseases reported globally come from animals, wild and domestic.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Governance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-008\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak declared in May 2026 reached 7 890 confirmed cases and 3 799 deaths in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 23 September 2026, and WHO describes it as a public health emergency of international concern.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The amended <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> entered into force on 19 September 2025, and the Pandemic Agreement, adopted on 20 May 2025, awaits the access and benefit-sharing annex before it can be opened for signature.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-010\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Development assistance for health fell from USD 80.3 billion in 2021 to USD 49.6 billion in 2024 and is estimated at USD 38.4 billion in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-011\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Heat was linked to an average of about 546 000 deaths a year in the 2025 Lancet Countdown, against about 489 000 a year in 2000 to 2019 in WHO\u2019s earlier estimate; the periods and methods differ.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is an outbreak that coincides with a funding gap and a heat season in the same fragile health <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Tuberculosis, fact sheet (24 March 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a>, fact sheet (4 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), HIV and AIDS, fact sheet (27 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>UNAIDS (ed.), Global HIV and AIDS statistics, fact sheet (2026 data release of 27 July 2026). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Immunisation coverage, fact sheet (15 July 2026; estimates with UNICEF). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Measles, fact sheet (15 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (deaths) and 2025 (coverage). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Noncommunicable diseases, fact sheet (25 September 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a> 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Antimicrobial resistance, fact sheet (16 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (resistance) and 2022 (antibiotic use). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a>, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Zoonoses, fact sheet (29 July 2020). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 heat-related deaths a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019 (average of 2000 to 2019) and 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c2-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>26 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Health<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">People not fully covered by essential health services<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>service coverage index 71 of 100; 2.1 billion with financial hardship in 2022.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2023<\/span><span>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Child survival<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Deaths of children under five<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>rate 37.4 per 1 000 live births; progress has slowed since 2015.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">BIO \u00b7 One Health<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Deaths attributable to bacterial resistance<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>4.71 million deaths associated with resistance.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2021<\/span><span>IHME Lancet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Finance<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Development assistance for health<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">38.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>issuer estimate; USD 80.3 billion in 2021.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025e<\/span><span>IHME<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CLI \u00b7 Climate<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Average yearly deaths linked to heat<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">546<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">thousand<\/span><p>the rate of heat-related mortality is up 23% since the 1990s.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>Lancet Countdown via WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Confirmed Bundibugyo virus disease cases<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">7 890<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cases<\/span><p>3 799 deaths; as at 23 September 2026.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through health, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries health risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Unsafe water and poor sanitation drive cholera: 7 870 deaths were reported to WHO in 2025, the most since 1999<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>. Resistance rises where water, sanitation and hygiene are poor<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>About 2.1 billion people cook with polluting fuels; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">household air pollution<\/a> caused 2.9 million deaths in 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>. Power in health facilities is not consolidated here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>An estimated 866 million people fall ill from unsafe food each year and 645 million faced hunger in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>Coverage index 71 of 100, 4.9 million child deaths, 43 million noncommunicable deaths and 1.2 billion people with a mental disorder<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>More than 60% of emerging infectious diseases come from animals; land use, trade and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.biodiversity-loss\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Decline in the variety and abundance of species and habitats that weakens services such as pollination, fisheries and soil formation.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">habitat loss<\/a> raise spillover. Evidence on drivers is not consolidated here<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Heat was linked to an average of about 546 000 deaths a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup> and 1.5 billion children are exposed to worsening heatwaves<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Hospitals, laboratories and supply chains are infrastructure. Attacks on health care are monitored, but the series is not open; facility power and water are not consolidated here<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Aid for health is estimated at USD 38.4 billion in 2025; out-of-pocket spending is 17.3% of current health spending<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Only about one third of 2023 deaths carry cause-of-death information; 195 of 196 States Parties reported IHR capacity in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Digital and AI tools in health are used in many settings; no opened source supports a figure here and none is used.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Medicines, diagnostics and devices rest on supply chains whose chokepoints are not mapped here; no figure is used.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Trade in live animals and food carries spillover and food safety risk; WHO advises against travel and trade restrictions for Ebola-affected countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2194 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on health, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>health couples to every other system<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>outbreak, funding gap and heat<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>unsafe water and sanitation drive cholera<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>flood and outbreak<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>2.1 billion people cook with polluting fuels<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>clinic power and cooking fuels<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food and Agrifood <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a><\/td><td>866 million ill from unsafe food<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>hunger and food safety<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a><\/td><td>coverage index 71; 4.6 billion not fully covered<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>coverage under shocks<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance and Economy<\/td><td>aid for health at an estimated USD 38.4 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>financing shock<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development and Humanitarian<\/td><td>child and maternal deaths concentrated in fragile settings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>conflict and displacement<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate and Earth Systems<\/td><td>heat deaths averaging about 546 000 a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat season<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster and Resilience<\/td><td>IHR capacity scores 49 to 77 by country group<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>concurrent emergencies<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics<\/td><td>cold chains and referral routes<\/td><td>vaccine and medicine supply<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities and Urban Systems<\/td><td>dengue and heat in dense settings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>urban heat and vectors<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/td><td>zoonotic spillover from wild and domestic animals<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>spillover drivers<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth Observation and Planetary Intelligence<\/td><td>climate-informed <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> for health<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat and vector signals<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and Digital Systems<\/td><td>health data and hospital systems<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h56\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.conflict-induced.infrastructure-targeting\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Conflict-induced harm\" data-td=\"Deliberate strikes on power, water, health, transport or communications that cut services to civilians.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H56\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/soc\/\" data-txl=\"Society, conflict and economy\">attacks on hospitals<\/a><\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy, Institutions and Governance<\/td><td>amended IHR and the Pandemic Agreement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>annex negotiation<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science and Engineering Frontier<\/td><td>treatment trial in the outbreak<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>; resistance science<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>countermeasures<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a> 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague, news release (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Antimicrobial resistance, fact sheet (16 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (resistance) and 2022 (antibiotic use). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">Household air pollution<\/a> and health, fact sheet (16 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Food safety, fact sheet (4 June 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>FAO (ed.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026, publication page with headline figures (hunger in 2025; cost of a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Noncommunicable diseases, fact sheet (25 September 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Mental disorders, fact sheet (11 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), One Health, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Climate change is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO, WMO, UNICEF and UNFPA (eds.), New global framework launched to track increasing health risks of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> for pregnant women, newborns and children, news release (21 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care, dashboard and method note (the dashboard data require an account and were not read). