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\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I5l4NclMm2t4VlEsIqYqvnyTSZV\/GHEaIt89l2bYbM+k3Qqww425uF\/BpGBA1k1mLH9my9bPFTfS4ZLFyMfCgK8wLQsVsY6Z6l+JQP5tgnxYcUQZ8hbKr2e\/+Kbt4+IJc0OAFKFQt18RxSGSypeH\/5RDEOKfHr6tpsikADPeMD\/fuGg2Vb\/kKiQrzMoShhO9lp36pzEuy7wGSeSctI3JOjIrTomK33H7EusA3DFN+Ax1jXV4ZAoyVWBcsksvAfBqDdM5Tp8cxD7pAUiCJ8s0X980A8uI6k3OOAhVLVSnc5gABI9wYLxUWwesVlXi0X6CI8hWhV4gkCs8AxTN0n5BtpBu0lXDDuh0YYXFsZpN0UTnSzoYlUAkmD1nhG1Pc9ljoZtYcMdsk2bgj2JVfgKCF6xpZUIDJkZLkhUWVTEPDwfJVo3TApYkHMnAw99rBiIjpJx4zfHO6Wj1B8VHaij6NArDzYfmmD\/11IRhOlbCLAqEasZtVJ3AMrtMjTTziC+hUnMz\/Bht+vyaHV6MkxbHpcwC\/Hnv4U\/wYHThtE\/qgsUv7DAhwHw2Nmr+zZKqfHje5dn04FlptXwQHuH45ap3xch1G5hSam2R7gKKNLmK0e9eujE2WiwwyKcR01T1CZNSq1qzQpEeT5yJNQowkNqIlrnhQXkaY80nEQdS3AM+rL6aQxfPIeKh\/2Y9O2vp5dStC9e7Vkh9eF+TWPtFS2LJIvwv23T+\/qHW0te3QWeQXw0RpcuU90od+zWM8y8PeZlUclxHV\/WRUsSoyrhx7x7UboUmWAdvBc2kKc4GL7ItX2RBGiXC6AA945TFfg7Bi\/GW5aFar\/dVEAXpxG0BVXYZGHFIIYDQu12+1wntnbLXD7NV5mVghMLKcWYWMUxJsEushwinUo9AUI4KkOC9h5ZwHuq+G9TIepn2ChmTLkakHz9Q6l2HuyhH6lO6BJMxepRK7lDnPPCVaRNy3y2ICEA1wTUvUN0V18rEC7dxdVmuPVtrLhRYJ6HD7UiGnuz\/WXX550upqJaGpAS3Nh52kEsRo6qXGhVRXNzoqR\/Dc3TuJ6IHkUq207rWTpiu+j6jXqEm\/j66E6HFYWSdEWKBFHxHeetideFLnIZfHooSoE0VIlQZZtEnCS3rPrlJefoqYDGJt8UpJqLuGHm\/1kj9pP2CRI0VI\/vXD5nkTCWghIjSGkgh0Ki57EbNBYgVDKYlfYki7ZeNVCD6xnx9W7FK8EmxdVOEzyWU4+PY9rdTXELM0MEe7LsMMXzlR5eGnCFi1bPas2XLaXezOp2PKO+utDyR2Nqn9BdnVW822ebAAeXMDxBNsTmNglUtzSNfdXebSbbYDazWtyR+pYLxOaw42b4YL81NZBFRj\/bwfCk\/ZtyvSJdMvLniEH55KLNLKyFR9EVCM6gVJ+V4wXlKIngG5zC8BjA0zlnNF6LvKp6DuGP6NEKpT+c96LOIp7kZWpTlaER4bYu9RqCJlUak33P0WHvIXlz\/gKndv8L3cpJCmd1uinYfYmGD7xeQhjCs\/Qf\/TFOOREpRsU1iG3DNpJ9gclnCuqdkvlscGOzXOPx2K4I8SxKDli5Zuw02ppbZRUd+T9ov2L9k4QN\/ZzxW\/kwfQIrCCakzrgBP9AqNIsnKqcS4qaC2eEeI0pYoOguCEIWoyR1nW+yz8SzUoHC74tAQlDyYBkciqtvaC5G8\/RrDN4St\/Qo19FH7\/\/5f7R9RZ\/OPB8GBuPVNqw2TQviSotNmrwPyPR3FB2dOi7GrIr8VRKidsawXaeiYAwR0+uUBlAkoKjctYByvaN72NrJXLRzhw7fYmYuBTWNAZx\/i0xg4IfoT0xhsTPQ3IsuCuVNIs2B5K0lWCDb5A5UVAuV\/cL\/PWRLOc3uaX7m8bs51kUaTtbcmq2AbjW\/W0xTjgaaOljS3+W70S556oJ0\/jG+57gS4nNtTAeMSd5DHuGR2hhjxIIFnn71ZLoPb0Z7bhBhwMH\/jMUEIjA\/bXNzX4UaZoIOeTT+7OcTud9uSkWJt0wtGPS2CxtzODoMYPrKtU\/R6vFP0cLXj0KMpNdFC7X5l6O7+BIqnrzzodIX3Sjt1r26co1Yeh0YJzxek2UAX8\/WcFljldgbvT6ZuRfmqMlEjFqkeT32\/r1jry3gorxEklofNVnTXHKxbwH9u0ZzN+eSiryUhiJV3kFqqccGN36TtX+aSzYhgwJ47MsSspwUx8MxR9CLvrpZFfzRrBEP8yRwiZK6cw3DhmWXyFxWzh0dEAzNazYiwE+I0IIYRTU7FUUS++T3BNztzdEjUHanlEH10onzVfttF+WpR8oebJ63uNWvJqhvf+KKMgxc6EAEXfBxGKG2w\/3F1AxQwiRa+ADD1YmbAXpZ957j174txGtN0gqrbWOYhUftvsBYWz13sTuFO0kg\/YbyZjDVxwCPKD\/ItgVFJIvEaRcSAf7C1ZeJLuwhq5wOr1V2ZiLutvbS5r9R3hg5L1oBMtbFGLD1ZD6eddewLQxsZYRouYnFaeGCC0Vq+33JyxRjIdY4MdtOOddfjjX7ve3pwzGy+j3vzvJ3TnGblE74m\/41+ZbVi7glQxkE9qdikNw3W97P6Xu+de8xuc51WCQoabIvJJ5g7fCFKTTrRSPUndL\/JWic5W6EMeKYh\/0hV0wMWs93t7sUW3uSXp333y\/NPP+7\/Hk619PAqmKCRecAos+Mx6QiwwOK\/uXBA7XQ8KLrDs50hqbo0kp\/uBi4XCHIEOlqnMBSjD9Z8lLEk+eLCgDsSobrX3CbkF+NcXmdNkvZLPVvVErOU4R7ptSS9IF4PVRLoxulByrW0WbFFfyEqxfW8\/szPaGgoeVWGsCiF7JLyYJmpyk2cBGtBfBbc5Y7mc3iBoHyydaYfq+9qE\/I1iTkff2XNXlOXEYA87PW3b4MIwjgn1Bu7sF7Paetrz2SVpIwIuIANBHaxmrX+12ckR6Ddu+U5Xbtc46UZtQS3+HnJtJpV6HUQZ30JRkVANk7iK82bFHPP9u6HyWWKuySG0spiQX67FmUcfRiNyIg9aw0flm8Qpu35p\/KeGig5oaaInYO7lMNkiWhb1tL2w2UNMSfhmfGOzSgSSXF6kQbydv9huMvAspFNilWNo9NiyqzwEscBZz0y959ib99OH6PzUTqz0J3r5r6yi8sEixK\/YDWUyYZYcRWzbk+K9R2zW7eWqbrCKp8u9EVKAfqmdWwex3o7ara54HXDbVZ97sWwQH1cv47Zgp06Zl1ZJ7\/\/eD2lKFATgfA\/npy7uMczbbLu6oug9w4ZEztgbhVzJk5rRQS3HW0RUoQKw7eLgEw6xLRSM+6abPrjSw7L8kMZZ7bPx2srBznzuuLK5R31tsFpVkcrvyddaRV68wXITdGeSrY7eRpl83mngvXBGiIluaw\/yzJOnqiyruN4xeDl4dvd7OVY5EaqPuJT5C2mWpWPQ7SoC5pONZXBhrH3ryPCVV\/PKRnQJ\/pHjRzwV06\/qn9+6+xev4tLw8TJIJ1BmuY\/pSeSicF9sf+EvuD7i3W2OFA9YiJGzM\/rnwjaa7NezLY338tsfHdElxRL+5tm3GvzXJK4vCMxXjPEbMMTs\/X9qDMZ2MBKm\/dq3gcpFZA\/EtmEV7CMD+Jp3xwInLrnaD\/rRrfvu2iLX+gjzsCn3eEdQ\/ycK7yv8c+\/wUdOxf0vcMVpuef93dcVlevbcj\/xjH7ujYkxBcZQic9rvvLBbxiWjX23e62r+bHo6ZvP65bogOuNVbeQ2M63s5EFEKQ4rrPOXYtKE5CG+0fbtTd20BbG5f7Rho7lbJoyBNIL94\/W1gIWbEpzlJRz\/2gHzto1m1K0gfePlm25VlvBCSSZ0HycvqC0qRBG7dsBSW2Kwky3UehR5TkMrvn+ce35bpXslpRHSZah0M\/IjXaAKk8zNLX7R8\/feFu7+eF3w0Q5wbc7B1Bl1v4RekGwjagye\/8IHBD6W6rM2T9uotAKNlSZu3+0IwB39LtIFSg0nYM4Ra1boRttPbbYQvO4iYIdW2zvH93Id6gJwsXO\/hHsdn4UscXu\/jFy4JYqLtLsLQJJgpp1fMfdmOJP1v7RW6\/XvuQne\/+4c7dO6Is\/OfvHwPG9yBZ\/cvePMII7uhtZjLuwBWtgm2yxhZZjB1zAFttopgGk5gkXO\/tHxwOOb7PF7v4RbRfYNnmCoERNur5lU7sTF1v7x11gb1yLLbb3j6G\/BjZkix00q8B1PbYYTXYIPcBOAJ5od73eBGwxmmR\/5wQuW4z3WOBCjy129o+hB7fRhi126zyIbXGZ5RC1GW6BswZcuYVm3AOOzZXb+0cbOKbjceUO2smbcONy5e7+0XNDL2hPQlHgyfUi34GAKUUbOVzT+xuVohY9O6gSdtalDuqf69H9K8jE2lt33c7gMQFFQeLCLVMn\/zOft9sVQ6CyNzZ03F1Tv798oEzX5sbcUjTpD4ip35Za8SADRbl\/dMHaXO9oSoWG4Dv+1m8nv7I4P3rBxqbWO8qO+0czMEOTWidsyK1ylLKlqGLTNwMTUiT4eCoLvJWADdYB\/4O1f9w4jreJ+B9sdJbWtrfmf3BwrmzgbvkfXCb9KvrhFR7xuQEuoG4FVIr2cLSN3DVTig+qH3mAKXX2j4ikbCym1N0\/7iJoUq0dLxc8zpBpDZVa+8c1ao0ttfePnu1vqS2KSh1MJiNgMqWoNR86YVsKYF6NzXTY0vqoAKYUUQSbGTEqRZNpgq3H1oBnMtxRfQiv5JS4wIkcrhi1Z3qu67LFaAHNnelxTzv7R2j65pYrRk1uw8CnJgNU28ZZr02mFE\/nGmwBU2ojurl1A7YGZ\/\/o7wCkqBIqRWTdQ+hvFOlNQD2htr3lyvGUblz6dONyG1Mr1wm4cjStrh+t+frxxEKHmtggya4hateOHLoeUm7tH91g7awhV442qrPxt1uuHF2mNthRs0jKXUSEQwCpdk8JuVJsQG13VIraBB6gNjYqtTFnsKOuCFSKeAg79KgtjErJdQKorYYkcTK5aMezxWg14Q5QWxsXo+vEC90QsMVoZr3Q2UK2GC2ouTGpCY9icptEUeh5HltsoWJgUjsWF9uo2AM1IkhdjHess3W4uvFa7vydTzNwWQ4xzY1804uoH4pTfvX3j8GOYQMCowCvIE3B\/jEMg92G5h2PObooHn033O5cmqeEJeF1PdunN3tgBHl2QbTR31J3U2Bccx\/grMObyKaZynNWgDjYP0JnBwJqWY0YkfcgCreQLvUBChHYP27hdktzBCVyUMVrG3k+c93iHxBLtPPd9Zb\/wcaUx3SEqjBJ8iQ\/4Al3fBfSE36FiRFlRREnhPfaAP7X9BokEOSSgeKfTx9hnsl4cfQjPrWSOcU\/vsVoGZwINcv\/5scZXm2HuvGqn44wk6wGaa7McnCEmCOG9GElP2flCd3RG7BhhwmwmLIO157bbsYLzFCaM0KzAUWzqx8swsK6wg+Ipplb+ihVP5C7wtwIP5DrwvRdlaRbYn5ySrgLNyEIQ064izbRJlqzwh3PQxLhDjrQpl6vhDsAfJdieYhwF0ShTclmRLjjasXCneVZW8sXhTvb9wLfHC\/chVvL90yJcLcFOw84rHC3DdaWyQl34dZ3KK6ICHfAd\/yAFe7WwHdBwAp3puV51GVSC3dc07Vwt4MBgJYg3Llgtw0dQbizLc+j2quFO9d3wA4Kwt0GWBGwpcJduAu2kVy4892dD+XC3Tb0ogBKhTsPuD5169DCnbt2zK0o3PnbzZripGvhLtz4ricKd7sgWO+AKNxFO8gXu0hkXofbQBDuohA6YCMId9EG7KijWAt3EIkakSDc+VsbOIEg3K0jy6Nu41q4C3ZhACNBuNs5fgBtQbhb+7t1EAnCnR15G07exqP0HUZwqoU7bkc3wh23qxvhDgbQCwNRuON2dyPccTu8Eu64vVkJdzs7WIeQF+4gjKzI5YW7yAXrrSDc+ba1tX2ZcGevTb3+\/7B8Z9mcfBdZkR05nHwXOmjr8PLdJtjaFCtcyXcucKO1J8h3W7Azd1tWvoMbuKUlXyLfYWq7EeU76MI13EjkO9u3Akrz0cp3a8RjQol8B7aus44k8h0MtvQ2puQ7HzpbwMt3kQ1h4PPyXeCFAcUm1vJd4PvejpfvHHcL3YiX78xwTavWKvkOgsgOPF6+A15Ir0Il3623IPAAL9\/Zztb0fF6+s2wXUtxCJd9FfuSEa16+i+wgpJj\/Wr6Ldlt3x8t3vueZNuDlu83WofWXtXwXeXAXWoJ8B71gvduI8l24265DQb4Dpuc5O0G+81wnsCJevoMRDKlbvZLvAtcPqWNfyXc7a7sNTF6+W0drcxfw8p3j2tY6EuW7KIq8IBDluygMo+1WlO+ire9Qk9rId9DZQHsnyne+6Xo0n1DLd5Ebranz1Mh34TYMqEu2ke981\/eDtSjfbf2dS0thtXznmd5usxHkO9e01i4v3zn+2t76gnxn7SzqYqrkuzUMdp4tke82tijf2YEDqSpq+c6JNpG\/FuS7bRRYlJa4ke\/MwKNGUst3gbt2HF+U77zApe62Wr6D0ZbWwtTyXbhb04ehlu+AaQVWIMh368AEJpDId5bv+Q4Q5TvgbYHnyuQ7Tghq5LtdEFgMM9\/Id060jXaRIN9BbxeZpijfhes1ZMpr+S4INjuKsajkO7iDMHIk8l2wDWzflch3u8gPApl8F9mhvQEq8h23Cq18BxzbtjrlOw+6wHE75TthoLR8Z5ob27c75DthTin5zjR3cONI5btt4IWOJZXvhNVg5buN70V+l3y3w\/8I8h10wyAIJfJdFEYmRUFa+S7ygt3Ol8h3cLujL95WvgvWa+D4EvkOSau2szSkqwS89S8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8C8Z8EeRAVUSHaGFffvykIM3DrpIgPd01gy8ZyXwrZgSLBiuVhPgMSb0uYQ5klOG+s3BkhKZlO02Fkg\/q9uEOnUBRVEEbErlmML11o2fmFQ1IZL9lZNnplSPKW1v5fiJKVVXxLq38uqZKdUjit9bN3pgSsX4zuitGT8xpWpy7fTWTR6ZUnkcwN6a47EhVWy15O7rrZk8MulUYkalp3LygADjszZ\/mtqaNdSatWRr9lBr9pKtOUOtOUu25g615i7UWs1n9bRXP7KaXr01XL01o3p7uHp7RvXOcPXOjOrd4erdKdUj9q2XtqAHPoFFSN+\/PPhv99ljdd332GB13ffYXXXd99hadd332FeobnDM77aWqO57rSWq+15rieq+11qiuu+1lsQK0FM5eWBy1dZQ1dbkqu2hqu3JVTtDVTuTq3aHqp5E6il1Rb8Y1j63FLdCqUKGm64eXLJtrGcZbhk\/tmS7WIUz3C5+bMl2kXZouFn01JKt+vGIOfbjRWf4CEe0eYTLrirRlI1YV\/Lgkm1jNdxwy\/ixpdpFvgH9TaInppAk7I7QWzV+YpL2A3lAcFX34BK3XhMrbb2egkzMtE78JhSbJy+tNIdDRma47xAUJxhq0jcndPT33ov992kC3e+9V\/rv08S433sv89+nCW+\/917jv08T2X7vvcB\/n3Z7E3cYrl6MFN7sDoShwEtnjSPNuDZvdYII432vBUl8aT2rSP4CtItBXqjAeMqyPdBQ0zjb1liQagUITJDjxMxxklQThSTTF7jXqqQy\/4COY1XYJIl+XtclqBsBwtzBc02X\/pYhWG5crIAQAVDCAAj2jya0XKsyoaDCCiHCtB3ba0uDEkfs2u6OLjPO4LcMOXD5nlXb7tEveQaQv5gdNOZjXAqQZSoyI7s2YqNSPwmR+xSw60jKqtDA1sM1WIeeQ7UJkwS5ZmyjHdW7yr9sE\/lOSHcwu6YlMqH5dh04jYovWfKB473XdM3wFcGfP0Jzu6sdDnAdSWEAEpe8BmwxCVTcrgO2ONg\/7gD6Y4tR6BnYRn40M\/qrWTjowiBy+IWL7MiCIbtwwS7Y1L4A7MKBHdjsIn7hnMh1XMAvnBVY0La5hfPgxqoN0MzC+TvfZ9rEC7cBG7hdCwtnR15Ed6NaOOB4ayvkFy7YBkEoLpy\/dYEtLpwTbZoQb2rhwHbr1V5r1MLRMYPUwpH+fYJb51+L+6ct7nhKnqLUE036eKV8ItWrKHN5jY9bI+V5Na79WHx+S4rOb7pdKMQKOdfrvl5yiMGZmrsRJXqR5ZYhmXTRENqUTjg71nhNbW9uhiFsQLWZsyXQ\/B0Y0w0iMpOd4ZLDQwn8GpxJdU4XSRSicI2kufESl4O51xfJaFkPMyum51J3+9MN7bZq6YZIb+6WbwhX\/\/Xn27QMQ\/jtKsVQk9\/EVEpushB0Jtcd7eS0FE4zyakZRg3HcOGatb68\/816drijWIC0UO7My+u4nWShaZPtJ69K9U0RLi5Rh3qXtLC8keGu0XBxrpS\/Wc9bKe2RUOltbyqYpeh31dWwXchBgPpG4iKA6yD9eDvBHKo2m8TpS3GTZMgi1aJ\/t6mx6t7hW8Rkc5bxmc0mdUQD09IOOUzaIZPN9qcAbTs+v42NkQelObgmjnxEzqy6J6otnLLshZGdFenetTQKaY5sfrFwUpo6g5pHJShud4+RtyWinrFv0ehMM68wL+MAJHVCT5xfUX1QTRKNEiIbSg4fvjXjlNJqdkMsv1ZCp4j2pu0UabE6Z0Spp97CTZLCStzditxynk+\/WdHbRnE99+VB80EB0SarUp0x9wQ68h6LqL7xghMzJlfCTC7KSeFBpNRtgzRUf7OkN80IQlMBjxrp9QzzONhrJfCvyCE\/vZ6L8R3LQyIEjWO8extF3qIosbByB4rsmgcMTmpFP5lpONaHm09fM22sA9nR8M3OZKrzepP6dVKmI052vuLHopafNA9JVp8blX1SOQ0LB1h7xClYHr61\/CrOV2mOR8QfUbkMJLhdPXvs8hGtyuW45x2Sd4w\/MjRA8\/liBEl8RpwlWK2oJ3zqiTwuXgx\/NTLBuLaPiyc8ngCmEC+rTr62nynUbq1OdI9\/iE5kH3RktFVInlsY1zQ2wix44bK9cSxPy+OMBf9fKa86i7f\/VUhBzelGLKXjekmMMCtvciYCXQCVAr7OmU7xE9uWn6Bz7G07mArJktBbiZDfMC7QEQxXMvbCXKvwF5fESOARpuFIzprk22vYa3uYvZ6vSFlGeGlGqtGZfIesMUrVx00+xf3AnNztNFTdYMbYK+J6cgkXLaxLiypkqdWTcUzoO3XiaBK9UTyxcXpT1n4ustNk9sBmHjfoDNm1ZrZtWsViisYXNLclmR3HVZoe7FMvy7GJK0MMBkaRZ2gWY8bEJwZvFbRN\/jDiNERk0FbtQzVBusprKIoGyRjgcoEgR9d7naO8ZeuRyq8hwrbLSt3e4ql+ZypCD5Tmx+7mxa95gWqpTNUTp5qI71MmvBL8+0WCZUVNtueMlnvSCD5NT84cVeqzcY7Tb1\/3aVY+teNbtcR6vF6mrwHR\/4AhFua8FoIkK2D4bUqnuRMsIUAJjMqKEWhuGZsmMV57rLcSZdoIg9Z2mXTT7Th+PcVhCNPJM1LxsIirJ\/N8On\/TmxkPr1nzrTAS8JFdUe6Xa5yEyAMMnQPjlJ2hAd8vSZaTs01KIvD7qr171ooZ1hfu1mqECNaT+BYnclEw0nzSpCIDpmZ+nzmrI5sjM+VS+75hxdxtv43LMs1J8\/drHP4\/Xx7Id0TAX0HwYZAJml5PCfNzMbuWBB5BYtB6A8eetMM7xsjKlMuMeMk66\/GzdSpaSV0mIduWT8iG99rEhGwjplggCcvM8sLV1hPdT8DMu0yKYkr30bOyQL3SaREzTUlk+pFgBh2prx6r9tHboIRv4ENIQKZxKjA6kd0+inPkrHOKE0k6w4pcYl8TzCRUmpXZeQgX7PV+D6KSPunT2Y16PTH5CEpEk9sy9JW\/e1zZ3eNO0NOObH7pMze2Wazl1spQv3MDJ3Z+d5Lp3anMbnCKL3MzVqI6bp3SLv55pShC+AmE4Tf6a\/ittiG0AjN6yHhjktoTwZ4sOZENuMeTFWewNXlBvSkg2ozZ8g+WsGg6UTVc+aeRRau+vNeQc8qS3TFBr+ZwPJNUjF988rhfKiheQliUxjEb7\/fw27Uo4+jDaOzwVTnmK4gC\/B3dEZhzaxSL76zxwOREPPuuqhsqKmWM5VOuWsQ+SRIfDFzyVg1sbZrcpXiQ2bo5lY\/cj+OAu11dY+1wiA4GeTGdi7aLEBRwpdNaGvkT3T9N2sSKWieylZVf8ktl9Va1rWunlg49Hv51YeUWGeOvyFCJfDiLAoZfHsr82hl4V7Vg+MfOntCPdP023uDLr+E0\/Vu1llNfRmv6eWq75wsy8V6gAQJErvZ1xXFV0JriyPcVwg69QKPIIvFhXMq\/gQvr17KUeilLdYnuuHoyTl\/3FvmInCmNt72NvFapktPeYkONFL1kzZFaatckTix\/s57XUtI3pAwfpt8oQ9w1KXvpdusXjuK4JvLqaL21n\/Xxj9YOTkqvEG5dft2N7+Ye+00+nWz95OgnV7\/oWaJfEz1M9DDUo\/h4zeFKaoBUbgNXvLpNdJW8QK14PT7Ht4pDqHMgo6sbmczpAmnMmhDTNjV8jTLOK89BZZgCepxerqX+awl8rIH+thpLjhoqMo8e8Rm1c5iAMn6Fkw96c4oKZ0V9Wa8kip52F9EPdn1pAZnIQmO74Zhjvoy7OZorVM0F2z+Y3Wfys8VOhKXQhKjhkHjs2Sy755mmSjhIxf21JI4YGAiRa0thksSXIi7G9724Imnv40ZRcldKyXu8\/yrnt2E3vM8dk+bfRrDsFP89vgWABfui9wy2BnH6eI0TjAi+tw\/LNwjTg7h3lXv6lXBuICi\/PKDuPXy7UW5KrD8SPuZEXh3fzm9oLas6Lc0i0m7focPTIwwcuxkROsPvC4W+ZNc8hR+FXDJlxv3O9g85Ly7EjQzxPLQDZ+Nioz7G2p9ktBAu0Dm8SvQ1TFtRGw1J+4bd8mvmYUAnpCZLy90fHEyObCljyUvDEvoyeUpn2XDF6sb5SvRKm9OHMl6kpCMeh\/w6WlUW9g3CzuwmPjb8gVGCyMMDOGe5nGl0eabRVTo2Z5heZV4GxLupqpgQwAAkwROiCNovzIFZSVyhTNodQcJYoEMuUEN7XXv+M8XnOH1ykZlNR40T3Sc9Ys98PfFBsBKmzBojV83wZGq2Cb0R2uZxAb7GE\/CxUlyh+uzpaq8tdXKpunhHZvG6kEy9jESyl2srGdBU8b7UlGLuXCk1FSTmiQ5m3BQqKeD4d1nJakAbt4Qajt9LmHQGJxi8UKRTga9EjL5kC7CKulYwHN9Lv0wXUr0zG5fnBhwp6aLDFiU8gru6Mxc18o7i2YhRTMQElXpTbXjNjQgU5WqSirxa1lGqZ7UakRjw2n1+KtZAsdI67EB+HJqghM5FrOTGev7TDFGfJHsbHRhI+lEvt2R0lMJFph+nfubLs3Q1qRM9axdXt62o\/yWXsGKDxfkmPat9nPv4FuIfmbzYMvIy6iJdTiIZR0pmEQ19ceISj6UuS12l8V2ITzyV+jALPofshHERLClzj9\/w5o+yudUm61PFX9QgYdzg+wWk4VjObXwLSuIpQwYaF\/MlzzXqjnzAVScpx\/Y8Q\/H5Vb6csW0UuVxopofOj5yBaqp0u8gyZ1wAMt1gIfppjSRcmdpmJgwjuSR1xRtVVyJButKG1Kdqb6ZJTgJzgB31hJsWe+opmDqAz2OuiMRthFywsDnoQKN4YoVIU\/DR7L0iyLMk8UFeGw\/LU5yqDV37Nc8S+OWhBCj5kpT+iyxPFwSMsDjd8+ZI6D81g3JtQh3h3D5n4DOqckdQpp3qfnBHMz+zlLHCbI+5QGZUT6hnARMYlKMFfX4l5gv1GLlwrv4KVyLsTqyMvCTIsCTuRVYvafZuRmsZ4b7SaVFby5LqpgYNj+Mn5gJSmAiE0VSsYO7yXAAFxMZY23st0o01vrUSKnm1IM\/ey2kCZJ4WJOB8ecKwDbrtvb7pzta9vK+Y2548s\/bQMxv79aRv0EeFtSlKcIQyg6rAQ\/CCVIdPUftUfEZpHjW0BUHSAnQEcR4kUO\/auWhz06jkyIaPR91W3Fr7icm\/poDHHPiHMrsGp8r+utcuIDU+Do1niNqOwXPzHBdo\/yEcmxvdkB+nx\/FVvWU5E+TAxnmbVbSleWgYRiPL4xqq6PAWJ4kRnECK5rN5RLF1NJBjEqP9fxvBGSdIN8JyxqRsfLMJSOFIo4\/gGi6DoK+NJ1e\/THqwEWECXwG+P\/u81lAcavmx15434weE8Fry0SOizVV4hDTjYTLR+iNd9RTZN+EIVywCwd4tVI8DWk7eB6p\/Bno51korxTkq9Avj\/AzKeDz5VHXspWau+MB\/wfJN7sNuZEc+vvnZ9LrweikNwBjPnAkrhDxZ0tvyLj5tA5yTD6XSne7eA8MjLDo3F9odbd8r09TMLY1alCH3dym1RC\/IVxiUWW7AKIJBiWsxigAkaAuThxktREV1GEorqB\/Je73PqI2wAiX\/uMAvD0c0hWmF81UNB50NkOfooHqaO71uDJ4Ou6pGvm2KlaMrK0tv7KpQW41dDlu98jBL4U2+6KpMblNlfL61l4vCgOk0ErMdOXBl1fTRVU4RjmACfJhImZeWEOKPiJt9MtbmTzr610pDJwE+NS3H6etqRUcRjRJuRGPSKEP9PLOl3eOMKaPZ88hQijAIJfMrwQIL47wKb9SI2NCtCOp0MGa+2CtWn9hMOoluYC9d9sfTZ7m6DN2iogcFWco4PcE8LnvtQ6NIMhOmNWxAuqehGu2VEci\/ypCkVdUiCfPUKuhweqv2SY9rvtSMjGN02g2NfcOYjWygrbca\/YNd\/6A2KO35FPZBzY62u9o1NE6P2UcOLd6T\/2HqWmvPRckpJmSKKtbcsOXtDaiAcu5dvIfIlHIb7oNqxWl2G+E5v5DekzT5Et665YdZaltS\/zG5dbqUs6uIhSdmBu0Rq9jwweodw4s46NPH9AgVKEYlqfarLBnkX08CkKEaPtKM0XiD\/ktc4kjq+jOuHKvs9vaBegApe3CQY4UiKkruHeD9vFc9Q2qePXhWnZEzOyOOZEbWiwi1XbLolEixqu9Rg1PJqCHw7p9Cuxv4B7o2iXMA+0APJ1TprSi3UKdH1bAwIUWyBQkTkaldRi\/PAmQqznpMeDbtxo6YWdlajSDcFJ+clPmMXRVnkgvIlpFP5RDKscHfcf7lIS8TBApCdWucfXp\/yoryiapjxa4EdRdhae1\/PBnW6nBNY5zNyo\/DeK\/FKG9wqTxziECNVBUaGDKQ8e8XzpvzA4mOnLqrzhXTIzQqKg5V5\/qS5eXIuUb41sxu5rkpCiqbXSR3FOZHh8DXBatNabmnDPo5Tm+yfWOs1VlCXF92LW9ioIl6dUQx9hKn4ZcHhDPVCEGTcnFIKsUDbWtlvNwrGtMuWI8T\/Dyulu4RJMnAeet81Rmn7Uz7Wz0X2dVP4PSWQxjERZylfPPMbAgdIL8u1QVQggKWDwrBM8KK4qwX\/UvqzNmH5yyE5BpB5GIRYClZMyAvYQSCWXORo0AAtJ0o1zWUSPKYpU+mZuptlJiBb9+VZuK4Lfyl+mSaP+km\/s+cTf0O8yAuxGVZYkGKEiBuLpwzU0ECrnT3ZAdvSg9xAP+3GjSDTuLUbaFBJnlEKsm\/xt0XY+JRGkupYS2IUdCOtcqdFOLcSVgtsjiJrJqI03\/OsyPSjrUrNtt9qbcVcTiLNPEG4jJOj6R+fXo96G4MB3rJp+fNYXgNYGicszpSyLg0xicFV9XBecOsP0hR1hjiToJEnzgVPSWMM3hfaSQXjRanUZzGJfz+\/e9e4EeUgzMs6ldvZSbzCi6vebpScAj9I8vOQ\/weZE4IcgLtZ7Dd1UHNtd5ko+k\/KfSsoQWO2nS18TXSyHvRHW87zh1vgQsUdy+7lpfrGH2s6Ey8bZTK7kDmghEBCYvkEUPO8XEaz9yisp8ZJCNejbnz\/ox9KNiXpntwoEmT6BukylFWnarYxvPZSDuMzfXsTKhxIYszUx+20XM9nWShr2t95ftHjEwjvQysYZcPBZSkOB0rtnMW2z5Cbq\/kwARDoXx3OSY8XVJ3NJ5E8XHe5T6n2zx7E1C5BBdlOYrApwJpYUt7TDtzdSFP0J7MCg4Drnpnvv58m6JQrd5Gh7p4A5fWxmyqT8eQCX+mlZ34N9wWwyqr827TxpXtfHOTiuce8uERPFyc+3k5qpJnxIJfR2WW7qZpncYCyp4lwP8uNMOXrOgxvwpk0LkD0JsSVtvtk3Ldtoe2afk+RtJp\/UExnATPfmrYT0vVsguUDJJYuyXDw1YhwaV1XsuS4SDapRbTSioQLaLcjplS6Yxe3cjpLmASMYh1MlsFVg8alvYzM4CVHHKv42GF3sES3ASz7h0jqhDzMi6kaCcmlpxktVbrmxYqqITIC01wFulYn6V9IP6BtrP3ODK4ykMSr09v9vXp9l+fnAKCl4ht5XUJB2Ire3wDON+T8S2\/vCqFv6EtqyNvlkrnvNKsKFdpTWn3ocd79p4l7CPFntw+Z3WRxkmZeVKrfjzwhuiPOwL+kskNyrqB2IuGvk5PNDGGgRuDaqU270revsuBeWRBsZz8k8TpS6GrNI6zOMshHRWb1cBtKBBtDFYACTXt8AKRg5dNphxVv9XCuKR+d3NAjKtekP1H+iKM85qGEKd4Ib1qvjYI68+2ijdLM\/CxGC+z2alrQm04lK978qIhdjwFr+p+4tbq0Om4eCcnRAVJsYGXVqAdlTvGTQrS2Q1YyARpjnHeGojdnyOy5NdU7TrtICNDwTiu6greQceYX1ONQyq3lwNtKnMQvMggBlrYcmLJYddSMplqI8L5In6tQhNR7PzDN4lZpQID7CLscuC8OreHgogI8pfu2FYqSlwwj7kS97x54Wa4L9o445zJmtzsbl9Bzv+Ox7yZKfBe09pAuoihU25DpfnW0a7GKqQUwnBU\/xUuzOw4nsqqeqqrGHcc1fQV3Gowh8xToNSEcL2XwCf+0VGWlVN1eey7HVfKkG3tR6DoaCAoo72qRDiP6tat3gFBPoFHmIbdw6nYXcG2deAke5NdSwHATIpWxiYR7OI6+yNgVIeqjsUO\/Ow6G8SKNE6Y\/TFAa10RGhPMg3XTd9o72nPxNpQJy57j4a4cUzBlBIu7lcur7nEuxw6l\/MxMtUpKG5f7kZN2iZv2fIAEecu9fuSf0oHai3wxH\/COKV7Sq1neBNIRD\/q41meohvCY0mySDhxrU34fo2Sw0n2sypy2HelEWumJO5h4XtnGaOiVvhiHslRpC98oQ0rAgRtWyLOysYOTilLlgn4TolIXtE3jBjT\/1pNKmLCx9\/IcSLOSyWPXzWKo+1TAS\/E1iW9T8MMUm6ndW+7tX0IRj06rjbuaaEYhIwlhCeKkuN1btYYbq1MBjjKRocB9DCKBbGKEYx2X605Avt1SwIm1sYLPM3roMclOHOZ+XztCVJOMtREwn8qvspUvm8GDqbtBjKD39\/0s\/FzbNVLBHTzDuJZexg2y+wgvOPxn7DJCRf2a7BnHjhv4SPxCDsUvms14cTirAQ2xI7mgtqbKBVXGZ4help1fdD6NKjdy5XvZFPNWb9vEqcekyWFFMZU1C8ywG7+BVzio8ZAB4A5ZJhy5FsQekqrUuv619W3snRJLsV4hDRmbU25I4+b8IImYuoCxvDYnmbNs0glq8u6EUkW1QNQU810rVU578MK7WQykkZXbpObcIoelPKXUOb0SAQDdupK3okVOwKWAmN7hT9MNcLgprTzpqm+EtxHHUzwZU1zMal\/UuqYyu6gPEMGplqc\/wTdbbci10msIdVl5AsLn4NZleekRx1TbqSg6QKE\/V2TmEthftfSC09qviGK3H8XEatmEjQ3geQ\/eXvVM46ihpHuB50v50QGn32nRVwKF7N23y+1BtBqvMXwbJ37l8AJB+UT4ujhJ9Ip5w\/ZrzLyt5oTXoBCI0eqWHpycgdyn0wPzUAcrTQlhIhxCqhSuMPY8LWRZTWAIb1JN03KKIpjnWT4lg4TdBrCjLtZxhKbtPOOEDjfFVBIde9OK8oPoZKEYMdcN7YD2PEk1zehW1+3lz243U9Xm3JCE4bTGbUSgqza+DuuYbH023mba8tCzszFfT4oR07P0IIzAzC+IQlgqBKE+JbGKNPeUCnddJvDGGU\/zM0iWgVVUSEWMLLY3gbFvg05UU59zXj5EiBcIFmKlvw+iXZDv4\/el9rO+RKYQFFVZMStmcaBAMZgjdMlRSLPakdFV3ICUxAEFl2OSMUbhBdHFYoq5W59qjEF7UTWDEjEYAR\/Zd+GloHOpKWIIMHryr8+S0K7vM+AJaWdExOuRfIr6QjWivqvUyAEwzulcT1Vtr+SYjFN85fQpCCSjX6p6n395wI5teDcxoJszUCQ7YCsrF+uq5WM2ferlVc2denyB6SpRuIgXVnpBV3EN1FXNoLqS0VI5xk9XDZifloRzcs5PrFDUlVGkdWWUZV0dvZc9TZcEIKXF+3hOZB8XT\/sEpMcnkK908umar1Y3Vve7ZyU5kAN\/dWAlO9kj47uBG47AQLsRGGg1AqtZQ48APQkaeqSxJehMriOdRnDX6ZQAOgt2q9Phr20oIm0h12UWN13UBuqNsnklYMZjyyyv7BvP3Wt+GN9mAvxeQPj1ohDOhfmE20xXkKqWIYG+keXilJK11SQ5zC7t0wxdQQ3PhHnVh2+rmzQjCn7FOOmIs6dTrzVpcYlnqeHDE3iN0QjQL4ocnPHOqYemYyBU9X19Ls5kjPDswzCE4bebBAaHx56SYelgDQETar5Eb7Tn4kygA+hOEPlJyCi6lKKlf\/35doU9gFNwKmiWkPaZgxnEZZptm+dCC65+HBg+\/COG+dOzrZu6qVsrzc\/KE4cwSGqK8oxK4GJK0zT9zyc0I9\/LrH3QOnBE5vsiCbVEJC0qt8z8FF4pfC9HZwg7iGnJXM2bjRh6o5VWWNTXTM1A3qLmTMjNZoQyJ9\/Dkvih2jNqpwTH6ZDtnM19JGC7ctDf4sm+lsRtvxdUKbPdWVKB6D\/KklsM4Y+iBxH+KHUIauOPYZvfFQOZjv1ZHO6ADaraQSroahzkp9PCRy6A6sl3oiMz1rxtLKM86M+iARQme9j05Q3GN8TSukrxLlS8iN5OUJ6rsDMTgoikiMoHUhu2FgivjQYd7xak5OvD5zMedYr4HGNdfj69m0sWZnrgGQsOhA\/RIQS2p7hk5FbN0m8UP7L87iK7Q9jF42WnAiYwKG+1kQFcLhDkyMd\/j9QPyH\/2QJURNlVMiY7nkSomZmV8OZCPUmAYAqfeHvcp2WyyN6l5hUOUQJj7C2Wy4kCX7PloQtg2U6keQZx8uwnOkU3BRwOZIYT1NdhrnFiGKkH2HhCn07vUOjk37U61EvBVM1orUaImsCN8WORCzdUuNFTSsVmBjvLGMNRbS8ALpAX5kDCa5oik6e1hMbaYG98y1+KEzDO\/FRDkwamrg1wC9OaWsCTZ7mRRzywQiODEKmeo7R\/E25RyxHQlfo3kxsGLEv+BB1F7CGTvygsw1uEJNx5cC9HfyVLxd\/oNZ8OYjUdEqlEP7f0NHba5ob2\/HesEeRyDYtL8usSEz7qsWj8acCyenNsAF8b7ofY2LVEhbrytkgYJ6XFv\/Th3REdGrqwe5BjRy9dRdqmgBo\/iJL6rWqimgyJVZvUOXwqYhspVfeWQah6+yWF3VQRa6ia6xMHLt+qKMzWL5SgmgLTyVbMXeEvPGxJudgHUzW0TX6wdlw7HRjg4T3E3RfhR4hums8PdUzQfdG2JXhBlAXy\/gDQU8mgLwRRTBXzkIqP9mmcJ\/PJQAv9B1P27pioEmhGPtaAWZ\/zC+KcxJmAbQlVB+LdIod\/H1nQzjOJcaRobu2JcFejNtFaqyI58mAdcCUoeIVSBS\/l6SJ4JwVl0xB0xKm9LxXl5UmVmxXsNMsxLnGn50aFjLUav02jXNfTofu\/DKMuh0isku9ksprQ4a3sswz6dbP3k6CdXv+jXRM8SPYqP1xyuZMyJqVw7rnJ144N0leupfCSAjgHSdKLS0H8tgY+FlW+rsbx1c4TmBBMUZ8IrKWLtsSA\/AyFYI3H5mKjx9bRQqqVAX9C0EJmjRckjt7IEoXkZmNbiLOcWZ+dEn5MPfHzfaVZ1KiZZFV\/yqR3W\/NuotFwU8MT4NlBoS\/HphpqFEv3W\/e\/nUAbytFHKEXNZaGjh\/m217QvG1EonoYoiG2COl4BBkDZPmFNycfx7MGUhypZlSXEvQFf7x7o4InC+ExI84tg7keCnwWo79tjj+ydDv9\/rdNMQ7wudWFQlZ22OQILRvqQjDeMCeR+2EcFTsKmqdrXndAZEq5LuD92hMJmzGWdCndxLqUkGVhkbdYV3sGmi74T98IaDzgP2XXUaKHTpnS1TctnbrZyd7szipbYvpTXLIr4mbIpRldu2qyKGiUE8o5QTGjYDP2HhRLe91zfdwd6WjNMoeWaNw6Q33utJ3yJFhcKiYtdKiWfqRAfYusZZNhW0IiU4Qhm2ueAxO6R7qe+PYw78Q5ldg1Ol8N5rF5AaH4dGDJ\/QwwUkekNJpMetamRsfCa04dS249vB7vpFT9iy2eHEMnnbSJ2Lygynw05ghJuUyY9vcZIYwQnh0Fe8B7pNFNqdu1WTZ5g2iijDcbE93Ky9eNAB32vIt4lRUnW7bS7Iic3z3nS6FZ5qk4Mc3fA5kWrZqaOhhhMiGWqlNlbqX\/J6oxbKxEt1+AzMGGrgQzSsY9+oDPOY38T9+JnQOMrQEIjvLZOZmc4FFA+XT+Y7jqFtHE5spd4bfc685mdqiNSl3dgv0\/GpyQRNcVe2Jylv+B9f14Rmc5Q0ugj8ZHGWwr0LuOyooI7xCK45mqd\/QM0fSCZ3fKVzadqf13UJqjlAGxmPhS79LUN3ISlWRqwvzkhuDsZvveEceON1IebYs\/Xj7Cw0WZ+qt0QNdpjRl9m7uIWl8xUU5x852W3VO\/m0VlNB3cB5hsKknqytGcJj61dV7R3kaQvyYrQDd0WedKX10ZW0V\/qSlgnXld0hqPS7glR+j9uNZLESwl\/6yY\/7Q2mL1v1upkvm4SSrsLCO1i\/TuRKdX6b1rNykQgYXSjdSnomNLNUl7L3C4D4rCuev0JsZoTf1On1C6E2zJaaG3iB3CAQsNU\/KEn8eyuVlzzFzizmDXXWo3+mZ\/oqzkWbHsceQOSr9sqmzWgYAewQK6Lyr4ruSH2KvdplGXe8Cf2xNrRQQUg38LiQmk6ImfqqdGA3668+3KZIPdvQ83RZzPKrgfhg\/8+181yMlZ5wbHyLANb4eFKCWCZmbrptGs4i0mNkFps2oOO37VFf24oyr7ZBLFDX2kxJy\/+hawOT1Ng3sHL+r+fxKLbSzL6ACF5\/Usagz8EmWE\/NPSlPd9PNr7QQ4mNlGlt19amuL5rSR1E58lBuZ7uGXh24T9SBs+jLuCaSLvyKK8K27o\/\/Lti37QYFduQ2DQi\/T\/zALCg30ZxWjJKSZ0iNpbSno92b6tWuy3A1cVZnESi4AO+\/yrjveTytZUFvtYdpD2n1Q4Ow5h2kBZnS\/ny9ZoU94LYXHaTCofC1djrxsNhbpyvM\/tQn7rko3dD7SHcrq9s3jnEoEb2pnSobn8SM4ZstlaFCZ8P6IKvJ483bjFPFsw7PK2OQkoEsxo1TzJ8ds5AkJxCIEYa\/Z2t80d5bAO2W3FHlwU6LZE+lMIupgJb4stjsq8ajdkXaUtsSoimR1NtAInL881JLEcnlHmepPWR7\/gSAyOhqoLXAtltKizQd5VhTLpTlFFg1Q5vE7hnwX3LaGNQDuSrWlm5AtqYAXkKOQwprsNLCe0y9G0pZWJ1AVEx4tk0NOaEki5GFs0xpi+FD91yjiEKqkTGpbqlFS91GcFyUy3CThTaazMic5RJyLILvARYIFGgU14xLjjIQjoCjCHOzUZkitv8R4dfaExdGVXwlvU7JvsRq0cS9N3mvqiC8jjAqMiRhtAz6hmJ+VZXaWq6knD4VEuMsvtLc8LhFROGfocDbdyZNDp1lXVMzYU279GZH01BCRE3PPagk5aob0y51ks89kIPP\/ZJhTVyWGrz0koi+S3ENJcGQS06tNaH5hAyi3YjX3L9+Wom87AiY4zEFpEM7aOQ5DFWFLeqpED3+8AAtHj4ZZOYYh5ffCtgGYotkzKdWcomwMs5JmE2OYo0CMj67IwPlN0IzudPv3tNFJmODagLUe7cHO1slxtpO42Vxu7qM3JO+bJNueCAEQa46rUMwnZG7\/rgbUMYGXHkqltpbnIlbrGLIzzZa4SUWuYlZuxn2LNalO9ZhG\/ZDmq1+aH8It1fp1GUzMJIflye6E9MBHKEIPHVnEHQ5JYrqhJMvKsWaSTt7BVbWT3CN6WMhrNS6EWLa8CsuJs2F1t1nd2aIZnUNJ48IbBWxQAQi0PMUps+rICW4WK0qGImeyFZSxU8zyVdNIXyV4VKvWoohSiIgoylA216mNpDnrXdWxlb1h3f6Aa7nNqan2GsLtJ4r3BdxKiPKl1860vLTfk6pUBTHhmo\/yt8IexQxF\/UVb2ygClM16yOg\/GjnZGYeHJSYXoWxM3dR0JICDs1L1c13Cd2lMqlO19Zp7+FAdRnr73LAyxe6VzGnyRvvpqJ9e3Jzf76tirZZIHlsft+7Uvop+khPXHwWy8Rd9f4qP70qVNx7tsy5Y5Do9PpcCDzIjBVBkHxKMgS1y0RIJhupY+55EznyuI9WI9IlJiGtPyEUyOje8KZorukOeUoda64wiUCTfLJ6HhU6rQobkGnzonqCYupqYskC2ZhFSaTxghOzithXxjRjjs6X9TTOscYwESbDwZOtMn1azIZEkvhODiNoUD6oKslPOQqiVeHqodmCeiFEjBS0DtVKDosyAVsGb+WtVX2VXzCKj\/LjA25zJ6qm37nULVKM6cIxzIzsJ3XkhpgGciFAuDuLwdc9+PelrF8O9SMzJa7WNXSa3CrUDc\/sEnaIrpE3UDchx3\/90fQrN9rRLbR4UCYZqLAN3+XGoJ8q+36174GgSP6HyxolNsqmn+yapvr8cx7GmOY6lQqm0n4UwqsPEhFnF+YfIClycPz8rsHzosqzAtT+LXlFxvQZk0WvIEr2VnXXRgXvhDL7FeXYG3xrpV1fFqlV6QVdVk+mq4UK6quZgVg5tJoN8vQUmZ7OXgPoYiGXBmDcK8Bn\/PhOSIT+k89n4TV3JjF6D73E57U1aSab2ZpBkBZypXyO23vh8hnkRv8JvlHo1it9h2IKWNepRl0L3lsOnvb7x+Gnh62kwNHVykBk\/Bgl0IOlnHybbZPWGtHWCDdjT3gLVL7zyHbw1NpPTSIDTG6ivLoqZqfmUldimlF1sGGoLMfLYvVmzTJfxF5i3enUnkVZCr5WXqyXnGB14ksi7WsCVbKNQ2Ty7oAgEswdGD5UBFPyPJwJOwBzUc5w+echKrmNzCT63moEhNxSAFSpnkeLbbRwVEHQEQ2ShM697h\/1Fvecq+dzn7bO6sQ7o0Im1dRxaEWEFJc5ZRls81IENWuvvsqxllmlPaAmefRiGMPxGDg53rFZUaVRUrIywoERL4G7pHR++njSDeO6t9A3CglXd+RN6NiqyX0FekjbMcgmTwWSRik5BlVtMCd3vpMFYpd1qqyvVhd4opJkh9lPR9SJAQfoaowiPgGbpNqOew5UcKsVZE6wUvaHgbdm8G4fNZqOoFa+1XZXFmngcy4zYEudzbAuVXV\/VD9xt5HbdRtS9b6IbH134WDuOkqcq6ao75+drvemwEKC32W5WszQ3ne0xCWIkCZBntsAn6rEVkix28S18Jh5rM7dKPNcNfrjUoXour4UMQqN2JnFOlOYeRHtzawt700X8Fr05vXpbog9z00v2jYi18fC+9Us2oD2P14EMVFfA5CvrgbYEL41qR0e3ykzQWiFWd50bBtEfJeW0PLPNlcyn\/VxyxftBXHVXnYWRHEqkzrhVF+ZuN6++xohCiyo4i1e\/YEOfS3wT9aCCMydvarLx7v5ToMTzMqF2NYE4QhmVwviHcjmvg3gJhAunPui\/VG1TEKAnY0HJxc+6+Z+0X+rWKeS4WYhi\/ISS7ydQIadTE8yru1tsOaEH8zVALestW1fXlK4gDtemJP++xGKY7My+IDEEP72nsaORcY7fn+JUK\/Kjr0tZXM0zf9Kp\/b+a243ktetoES+Cmp3G6bcYBI8JSdzkeyYOk0HhY3W7774lfWiF6lrzhqtexFGoW0KQUBS7i3\/n6RJdLjf1N9sW8+x34EbXd2MWMUEUqPCGZyF7hy86BwiBAHKOUS2caBzbsiAHJr3dhX1TFVE3OJ6UDk+KBe\/rfQKacPwlR91c2IxnCLPsRIHIabHXa2wK6VUwCN+blCjcvfo\/nyxz\/dPqjheVfOfj2xyPBElBJu9X3+6BO9kKWm0A4iXIdYCv1OU9G5bSTc1AmZ0Py9xx1XR+b68EUe9y30YJCabZ+vu2h9Ok3KM1aSquYavjgNXLVMHdKq5JWdA553DAa6UEHczQvBCeLouLcd+0K9WQ50acVNWQzymVKH0+drJ6J66JNFO7iB6pGBo50ZGPnptjduuXTwScvR8kbao7iIM+NQKYnZ4anWJEfMfkJkZirOHxBddiHsSalMjVhGbaaZMbr2TpC0dH4c1suzEEIAOiXrsCzLMC9Jjo2GuWobVmF+l1V2KsAkuZe0SJGeqxvmHQBgdT1XG8p2JRzlO5pnsqrm0vU6MeRpl\/6bn5AVAw+uYZc16D4e32MGPgrro35tyeyrnv1W1KenOF4GUaBmAChmk3MvKE8AccTU\/EgvGG+Ut2MfybuJaK6b44lDhnLi5BPRYMAKeQEegeWHF0XxRiOf0jTor7CnUReWooo0oHZ8DGc6sFB\/tzud9LdpHdvlN26iVr0c95fnVSLUujml8yDi\/8NmpFFksHJ7RP0pXROqvuzGVKZ\/\/S6xyzlalyaZONK6h4mgDcIXwZCRycSQsJn5j6fbR\/juLcNhGgkrlQCjdra8OW3j4mTpKxmtm6U0yTXPv94stkOss2slDEJao0ha8wn5TGY4ijQbz4tGwRAozPUjjTfYxtG30qv1IFPMCdvRBLjcLkZuD9x2kou3tG5xpspQ\/bliY6tJS8oHCHqgySnagz7K7ddi3xIrmzcH8oM45IBOS2J0GDxPXaMZdZ\/\/6Yi3o9l2iJOFDzLs9L1IwtO32XpUtfln1JygRgEolvhkc7lf2kGRrvUvaJuS7Hu69yriJ8DkDB+wOJ7B35A7HmKk7w6zVoQE8eQdo3ti5qq9DMAhXP3AZIxuSdSHRSgHOMYY6N2iyUGwnvYSJzK2GGXCnuVMd8J99wmr72O1N38Ysc5tZWbhrsfLRPn9yfffoz4+fHTOpMMWyAQBmnmyz6cbPQPc7Z9DlYMsom3JOOsSPpIHNtF2UOy+A0A3ilfxDG8dbRjUEauFAPJmk3ppj76kjSWTBWfTpMBOHFenQgF0y5fwCzEUSvzQXObHtXLZ2Ato+9ReZc6naAyeWbTj0P0yM4wvDbikhO1MRRWWwX6AcBTOqhz87AkgweXqkH\/FpgVnAkF41j2yyteZjrJzsw\/v0JFE8NFgJGB9UbrM4VG165ui1iy16Et1pq\/BgOt+qyvWSlTZZ6uXF3ybTUy5gtrvltFP6n64r4n566Q0tUdJh6bp2BqtOskwPNtQLXsnHzyNZxjygGooVkp594zi2f2FsNrQ5TaNE\/a5lA2VF7RR5+d2frMmOw49Rb+BCZ9zCFUv2Z1paKCZPG4JqHLDheYVCUoIwDiSdoj5gokwiloiN385hslMZevowCIMphSZlEVVpm9LPLyrHCItQKdJIaGqZhownrOQlV9PUivvaDm3Xx2cA6VLnP33qJ+juvB0WgQCSfaDOiAcdIr4xrNi8I5tnbbPdzZekzz94WEwAEpsdbSItLsVRSDwDR29\/ErtdLHYoamnIKlMBQ3b3wnEu5LFFnENsizO1SC4NGQH7Lvzwk8BWiVD+iPceb32DFfWLvwt+vMSzpW71fDbqIFvgzuz8XJUPuC64yd4sFTd6TaVUfFjudSiiIfOs6h6FCXOvL7BqcsP+Negb01xi+FdqveZbALw8l8B++Ea8fQhnmuf3QHBcml+QSwjJxd4ZdLm+TgvUbw4HhCcIfvzxcEpA+fONQpiQu4oJmVKHRBKQ4QS0LFjwImcSnx2HV+f1gUEth3Td9l8OjzhN067o7scoU5hjJiZxbCauXA+8196K2cryZtiNokQCYnuPkYy\/1lGcTbpOvOVpphdy2Fx+g+zJGOdbnBYBcgixPYS5m2uzQjDZOTHLXJtbjmxqcNbhPx3eZSMSdHbblHe6c98GuHe6ake2C1F4jhjN6qu2x47lTyt2LWloF+fiVDrxCY8mrzAyAL5\/4D0x66sXO3qfDa6JOseZAk4s2kvnidIGkd6tjrBFpe6v4nIFcVWJuWZVMBN+VFoAVlMbMzFDGPS7xopijoTcPkmSGqLSjTcw5UZCB9OPtBHNKI1Q72KIdQ302sjxGq1inN21+w4cOI+vtbQ5vv8G6ULrxkuomwPcPcrh9gT0rTR5oWIGWP3521yqNPofxuZVgns2t0sunrLyxXaWmnOvis3eYYA00LultclTaJdWCOA9QGE3nJdsx1Y2rOj8KV6l5VBedwstCW1e6cbkesp24IHBso1JnkR6J\/aauBrbTKFqhKkG79rcsxhqZaxrOdMu7pMTgW82yAgFPn+PCOMVlvT4jN5EKc4WbwEKbbBMITczJhXZJuWPkKCR4zN4uauk97b5gGyZadsjoq8QLHRQTJ6pNwSLZ8i7SBCyM80mbYbK2Jdidxl12+NPZCNI3LeZFDwG4lktB0ptHm7bbUe9p1tY8V54fi5sXm4FMA3UgUiOwrI9\/+\/JQlNnFaFJlFA\/fBlpQzyRxiuv8EX5afzo32SVSWH\/6rckz8cep\/vSS1Z\/K0w+be6J1i65Dke8V6yK4ayFjLXpNx0EtHX4zLkaO3Jmvb8OBJwsAJo8309HYxJRWb9VhvhPsApSvRZ8zs\/YLy9z+rNmrZdHdJIjqA95LBL\/Txf1T1ffgBlP45SFBqroHGkdtVDzfj7zGROHEGvhmrLKipov0KQV5nr19ayQs+sJFMdES0cPpFyvlcolSKAjx\/etAW5iQv4ytar8HUQnzWyMsPzz0JqugqFntbsUjPlB35EzutkO5\/FWSkblxfmisr0MWd2d1WCLDLAov1ZqIfo5xzLM3AzOP5rQKv\/q0RX0nddw1u0TriU021ywHqSBrWTQAYqv\/rP6k78YlQP6AX\/1rWWZpVXCOxwadd1TwfutQT1HUEDsaou91AmVcwHxh8yuPGtO4fv98K4I8SxIf5HV3ylOcHtrSfuqu7uv6cxvV3DRyq5qmx817Xy7SEGLDgpfbHeo9Xc\/+rVegGEpXTpB+ZvShsgbM80S+QKMEfiFuCwUqWtUhW+gpcl76boQQXtDBQZaT+nYrswsXMeNnZZmdlYCvm7oHhHFG9PZBAdGJbDH5mW7gjmFw4mqtSUGnpH0CcY6qWynPx4lD6+qwXRGcLp6vYOyva9MURZJny4bnnhzz85G\/mqEg4K8R6pBmrkeBhCl3AjDMlzus7SCTE8Igy6vcj9c0hHg1+Z+6CGm9+g2BwO811TTAVRIdxjTaQY+3inlfAquLrlURpav1KahYuDmwXe3peLktuEGNd7kfoFOfJOpkLdlskcvE+1qOou7LTvgkpPEJyifikWGuZpiAEngzjARWq9Tk\/YyrAskyqidhGTxxFKadhy1Ca6lifSj6caEAmInqwQRqP+vjH93vfRhlOVR6hYhYcvZzfDf3mIt+Otn6ydEvepbo10RPYj1M9LDUw1CPYpiEBSx1EpW0kuI3KreH21lNhdFJoFZ369aGaE1OIp5AbZaiuh0WkQ10oMfp5VrqVRKPOrXrryXwsaD7bTWWhDancQ7JTKA0ZdIYJLT1quvL6GiDBBrQH72zjWMy\/tnT+EdhAhQ6Eb7cBi3TmOsaPQetAhs2auuoUVvDov4UNgrsuKw\/XZpPaVKrrcmsVhNG5oJ0XNRHtwwdzwE+mx48qywje+O2m3N8HQL+IUY2YeXfZ1twHjwswcIkUCFpMppZFAEosIyCemJnBieFHpSgvBbzbIONgDKKnW3szTN7jo6QAK5QoaI0voHqGLkjBech7LkBt6o5XBEeeRUUhpVYXx6KFFyKU1Yif9p6GPgWC0FxgqHCdsjvCKQ5b9Sn7G3wyqh4ZkYTPQH5gLSmZcm4tH4kY\/YTUiAaUVzqFYeJk8JhLnM1GYOh6kkSj+sJ9oJlGdyBs0vwzv70CO76XPAUhKPE7nopyntKBdqBJ\/aSgAAKqReZtHnc\/icF7JBRmi1xqBT3xI0iNrJUl8xHLX94Dab2rFvfYHRiY0i9wzJc7N5BIX+SncO\/Q7uBfCaUTAJRxtQhIP4ZbLpxTG5D8uMskoduGsW7eRr2fNXWbTQW3AisW49NpsXsD\/Net\/KgHD6MYM8wMJOcAqvZrBEel4AzrarUsCDHIdNt+QuZ1VgSkmN0sMpzhwiKJ9wnbAnfBycYvMBwtRo8F\/PYlN62CSPzdpvgrYqqTm8TQ4USaCQEiYi9MIKTmNvCGZ\/bosPzenyqUzQbknzo3Qd0mRO5yGGsJs0dclc3iuAEz3CvYa8RLQT5y\/jZCUEJlUUgherLyXTVWqnJVAqcQJmO71VXtIF0S4moW94Q6vmPs9vWzW4bk7pk3u3ulyn6T+zf+MkxmVXfqmjW\/DJFmKrcFeHxV4SnWOfCdxmqMYwL4CcwlF8V9a9DMO6jmcZm7ao3VIjnUXpUlGpoDh0PMjKpln0U5w2IeXNEQF5W\/5aeD\/IYTMPuh6Z1hgJUZ\/qCmhroSdcjUuOXYV2mTbpCwoFRKQTYh4SdOUVSYcF9R9uvNOyh9+QgjAjdMV\/fdAf7yo5v+AzitLdhCmqrw0VqfGOvygIon5ln1PWECbLhw\/INwnRERpU7Rm2ijXjK3tLbqMCGCRpkLgleA+sNigsM0CEv42yv2drfNEsSPD6kj2GcMKebH0k3ic7ynIXwy8MxyXx0CGuqfMyBf2ABBy4gNT4Um1jAkGUoWbJwqxqZLj70QpJFYBqkNj6mF\/XqD9cCbVhs9quWsPaRon9Rsi2inlT0FUgi3tRCtKnqjjkoe4MTpx6\/uoFEEgfPC1iUyGgrtPDC1IuEyJVC5Jw1R9FwfvmKxV+s04xLYnsDSba6vcKgzHIDRlG9+kYRgATxmaR9lUYq3\/wTuMAvD3mcHh++fSUBbx2td64kmR2xc0rd0aoGq2boFIV1a6pVEg63azL74zdV2kEBgxh+id0xypbLpqZP6\/Kie0B5vKjKMTXywZyX98OSJwEZHXujaPvOfXeErRAzO4gNIpikZ8QhYOrow6TozaYrxZaazhIkssaw7yryDY3KBuqKQrc2LFeWhsOxzUmZUald84mKZYf3hkWrJ9EkiFbVDpiF8XP+R5ade+P3pIAozFz2JeGwV0N5j9W6SgnN3YF9aD4SoMgzl+Od24w0K+F0QHB7CBDclnhCMDDg2s+s5GJoOLJuBNLFD6NYo7a+4jJVlw76+OUhyUCI7x0RnlGAyq\/meY0jnsX5R+UCdVkrcOT7MM6f8jJZDfaVaka5FUnFMM+z\/OGbGBcmxoKtVQ5FHMKxegDWw4CVKHkZk86exi7BYhDmSMeOMxYO+ocQ7UGrJ+hyfnBm6AcGNZLKItLptgwKAmbQ0lI16uC7ip\/iMECPuCrLtV8mfC5j3oPEUfTlmxnohzqVdGQuFJgCwdlFoZF8nPJwF5yG\/INUGtXCcrm9iaoLb3dejSIPxtu9hBwNwmmhOEj+VAn7rDvSRsH177WYRqTlji8s6ZYGck\/IL036WZGuBQDikbAQF+WNT4z2CnMS6mf48AReY7QsiLaDOBVHp9D386X8uI24Fe5kmkV78AaQiHlFjEsX4tyo845I4KBDoCTRITd7KLuHsh59dBbPycovNFO1t4fM9VPpaMW+3UWo55g8UB8Xtp6iKsebtOp4KaPIonIknq5zecfxW5PVNSx33NNhoWljdttkyj\/bEBCXgt\/QkDers74376EQXVDcBCcld4qTkpLK6SZEBS9EQxsP+cpBvsy0V5jH0QeSxzqDaLUwK0sld\/k3Ckb\/MOxzcRiyE5Cy9qKr9q9KjyRqWkpvOr6mHMVoqRF0dbkNNdIgiwzLDv33ksn6HfPOOiPUFF2Hd61CCdCYDH98eJvZHdN2WDjaJ8npIIph6IEur7QR8pv6mSWJ9wb9yedwHI1sziullkA+r704Fsw+Vetl6D3fAQMvVbGYh3sfYMyY8zjvGJNNmuRnvdupzqkCRHQV4bCMyCGGBppKIa4kgGjZzcC4z4x2ElI4gufaXVghOLVUebZxRxaEjsn+ur3yT5QrQF1xzrqMEKDo5NTn77qA2wzr3YMwSC1FK1Cvncfqt\/NYqwnTwhh0pNkvRdf5Lacl81RPYBLfOhNiWBP5FF2RE9An3YBy6rUw3CqCbhBQUA8NYKpSapkKXvAdl9DmiSh+h6EEXc+23I27dTzXEzQQr2+8L9PriS8JX08deTWkaD0qyqNFNPfsfOzRv4sghzC9jRnteOSW6KLmzI9PLpJFpjuvN61iV\/NOCYiPlMRY9Qtk\/qOaRynuPjlgeeQcwexmGDD7C71mNnoNzEaj16BHFdFryCsLoNfArAu9ZhZITVvtPJAamM1DlWn7waPKTIeTaY7HHDgZmN0FTmaSzXd8l0dj0MBsPAYNmorxjypg0MAMKeuXBaGB2dIgNGRaqxkjk1H1\/F4oNLhF1mTZ7unxdfyZKDR4gs4Km3FxFJpqKw5huZj\/0ZBcqnHfA8lFWjWSIJMEhg\/f9Bm1wKJE0gGqhu+hivIcnc7PA3Qhrf0IgC5VT\/4CdFkU0AXN6p8A6ELxL38GoAvM\/grj\/pPDuMkSLGnfr2r89xEdjZiHedHRpIZmL0+MjmZr+ZOjo7nO\/IDR0WwPf\/ToaNTLPyU6GmbK0dFEuSh1M57sRASzSXHTY7Njfl4sdDWQSjMKgvLLQw4LiHhd6Y5Gc6mwo7siodnlk\/EDrDWlvdtzfav9TXNWf1bgdD0q2gJUlCB4ES1AHjIBmbII6gMdYq3YcBXYjL47IZcDqi9U7F6B0DAzogSUg+m1cRv1uIM8KwqEez++kU+OhkMtqkXDmZph2eZPs5BOh9n75WPfbFkmiFnsl0owF8yGg7nsTw3m+g8exVWvz90DmGCGkoP7cBDuUTXYZ7QTM39FrD2lWRoXffWDBV5hPjL48QMSSD+\/YjXBEt5Banr2YZRQhWvis+IgKo3\/8HFh13CxgeIgiA53\/HsFIqj1jtC0LO2XmCiWcMjNfoLlgHKz7+zVkIf9FINF8TYp0E9QNNmToU9wJyo41E4HhAnIqLRKb2rH4nLy7HC5BxVjFYfiDcYPIQfnDjRgarLHs5hqDWs+6yIjLKOScVjBtlXceF51pLp6CoU7czcRmy0ZpR77hWUV1cgTvu0KXf2dCAVS361ruHZ+lhcyAaC6W07zWnx5QCXIUqXsEyKpK8jSAqZlWxmVT\/Z\/2d7fm5r2oNbXPYk0nOaNYWSXcRoxkffS1sFppL6o3\/5GJf8duVEO94DBw2QjPcJbv57Bdj+F+mcXLbuW+F7i3CWk4VTTMJ0RK0gr3rl4xYVXTaFTx4nB7s5ihsDkyFhXx1\/ASk3Eam6Pd7krUTcq4zwiJBTLN8dxIDlq\/lQIdHQS7x42VjXyHypsrBrTjxg2hvyT\/OStkTqNd1XNfOknt9ZWlIBLgbRi1ad73Qiln2gBuKDfbzSNZfwjOrV8i3F5qBvIOa086WW4uo3W9inZXw7iAF9hXsYBSOrSMruodboMacsld0sNpv9VUtu9ivp88f4SNMcud9jsEflzhXPgblXOwb\/3CMXakrpg0Fitu\/xBIxRFlVkdUb1EdGLteryMSnFOwGHr4Lbs2i4Vy6ZgyVSIZeM4AV3xrtUnHfxPCcxCUQlLBWY9p+8nI4qPsigEKm\/8qJzxcyxMCr1lHfoxXzcA8t4tvO6xrtPist0QmawhPllZZudRM6AwChQcNWgJF68k1+QECEJPm8E0Sv8pEBFVvzR0M9KIH1angCpDu1XMLt42+VxeeuFzp1QpoohM6tj5xrHuoqF6wZ7jgAX0JdHJf2zyXxAE5AMS28gnhOHRfmqf8EEakk\/F7yt1iA\/S+PhnUeO3LlT2+ng0lmgO4lylT\/ZgK3OqR\/PagY1NdjVfd\/0dvQjyHJ1lR3MUWkQLpjbN6BWhj7gioXfPa4WeoB2jMnaVUZ6yRJIOoPEu6EcjnzWqMCsHcP3VKsOzz1ZI5l7liP9+UxyxrVR7Zx8PI7eNSnMvaRa8jFlcRerjZ++60tPk8KrssuXJU9MNkSy4SgcGVSSuYu9wFiEB+W2RG90H+RIHJQAXmcqLVtVjDEOT4VrtqqRaXuwnN4Z7HVBCL2Xdw2c0DwT+Sgi\/7kFUU2exPjt1txRnoSO+XyW4nwgrzGKrSDpFlmQ3gatee+OF6boLzYbe88H6oyqq3Jwt6+PfkKMzCFHIBl73kRF4fRVo2Bu3eD3qiJv8WQ+yEOqXHOovfqgX4HzRK7eTG6Oq++8wD0EK9Ie\/L1\/itMhS7f\/4uMA8gUckQzzo\/wpO2Rnof5\/HINFRsIxRINg87X+Lz5csL0Faqg89\/CgS+B6DyUPnKpg49If\/6wLT\/0yqCh70eiYWHWpNXzDqHubxL3oS62Goh6Vehnp50vH5+\/2alVCP4mOlodZPlv7\/t3ftPY7bSP6rCB4sMM5JHVltezz2zWCTSTa7l8sDSQ53i7neA23RtrplySvJPd0x8rnu\/\/tkhyIpiZQoWyXR3R0gGex2tx6sIkWyivX4FUcN2I7t7cTeTkGxd0LqU\/YLfaTLJP5ks7jkPON+yOveGiGiNmx9NjwCXE++J0Hv2ODbow5TX9pkK4NyitmcNQA8kDZp7qO8mtJdEUnLuIOH7NFw2Ovzqangfb8gqQzv8FhNNef85ys7cdT7tnvlTuiuX5e4XQQiyCvdOTEZyg4OFcM\/tGKAGW6d6c8Ob8cAQ4lmanbghzXTi51tsNmyAsbcFpwKnmq8DJshNcrJxLQKCWYGVsmOJHfKGqnhboxbSskGvsMgugO2yeU4BLPdCQhXM+PPAExg+NkvtrGW6pgo1+aHx9AYsLRVMQWJLVBfCrSXJA7puwG\/OrjJ\/87IcnAzFPmwyhTgYQjmOtmqZ0e10fmr9donLe2DqgpCkjtmek5ICvlqamzv\/JXL\/ltUTnCV6+ppZJ5sluS1N5nY+f\/cq8lkuKjZCoBr+G+hOZGo9wTWlOhlpTJ665roFeENU+FEz2X6cs+V67qeuzb7dzXVdlkeuGqX5Xt5l+HKaqUrBo\/vc5rFe6fwtcDi\/cw20QgqCvF8YxyzquITkldN1X8k36slDLAwwX4bh0+dYEc2hdwKdht7H6yyQ0Lt+8CnUJQStr8gZDU2+XnTIM2PLOLps3eD0hPFbyrB+fxSbURaES8Ri0pMohKnqMQu0uEUJYf8t6x8zhfYRbnaodUth8ft435L82DOooZrfpVd5H+AzzcMdgHEbZAknVvT1sbqi\/VNUl+knuxIdCBhFeJ+mVBy53yKE5\/LeHGVhCRa0efthhCA2baQgUKrb+xCZ34VPoZ5\/JB8EITf74LVHU24Xqo\/X7hX7rglllXBAqP2T0XJZT9SFubsjr4e8J8fxM8vxM\/ZAEEHgpBP0XHdL778b8\/1\/sIb9\/7y36775ZcVyl8NkANcTgPl459nZcB+dmYg\/6ZYOuVQIzuqmb0nvmjZnfxL8p9vBwgdK9yy0KL56GoyWeRXwI0PExHAy9g17kwtrk9zKS6uc+v8vG28Ke8iSYbtvAgf4fEb3EtiupIOJNq+xJ8+dOnFIRkeVWyb+eBvX35n\/RjSB+tnEqXWFwlZgrVLvTywB9\/HWVx55Ge6ian1H38rrICDbyj9lVg\/JvFAMpAtSoq54f5JiYLN\/MkoltN6ppnV44l2Wk\/003pSBCw+RtmWpkFaBBew6J7KPQnik9+6B5yWKHOiw44mwQrU2wicxdFhl3JpKWJkwHAPcqC9DMrXBLMovvqfllOx22vF6uhCDPtasU66EJNeq4vWRRVRsr3zsxy3IH3NrNeF5RrM2PcksUHJZZKd3YZfDlHAfkaHnV1AS8Pdm\/zPw+7G\/rgKSZp+9m7Abg3kC4coUP6ODrvBTdvxeH5GLeRuX86XPwYZO8it5V25Tv4YZOwgq8K7ItW+i6O4Ks4KEXYI2OPMGWsPfv4LPOz8RDeHkCQD+0McpXFIUrt4ph43f4gCYNZZBn4wtwJ4PuuyedWt5NwOKCThTZe1arTNQ0s+1RDCwhypCnZ74rpDNWageLLUC2zQC4YdBnNpc0UBjph+iasd0g2N\/C4jaa7BQxsOT4+heBOGsMPYnLaPdBgbcw0e2nB4bJw1oF7ao6tZl1G52pLUKV1Quf5nF4Yw2T0lbsKGpLkt3WUX3g2KK50VtZfN4eFZxrCei4bQ0H\/ddjgk\/rqtHxK\/pw+H1PoREN5+\/lCTM\/VLA3vwYxBt\/kKiDb\/71yAhmyASZ6tvvhzYg+8CAFqL15n1d\/JXGiiHrw\/\/9i1\/7+f4kKyo9VcSlaROHy1fPqtcdL9oPstj7BvdMRZpnLncKZbjvoMBFRZHEqwykdp4yOIi9izZkRC3aLpsD9JrFzj8Qet\/qMxYlVndytqozLAYXoC6LD63ITV02lYNHXZ1oqhsG1D7pki1T1DuqVS96ULz96QQ3HYxTN+Sc1bjf\/tRI60U+ST\/\/S25O1jfxNk2WIER9fuBPfh7fmFgf0eD5DGuSi6ggDEpPyNHOnvz87DTRYo\/hy26tRRfgIU6f5JV29hvE6jJ09Olmk\/zLnJfeu0Ccv\/2D3tkB7mv7lht5D4snxcg92\/Js5ifdHK\/aa116M4zmIFuydPrA7fkd6cP3MUd9IG7+Jw+8O1PGnH3xX4fUuvnr3LJ9j2FZfgdCTeHqBBuFakGDWHE\/uUJ66T7Ran+joW4vIPcUbp3SBgaEdV3cSdRLb12AVENrf8hqrGiWt1M2ohqWCQvQFSLz\/0SRHUHtp9BJAvKTyqSBc3fk0jeBh1E8jY4J5K\/ovckIhuSBCejnpTHvo23QRTHiXr1+wCOYoRFRGFk8xNyoBPST0NektaTFx0AhpuRXaSt9NoFpC20\/oe0xUpbdZ9oI23lmf8CpK747C87PkMw+QwyVlDuK2NbdpfTXEYdBNYy0jiZi034SxptSKjbqIsd+UsSbUKCEkcXal+4c4033k2UjPWiZPwyRMky6iRKpNcuIEqg9T9ECVaUqCtYL0o0i+IFyBDxvQ3JkPFlZIhg0oAMGSNliKD8RDKEJ6tBbnd1rrLJmU9b+Et0t7YVZWQJs4ftReh9iafq+XylhFlSkoT5dTM89pluHLPRIUmegrfa0nv2ix9IlHYBVLi7sa\/CwwoSVNnzHGWicg0QNYpL0FgSR5UH86vKo7v4nmobPOz55WFRGeqYrgjs\/c6oLcxZnrrLUnYFlk6RxxusE7Lj3zaMN7H0ReOy3zuyD4NlQjehsyN79vA62MDrfNBIkrHfdmRfZxSx3cP3AGheKOroQIZvQtes4fx38nGb0PU\/3g1eraOEruFMX5CrVjfiAK3Y0RL9T5y7IBPJ8Rwb19n5cwARlS89pPNxfonjAjtrkmbzkefuUn6ZkpRhY0Oquz9fHZbBylnSXwOavHavPJYyPxIJ86sk4BDvECE255nvu+DhdRBZabJZlqAK+YNDa+T9yWaSdU8SVuWE3f\/ngUTZYdcH5UoMAP9jG6f5rxkk4vNxCfJc\/SqZhXyXd6byCLtYPNfUwLLpxqrphlCmGu7GUXlH4BI4QXTXYViszzhUkwIBMmQ56X4S7511EGYAwMz0szy7u3qX3eRQCKKcW+uVUjCzPyzP16k7B6J\/AvsfdF4VZW+qQdlrjVeY7Kv4yT15b0\/YIrWijfnsqIDPOOD6uYtomnJAPXa7wKMpIEvaF01l1JvgYrw6yiGHqKmwaa8OCSzxD9CJ4VCLolPB8vZwHF5Fa+cQQAH5Yw2OBwMEqrbFp6rQCd4NxLob3NS+BnpFniNVzBINsU5IzyepbWCTbKLUZcIyFwKv9sjw5+ZWgW3+sCgKRgjA8fxvb+bKNbE4vISEks4qEPxZ1BKliQXEXkNlhwLZcYZAdsyZlAhcM3DHExQ4i31IAJz6b4hx1ONo5uzsHxbFTqYgyhej6DSiakIRgFX22mXw864eUzPH4ncRHAfHnLupzB78IRWpKgHCC1xZeY+oo8rmV2DfWIF7iu278tXbGDrMLiPYhbPg8VwBmcUlzgaM\/JYmcTk\/xjMGJTt2MZsfa8MBtFoddi2b06emtOuNcVO6JHe2usfVBLA1NKWWoR61WiWhvSdLN3DTMR+4GW510UeaxNXqsfB\/wgXKFkFjuTb4WCNP2bL4JiUvRCj4Ilu80NxZYWD9ixUGmkKP\/\/e\/g7w6USKWWWPdIRyCb0mdHE80t+gpawsiAqPNkKRzkkNIq8qamO+s7mK+K7n1qhwyiLNGvcEVJ84nqnW1F+uGl9WRpd5stZWwi02NQEnMCWVy3rh1iSloBiAm5denrsQtTHUGfC2r2DOdim1OE3bIit07s2bz9VnyyndWjCBbk1WWtqtqmtA9JdlrFsi4DjJb7HgjgHlmu96wYOS6I1o4lvH3fnCvwlZz6HKOVn7BUjM5A5afHeXVNUbJNNGEL5UJqpYRNLVUWB0KLHb7RccPONIK9JOzz7MVQTs0qiqXLJ1mYlxloku31bnLthk2d\/mG06VFtgHvKEQO6sv7cWnuWlPDE6voz3wdJHkBQ5mbhnM9lgwYHas9a1XLEq0XMHIwo3UVvAoxehnaKV1VlWX0PmpUF1YY4krob7j+8Opicn0CT1YIQKOcoXbOvE02yVK64lYhoXaIGha5DDI10wua+zqNqv3NnCqQ7sMge5ozDyfVppqh7rSDPZYk8adUu7pqp4kLahHAxHu5dvUpEQTnOW3Pxdat1vi7tP4BrDtBUSKRDc51vimdPeafq+Aqjj7nTQJYjrMGZWeqq\/5m7KjEKDcd84oCUX0PejmZhoNegzVbglLH0nrgq5XP0LnlLZCKZKcdiVHeNVEeyzuioWmIYG5FwzB1PBv7xjX6jXG7uq8ndujpGGlnfQGda1LDzUoiwfYZJq6rTJjuZR89Hyio6j3yZWuL\/WzWdnxUFf0Znur++BR7CCN1\/rgy4sYXkwdhoOwcjs+4PfHSxu1MO6rpVatuGmSOJH6qUzWZcO6726FP45wdk\/vQyHU7sCBc+e8G14Mb7I6EHP3uGwZJfGt7fawsnBm+kb1iz5pVTrljdINlfMq7QZYcWGEArvQaW9HbYN\/KVDrVLSUzXow0qwU3MT4a3SpTrKYOLk492PzZ6BGN07Nt15gr3Y8zEVoUR\/TdgLtq79USD3KYgLg\/7EMkiNZxEwG416vxFTnA003ti9u9SHBdv4kC0v6lIxDRQ5aQsIlCR3fYP8MjelYaEj7syKRZxX6QcPvO3OLb7QIXcXHNAi5IuqerzGEnrrnljVzrc8t7+6Zc\/sx34jEDbBmo0+bMXhS4rcT2FM8XwYnDxliqovyssT0RRhNsApURFZmWTuFeZbuCs6TZJ0ojIe093CbPSJ1wRl57dRcVcyAb90JyVu6qGmy\/LXbk0V0tQeKw39NkBbg5Bme\/ZBsZabyO12OdiaTihnQntS447pV73SQmCttHBVSARI+ftjSh6D6UNr3RWKOtakoAj016TjkTqoZdKrKlBsBnnRx8JcyL48rENGu0K9mDlRfhNltXrwJ4Td9W2PB6fVkisQ2VBqtrXGsya7EVdqPODWuywDCsS0KVPFkMlVOn4v9h1m6jZw1BuuGA4TG\/S0OQEcrsToKw7B9Tc812Q2mfT5IyuC\/NgtXd44KvrDI8KqXhWkRHMdGtlp513fut5TA5MpTC\/NTIySLkgJdZg1rpog\/ZNogQA5TFK2dXGSHc6xUjDAvGaeHegHQT0\/tNFq+sMCgFIvJV0s4xct3sGCk7Ds\/AgExVq4boNgvhbBgIKX3inCy5PitLehv52bi0CeVq1PbYu9ivSD6CF8YR8aPvBntWZM\/u14h6IIdxP72TntEhqsoJctVFRs8eqlzH6bTATXpYFuvGy60pbN83ZDMQRORFJrbLwvkvlsxY8ibOL2b+4xtf0eWxEsJl+CSEZeu9SNusHGd05pUzRxwQbvl+MVZ3ZuG6PyQpjOY+ZiWd6tt11Sp+Ma+l0vP5PM9S8mlGgjBl5XVlXaXD9Ctbv3zuC5a1j\/GeRjfFh7+oL50R1MtvHlSI4x\/0k6OkRbl1NQVl3yR7HkCjaKDerBKUPSsl6GVGqWDkRKQvhN4ucCE48oJahWS3fw2DZF\/ff7JhgXbksAjslZfrG5xlA1rb0Yy0NC7z\/aPo\/PR5PeH7JE5pNeYK+761R2gYquugFiH3pq6uTU0e\/ZnwLFgYu8p5wJGP\/TNk6olXmQCFmUwVQEuSUuigbH0cu5VAt+qweNMWVh1Pa9Txzhl1MH0sfUfCRMf6J3+\/ty0YvdYyOjLJ6FiZZdVJNrmkQI4Ou6Oc3oVZ2NdVxsZNjAn1tWbpQbmjINxbTmmYVeMt3crAmY1aZJG6TfGeWje2ufhZUNhOxprKsXrisIl0twIJ5VytcZVOjA6oH7Y7iqun8JOJPz3jiNH+fD9sNG6xmHc1kgA1NpCGUQZfFqH0rhkPgDt7Ag8AdMLXxcPyc9jI7aTdoUN4zH7whu\/CvRuXVVb5eKrEXVw8Rhg2biM8SaMS8Cs7tcS2Uu9SOxMRDek9QYfvKOFbU80mO0Htcne7lvHZq\/jAqh8nlB32+LsX9KLc7VrHbLP8CY1pclqP2Z51nJRF94NoldAdszlwLrFdqme\/iqZf80dsn66CHQmdkGNiOb\/SJK4YusaGQ8BRfWiM7tYlTBpTy+529XDktie28V5vRerhQjY2mLvTeckYg0QQ+c+eawFMwLrtnyVh4EwHzMhunr7TBB1sxxgIfLMmb703trdrX+XY3JR0VD19qiSJn4E0mhrbPtaRbCNyr97AuVqh5i7uacKBv3JI8sOeJme3BvQIRxbRI\/soVmrUPIOTWCoP80yxSBjyZTAqVmuh3ODLHimwEp3l8Rkf4XkXYf\/thY0H1qFlTBLLPICGid9k9JNQ8dhOUQPixwF+MPrHJK2DjTL3FfAlbotfqDnYHVALFrwCSxClgU\