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Maternal mortality, fact sheet (7 April 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Dengue and severe dengue, fact sheet (21 August 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019 (average of 2000 to 2019) and 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four health risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>20 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS04-GOV-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Epidemic-prone zoonotic outbreak with cross-border spread<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>Bundibugyo virus disease, with no authorised vaccine or treatment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>affected provinces, border countries, health workers and travellers<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>late detection: WHO notes a continuing high rate of deaths in communities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>contact tracing, IHR temporary recommendations, treatment trial<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>BIO \u2192 HLT \u2192 FIN, TRD<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 2 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS04-FIN-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Health financing contraction<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>reductions in development assistance for health<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>low-income and lower-middle-income countries; HIV, TB and immunisation programmes<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>about 70% of 108 WHO country offices reported disruption; 24% reported higher out-of-pocket costs<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>domestic HIV funding rose 4% in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>; domestic resource mobilisation<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>FIN \u2192 HLT \u2192 FOO, DAT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS04-HLT-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>misuse of antibiotics, weak infection control and poor access to diagnostics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>bloodstream, urinary and gastrointestinal infections; surgery and neonatal care<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>resistance exceeds 70% for third-generation cephalosporins in some pathogens in the African Region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>surveillance in 104 reporting countries; UN target of a 10% cut in deaths by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>HLT \u2192 FIN, FOO<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS04-CLI-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Heat and climate-sensitive disease<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>rising heat exposure and an El Ni\u00f1o event with a graded WHO response<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>older people, pregnant women, newborns, outdoor workers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>facility cooling and power are not consolidated here<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>national health adaptation plans and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> growing<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT \u2192 FOO, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for health at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>vaccination averted an estimated 59 million measles deaths since 2000; coverage is below targets<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>195 of 196 States Parties reported IHR capacity; surveillance scored 80; cause of death is known for about one third of deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>outbreak notices and an IHR Emergency Committee; heat-health indicators launched in October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>IHR amended in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>; post-close, context only: UN political declaration in October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>stockpiles of vaccines and treatments are not consolidated here; oral cholera vaccine output rose to about 80 million doses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>outbreak response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and 71 million cholera vaccine doses authorised<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>service disruption reported by about 70% of 108 country offices<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>life expectancy has not fully recovered since the pandemic; female life expectancy has<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>national health adaptation plans and early warning <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> increasing<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>2.1 billion people with financial hardship; protection by country is not consolidated here<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>health spending about 10.1% of world GDP in 2023; aid falling<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>Quadripartite <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> plan; 73% of reports use multisectoral approaches<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>chemical events preparedness scored 53; laboratory and facility coverage is not consolidated here<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>density 67.9 per 10 000; shortage of 11.1 million projected by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>a treatment trial enrolling confirmed cases during the outbreak<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>; post-close, context only: a vaccine trial launched on 23 October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>UNAIDS (ed.), Global HIV and AIDS statistics, fact sheet (2026 data release of 27 July 2026). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a>, fact sheet (16 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (resistance) and 2022 (antibiotic use). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate change<\/a> is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO, WMO, UNICEF and UNFPA (eds.), New global framework launched to track increasing health risks of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> for pregnant women, newborns and children, news release (21 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Measles, fact sheet (15 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (deaths) and 2025 (coverage). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Immunisation coverage, fact sheet (15 July 2026; estimates with UNICEF). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), WHO welcomes adoption of United Nations political declaration on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, news release (12 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva and New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague, news release (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>FAO, UNEP, WOAH and WHO (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> Joint Plan of Action (2022 to 2026): working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment, publication page (14 October 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Nigeria (23 October 2026, data to 20 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Outbreak, funding gap and heat season in fragile health systems<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>2 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a zoonotic outbreak with cross-border spread that coincides with reduced external funding and a heat season with high demand on clinics<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the 2026 Bundibugyo outbreak; the 2025 aid reductions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">BIO \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">spillover starts an outbreak; detection is late and deaths occur in communities<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">external funding gaps limit surveillance, supplies and staff<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heat raises demand for care and strains facilities<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2023<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">HLT \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">illness and movement limits reduce labour and market access<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">analogue<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">travel and trade measures conflict with health advice<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">HLT \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">response costs and lost output strain public budgets<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">analogue<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01 would travel through Global Health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a>&#8216;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Biodiversity to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Spillover starts an outbreak; detection is late and deaths occur in communities. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-04, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Finance to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">External funding gaps limit surveillance, supplies and staff. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-04, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Climate to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heat raises demand for care and strains facilities. Analogue or source: 2023.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-04, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Health to food<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Illness and movement limits reduce labour and market access. Analogue or source: analogue.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-04, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Trade to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Travel and trade measures conflict with health advice. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-04, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Health to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Response costs and lost output strain public budgets. Analogue or source: analogue.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-04, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Health and One Health 2026, scenario SCN-GS04-OUT-01<\/a> (2026); Global Health and One Health 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c5-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The health baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>16 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>36 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading health as the outcome layer of the WEFH+B system. Coverage and survival have improved, financing and people are the binding constraints, and biological risk is rising on several fronts. Evidence is strongest for burden and coverage, and weakest for facility services and animal-side drivers.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-001 \u00b7 FIN-010 \u00b7 GOV-008 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people health risk arrives as a missed vaccine, a bill they cannot pay or a clinic without staff. The baseline asks that public debate keep the 13.5 million children with no vaccine and the 2.1 billion with financial hardship in view alongside the outbreak story.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-002 \u00b7 HLT-004 \u00b7 GOV-008<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Aid for health has halved since 2021 and out-of-pocket spending is 17.3% of health spending<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-010 \u00b7 HLT-001<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Health is well measured at the level of deaths and coverage and thinly measured at the level of facilities, animal-side drivers and deaths without a recorded cause. The 2027 programme should bind regional outbreak evidence, test the compound pathway and map One Health surveillance gaps before they become delays.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 H-01 \u00b7 H-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for health. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> sector desks<\/td><td>health chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, GRA readiness, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>sector editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Every shock this decade has been a health event as well as something else. Cholera follows unsafe water and heat deaths follow a warming climate. Treating health as a service market understates how it collects the damage from other systems. This edition asks where a shock goes next.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Health is an outcome, not a sector<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Aid for health has fallen by about half since 2021 and country offices already report disruption. Gains in HIV, tuberculosis and immunisation depend on programmes that rely on external money. Measuring the gap before it becomes a loss is the first adaptation.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>The funding gap is the first constraint<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">More than 60% of emerging infections come from animals, and resistance moves between people, animals and the environment. The evidence on animal-side use and drivers is thin. The Quadripartite plan sets the frame; the data still have to be joined.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>One Health is a measurement problem<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The Bundibugyo outbreak shows detection delay, community deaths and cross-border travel at once, while the rules have just been strengthened. Preparedness is tested by concurrency, not by single events.