/nFrmPA9+IiAKs0NNhTOJoP8Y27HzakuxJMj2AWJqsGlJmMbOh3TLGp1vfbxoCF1kkaU6QRZuUwSfCU4bB9Hg45iBQZx2oFWAoCUgKQZABGZwjaYgWhPXgdxlOqq+5jyyPKHzE6wbKnab3PQnx+5qOeifoheRYaaoLsEKSWplvY98AkGIr2x6rmtEu8H3UulCby2OGx3+qWctxba7ypiYQDl5asd7i5BZwd785FtsObgs\/RIB46lu5E7sSW4AJ2wsiRZKNvTqMIGa9JkwtUCfPctMhY8Df0KMG5057PNGi2yGJ8RyIT+8GP\/\/y0w\/ffzO4qW9x+EUQxT61VkGyCqlmUHKkU33fClteZSPFkofGnm0r4Wjo3fzc7vlMqgsZnDjXyrGjbfIVxhJDHxuQqwt0MwVt7UxaQ0dzEH2sz\/ySktMfYUem8N0PX3390xe\/fK3SKAE5Ozb7n19\/8W1Tk9Kw5TPHJ+mW+ihVwNdEb59J8R6xsGIOqYJzAjJqVlDVHgtZYSaPyOvEFB\/zOCpjPBuzxEpnhNlY+mwZflJAAHlilhxeWJ7wHoSG3f\/YlC3Do0yx7FVI9illWWTsN30g3yXwT7NlaImyD0fx0+FnxSzeV3ClvPz0LfQpOGx3I8UzTNTJ2bElkYJIH+kSoEQrARidG+UXnOz4ZBEcQD\/bVn2SXg+fZLFs8aefWiwN1vNcnSc1MyXvhqn4YBg7zEGBvZAr9gaHfHi+47CuzNkwlI6gzppjXUCBttzSBUPr2XcrcKCRH7CCH31Oh+u6JllKXOYfMeBUlYmDiqkNZCTB0rKGBEwIMmqJcOxje0lvJFUYy6axAPoy+PF3FEovD4HxSHql8RcVSC9PUB5Pbz1JPD3QZWWstGgyipdHAu3FqRL7RAvOydsby96DXLd8ohUqQ+f1sW+fCZBQYT32CWVH9SafyeKQggyiIV2BMTsMsV9TxYk+CVqEM5B1BabPA8k0U8nwl0Ya\/AJfzf2oHoFqhSrYZy2v0jAM9mmQaotVmHEodthBoWfqHJBNLXm6J6aExrLWFNsj9iFIG\/WD58klrmRoqdYgqH9zOW\/0zFd+SNX1LL96zlvc3agbLEUeacPJu+moYeqbBsuXJa6CZbW6iidXV\/HQtvc9iWjIQvadJUmDtGKEmFYtl6XweLnaXNGvj3z7uOmstxQtnYkaRZrFgnt6lFXDkZKo9lzBiX4I54t5SHJ88mMPWCzRHrmo3RkyvJMuUf9cy5IGXVTccRumoX4+904QQMOb8g5jAf+Q7dcxDfKICjUSmAdzn6l91xdLQHCUSwFTeAGi2Y8JDQEo7AFwyGSTCaujg23vKc10nCDd7bPHc7UTMeIlTQ\/aU793BszlLRYEhVNqynYZuw1wGa6+XhQmmGVLwzUWwlMt7BKGpyq7mAoY3CdBlDlxFD52Fl97kkjZJUW+Zy0BFBfNlStZmHm1Y72pJYt0l6GrEHJ3a0UgtGiLoijjUqMXdivYyKlXbf6n2l7EYNvMHnn0LJ6SpoZDmVA+bZNQ3qun+8biT63oyb2fTTqMc1nwyWpRlfPkLGD8NDG73DT6+HrOlDY9OFXsU2FfZVE+YGAjYDl7fUqdLjdD00TbjgP2M1RLeZ0O4VDChwqsl7MhHKjoXWlZ\/PbnHfUDYr3eJ3RNk9RJqH9YUV\/U5AYZBH8jZKz12ZEd0gMpPlk4j5d0S+4DGFgWFZXT5ps0vnizqnDMX63Zf4vKEa52PU\/hq91gR5f5q\/V4PV5PFoqSV3lWlUzzZLMkr11WkNy9Go2HixPyS334Wjwr62PzVy77b6ExasxfjQj8W1QOXPNXYwL\/FpIJAJ4dr4lop1w4avvSzC46qWAbXk32WR0ZEl9r+z2r+w0zZMh+S+83w84qBoDZ2UgYGRtd5s9GKsY2JrKMzXobb+ezO9iHbeSWZSOtCp01RY2yiQ2HYDWOJT2hkpXTA2OyAvrlYoGGOr0J6D12xxJgo\/E+QxOrYAbZBmCHVBSVbFH5Oi0ZrCmfat5qhgOKUY\/ImUgNIesMDCosMwQHyqIK1Z7tdYD0sXFlVG1ctrCNzhdsITMWcbLfEoZLCY6D+BP8hh0lNGc2vpCc3QPQBbkDroMNLu7jk43MXbfRicA2DtrAxtWdQNbOsZEYznbXKJF6qhg6fA2g4ArpkZFlSNl0ookD58I9tr2kP1Ofjn0yoyBiU1rXM1jWXUDfbKTtiHebQy7MLVCtFFuRq0CFu0jLlFwK1cZJ9Pdqt+SWKjwjsz44ZLbsj\/bc3U6VKTAMHSNMuOotAkyG3VUtbViV2zXgSXZFuTIccQYwWKiZBiEn+qgLefqClJZsNJ0yqcnHbULX\/3g32GbZfnAzn7OvU+KCDKx\/HVgky5LX8NzQGrwfoA7ob5jobIoVMZOEfOlqiyxbvinvAVVaZZmVcdJNjryG4DjJvTdTQ+KuZZ+Sq3iV24Qo6LzI8AHnE5c39vlIG31aiTYF+D13QndKMImIJeFjdx6ZSAmG4MEOeUSfZIIpX+Cmu5I7buNx1iTNhuVVSlLK9RqS+ENbtvohX+3wDnZ6NMRJGAqTQAQ2FAz5QQqSv7VsKayRDAE8f7tID8mNdS4rx8E\/chSDxzCMP7VPwsFYr0+4MFoYhvuYas9xyf2xTJoV4zw8yTp30Z7hEOfHPcskWI\/uKYZL\/kZfDmQDtr7DPV1q5+k2fKBTzBTZVZrxQfvYGzjcQJm7wqzfN\/HgNBH9ELTd0o133SfRhibVGcH+39kFD6+DyEqTzbLcGFdJwDI2htZ48idbEjG1PaB40hCL7Vd3TtlJ43WGJv8eEse5os2870Iv4ADAgCKL0Xd4o8TfUNSGD7UR26o2oMNMr8aqFsOKoZVazEynxCAzGnWxl6VmA0adum7DFdiKbqPPj6oCc+pTR\/TaTV1J+g092hV2mJ24yriiq5\/OIZJC4MxsKKRIoodCgjc55iB6WmnaKM4ng4EI2ZXmvQQ\/KybC27dv1RgrWUvqs0T01Sp79FApelmV7p3KXdb4LGpS9mKzrGxZ3US71LSsMyk2xL5cFs0czez1VT559dBePIoCpBX+8KVHa7zllUF7cVeUF63w16WwaI3DorRoLxbLAqXN+3A\/Pv95IFF22PXks2ilyqe4MfytW+tc2c4PWHgW2Tltn9A0lY5pehVXV6OpXwwmZwMqUjcojUXF0tbawPC8gQNXDze4D\/wid2KuxPkZzGZTguBKNWUESsqV105NGU27qSkoHiXn5TnFQoTsanLO87ISslNtdDWamJtUjE2+QkJ6DwHKvJKZ5AHwZkh7SL1N4dFVmh31bxZWhNrmpJ7gLSpeoEixKjNsdo1dDgLx+ehqrJ1dxnbTKJKiEE4dCpQsu7wmkvFjQCVNRouGfkYRXpQjeM1G8Hqis5F2GKeG6uFtz7pC+aoddftyUupR\/Y\/dPXmRq8K35KXQnM3ycgMHb8VpxjkJoi1NgszU12+g0lfjbv7GZwl21J2bv+Q5il2PPlWKQtduO2+YEm56\/nIezvUYr\/\/7UiVqDXjYyQMyQBcWx2Dt5ojf\/TUhVAh1oZR8vFIbJFnY11djqNUG1UEqioM71gnH60muDjG\/45KEJFpVYcqjONmRcLF93G9plM53JDqQkNOP98IqF\/wKTbLcft4RSrJDQp2UZlkQbdL54I4m0cCKI3uQpq43sOI87LQK8yQBO4lOPkbZlkLOKBv8HDKC39vFMVQV3sxJlAUkDEhK\/YWzi3914vSh+swmIY\/pioT9AtJaGYtE+Tz+UTz4KJC41Erpm9W1vvo3at+DHc2SYHWC9apL2ptVEsraaqf679kTtWvPMW8AXJaGiF7UgJ00vRDnAXWwvebzwQX7165n9WWVpu6ILyuoQMJ\/y6LDDn67FL8QpVWmNxSZbSPVhHg2q9Xc0TDn6f1nTYdkXIpi3l7xi0PCrLnxLiWCeLwXF3vgRsrtCioV62Jk1FAmTKUkTFxInJSFi0a1HH+pSpPhosYms\/yhE85dNUhcW2\/u6XPp12SHz3znhzNrIs63J862RmDnya5eTWkwWJwEcpWUMauujVmjpozwzqPIl8ia7N4Nvvn3H7784t8HpS9FpvRq9Xblrb3Ojf\/09Td\/++H75ubpbDX1Z52b\/\/DDf3z\/y09\/b2p9OfGvKe3c+s9ff\/jlh58aG1\/Ttz7p3vgvgHP7zd8+NA7N2r9e+p3b\/69fvv7w18a2V\/56ucYENu72nQEh2gdQ3h5bYBGeQEBsT4hn1Szjh1yXtwpYsoeFChsrxazO6tDnMvQcK+MxPpPSjyxmKDiVqLDiIVOAPGrfXYuI5DQY0WQ3LP4KIb6pKZaRa4aHyKeJgq2DSSkH0koIm93+TdZ9CPJ+ArCgPuDHt8799shNEhBNSpZpHB4yupAwpos0EQkeroDhWoUBYNLTVfbaZRLWHS76YMTcOjuSZsfuiLLG1AnOSX0eF0zJWFoCuNxFjTy0L6srTBs4AySpU2ZK\/eBzprm1cK88TYFW0cXsZIlzr1bm8LqGajnVAP0iPQYFM91CrBt0IDlO3hvjv35W4NjUqBZ7F7bNNQrLXQCYZDr8kgK1lPWtnHtojiy\/farXLc\/Jx72SZgT7yt09FNqV1s\/opa6fteX7+OEra1fqKoePq4uO7WY9Ch2PXJgjGOVA7A0SVwzLR+FqPEXpCqzGK2KoSJKxbKEaIg5HXytLoE1xO\/t2VAw+RxHjZUfKnl7XsEuvZ4hNTzIyWjgrI+POO70h13jzdLxhCF6fLPr+pkZv3I9edGzerfNaSV6xoTkJp1ERp+AMZVpx6zM3enWjkn9vHbJMEU\/vT0Ir1YqDetPz61+tn4dTM8kydUS1M3mCmwE\/u+WxAOeUo1n7zX1Md4Y+MkNNbyqJnnP6fGCaMvByo2zAfepVctgtW5dFUtGIG6A0NfuDma+jYDR4SvXU1pUsNeVXULDctyx2rS1QtGFUOUFcA8up13DlZNAHU+V6mqLbT2srekXd1I4ihsUszOStQDlsKOdtvID4rZPEn9Kj6SkDYX2tDhlg67FGa2HQ9vIZo253F+6+E3BQyQTMFiPrc1bix\/Jqsn58UVkPjDQVj53qNjhk27uGtq\/bK\/roPlXA07qcNidnT5terVReISQuN20A6aBjKv4tIFpZcWh80UGzpCIkytoQzfs0LxpmdDvt4F0S\/PP6WhXF7MJqdhavTrg2L6ZxFXN\/dPLcPMLh5Fbm5qk1502bMHNnONU9yRiom2QnTqF28eOi0HWEEzOl4VoA8LLjcz6\/ViRcvR657v3WctjRayhZklF4HPLXFEbXGc5EoCCvFGVOqieb56qGcdujFF9tSeOoFtX26lXH6rXDXsTRiiP72MgXJGvPrLF\/utpolxM3BURRXivtqU2SZ46H2K4oZd\/k437XmtJg4UV85\/C+4TRziWnb4WyRZv3jLFTjlSbyAgJhtZ81d5H2rEIurO699D\/P1eh\/fcxMjKX3fnCPmC2QoJK+DwMFrPHlVjMpvB2lhX\/cYOE3p7zdK8CRNWkD0bOLixn32AfqN89mJ+eZKUsKSfyKt3NcsXVPTdu67+6PXfxyd\/ewSI6KMeeSByrwtl3CI4XQYjfGT2Rk814uo35qXk6msiFkXDeEuBf+AGQjFSxSR37S095LNpINnvWfd3tueahWnOBYtcl4l\/W\/sED1U74wvS3c5KGYbJoMrzXnVDlZ9g8yqIhupuSJVG0trbLCObuowtll\/09YlTttFZrx6ZA1vFs6J3YuSPB6nQzLv7x1MsScQncPmLLQ\/PmtUo+IRwojSeaKeedi6dCME8ZHY+eF3QOzGhzNrOho1fr4ZIbgPghDkqTHmv3AjIQRzVuKcnppUSGIOlFVXnTTUPLm7hvEj1lFlde\/qkRfTGs+xlF1\/\/RJuqVPk9GwqHiDsb2TBblGxby0yOI8lL\/mMTyX0PxrtKKTG4Xpgim3+IIpr9dxAiQZm+ncEvCBR5RKYCNHyEaGI9QVhw8s6+oX+pB1KP3C499NVSaRQm4NlI7IA4or4MKLWoRxZiaVShfX5rn1wfC6BK72Q\/9lcWnqMb7G1miCCyQzWLqBxYn1ej+LV3bnMBXs2a+Ph1CtDOKhKoNIUYv9BkuLQL\/AQ4ff9sOivzUM0C\/aSzoYAO3L2hmxW7Wk\/PUpNqC6F+w+mj52jSASZi4LfP6UsZZl4bdLllyB\/Us3LVi1q77l22BiM5neeYcTNbQq2ytyk4PT6lE6zGP2pISuj229PX3nVkLXJrM4uKabLtX64h0aYCbeVubJN55snlSMTV5H4prsisY4j2fKrihZ9U+cTS9plPYTss5OBae4LYJT2tr6Wp1NO54k0Xqy9qCuGOaf8kwb0ex34\/0Dc9IpexP7J0qVGk4AwKi4W5JQ\/7QhhrlBpk+OLCFCHrpbYVhiaETu5eBtOSQJF725DjY1HwQmoHi3qSJeNCSBTyAerIghYGFPTz3Lu5kWWB\/lbHYWF6VRiX\/7fw==\"><style>#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-08-full.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 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svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-08-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-08-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-08-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Global Disaster and Resilience Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of Disaster Risk and Resilience Worldwide.<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GS-08<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Global Disaster and Resilience Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of Disaster Risk and Resilience Worldwide. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Disaster is where the systems meet<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Major cyclone landfall with lifeline and health-system failure<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>14 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>The year 2025 was below average for recorded disaster impact, and it was not quiet. EM-DAT recorded 358 natural-hazard disasters with 16,607 deaths, 110.2 million people affected and USD 169.7 billion in losses, against 2005 to 2024 annual averages of 377 disasters, 57,429 deaths, 169.0 million people affected and USD 215.0 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Two earthquakes, in Myanmar and Afghanistan, caused most <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>. Disaster displacement fell 35% to 29.9 million movements and stayed 13% above the decade average<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa made landfall in Jamaica as a category 5 hurricane; the World Bank and IDB put physical damage at USD 8.8 billion, and the National Hurricane Center report cites USD 12.2 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Insured natural catastrophe losses were USD 107 billion, and secondary perils such as <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a>, convective storm and flood made up 92% of them<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Warning coverage is growing: 119 countries report a multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning-system\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated system of risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and preparedness that enables timely action ahead of hazards.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning system<\/a>, and mortality is nearly six times lower where <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are comprehensive<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The statistics understate heat. EM-DAT shows no extreme-temperature deaths for 2025, while an estimated 61,672 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> occurred in Europe in 2022 and 47,690 in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. Failing lifelines and poverty carry loss beyond the hazard itself<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It ranks no country and recommends no policy.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the disaster and resilience baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Recorded deaths, people affected and losses were below the 2005 to 2024 average, with no mega-disaster.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Was 2025 a bad year for disasters?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Asia held 72.8% of recorded deaths; earthquakes, floods and storms made up most of them.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where did most deaths occur?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">29.9 million movements in 2025, below 2024 and above the decade average.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Are people still being displaced?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Mortality is nearly six times lower where <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are comprehensive; coverage is 60% of countries.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Do warnings work?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 49% of 2025 natural catastrophe losses were insured; cover is far lower in emerging economies.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Who pays for losses?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Not on one basis. Europe alone had tens of thousands of heat deaths in 2022 and 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is heat counted?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Disruption costs low- and middle-income countries USD 391 billion to USD 647 billion a year.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Do lifelines matter?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A major <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> landfall where hospitals, power and communications fail together. SCN-GS08-CYC-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-007<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Heat is the least counted hazard: Europe alone had an estimated 61,672 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in summer 2022 and 47,690 in 2023, yet the recorded disaster total for 2025 shows no extreme-temperature deaths.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-fig1-t\">Heat-related deaths against recorded extreme-temperature deaths<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Europe, summer 2022 (estimated)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">61,672<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Europe, 2023 (estimated)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"77.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">47,690<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Worldwide, recorded annual average 2005 to 2024<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"22.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">13,586<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Worldwide, recorded in 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"0.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; Gallo et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>; EM-DAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Estimates and recorded counts use different bases and are not additive.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">WHO estimates about 489,000 heat-related deaths a year worldwide in 2000 to 2019, 45% of them in Asia and 36% in Europe<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. Disaster databases record far fewer because heat deaths are often recorded under other causes and counted late. EM-DAT notes that reporting delays kept 2025 heat deaths out of its total, and cites a provisional study of 16,469 preventable heat deaths in European cities in summer 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Adaptation matters: Europe\u2019s 2023 burden would have been 80% higher without adaptation since 2000<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">358<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">events<\/span><p>recorded disasters, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16,607<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>recorded in disasters, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">29.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>displacement movements, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">119<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">countries<\/span><p>with multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">107<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>insured losses, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.81<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>people exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading disaster as a moment of coupling between hazard, exposure and capacity.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people disaster risk arrives as a flood, a heat wave or a lost home.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Insured losses are USD 107 billion, and most losses in emerging economies are uninsured.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>The disaster system is well measured at the level of events and displacement and thinly measured at the level of heat, indirect deaths and lifeline performance.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of disaster risk and resilience worldwide and the couplings through which it carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a ranking of countries or hazards, a forecast of any event, an official warning, an insurance or investment recommendation, or an assessment of any agency, insurer, programme or government. Warnings, civil protection, relief and recovery rest with national authorities, communities and the agencies mandated to act.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 disaster and resilience edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 7.7, 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a>, 28 March 2025 (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h17\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 6.0, near Asadabad, Afghanistan, 31 August 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Disaster is where the systems meet<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>12 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is disaster and resilience risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry disaster and resilience shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which disaster and resilience capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five coupling chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Disaster statistics usually count events, deaths and dollars. The 2026 evidence reads a disaster as the moment when exposure, vulnerability and weak capacity meet a hazard, and when one system\u2019s failure becomes another\u2019s<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>. Floods, storms, earthquakes and heat each move through health, food, finance and infrastructure.<\/p><p>The year 2025 shows both sides. Recorded deaths, people affected and losses were below the 2005 to 2024 average, and no single event reached mega-disaster scale<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Yet <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa reached category 5 over Jamaica, two earthquakes killed more than 6,000 people in Myanmar and Afghanistan, and secondary perils drove a record 92% of insured losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Warning and preparedness change outcomes. Chile ordered about 1.5 million pre-emptive evacuations after a Pacific-wide <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.tsunami\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A train of long sea waves from a sudden displacement of the sea floor or water column, flooding coasts even far from the source.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">tsunami<\/a> alert and recorded no major damage<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Mortality is nearly six times lower where multi-hazard warning <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are comprehensive<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Where capacity is thin, lifelines fail: hospitals became non-operational in western Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The burden is unequal. Poor households suffer a small share of asset losses and a large share of well-being losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. Low- and middle-income countries hold 89% of the world\u2019s flood-exposed people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. About 3.3 to 3.6 billion people live in contexts that are highly vulnerable to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>. Heat deaths are the clearest blind spot in the statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-fig1-t\">Where did disaster deaths concentrate in 2025? Recorded deaths by continent<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Asia held 72.8% of recorded deaths, driven by the Myanmar and Afghanistan earthquakes, floods in Pakistan and storms in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Europe recorded 25 deaths because heat deaths were not yet counted<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Asia<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12098<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Africa<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"25.