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Security is wider than the next pathogen<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 health readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 health readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Health risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> (2005), as amended in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO States Parties<\/td><td>196 States Parties<\/td><td>IN FORCE FROM 19 SEPTEMBER 2025<\/td><td>health security<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO Pandemic Agreement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Health Assembly<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2025 \u00b7 NOT YET OPEN FOR SIGNATURE<\/td><td>pandemic response<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Political declaration on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN General Assembly<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2026<\/td><td>post-close, context only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Political declaration on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n51\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN General Assembly<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2024<\/td><td>resistance targets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> Joint Plan of Action 2022 to 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Quadripartite<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/td><td>One Health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 35001 biorisk management for laboratories<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>laboratory biosafety<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 15189 medical laboratories<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>laboratory quality<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The IHR amendments entered into force on 19 September 2025 for most States Parties<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Post-close, context only: the UN General Assembly adopted a political declaration on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response on 12 October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>WHO updated temporary recommendations for the Bundibugyo outbreak on 24 August 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Entry into force of the amended IHR for the four States Parties that rejected the 2022 amendments, due 19 September 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Conclusion of the access and benefit-sharing annex, due at the Health Assembly in May 2027 or at a special session<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Targets under the 2024 political declaration on resistance<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers health assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about the world\u2019s health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> system and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>agency flagships; peer-reviewed health and One Health literature; statistics; WHO notices<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Naghavi et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>resistance burden and forecast<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Apeagyei et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>aid for health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Projected health workforce requirements, WHO Africa Region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>workforce need<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lancet Countdown 2025 report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>heat and health indicators<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IPBES nexus assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n50\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>biodiversity and health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preventing the next pandemic<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>zoonotic share<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional flagships<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>World Health Statistics 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>mortality, data gaps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Universal health coverage fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>coverage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>resistance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>One Health fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>zoonotic share<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global TB Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n46\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Note 46\">46<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>TB tables<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a> Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>malaria tables<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State of the world\u2019s nursing 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>workforce<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Statistics, financing and workforce<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SDG Report 2026, Goal 3<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN DESA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>goal progress, aid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global HIV statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNAIDS<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>HIV estimates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State of Food Security and Nutrition 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FAO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>hunger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>spending, physicians<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health workforce levels and trends 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>workforce<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Animal use of antimicrobials report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WOAH<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>animal-side use<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Security, instruments and One Health<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disease Outbreak News, September 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>outbreak position<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disease Outbreak News, August 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>emergency status<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IHR amendments questions and answers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>entry into force<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pandemic Agreement adoption<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>agreement status<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Political declaration on pandemic preparedness<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>post-close, context only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>One Health Joint Plan of Action<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Quadripartite<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>One Health actions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>One Health definition statement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Quadripartite<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>definition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Surveillance system for attacks on health care<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>method note<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Political declaration on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN General Assembly<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>resistance targets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Terrestrial Animal Health Code<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n54\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r54\" aria-label=\"Note 54\">54<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WOAH<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>animal-health standards<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Coverage and survival have improved since 2000, with progress slowing since 2015<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Resistance is rising and falls hardest on low-resource settings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Aid for health has contracted since 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How many people die from heat: WHO gives about 489 000 a year in 2000 to 2019, the 2025 Lancet Countdown gives about 546 000 a year; the periods and methods differ<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How many children had no vaccine: 14.3 million in 2024 in the UN DESA report and 13.5 million in 2025 in the WHO fact sheet; they are different years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How far aid has fallen: IHME shows USD 49.6 billion in 2024 and USD 38.4 billion estimated for 2025, while UN DESA shows net aid for medical research and basic health of USD 11.4 billion in 2024; the scopes differ<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), WHO welcomes adoption of United Nations political declaration on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, news release (12 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva and New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly, Political declaration of the high-level meeting on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a>, September 2024; the target of a 10% cut in resistance deaths by 2030 is taken from the opened fact sheet [10]. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r51\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 51\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>FAO, UNEP, WOAH and WHO (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> Joint Plan of Action (2022 to 2026): working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment, publication page (14 October 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 35001:2019, Biorisk management for laboratories and other related organisations, cited from memory with no figure. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 15189:2022, Medical laboratories: requirements for quality and competence, cited from memory with no figure. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a>, fact sheet (16 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (resistance) and 2022 (antibiotic use). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>Projected health workforce requirements and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.supply-disruption\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"A break in the flow of goods or materials between producers and users that stops production or leaves shortages.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">shortage<\/a> for addressing the disease burden in the WHO Africa Region, 2022 to 2030: a needs-based modelling study, BMJ Global Health, 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. BMJ Publishing Group, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a>, The Lancet 406 (10521), December 2025; the bibliographic record was read, the full text was blocked and no figure from it is used. Lancet Countdown, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPBES (ed.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (Nexus Assessment), 2024; the page returned no readable text and no figure is used. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r50\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 50\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP and ILRI (eds.), Preventing the next pandemic: zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission, 2020; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), One Health, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; cited for the tables behind the opened fact sheet [4], with no figure taken from it. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 46\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), World Malaria Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; cited for the tables behind the opened fact sheet [5], with no figure taken from it. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), State of the world\u2019s nursing report 2025, publication page (12 May 2025; no figure used). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>UNAIDS (ed.), Global HIV and AIDS statistics, fact sheet (2026 data release of 27 July 2026). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>FAO (ed.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026, publication page with headline figures (hunger in 2025; cost of a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WOAH (ed.), Annual report on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals (ANIMUSE); the report page returned an access error and no figure is used. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>FAO, WOAH, UNEP and WHO (eds.), Tripartite and UNEP support the One Health High Level Expert Panel\u2019s definition of One Health, joint statement (1 December 2021). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care, dashboard and method note (the dashboard data require an account and were not read). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WOAH (ed.), Terrestrial Animal Health Code, current edition, cited from memory with no figure. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r54\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 54\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019 (average of 2000 to 2019) and 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and climate change (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 heat-related deaths a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Immunisation coverage, fact sheet (15 July 2026; estimates with UNICEF). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 health agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 health edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>4 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would an outbreak that coincides with a funding gap and a heat season travel through clinics, supply chains and food at once?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS04-OUT-01 \u00b7 outbreak under strain; first output: concurrency analysis for six regions.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> surveillance links between human, animal and environment data are missing at the points of spillover?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS04-OHS-02 \u00b7 One Health surveillance; first output: link register by region.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where does aid reduction coincide with high burden and low domestic financing, and what would close the gap?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS04-FIN-03 \u00b7 health financing gap; first output: country-group overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do heat, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">vector-borne disease<\/a> and clinic services interact in the same places?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS04-HET-04 \u00b7 heat and health; first output: exposure and service overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which health facilities lack reliable power, safe water and trained staff, and where?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS04-FAC-05 \u00b7 facility resilience; first output: facility service table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where is resistance rising fastest and what drives it in people, animals and the environment?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: resistance and use overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How many deaths go unrecorded, and how does that distort risk readings?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">H-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which health-security capabilities have been tested in real emergencies, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Health capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 health portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS04-OUT-01<\/span><\/td><td>Outbreak under strain<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>H-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS04-OHS-02<\/span><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> surveillance<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>H-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS04-FIN-03<\/span><\/td><td>Health financing gap<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>H-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS04-HET-04<\/span><\/td><td>Heat and health<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>H-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS04-FAC-05<\/span><\/td><td>Facility resilience<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>H-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-GS04-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Outbreak under strain Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>H-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The health edition reads national health chapters, regional outbreak and surveillance evidence and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed; the Canada and global health chapters are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National health chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">health system of each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DRAFTED \u00b7 further national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Outbreak and surveillance evidence<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cross-border outbreak zones, laboratories and borders<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 regional Baseline Editions<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Health sector model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the global health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> system<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global and strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GLB \u00b7 SR-02 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global Health Report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the health candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the health candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-GS04-2027-01 \u00b7 Outbreak under strain Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>HLT-001 \u00b7 coverage<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-006 \u00b7 resistance<\/td><td>INI-GS04-OHS-02<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> surveillance<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BIO-007 \u00b7 zoonoses<\/td><td>INI-GS04-OHS-02<\/td><td>One Health surveillance<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-008 \u00b7 outbreak<\/td><td>INI-GS04-OUT-01 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>outbreak under strain<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-010 \u00b7 aid for health<\/td><td>INI-GS04-FIN-03<\/td><td>health financing gap<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CLI-011 \u00b7 heat<\/td><td>INI-GS04-HET-04<\/td><td>heat and health<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-009 \u00b7 instruments<\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>instrument overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-GS04-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (GS-04 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disease Outbreak News<\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>weekly to monthly<\/td><td>GOV-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Health Statistics and UHC monitoring<\/td><td>WHO and World Bank<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global HIV statistics<\/td><td>UNAIDS<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Immunisation coverage estimates<\/td><td>WHO and UNICEF<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a> surveillance<\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tracking development assistance for health<\/td><td>IHME<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN-010<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National health workforce accounts<\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-001<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-GS04-001<\/td><td>Bundibugyo cases and deaths rising in the Democratic Republic of the Congo<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>HLT \u00b7 TRD<\/td><td>research question H-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-GS04-002<\/td><td>Aid for health falling since 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>FIN \u00b7 HLT<\/td><td>initiative H-03<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-GS04-003<\/td><td>Heat deaths rising with a graded El Ni\u00f1o response<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 HLT<\/td><td>research question H-04<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate change<\/a> is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c7-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>25 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Health and water<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Safe water, sanitation and hygiene protect people from diarrhoeal disease and slow the spread of resistance. Cholera shows the cost when they fail.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7 870<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>cholera deaths reported to WHO, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">451 499<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cases<\/span><p>cholera cases reported by 47 countries, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">21 000 to 143 000<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>annual cholera deaths estimated by researchers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Cholera<\/td><td>deaths up 30% in 2025 with fewer cases reported; seven countries hold about 90% of cases and deaths<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oral cholera vaccine<\/td><td>production rose from about 30 million to about 80 million doses between 2022 and 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance<\/td><td>poor water, sanitation and hygiene are named drivers of resistance<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Facility services<\/td><td>water in health facilities is not consolidated here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WAT \u2192 HLT cholera and hygiene<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 BIO catchments and pathogens<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 WAT effluent and residues<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>water and hygiene in health facilities<\/li><li>effluent and antimicrobial residues<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Flood and conflict events in the seven high-burden countries; reactive vaccination campaigns; reports from health facilities on water supply.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-03 Food and Agrifood Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-11 Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-02 Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It assesses no utility, ministry or programme.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Health and energy<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Cooking fuels and household power shape health. Polluting fuels cause <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">household air pollution<\/a>, and clinics need reliable power for vaccines and surgery.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>people cooking with polluting fuels<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>household air pollution deaths, 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>deaths linked to ambient and household air pollution together<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Household air pollution<\/td><td>309 000 of the 2.9 million deaths were children under five<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ambient air pollution<\/td><td>4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people lived above guideline levels<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clean cooking<\/td><td>only 78% of people expected to have access by 2030, leaving nearly 1.8 billion without<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clinic power<\/td><td>power in health facilities is not consolidated here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 HLT cooking and air pollution<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 FOO cold chains<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 ENE facility demand<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>power reliability in health facilities<\/li><li>cold-chain failures for vaccines<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Clean cooking connection rates; air quality in high-burden cities; reports on vaccine cold-chain losses.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-03 Food and Agrifood Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-11 Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-02 Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It makes no statement on any country\u2019s energy policy.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Health and food<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Food shapes health through safety, nutrition and cost. Unsafe food and hunger are two faces of the same system, and zoonoses cross between farms and clinics.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">866<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people ill from unsafe food each year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.52<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>deaths a year from unsafe food<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">645<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people facing hunger, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Foodborne illness<\/td><td>unsafe food causes more than 200 diseases; USD 310 billion lost each year<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hunger<\/td><td>645 million faced hunger in 2025; healthy diets are unaffordable for about 2.7 billion people<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rabies<\/td><td>tens of thousands of deaths a year, 40% of them children; dogs cause 99% of cases<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nutrition and care<\/td><td>service coverage for child and maternal health stalled at 72 index points<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>FOO \u2192 HLT nutrition and foodborne illness<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 FOO animal disease<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 FOO labour<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>foodborne illness by country<\/li><li>animal-health losses and spillover<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Food price shocks; hunger alerts in conflict zones; animal disease notices linked to human cases.