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">3090<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Americas<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"11.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1366<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oceania<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"0.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Europe<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"0.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">25<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">72.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of recorded deaths were in Asia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">65.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of recorded economic losses were in the Americas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">74.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of people affected were in Asia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of recorded economic losses were in Europe<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The disaster and resilience-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their disaster and resilience content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">flood damage \u00b7 low-flow derating<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">floods and dry spells destroy crops<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">floodwater contamination \u00b7 outbreaks<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">flood pulses \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.biodiversity-loss\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Decline in the variety and abundance of species and habitats that weakens services such as pollination, fisheries and soil formation.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">habitat loss<\/a><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping and treatment lose power<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cold chain \u00b7 irrigation pumping<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">clinics and hospitals lose power<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">fuel and land use<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">withdrawals<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">bioenergy<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hunger after crop loss<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land clearing<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">outbreak control demand<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">residues<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">wetlands and forests buffer floods<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">biomass<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollination<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">disease emergence<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> strips roofs and power; hospitals stop working and outbreaks follow.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2025 Melissa in Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Floodwater contaminates supplies and spreads infection.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2025 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h41\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.zoonotic.leptospirosis-outbreak\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Animal-to-human spillover\" data-td=\"A rodent-urine bacterial infection spreading in floodwater and wet farmland, causing fever and kidney and liver failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H41\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">leptospirosis outbreak<\/a> in Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Storms and dry spells destroy crops and herds.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2025 Jamaica and Somalia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">Extreme heat<\/a> raises deaths among older people.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2022 and 2023 in Europe<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Lifeline outages and damage cut output and strain budgets.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span> Lifelines analysis for low- and middle-income countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D., Understanding compound, interconnected, interacting, and cascading risks: a holistic framework, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-analysis\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Understanding the nature and level of risk, including likelihood, consequence, controls and uncertainty.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Analysis<\/a> 38(11), 2245 to 2257, 2018 (abstract opened). Wiley, Hoboken. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> systems reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the disaster and resilience baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-007\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Heat is the least counted hazard: Europe alone had an estimated 61,672 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in summer 2022 and 47,690 in 2023, yet the recorded disaster total for 2025 shows no extreme-temperature deaths.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-fig1-t\">Heat-related deaths against recorded extreme-temperature deaths<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Europe, summer 2022 (estimated)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">61,672<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Europe, 2023 (estimated)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"77.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">47,690<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Worldwide, recorded annual average 2005 to 2024<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"22.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">13,586<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Worldwide, recorded in 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"0.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; Gallo et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>; EM-DAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Estimates and recorded counts use different bases and are not additive.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">WHO estimates about 489,000 heat-related deaths a year worldwide in 2000 to 2019, 45% of them in Asia and 36% in Europe<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. Disaster databases record far fewer because heat deaths are often recorded under other causes and counted late. EM-DAT notes that reporting delays kept 2025 heat deaths out of its total, and cites a provisional study of 16,469 preventable heat deaths in European cities in summer 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Adaptation matters: Europe\u2019s 2023 burden would have been 80% higher without adaptation since 2000<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Revisions to the 2025 EM-DAT figures, national excess-mortality releases for summer 2026 and any WHO update of the global estimate would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">EM-DAT recorded 358 natural-hazard disasters in 2025 with 16,607 deaths, 110.2 million people affected and USD 169.7 billion in losses, below its 2005 to 2024 annual averages of 377 disasters, 57,429 deaths, 169.0 million affected and USD 215.0 billion.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-010\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">About 1.81 billion people (23% of the world) are directly exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood, 89% of them in low- and middle-income countries, and satellite records show the share of people exposed to floods rose 20 to 24% between 2000 and 2015.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-011\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The year 2025 was the third-warmest on record at 1.47 \u00b0C above the 1850 to 1900 level in the ERA5 dataset, and 2023 to 2025 was the first three-year average above 1.5 \u00b0C; WMO reported a lower consolidated value in a summary that was not opened.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Governance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-002\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Two earthquakes caused most <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> deaths in 2025: a magnitude 7.7 event in Myanmar (3,820 deaths, USD 11 billion) and a magnitude 6.0 event in Afghanistan (2,200 deaths).<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-004\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">119 countries (60%) report a multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning-system\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated system of risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and preparedness that enables timely action ahead of hazards.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning system<\/a>, small island developing States report 43%, and disaster mortality is nearly six times lower where <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are comprehensive.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-003\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Disasters triggered 29.9 million displacement movements in 2025, 35% fewer than in 2024 and 13% above the decade average; storms caused 17.9 million, and 13.6 million people were living in disaster displacement at year end.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-007\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Heat is the least counted hazard: an estimated 61,672 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> occurred in Europe in summer 2022 and 47,690 in 2023, while EM-DAT records no extreme-temperature deaths for 2025 against a 2005 to 2024 annual average of 13,586.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-005\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Insured natural catastrophe losses were USD 107 billion in 2025 against economic losses of USD 220 billion; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a>, convective storm and flood made up 92% of insured losses, and the Los Angeles wildfires cost about USD 40 billion insured.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa made landfall in Jamaica as a category 5 hurricane in October 2025; physical damage is put at USD 8.8 billion by the World Bank and IDB, USD 10 billion by EM-DAT and USD 12.2 billion in the National Hurricane Center report.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-009\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">If all natural disasters could be prevented, 26 million fewer people would be in extreme poverty, and well-being losses from disasters equal a USD 520 billion fall in consumption, 60% more than asset losses.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-008\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Infrastructure disruption costs households and firms in low- and middle-income countries between USD 391 billion and USD 647 billion a year, and about 27% of global road and rail assets are exposed to at least one hazard.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a major <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> landfall in an island or delta setting where hospitals, power and communications fail together while the poorest households carry the largest well-being loss. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Tellman, B. et al., Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods, Nature 596, 80 to 86, 2021 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018 (events 2000 to 2018). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025 at about 1.43 \u00b0C above 1850 to 1900, second or third warmest year), taken from search-result summaries; the WMO pages returned errors. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 7.7, 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a>, 28 March 2025 (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h17\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 6.0, near Asadabad, Afghanistan, 31 August 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR and WMO (eds.), Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025 (full report); only the press release [3] was read. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate Hurricane Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CLI \u00b7 Hazards<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Natural-hazard disasters recorded<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">358<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">events<\/span><p>2005 to 2024 average 377.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>EM-DAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Deaths<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Deaths in recorded disasters<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">16,607<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">people<\/span><p>average 57,429; heat deaths largely unreported.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>EM-DAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Displacement<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Disaster displacement movements<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">29.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>35% below 2024; 13% above the decade average.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>IDMC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Finance<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Insured natural catastrophe losses<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">107<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>economic losses USD 220 billion.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>Swiss Re<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GOV \u00b7 Warning<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Countries reporting multi-hazard early warning<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">119<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">countries<\/span><p>60% of all countries; small island states 43%.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>UNDRR and WMO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Insured losses in a peak-loss year (modelled)<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">320<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>a modelled peak-loss scenario for 2026.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>Swiss Re<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through disaster and resilience, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries disaster and resilience risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Floods, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and dry spells are the hazards that move through water <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>; 1.81 billion people are exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI \u2192 WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Power outages follow storms and quakes and disable clinics and pumps; Melissa caused power outages across much of Jamaica.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Floods and dry spells destroy crops and livestock; Melissa left about 41,390 hectares of Jamaican farmland affected, and drought left 6.5 million people affected in Somalia.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI \u2192 FOO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>Heat deaths, outbreaks after floods and failed hospitals carry disaster into health; a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h41\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.zoonotic.leptospirosis-outbreak\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Animal-to-human spillover\" data-td=\"A rodent-urine bacterial infection spreading in floodwater and wet farmland, causing fever and kidney and liver failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H41\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">leptospirosis outbreak<\/a> followed Melissa.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Wildfire<\/a> and flood pulses reshape habitats, and intact ecosystems buffer some hazards; evidence is not consolidated here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2194 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>The year 2025 was 1.47 \u00b0C above pre-industrial in ERA5, and 58% of known human infectious diseases have been aggravated by climate hazards.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the hazard driver<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Disruption costs low- and middle-income countries USD 391 billion to USD 647 billion a year; 27% of road and rail assets face a hazard.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Insured losses USD 107 billion of USD 220 billion economic losses; 80% to 90% of losses in emerging economies are usually uninsured.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2194 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>EM-DAT, IDMC and national loss databases differ in coverage; a common disaster tracking system is being rolled out.