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-03 Food and Agrifood Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-11 Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-02 Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It makes no statement on any country\u2019s agricultural or health policy.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Health and nature<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The health of people, animals and ecosystems is linked. More than 60% of emerging infections come from animals, and resistance moves between people, animals and the environment.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;60<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of emerging infectious diseases come from animals<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">types<\/span><p>known zoonoses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>deaths attributable to bacterial resistance, 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Spillover<\/td><td>animal trade, agriculture, urbanisation, extractive industries, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> and habitat fragmentation raise the risk<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zoonotic influenza<\/td><td>A(H5N1) spread to dairy cattle in the United States in 2024; no sustained human-to-human spread has been seen<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue<\/td><td>about half of the world\u2019s population is at risk, with 100 to 400 million infections a year<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Animal-side data<\/td><td>use of antimicrobials in animals is not consolidated here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>BIO \u2192 HLT zoonoses and vectors<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 BIO residues and spillback<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 BIO \u2192 HLT vector range<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>antimicrobial use in animals<\/li><li>drivers of spillover by region<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Animal outbreak notices; land-use change at forest edges; the Quadripartite plan\u2019s review in 2027.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-03 Food and Agrifood Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-11 Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-02 Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Biodiversity is not reduced to a single number. Where valuation is used later, it will never be presented as the whole value.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Health security, climate and extremes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Health security now spans outbreaks, resistance, heat and financing. The 2025 and 2026 evidence shows detection delay, rising resistance and heat deaths near half a million a year.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3 799<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>confirmed Bundibugyo deaths by 23 September 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">546 000<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>a year linked to heat, 2025 report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1 in 6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">infections<\/span><p>laboratory-confirmed and resistant, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Outbreak<\/td><td>no authorised vaccine or treatment; a treatment trial enrolling confirmed cases<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Instruments<\/td><td>amended IHR in force; Pandemic Agreement awaiting its annex<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat<\/td><td>about 546 000 heat-linked deaths a year; 1.5 billion children exposed to worsening heatwaves; WHO projects about 250 000 additional deaths a year in 2030 to 2050 from <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h57\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.humanitarian.chronic-malnutrition\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Humanitarian crises\" data-td=\"Persistent undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency, seen in stunting and anaemia, that harms child development and productivity long after any acute food crisis.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H57\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/soc\/\" data-txl=\"Society, conflict and economy\">undernutrition<\/a>, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a>, diarrhoea and heat stress alone<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance<\/td><td>resistance rose in over 40% of monitored pathogen and antibiotic pairs from 2018 to 2023<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>BIO \u2192 HLT outbreaks<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 HLT heat<\/li><li>FIN \u2192 HLT service disruption<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>position after evidence close<\/li><li>heat deaths in 2024 and 2025<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Weekly outbreak counts; the Health Assembly session on the annex; the WHO response to El Ni\u00f1o; the 2027 aid estimates.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-03 Food and Agrifood Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-11 Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-02 Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical and institutional couplings. It assesses no state, ministry or provider and makes no forecast of any outbreak.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague, news release (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Cholera, fact sheet (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a>, fact sheet (16 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (resistance) and 2022 (antibiotic use). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care, dashboard and method note (the dashboard data require an account and were not read). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">Household air pollution<\/a> and health, fact sheet (16 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (24 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Food safety, fact sheet (4 June 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>FAO (ed.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026, publication page with headline figures (hunger in 2025; cost of a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Rabies, fact sheet (17 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a>, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Zoonoses, fact sheet (29 July 2020). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Influenza (avian and other zoonotic), fact sheet (21 January 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (cattle outbreaks). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Dengue and severe dengue, fact sheet (21 August 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WOAH (ed.), Annual report on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals (ANIMUSE); the report page returned an access error and no figure is used. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 heat-related deaths a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Climate change is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO, WMO, UNICEF and UNFPA (eds.), New global framework launched to track increasing health risks of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> for pregnant women, newborns and children, news release (21 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change and health, fact sheet (12 October 2023). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>17 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Deaths from three infections in the latest reported year<\/td><td>1.23 + 0.61 + 0.57 million (2024, 2024, 2025)<\/td><td>\u22482.4 million<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Share of deaths in the latest period that occurred in communities<\/td><td>307 \u00f7 482<\/td><td>\u224864%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Change in aid for health, 2021 to the 2025 estimate<\/td><td>38.4 \u00f7 80.3<\/td><td>\u2248 \u221252%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Growth in confirmed Bundibugyo cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 26 August to 23 September 2026<\/td><td>7 890 \u00f7 5 794<\/td><td>\u22481.4 times<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Health Sector Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-GS04-HEALTH \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent the global health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> system and its couplings to water, energy, food, climate and biodiversity<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of health and security.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>56 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 health annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Health Sector Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Coverage and financial hardship<\/td><td>2023 and 2022<\/td><td>Dec 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next UHC monitoring report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Child and maternal mortality<\/td><td>2024 and 2023<\/td><td>May 2026 and Apr 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next UN child mortality estimates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TB, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a> and HIV burden<\/td><td>2024 and 2025<\/td><td>Dec 2025 to Jul 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next WHO and UNAIDS releases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Immunisation coverage<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Jul 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next WHO and UNICEF estimates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance burden and surveillance<\/td><td>2021 and 2023<\/td><td>Sep 2024 and Oct 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next GLASS report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bundibugyo outbreak position<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>23 Sep 2026 data<\/td><td>weekly to monthly<\/td><td>next Disease Outbreak News<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Development assistance for health<\/td><td>2025e<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next IHME update<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health workforce levels<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next workforce accounts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat deaths<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next Lancet Countdown<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health spending and physician density<\/td><td>2023 and 2022<\/td><td>Oct 2026 database update<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>database update<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Coverage and mortality<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>quality of care and deaths without a recorded cause<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infectious disease<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>burden by country and age band<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>use in animals and the environment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health security<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>position after evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Financing<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>domestic spending after 2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>cadre mix and migration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Facilities and services<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>power, water and staffing by facility<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resilience<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>tested capabilities beyond emergency response<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Bundibugyo outbreak position after 23 September 2026<\/td><td>WHO Disease Outbreak News and WHO regional office situation reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>later releases fall after the 30 September close; the 8 October and 23 October notices are held as post-close, context only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>First determination date of the public health emergency of international concern for the Bundibugyo outbreak<\/td><td>WHO IHR Emergency Committee statements<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the August notice states the status and the 18 August meeting; the first determination statement was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Attacks on health care, annual counts and deaths<\/td><td>WHO Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the dashboard needs an account; only the method note was readable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power, safe water and staffing in health facilities, globally<\/td><td>WHO and UNICEF facility monitoring; WHO