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2192 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Computing is used in forecasting and warning; no consolidated evidence on its effect on losses is used here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 GOV<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Reconstruction needs cement, steel and other materials; no consolidated figure is used here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Ports, shipping lanes and relief logistics are disrupted by storms and quakes; no consolidated figure is used here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on disaster and resilience, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>disaster couples every other system<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>island <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> and lifeline failure<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>floods and surge move through river and coastal <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>extreme rainfall and surge<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>power outages follow storms and disable clinics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>cascading outages<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>farmland and livestock lost in Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>harvest and herd losses<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>heat deaths and hospital failure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat and outbreak after floods<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>insured losses USD 107 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>26 million poverty effect of disasters<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>poor households\u2019 well-being loss<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>1.47 \u00b0C above pre-industrial in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>hazard intensification<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>358 recorded disasters in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>compound events<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>USD 391 billion to 647 billion disruption cost<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>lifeline failure<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>urban exposure and heat; no consolidated series<\/td><td>dense exposure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a> and flood effects on habitats<\/td><td>ecosystem buffers<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>satellite flood records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>continuity of missions<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>alert and communications systems<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>communication failure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> targets<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national strategy implementation<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>strong hazard and epidemiology literature<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>loss and impact data<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D., Understanding compound, interconnected, interacting, and cascading risks: a holistic framework, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-analysis\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Understanding the nature and level of risk, including likelihood, consequence, controls and uncertainty.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Analysis<\/a> 38(11), 2245 to 2257, 2018 (abstract opened). Wiley, Hoboken. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Tellman, B. et al., Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods, Nature 596, 80 to 86, 2021 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018 (events 2000 to 2018). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNISDR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (adopted March 2015; full text). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Kreibich, H. et al., The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management, Nature 608, 80 to 86, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four disaster and resilience risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>24 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS08-CLI-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Major tropical cyclone landfall in an island or delta setting<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>a category 5 landfall such as Melissa, with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and slow rainfall<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>coastal settlements, hospitals, farms and roads; 1.81 billion people face a 1-in-100-year flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>wooden housing, limited insurance, few pre-emptive evacuations in some islands<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>pre-emptive evacuation, forecasts, rapid damage estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT, FOO, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS08-HLT-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Heat mortality that is under-counted<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> in a warming climate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>older people, outdoor workers and dense cities; Europe and Asia carry most estimated deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>late and uneven mortality reporting; cooling access<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>heat action plans, adaptation that avoided 80% more deaths in Europe in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT \u2192 FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS08-INF-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Lifeline failure that propagates through networks<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>hazards damaging power, transport, water and communications assets<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>27% of road and rail assets face at least one hazard<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>poor maintenance and network interdependence<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>resilient design with an extra cost of about 3% of investment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>INF \u2192 HLT, FOO, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS08-FIN-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Protection gap and uninsurability of exposed assets<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>exposure growth explains more than 80% of the rise in insured weather losses since 1970<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a>, convective storm and flood losses growing in several regions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>80% to 90% of losses in emerging economies usually uninsured<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>insurance, contingent finance and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 loss-and-damage\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The harms from climate change that are not avoided by mitigation or adaptation, including economic and non-economic losses from extreme and slow-onset events. In policy usage it also names the arrangements to address\u2026\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">loss and damage<\/a> funding<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>FIN \u2192 INF, HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for disaster and resilience at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>building codes and land-use rules widespread; enforcement uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> monitoring strong<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; loss data thin<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>about 1.5 million pre-emptive evacuations in Chile after the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.tsunami\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A train of long sea waves from a sudden displacement of the sea floor or water column, flooding coasts even far from the source.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">tsunami<\/a> alert<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>; 119 countries report <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>seven Sendai targets and national strategies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>contingent finance and reserve funds documented but not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>pre-emptive evacuations ahead of Melissa in Cuba<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>standards exist<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>; hospitals became non-operational in western Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>rapid damage estimate within weeks of Melissa<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>; about 80% of damaged structures rebuilt in Nepal a decade on<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>adaptation avoided an estimated 80% more heat deaths in Europe in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Social protection<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>poor households carry large well-being losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>; shock-responsive systems not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>USD 107 billion insured of USD 220 billion economic losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup>; EU civil protection mechanism<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>resilient design case of USD 4.2 trillion net benefit<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>emergency and health workforce not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong peer-reviewed base<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup>; loss data access uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate Hurricane Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-analysis\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Understanding the nature and level of risk, including likelihood, consequence, controls and uncertainty.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk analysis<\/a> of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D., Understanding compound, interconnected, interacting, and cascading risks: a holistic framework, Risk Analysis 38(11), 2245 to 2257, 2018 (abstract opened). Wiley, Hoboken. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fund for responding to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 loss-and-damage\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The harms from climate change that are not avoided by mitigation or adaptation, including economic and non-economic losses from extreme and slow-onset events. In policy usage it also names the arrangements to address\u2026\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Loss and Damage<\/a> (FRLD), Board documents and the Barbados Implementation Modalities start-up phase of USD 250 million (pledges of about USD 790 million in search summaries); the fund pages refused retrieval. FRLD Secretariat, Songdo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 7.7, 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a>, 28 March 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 8.8, 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia earthquake, 29 July 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), Early warning systems reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNISDR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (adopted March 2015; full text). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience, Business continuity management systems, requirements. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (2019), publication page. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Decision (EU) 2021\/836 amending Decision No 1313\/2013\/EU on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism, Official Journal of the European Union, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Tellman, B. et al., Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods, Nature 596, 80 to 86, 2021 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018 (events 2000 to 2018). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Kreibich, H. et al., The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management, Nature 608, 80 to 86, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Major cyclone landfall with lifeline and health-system failure<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a category 5 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> makes landfall on an island or delta coast during a hot season, with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and slow, heavy rain<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>2025 Hurricane Melissa in Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; 2025 evacuations in Cuba<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">wind and surge strip roofs, cut power and block roads<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">hospitals lose power or structure; care capacity falls<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">floodwater contaminates supplies and drainage fails<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">outbreaks follow, such as leptospirosis<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">farmland and livestock are lost; food access falls<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">damage of tens of per cent of GDP strains budgets and cover<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01 would travel through Global Disaster and Resilience&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Climate to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Wind and surge strip roofs, cut power and block roads. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-08, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Infrastructure to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Hospitals lose power or structure; care capacity falls. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-08, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Climate to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Floodwater contaminates supplies and drainage fails. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-08, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Water to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Outbreaks follow, such as leptospirosis. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-08, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Climate to food<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Farmland and livestock are lost; food access falls. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-08, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Infrastructure to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Damage of tens of per cent of GDP strains budgets and cover. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-08, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026, scenario SCN-GS08-CYC-01<\/a> (2026); Global Disaster and Resilience 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c5-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The disaster and resilience baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>17 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>42 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading disaster as a moment of coupling between hazard, exposure and capacity. Recorded impacts were below average in 2025, warning coverage is rising, and the gaps are heat deaths, lifeline failure and the protection gap. Evidence is strongest for recorded impacts and displacement, and weakest for heat and indirect deaths.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CLI-001 \u00b7 GOV-004 \u00b7 HLT-007 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people disaster risk arrives as a flood, a heat wave or a lost home. The baseline asks that public debate keep unseen deaths in view, count heat alongside storms and quakes, and recognise that poor households bear the largest loss in well-being.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-003 \u00b7 HLT-007 \u00b7 FIN-009<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Insured losses are USD 107 billion, and most losses in emerging economies are uninsured<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. This shows where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-005 \u00b7 FIN-006 \u00b7 INF-008<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>The disaster system is well measured at the level of events and displacement and thinly measured at the level of heat, indirect deaths and lifeline performance. The 2027 programme should bind regional hazard evidence, test the island cyclone, and fix comparable heat counts.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 DR-01 \u00b7 DR-03<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for disaster and resilience. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> sector desks<\/td><td>disaster chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, GRA readiness, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>sector editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">A cyclone is weather until it reaches a hospital, a farm and a budget. The 2025 evidence shows damage moving from housing to health care to finance within weeks. This edition asks where a hazard goes next.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Disaster is a coupling, not an event<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">EM-DAT, IDMC and the reinsurers each count differently, and heat deaths are missing from the disaster totals. Measuring all of the burden on a comparable basis is the first adaptation.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>What is counted decides what is seen<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chile\u2019s evacuation after a tsunami alert and the lower mortality where warning systems are comprehensive show the return on preparation. Coverage and quality still lag in small island states and least developed countries.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Warning works when it reaches people<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Asset losses understate what disasters do to people with little to lose. Resilience that reaches poor households and lifeline networks is part of risk reduction, not separate from it.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Poor households carry the unseen loss<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 disaster and resilience readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 disaster and resilience readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Disaster and Resilience risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PREPARATORY WORKING DRAFT (2026)<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015 to 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td>targets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Directive on the resilience of critical entities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>critical entities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Decision on the Union Civil Protection Mechanism, amended 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>civil protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Directive on measures for network and information security (NIS2)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>cyber<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 22301 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 business-continuity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of an organisation to continue delivering essential products and services at acceptable levels during and after disruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/business-continuity\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">business continuity<\/a> management<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>continuity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 22320 emergency management<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>incident management<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37123 indicators for resilient cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>indicators<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health emergency and disaster risk management framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/td><td>health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hazard vocabulary and disaster indicator drafts<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> desk<\/td><td>programme<\/td><td>PREPARATORY WORKING DRAFT (2026)<\/td><td>vocabulary<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>UNDRR and WMO published the Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025 on 12 November 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>A heat risk governance framework and toolkit was launched with the early warning report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The name Melissa was retired from the Atlantic hurricane list after the 2025 season<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The 2027 target date of Early Warnings for All<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Implementation of the EU directive on critical entities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>First allocations and disbursements of the loss and damage fund<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers disaster and resilience assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about disaster risk and resilience worldwide and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>agency flagships; event and loss databases; peer-reviewed disaster and epidemiology literature; reinsurer statistics<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ballester et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat deaths in Europe, 2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gallo et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat deaths and adaptation, 2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rentschler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>flood exposure and poverty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tellman et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>satellite flood exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kreibich et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>unprecedented floods and dry spells<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mora et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>infectious disease and climate hazards<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pescaroli and Alexander<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 cascading-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that an initial event sets off a sequence of secondary failures across dependent systems, so that the total harm greatly exceeds the initial impact.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/glossary\/cascading-risk\/\" data-tgl=\"GCRI glossary\">cascading risk<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zscheischler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hallegatte et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2013<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>future flood losses in coastal cities<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional flagships<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IPCC AR6 Working Group II summary<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>vulnerability, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 compound-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk from the combination of several hazards or drivers, occurring together, in sequence or in neighbouring places, whose joint effect is worse than the sum of their separate effects.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">compound risk<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Climate Highlights 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Copernicus <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Service<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>temperature backdrop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State of the Global Climate 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WMO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>consolidated temperature<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atlas of mortality and economic losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WMO<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>long-run disaster statistics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Assessment Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cost of disasters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hazard information profiles<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR and ISC<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>hazard vocabulary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> 2015 to 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>global targets<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Statistics, displacement and markets<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disasters in numbers, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CRED, EM-DAT<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>burden and averages<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IDMC<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>displacement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> status 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR and WMO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>warning coverage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>sigma 1\/2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Swiss Re Institute<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>insured and economic losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Secretary-General report on the Sendai Framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>progress against targets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Impact of disasters on agriculture<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FAO<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>agricultural loss<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Disasters Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IFRC<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>humanitarian view<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Humanitarian Overview 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>OCHA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>humanitarian need<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US billion-dollar disasters dataset<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOAA NCEI<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>gap<\/td><td>US loss series<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Infrastructure, finance, health and standards<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Unbreakable<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>poverty and well-being<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lifelines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>infrastructure resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Koks et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>road and rail exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health emergency and disaster risk management framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>health resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat and health<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat burden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hurricane Melissa report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>National Hurricane Center<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>event analogue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hurricane Melissa damage estimate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank and IDB<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>rapid damage estimate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Loss and damage fund documents<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FRLD Board<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>fund operation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lancet Countdown 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>health and climate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat deaths in European cities, summer 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>research report<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>provisional heat deaths<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Recorded disaster deaths were below average in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Early warning saves lives and coverage is rising<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Flood exposure is concentrated in low- and middle-income countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How many people die from heat each year: estimates differ from recorded counts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The total cost of disasters: EM-DAT recorded USD 169.7 billion in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup> and Swiss Re estimated USD 220 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>, while UNDRR\u2019s Global Assessment Report estimate of about USD 2.3 trillion a year includes cascading and ecosystem costs and was seen in summaries only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The damage from Hurricane Melissa in Jamaica: USD 8.8 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>, USD 10 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup> and USD 12.2 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNISDR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015 to 2030 (adopted March 2015; full text). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the legal database returned an empty page. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Decision (EU) 2021\/836 amending Decision No 1313\/2013\/EU on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism, Official Journal of the European Union, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 business-continuity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of an organisation to continue delivering essential products and services at acceptable levels during and after disruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/business-continuity\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">Business continuity<\/a> management <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, requirements. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22320:2018, Security and resilience, Emergency management, guidelines for incident management. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37123:2019, Sustainable cities and communities, Indicators for resilient cities. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (2019), publication page. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> systems reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fund for responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), Board documents and the Barbados Implementation Modalities start-up phase of USD 250 million (pledges of about USD 790 million in search summaries); the fund pages refused retrieval. FRLD Secretariat, Songdo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Tellman, B. et al., Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods, Nature 596, 80 to 86, 2021 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018 (events 2000 to 2018). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Kreibich, H. et al., The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management, Nature 608, 80 to 86, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Mora, C. et al., Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change, Nature Climate Change 12, 869, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D., Understanding compound, interconnected, interacting, and cascading risks: a holistic framework, Risk Analysis 38(11), 2245 to 2257, 2018 (abstract opened). Wiley, Hoboken. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Zscheischler, J. et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change 8, 469 to 477, 2018, cited from memory. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R.J. and Corfee-Morlot, J., Future flood losses in major coastal cities, Nature Climate Change 3, 802 to 806, 2013, cited from memory. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025 at about 1.43 \u00b0C above 1850 to 1900, second or third warmest year), taken from search-result summaries; the WMO pages returned errors. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (WMO-No. 1267, 2021); publication page and the library description of the updated dataset for 1970 to 2021 (nearly 12 000 disasters, USD 4.3 trillion, 2 million deaths) were opened, not the full atlas. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021 (data 1970 to 2021). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025: Resilience Pays, Financing and Investing for our Future (total disaster cost of about USD 2.3 trillion a year including cascading and ecosystem costs; direct costs of USD 180 to 200 billion a year in 2001 to 2020), taken from search-result summaries and a republished summary on a third-party portal; the publisher pages refused retrieval. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR and ISC (eds.), Hazard Information Profiles, supplement to the UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition and Classification Review, 2021, cited from memory. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR and WMO (eds.), Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025 (full report); only the press release [3] was read. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Secretary-General, Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (report A\/80\/333, August 2025), identified from search results; the document service returned an empty page. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: FAO (ed.), The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2023 (about USD 3.8 trillion of crop and livestock loss over 30 years in search summaries); the publisher page returned an access page instead of the report. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IFRC (ed.), World Disasters Report 2025. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OCHA (ed.), Global Humanitarian Overview 2026. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (ed.), U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (data page; opened, no figures were retrieved from it). NOAA NCEI, Asheville. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate Hurricane Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change, The Lancet, 2025; the record was found without an abstract and no figure is used. Elsevier, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: research report on heat-related deaths in European cities in summer 2025 (provisional estimate of 16,469 preventable deaths), cited in the EM-DAT report [1]; the study itself was not opened and no figure rests on this entry alone. Imperial College London and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 disaster and resilience agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 disaster and resilience edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a major <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> landfall that disables hospitals, power and communications travel through health, food and finance at once?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS08-CYC-01 \u00b7 island cyclone and lifeline failure; first output: concurrency analysis for six regions.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where do infrastructure assets sit in hazard zones, and which services fail first?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS08-LFL-02 \u00b7 lifeline exposure; first output: exposure register by region.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How many people die from heat each year, and how can the count be made comparable across countries?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS08-HTD-03 \u00b7 heat mortality on one basis; first output: method note and country coverage table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 loss-and-damage\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The harms from climate change that are not avoided by mitigation or adaptation, including economic and non-economic losses from extreme and slow-onset events. In policy usage it also names the arrangements to address\u2026\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">loss and damage<\/a> data meet a common standard, and which do not?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS08-LOS-04 \u00b7 loss <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 data-quality\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The fitness of data for a given use, judged by accuracy, completeness, timeliness, consistency and resolution.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">data quality<\/a>; first output: data quality register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where is the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">protection gap<\/a> widest, and what would close it?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS08-PRO-05 \u00b7 protection gap; first output: cover and finance overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which hazard corridors lack shared warning and contingency arrangements?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: arrangement overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How does anticipatory action change displacement and loss outcomes?