facility assessments<\/td><td>not retrieved; figures held in memory are not used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Antimicrobial use in animals and its trend<\/td><td>WOAH animal antimicrobial use report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report page returned an access error and was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat deaths in 2024 and 2025<\/td><td>Lancet Countdown and WHO heat estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the 2025 report full text was blocked; the 2026 report was read only as a WHO summary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of emerging infections that are zoonotic, reconciled across issuers<\/td><td>UNEP and ILRI report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup>; WHO fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the UNEP page returned an access error; the WHO figure is shown alone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence linking biodiversity change to infectious disease risk<\/td><td>IPBES nexus assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n50\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the page returned no readable text<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National health spending and physician density after 2023 and 2022<\/td><td>World Bank World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup>; WHO expenditure database<\/td><td>the 2024 and 2025 values were empty in the database at access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Full tuberculosis and malaria report tables by country<\/td><td>WHO Global TB Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n46\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r46\" aria-label=\"Note 46\">46<\/a><\/sup>; World Malaria Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>full reports not opened; fact sheets used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyber incidents against hospitals and health data<\/td><td>national authorities; sector reports<\/td><td>incident data are not published on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital and AI use in health <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td>WHO guidance and country surveys<\/td><td>not retrieved; no figure used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deaths by cause, by country<\/td><td>WHO Mortality Database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>only about one third of 2023 deaths are reported with cause; country tables not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs beyond emergency response<\/td><td>ministries, regulators, providers<\/td><td>not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the World Health Organization (13 May 2026) from the Global Health Estimates and the Mortality Database. Annual. Role: binds the data-gap reading and the goal-progress statement.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-GS04-001<\/h3><p>WHO World Health Statistics 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by WHO from notifications by the affected ministries of health, with data to 23 September 2026. Irregular, about every two weeks during the outbreak. Role: binds GOV-008 and the outbreak card. Figures change with each release.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-GS04-002<\/h3><p>WHO Disease Outbreak News, 25 September 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-GS04-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-GS04-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>modelled where national data are missing; cause of death known for about one third of deaths<\/td><td>confirmed cases only; community deaths and unreported cases are not counted<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 3 years after the data year for mortality<\/td><td>about 3 days after the data date<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>each edition supersedes the last<\/td><td>counts revised in each notice<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>estimation methods published<\/td><td>case definitions in the notice<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>country consultation before release<\/td><td>notifications from ministries; WHO assessment<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: country tables of the Global Health Estimates<\/li><li>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup>: situation reports with age and sex tables<\/li><li>IHME<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup>: disbursements by recipient country<\/li><li>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup>: workforce density by cadre and country<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>health, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>AMR<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ART<\/td><td>antiretroviral therapy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DAH<\/td><td>development assistance for health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GLASS<\/td><td>Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> and Use Surveillance System<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IHR<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a> (2005)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IHME<\/td><td>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NCD<\/td><td>noncommunicable disease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PABS<\/td><td>Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PHEIC<\/td><td>public health emergency of international concern<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TB<\/td><td>tuberculosis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UHC<\/td><td>universal health coverage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WOAH<\/td><td>World Organisation for Animal Health<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-GS04-OUT-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Outbreak and route notes<\/td><td>cards for the major cross-border outbreak zones and shared disease <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td>WITH REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: universal health coverage service index<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>a composite of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 essential-service\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A service, such as water, power, health care, payments or communications, that society needs continuously and whose loss quickly causes harm.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">essential service<\/a> coverage across reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious disease, noncommunicable disease and service capacity<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>index from 0 to 100<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>custodian indicator based on national surveys and administrative data<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>WHO universal health coverage fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>modelled where survey data are missing<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>measures contact with services, not the quality or timeliness of care<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Nigeria (23 October 2026, data to 20 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care, dashboard and method note (the dashboard data require an account and were not read). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WOAH (ed.), Annual report on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals (ANIMUSE); the report page returned an access error and no figure is used. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a>, The Lancet 406 (10521), December 2025; the bibliographic record was read, the full text was blocked and no figure from it is used. Lancet Countdown, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Climate change is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP and ILRI (eds.), Preventing the next pandemic: zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission, 2020; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a>, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPBES (ed.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (Nexus Assessment), 2024; the page returned no readable text and no figure is used. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r50\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 50\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; cited for the tables behind the opened fact sheet [4], with no figure taken from it. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r46\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 46\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), World <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a> Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; cited for the tables behind the opened fact sheet [5], with no figure taken from it. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>10 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>26 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>UHC service coverage index<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">71<\/span><\/td><td>of 100<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People not fully covered by essential services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.6<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People with financial hardship from health costs<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2.1<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deaths of children under five<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.9<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maternal deaths<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248260 000<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuberculosis deaths<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.23<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a> deaths<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">610 000<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People living with HIV<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">41.0<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Children with no vaccine<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">13.5<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Children with no vaccine (UN DESA)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">14.3<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deaths from noncommunicable diseases<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">43<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People living with a mental disorder<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.2<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deaths associated with bacterial resistance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.71<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Development assistance for health, estimate<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">38.4<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025e<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health-worker <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.supply-disruption\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"A break in the flow of goods or materials between producers and users that stops production or leaves shortages.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">shortage<\/a> projected by 2030<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">11.1<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2030<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cholera deaths reported to WHO<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">7 870<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat-linked deaths, yearly average<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">546 000<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bundibugyo confirmed cases<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">7 890<\/span><\/td><td>cases<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0AUHC%20service%20coverage%20index%2C71%2Cof%20100%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0APeople%20not%20fully%20covered%20by%20essential%20services%2C4.6%2Cbillion%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0APeople%20with%20financial%20hardship%20from%20health%20costs%2C2.1%2Cbillion%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0ADeaths%20of%20children%20under%20five%2C4.9%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B15%5D%0AMaternal%20deaths%2C%E2%89%88260%20000%2Cdeaths%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B16%5D%0ATuberculosis%20deaths%2C1.23%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B4%5D%0AMalaria%20deaths%2C610%20000%2Cdeaths%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0APeople%20living%20with%20HIV%2C41.0%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AChildren%20with%20no%20vaccine%2C13.5%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B8%5D%0AChildren%20with%20no%20vaccine%20(UN%20DESA)%2C14.3%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0ADeaths%20from%20noncommunicable%20diseases%2C43%2Cmillion%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B13%5D%0APeople%20living%20with%20a%20mental%20disorder%2C1.2%2Cbillion%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0ADeaths%20associated%20with%20bacterial%20resistance%2C4.71%2Cmillion%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0A%22Development%20assistance%20for%20health%2C%20estimate%22%2C38.4%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025e%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B40%5D%0AHealth-worker%20shortage%20projected%20by%202030%2C11.1%2Cmillion%2C2030%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B39%5D%0ACholera%20deaths%20reported%20to%20WHO%2C7%20870%2Cdeaths%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B35%5D%0A%22Heat-linked%20deaths%2C%20yearly%20average%22%2C546%20000%2Cdeaths%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B55%5D%0ABundibugyo%20confirmed%20cases%2C7%20890%2Ccases%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B56%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Global%20Health%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20Baseline%20Edition%2C%20The%20State%20of%20the%20World%E2%80%99s%20Health%20and%20One%20Health%20System.%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22UHC%20service%20coverage%20index%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2271%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22of%20100%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20not%20fully%20covered%20by%20essential%20services%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20with%20financial%20hardship%20from%20health%20costs%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Deaths%20of%20children%20under%20five%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B15%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Maternal%20deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%88260%20000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B16%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Tuberculosis%20deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.23%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Malaria%20deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22610%20000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20living%20with%20HIV%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2241.0%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Children%20with%20no%20vaccine%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2213.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Children%20with%20no%20vaccine%20(UN%20DESA)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2214.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Deaths%20from%20noncommunicable%20diseases%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2243%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20living%20with%20a%20mental%20disorder%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Deaths%20associated%20with%20bacterial%20resistance%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.71%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Development%20assistance%20for%20health%2C%20estimate%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2238.4%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B40%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Health-worker%20shortage%20projected%20by%202030%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2211.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222030%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B39%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Cholera%20deaths%20reported%20to%20WHO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%227%20870%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B35%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Heat-linked%20deaths%2C%20yearly%20average%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22546%20000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B55%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Bundibugyo%20confirmed%20cases%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%227%20890%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22cases%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B56%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are rounded as published. Issuers use different years and bases, and the figures are shown from each issuer where they differ<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup>. Projections are labelled SCENARIO and issuer estimates ESTIMATED. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GOV<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WHO World Health Statistics 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>mortality, data gaps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO UHC fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>coverage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN DESA SDG Report 2026, Goal 3<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agencies<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>goal progress<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO fact sheets on TB, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a>, HIV<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024 to 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>infectious disease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNAIDS HIV statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HIV<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO GLASS report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>resistance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IHME resistance analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>research institute<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>burden and forecast<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO Disease Outbreak News<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>DRC and neighbours<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>weekly to monthly<\/td><td>outbreak position<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IHME development assistance for health<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>research institute<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025e<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>aid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Bank World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>multilateral bank<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>spending, physicians<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading: health across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading: health across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>zoonotic influenza in dairy cattle since 2024<\/td><td>animal health, food, clinics<\/td><td>WHO zoonotic influenza fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">vector-borne disease<\/a> and yellow fever coverage<\/td><td>clinics, cities<\/td><td>regional statistics (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>heat deaths and an ageing workforce<\/td><td>hospitals, cities<\/td><td>61 672 heat deaths in summer 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup>; doctor density 13 times the African Region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>outbreak notices and surveillance<\/td><td>laboratories, borders<\/td><td>regional statistics (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>cholera and conflict-related service loss<\/td><td>clinics, water supply<\/td><td>Sudan and Yemen are among seven countries with about 90% of reported cholera cases and deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>; resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">malaria<\/a>, HIV, child mortality and the Bundibugyo outbreak<\/td><td>households, clinics, borders<\/td><td>malaria 95% of cases<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>; under-five rate 71.6<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>; outbreak<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>resistance, air pollution and dengue<\/td><td>hospitals, cities<\/td><td>resistance in South-East Asia Region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>; air pollution burden<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>air pollution and vaccine coverage gaps<\/td><td>cities, clinics<\/td><td>Hib coverage 45% in the Western Pacific Region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>; air pollution burden<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>dengue and heat<\/td><td>cities, clinics<\/td><td>dengue fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>small island health access and heat exposure<\/td><td>clinics, ports<\/td><td>regional statistics (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Outbreak card: Bundibugyo virus disease, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighbours<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">outbreak<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">zoonotic<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">cross-border<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">no authorised vaccine<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>health, communities, borders, trade<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>outbreak declared in May 2026; cases in Uganda and France by 26 August<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>BIO \u2192 HLT spillover; HLT \u2192 FIN response cost; TRD travel advice<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>treatment trial enrolling confirmed cases; IHR temporary recommendations<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>position after 23 September; funding gap; community deaths<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>H-01 \u00b7 H-05<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The outbreak is the largest Ebola disease outbreak recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with 7 890 confirmed cases and 3 799 deaths by 23 September 2026 [56].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">OUTBREAK<\/h3><p>Scale<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHO notes a continuing high rate of deaths in communities, which points to late detection and care [56].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">SECURITY<\/h3><p>Detection delay<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHO publishes counts and risk assessments in each notice and advises against travel and trade restrictions [56].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">LEARNING<\/h3><p>Public notices<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Outbreak cards are generated for the major cross-border outbreak zones and shared disease <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> with the regional Baseline Editions. The Bundibugyo card is shown first because its notices are published and current.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the health edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the health edition through the health chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the health edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>18 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Maternal mortality, fact sheet (7 April 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Tuberculosis, fact sheet (24 March 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a>, fact sheet (4 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>UNAIDS (ed.), Global HIV and AIDS statistics, fact sheet (2026 data release of 27 July 2026). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Immunisation coverage, fact sheet (15 July 2026; estimates with UNICEF). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Noncommunicable diseases, fact sheet (25 September 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Mental disorders, fact sheet (11 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">antimicrobial resistance<\/a> 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague, news release (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019 (average of 2000 to 2019) and 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Climate change is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), HIV and AIDS, fact sheet (27 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Influenza (avian and other zoonotic), fact sheet (21 January 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (cattle outbreaks). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (24 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Dengue and severe dengue, fact sheet (21 August 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-04-cb-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\">Global Health and One Health 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>15 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>56 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Statistics 2026: A visual summary and report page (monitoring health for the SDGs, 13 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (deaths and life expectancy). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Universal health coverage (UHC), fact sheet (5 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (service coverage) and 2022 (financial hardship). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN DESA Statistics Division (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2026, Goal 3 storyline, Good health and well-being. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Tuberculosis, fact sheet (24 March 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h38\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.vector-borne.malaria-resurgence\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Vector-borne infection\" data-td=\"Rising malaria transmission after climate shifts, conflict, funding gaps or drug and insecticide resistance.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H38\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Malaria<\/a>, fact sheet (4 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), HIV and AIDS, fact sheet (27 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>UNAIDS (ed.), Global HIV and AIDS statistics, fact sheet (2026 data release of 27 July 2026). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Immunisation coverage, fact sheet (15 July 2026; estimates with UNICEF). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Measles, fact sheet (15 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (deaths) and 2025 (coverage). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial resistance<\/a>, fact sheet (16 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023 (resistance) and 2022 (antibiotic use). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO warns of widespread resistance to common antibiotics worldwide, news release on the Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 (13 October 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Naghavi, M. et al. (GBD 2021 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h45\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.systemic-bio.antimicrobial-resistance\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Systemic biological risks\" data-td=\"Spread of microbes that no longer respond to medicines, making routine infections and surgery dangerous.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H45\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Antimicrobial Resistance<\/a> Collaborators), Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, The Lancet 404 (10459), September 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and partners. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Noncommunicable diseases, fact sheet (25 September 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Mental disorders, fact sheet (11 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Child mortality (under 5 years), fact sheet (1 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Maternal mortality, fact sheet (7 April 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a>, fact sheet (8 May 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text; the share of emerging infections is undated in the sheet). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Zoonoses, fact sheet (29 July 2020). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>FAO, UNEP, WOAH and WHO (eds.), One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022 to 2026): working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment, publication page (14 October 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>FAO, WOAH, UNEP and WHO (eds.), Tripartite and UNEP support the One Health High Level Expert Panel\u2019s definition of One Health, joint statement (1 December 2021). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement, news release (20 May 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), WHO welcomes adoption of United Nations political declaration on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, news release (12 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva and New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/international-health-regulations-alignment\/\">International Health Regulations<\/a>: amendments, questions and answers (1 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Nigeria (23 October 2026, data to 20 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (28 August 2026, data to 26 August 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h29\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.air-quality.household-air-pollution\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Air pollution episodes\" data-td=\"Smoke and gases from cooking, heating and lighting with solid fuels or kerosene that accumulate indoors.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H29\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/poll\/\" data-txl=\"Pollution and hazardous substances\">Household air pollution<\/a> and health, fact sheet (16 December 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (24 October 2024). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019 (average of 2000 to 2019) and 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), Climate change is a growing health emergency, Lancet Countdown warns, departmental update summarising the 2026 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (28 October 2026; the report itself was not opened; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO, WMO, UNICEF and UNFPA (eds.), New global framework launched to track increasing health risks of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> for pregnant women, newborns and children, news release (21 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change and health, fact sheet (12 October 2023). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Food safety, fact sheet (4 June 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>FAO (ed.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026, publication page with headline figures (hunger in 2025; cost of a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Cholera, fact sheet (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), WHO reports latest global trends in cholera, meningitis and plague, news release (29 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Rabies, fact sheet (17 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (current text). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Influenza (avian and other zoonotic), fact sheet (21 January 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024 (cattle outbreaks). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Dengue and severe dengue, fact sheet (21 August 2025). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: WHO (ed.), One in four doctors nearing retirement age as WHO warns of global health workforce gap, news release on National health workforce accounts: health workforce levels and trends 2026 (19 October 2026; released after the 30 September evidence close and cited as the position at access). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>Apeagyei, A.E. et al., Tracking development assistance for health, 1990 to 2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook, The Lancet, 2025; abstract read through Europe PMC. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle. Observation year 2025 (estimate). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>Projected health workforce requirements and shortage for addressing the disease burden in the WHO Africa Region, 2022 to 2030: a needs-based modelling study, BMJ Global Health, 2024; abstract read through Europe PMC. BMJ Publishing Group, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, data service queried for current health expenditure (percentage of GDP), out-of-pocket expenditure and physicians per 1 000 people, world aggregate (database updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2023 (spending) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care, dashboard and method note (the dashboard data require an account and were not read). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), State of the world\u2019s nursing report 2025, publication page (12 May 2025; no figure used). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change, The Lancet 406 (10521), December 2025; the bibliographic record was read, the full text was blocked and no figure from it is used. Lancet Countdown, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; cited for the tables behind the opened fact sheet [4], with no figure taken from it. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), World Malaria Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; cited for the tables behind the opened fact sheet [5], with no figure taken from it. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WOAH (ed.), Annual report on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals (ANIMUSE); the report page returned an access error and no figure is used. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP and ILRI (eds.), Preventing the next pandemic: zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission, 2020; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPBES (ed.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (Nexus Assessment), 2024; the page returned no readable text and no figure is used. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly, Political declaration of the high-level meeting on antimicrobial resistance, September 2024; the target of a 10% cut in resistance deaths by 2030 is taken from the opened fact sheet [10]. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 35001:2019, Biorisk management for laboratories and other related organisations, cited from memory with no figure. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 15189:2022, Medical laboratories: requirements for quality and competence, cited from memory with no figure. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WOAH (ed.), Terrestrial Animal Health Code, current edition, cited from memory with no figure. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate inaction is claiming millions of lives every year, warns new Lancet Countdown report, news release on the 2025 Lancet Countdown on health and climate change (29 October 2025; the report itself was not opened). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (average of about 546 000 heat-related deaths a year; the averaging period is not stated in the release). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-ref-56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Disease Outbreak News: Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo (25 September 2026, data to 23 September 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Global Health Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Global Sector Series GS-04<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 health edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-04-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-04-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-SEC-GS-04-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Global Health and One Health; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Health%20and%20One%20Health\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Health%20and%20One%20Health&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Health%20and%20One%20Health\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Health%20and%20One%20Health\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Health%20and%20One%20Health\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Global Health and One Health, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Global Health and One Health for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Global Health Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\u2019s Health and One Health System..&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Global Health and One Health&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Global Sector Report \u00b7 GS-04&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Global Health and One Health&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Global Sector Report \u00b7 GS-04&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-04-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-04-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>GS-04 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Global Health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 one-health\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated approach that recognises the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems as interdependent and manages risks across them together.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">One Health<\/a> 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; GS-04 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Global Health and One Health.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-04\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-signature-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-signature-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sectors behind Global Health and One Health.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A reading aid: the sectors the findings run through and how strongly they depend on each other.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WIFH\" data-sig-name=\"Health and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).\" data-sig-inst=\"Reports\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Infrastructure, Food and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.42. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Health and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.42<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Food \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 nutrition<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-04-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-04-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-04-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Global Health Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\\002019 s Health and One Health System. \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-SECTOR-HEALTH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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