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">DR-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which disaster capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Disaster capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 disaster portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS08-CYC-01<\/span><\/td><td>Island <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> and lifeline failure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>DR-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS08-LFL-02<\/span><\/td><td>Lifeline exposure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>DR-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS08-HTD-03<\/span><\/td><td>Heat mortality on one basis<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>DR-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS08-LOS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Loss <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 data-quality\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The fitness of data for a given use, judged by accuracy, completeness, timeliness, consistency and resolution.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">data quality<\/a><\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>DR-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS08-PRO-05<\/span><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>DR-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-GS08-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Island cyclone Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>DR-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The disaster edition reads national disaster chapters, regional hazard and warning evidence and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed; the Canada and global disaster chapters are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National disaster chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">disaster risk chapter of each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DRAFTED \u00b7 further national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Hazard and warning evidence<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">shared hazard corridors, coasts and fault <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 regional Baseline Editions<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Disaster sector model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the global disaster system of systems<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global and strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GLB Global Systems \u00b7 SR-02 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline Systems \u00b7 SR-06 Insurance, Protection Gaps and Insurability<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global Disaster and Resilience Report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the disaster and resilience candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the disaster and resilience candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-GS08-2027-01 \u00b7 Island <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CLI-001 \u00b7 burden<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-004 \u00b7 warning<\/td><td>INI-GS08-CYC-01<\/td><td>island <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">cyclone<\/a> and lifeline failure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-003 \u00b7 displacement<\/td><td>INI-GS08-LOS-04<\/td><td>loss <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 data-quality\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The fitness of data for a given use, judged by accuracy, completeness, timeliness, consistency and resolution.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">data quality<\/a><\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-007 \u00b7 heat<\/td><td>INI-GS08-HTD-03<\/td><td>heat mortality on one basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-005 \u00b7 insured losses<\/td><td>INI-GS08-PRO-05 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-008 \u00b7 lifelines<\/td><td>INI-GS08-LFL-02<\/td><td>lifeline exposure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-006 \u00b7 Melissa<\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>hazard corridor overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-GS08-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (GS-08 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disasters in numbers and the EM-DAT database<\/td><td>CRED<\/td><td>annual and continuous<\/td><td>CLI-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Report on Internal Displacement<\/td><td>IDMC<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Status of multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td>UNDRR and WMO<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>GOV-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Natural catastrophe sigma series<\/td><td>Swiss Re Institute<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN-005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Tropical cyclone<\/a> reports<\/td><td>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center<\/td><td>per storm<\/td><td>FIN-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Earthquake<\/a> catalogue and event pages<\/td><td>US Geological Survey<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>GOV-002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Climate Highlights and monthly bulletins<\/td><td>Copernicus <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Service<\/td><td>monthly and annual<\/td><td>CLI-011<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-GS08-001<\/td><td>Heat deaths are missing from the 2025 recorded totals<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>HLT \u00b7 CLI<\/td><td>research question DR-03<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-GS08-002<\/td><td>Pre-emptive evacuation changed outcomes in Cuba and Chile<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>HLT \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>research question DR-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-GS08-003<\/td><td>Hospitals stopped working after Melissa in western Jamaica<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>INF \u00b7 HLT<\/td><td>initiative DR-02<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c7-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Disaster and water<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Most disaster impact reaches people through floods, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and dry spells. Flood exposure is large, concentrated in poorer countries and still rising.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.81<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>people exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">255 to 290<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people directly affected by 913 large floods, 2000 to 2018<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">89<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of flood-exposed people live in low- and middle-income countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>River and coastal floods<\/td><td>1.81 billion people exposed; 170 million face high flood risk and extreme poverty<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Satellite record<\/td><td>share of people exposed to floods rose 20 to 24% from 2000 to 2015<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unprecedented events<\/td><td>risk management cuts impacts but struggles with events beyond design levels<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dry spells<\/td><td>Syria and Somalia dry spells affected 16.2 million and 6.5 million people in 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 WAT floods and surge<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT contamination and outbreaks<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 FOO crop and herd loss<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>flood losses by country on one basis<\/li><li>dry-spell mortality<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Seasonal flood outlooks, reservoir and levee design levels, and the more detailed assessments of the 2025 floods.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-06 Development and Humanitarian<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-07 Climate and Earth Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-09 Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-06 Insurance, Protection Gaps and Insurability<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It assesses no basin authority, utility or government.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Disaster and energy<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Power is the lifeline that other lifelines depend on. Storms and quakes cut supply, and the loss then reaches hospitals, pumps and communications.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">18<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>a year of direct damage to power and transport assets in low- and middle-income countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>extra cost of building resilience into new infrastructure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD trillion<\/span><p>median net benefit of resilient infrastructure, low- and middle-income countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Outages after storms<\/td><td>power outages affected a large part of the population of Jamaica after Melissa<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Service disruption<\/td><td>infrastructure disruption costs USD 391 billion to USD 647 billion a year<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Network propagation<\/td><td>interconnected networks pass local shocks onward<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hazard exposure<\/td><td>27% of road and rail assets exposed to at least one hazard<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2194 ENE outage and restoration<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 HLT clinics and hospitals<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 WAT pumping and treatment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>power restoration times after major events<\/li><li>hospital backup supply<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Priority restoration rules for hospitals, resilient design standards and the next lifeline performance reviews.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-06 Development and Humanitarian<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-07 Climate and Earth Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-09 Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-06 Insurance, Protection Gaps and Insurability<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It assesses no operator, regulator or company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Disaster and food<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Floods, storms and dry spells destroy crops, herds and the roads that carry food. The loss in income and supply outlasts the hazard.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">41,390<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hectares<\/span><p>of Jamaican farmland affected by Melissa<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.25<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>animals reported dead in Jamaica after Melissa<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people affected by drought in Somalia, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Crops<\/td><td>more than 70,000 farmers lost crops in Jamaica; coffee production fell an estimated 45%<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Livestock<\/td><td>more than 1.25 million animals perished<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dry spells<\/td><td>Somalia and Syria dry spells affected 6.5 million and 16.2 million people<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global agricultural loss<\/td><td>a published global estimate was seen in summaries only<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 FOO crops and herds<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 FOO floods and dry spells<\/li><li>FOO \u2192 HLT hunger after loss<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>global agricultural loss from primary document<\/li><li>food access after events<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Harvest outlooks in drought-hit regions, reconstruction of farm assets and food price reports after major events.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-06 Development and Humanitarian<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-07 Climate and Earth Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-09 Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-06 Insurance, Protection Gaps and Insurability<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It makes no statement on any country\u2019s agricultural policy.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Disaster and health<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Disaster reaches health through heat, injury, failed hospitals and outbreaks. The least visible channel, heat, is also among the largest.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">489,000<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>estimated <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">61,672<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>estimated in Europe in summer 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">58<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of 375 known human infectious diseases aggravated by climate hazards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Heat<\/td><td>estimated deaths exceed recorded deaths by a wide margin<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hospitals<\/td><td>several hospitals sustained serious structural damage and some became non-operational after Melissa<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Outbreaks<\/td><td>a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h41\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.zoonotic.leptospirosis-outbreak\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Animal-to-human spillover\" data-td=\"A rodent-urine bacterial infection spreading in floodwater and wet farmland, causing fever and kidney and liver failure.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H41\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">leptospirosis outbreak<\/a> followed the floods in Jamaica<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health system framework<\/td><td>WHO sets out prevention, preparedness, response and recovery for health emergencies<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 HLT heat and disease<\/li><li>INF \u2192 HLT hospital failure<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT contamination<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>heat deaths worldwide on one basis<\/li><li>indirect deaths after events<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Summer 2026 excess-mortality releases, hospital resilience assessments and the next WHO heat estimates.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-06 Development and Humanitarian<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-07 Climate and Earth Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-09 Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-06 Insurance, Protection Gaps and Insurability<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Health-system planning rests with national authorities and WHO. No personal health data are used or shown in Reports.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Disaster, nature and cascading risk<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Hazards intensify with warming, compound with each other and cascade through connected <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Nature is both a buffer and a casualty, and it is the unmeasured side of this ledger.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.47<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">\u00b0C<\/span><p>above 1850 to 1900 in 2025, ERA5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.52<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">\u00b0C<\/span><p>three-year mean for 2023 to 2025, ERA5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.3 to 3.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>people in contexts highly vulnerable to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Temperature<\/td><td>2025 was the third-warmest year; 2023 to 2025 averaged above 1.5 \u00b0C<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Compound and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 cascading-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that an initial event sets off a sequence of secondary failures across dependent systems, so that the total harm greatly exceeds the initial impact.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/glossary\/cascading-risk\/\" data-tgl=\"GCRI glossary\">cascading risk<\/a><\/td><td>multiple hazards and interacting risks compound and transmit through connected systems<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Wildfire<\/a><\/td><td>USD 53.9 billion of recorded losses in 2025 against a USD 6.8 billion average<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ecosystem buffers<\/td><td>effects of habitats on flood and fire losses not consolidated here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 BIO habitat and fire<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 WAT wetlands and forests buffer floods<\/li><li>INF \u2192 FIN cascading loss<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ecosystem effects on loss<\/li><li>attribution of single events<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Monthly temperature bulletins, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a> seasons in North America and Europe, and compound heat and dry-spell events.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-06 Development and Humanitarian<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-07 Climate and Earth Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-09 Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-06 Insurance, Protection Gaps and Insurability<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Biodiversity is not reduced to a single number. Where valuation is used later, it will never be presented as the whole value.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Tellman, B. et al., Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods, Nature 596, 80 to 86, 2021 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018 (events 2000 to 2018). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Kreibich, H. et al., The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management, Nature 608, 80 to 86, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D., Understanding compound, interconnected, interacting, and cascading risks: a holistic framework, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-analysis\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Understanding the nature and level of risk, including likelihood, consequence, controls and uncertainty.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Analysis<\/a> 38(11), 2245 to 2257, 2018 (abstract opened). Wiley, Hoboken. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: FAO (ed.), The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2023 (about USD 3.8 trillion of crop and livestock loss over 30 years in search summaries); the publisher page returned an access page instead of the report. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Mora, C. et al., Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a>, Nature Climate Change 12, 869, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (2019), publication page. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>13 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Recorded disaster deaths in 2025 against the 2005 to 2024 annual average<\/td><td>16,607 \u00f7 57,429<\/td><td>\u224829%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Share of 2025 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> deaths in the Myanmar and Afghanistan events<\/td><td>(3,820 + 2,200) \u00f7 6,353<\/td><td>\u224895%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Difference between Swiss Re and EM-DAT 2025 economic losses (different methods)<\/td><td>220 \u2212 169.7<\/td><td>\u2248USD 50 billion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Spread of the three Melissa damage estimates for Jamaica<\/td><td>12.2 \u2212 8.8<\/td><td>USD 3.4 billion<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Disaster and Resilience Sector Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-GS08-DISASTER \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent the global disaster system and its couplings to water, energy, food, health and biodiversity<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of hazard, exposure and capacity.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>45 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 disaster and resilience annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Disaster and Resilience Sector Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disaster burden and averages<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>reference date March 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next EM-DAT annual report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Displacement<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>May 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next IDMC report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> coverage<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>November 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next status report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Insured and economic losses<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>March 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next sigma report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Melissa damage in Jamaica<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>November 2025 and March 2026<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>detailed damage and loss assessment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat mortality in Europe<\/td><td>2022 and 2023<\/td><td>2023 and 2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>later summers not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood exposure<\/td><td>2000 to 2018<\/td><td>2021 and 2022<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>later updates not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lifeline disruption cost<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>not scheduled<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global temperature<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>early 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>monthly bulletins<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat and health estimates<\/td><td>2000 to 2019<\/td><td>July 2026 page<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next WHO update<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Event burden<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>revisions and heat counts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Displacement<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>duration and return<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Early warning<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>country quality and last-mile reach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Losses and cover<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">protection gap<\/a> on one basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat and health<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>deaths on one basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lifelines<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>performance in real events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cities<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>urban exposure and loss series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resilience<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>tested capabilities beyond warning<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Heat-related deaths<\/a> worldwide in 2025, on one basis<\/td><td>national mortality statistics; WHO; EM-DAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EM-DAT records no extreme-temperature deaths for 2025 because of reporting delays; the provisional city study<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup> was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Primary document behind the USD 2.3 trillion annual cost of disasters<\/td><td>UNDRR Global Assessment Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the publisher\u2019s pages refused retrieval; only summaries were read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Country progress against the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> targets<\/td><td>Sendai Framework Monitor; Secretary-General report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the monitor and the report were not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disaster mortality per 100,000 against the 2005 to 2015 baseline (Target A)<\/td><td>Sendai Framework Monitor with population data<\/td><td>not retrieved; not computed in this edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Consolidated 2025 global temperature from WMO<\/td><td>WMO State of the Global Climate 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report was not opened; the ERA5 value from Copernicus is used instead<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Country tables of the multi-hazard early warning report<\/td><td>UNDRR and WMO full report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>only the press release was opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>United States billion-dollar disaster series for 2025<\/td><td>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the data page was opened but carried no figures; series status not confirmed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Damage to hospitals and schools on a common basis<\/td><td>Sendai Framework Monitor; ministries of health and education<\/td><td>not published on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deaths from indirect causes after major events<\/td><td>national health authorities<\/td><td>the National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center report states the breakdown for Melissa is not known<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global agricultural loss from disasters<\/td><td>FAO report on the impact of disasters on agriculture<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the publisher page returned an access page instead of the report; not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pledges and first allocations of the loss and damage fund<\/td><td>Board documents of the fund<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>only search summaries were read; counts of requests conflict between summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protection gap on one basis<\/td><td>Swiss Re Institute sigma and its resilience index<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>only the sigma press release was opened; the index measure was not<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Funding for anticipatory action worldwide<\/td><td>OCHA Global Humanitarian Overview<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup>; IFRC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>documents not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Catastrophe risk finance instruments by country<\/td><td>ministries of finance; World Bank<\/td><td>not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cascading failure incidents on a common basis<\/td><td>infrastructure operators and authorities<\/td><td>no common incident database found<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by CRED from the Emergency Events Database, reference date 17 March 2026. Annual. Role: binds CLI-001, GOV-002 and the hazard tiles. The report states that 2025 figures are still being revised.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-GS08-001<\/h3><p>EM-DAT annual report, Disasters in numbers 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Compiled by IDMC from government, agency and media sources for 2025. Annual. Role: binds HLT-003 and the evacuation analogues.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-GS08-002<\/h3><p>IDMC Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-GS08-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-GS08-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>natural hazards only; <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/health\/biological-hazard-standards\/\">biological hazards<\/a> excluded; heat and drought deaths under-reported<\/td><td>140 countries and territories for disasters; pre-emptive evacuations incomplete<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 2.5 months after the year<\/td><td>about 4.5 months after the year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>figures are provisional and may be revised<\/td><td>movements and stocks are revised as data arrive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>definitions and thresholds published<\/td><td>methodology published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>compared with source agencies<\/td><td>compared with national and agency data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>EM-DAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: revised 2025 figures and event-level tables<\/li><li>IDMC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>: duration of disaster displacement<\/li><li>UNDRR and WMO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup>: country tables of the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> report<\/li><li>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>: revised casualty and damage totals for Melissa<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>disaster and resilience, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CRED<\/td><td>Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EM-DAT<\/td><td>Emergency Events Database<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GRADE<\/td><td>Global Rapid Damage Estimation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IDB<\/td><td>Inter-American Development Bank<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IDMC<\/td><td>Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MHEWS<\/td><td>multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NHC<\/td><td>National Hurricane Center<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SCS<\/td><td>severe convective storms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIDS<\/td><td>small island developing States<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USGS<\/td><td>United States Geological Survey<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WMO<\/td><td>World Meteorological Organization<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-GS08-CYC-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Hazard corridor notes<\/td><td>cards for the major storm tracks, fault <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and river and delta basins<\/td><td>WITH REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: multi-hazard early warning coverage<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>share of countries that report having a multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning-system\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated system of risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and preparedness that enables timely action ahead of hazards.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning system<\/a>, and the comprehensiveness of its capabilities<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>number and share of countries<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>country self-reporting compiled by UNDRR and WMO<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>UNDRR and WMO press release on the 2025 status report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>self-reported; quality and last-mile reach vary<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>counts systems, not people reached or lives saved<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: research report on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> in European cities in summer 2025 (provisional estimate of 16,469 preventable deaths), cited in the EM-DAT report [1]; the study itself was not opened and no figure rests on this entry alone. Imperial College London and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays, Financing and Investing for our Future (total disaster cost of about USD 2.3 trillion a year including cascading and ecosystem costs; direct costs of USD 180 to 200 billion a year in 2001 to 2020), taken from search-result summaries and a republished summary on a third-party portal; the publisher pages refused retrieval. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Secretary-General, Implementation of the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (report A\/80\/333, August 2025), identified from search results; the document service returned an empty page. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025 at about 1.43 \u00b0C above 1850 to 1900, second or third warmest year), taken from search-result summaries; the WMO pages returned errors. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR and WMO (eds.), Global Status of Multi-Hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early Warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> 2025 (full report); only the press release [3] was read. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (ed.), U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (data page; opened, no figures were retrieved from it). NOAA NCEI, Asheville. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: FAO (ed.), The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2023 (about USD 3.8 trillion of crop and livestock loss over 30 years in search summaries); the publisher page returned an access page instead of the report. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fund for responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), Board documents and the Barbados Implementation Modalities start-up phase of USD 250 million (pledges of about USD 790 million in search summaries); the fund pages refused retrieval. FRLD Secretariat, Songdo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OCHA (ed.), Global Humanitarian Overview 2026. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IFRC (ed.), World Disasters Report 2025. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), Early warning systems reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Disasters recorded<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">358<\/span><\/td><td>events<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disaster deaths recorded<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">16,607<\/span><\/td><td>people<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People affected by recorded disasters<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">110.2<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Economic losses recorded (EM-DAT)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">169.7<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Natural catastrophe economic losses (Swiss Re)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">220<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Natural catastrophe insured losses (Swiss Re)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">107<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disaster displacement movements<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">29.9<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People in disaster displacement at year end<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">13.6<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Countries reporting multi-hazard <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">119<\/span><\/td><td>countries<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa damage, Jamaica (World Bank and IDB)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">8.8<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hurricane Melissa damage, Jamaica (NHC report)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">12.2<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Heat-related deaths<\/a> in Europe, summer 2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">61,672<\/span><\/td><td>people<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat-related deaths in Europe, 2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">47,690<\/span><\/td><td>people<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.81<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Annual cost of infrastructure disruption, low- and middle-income countries<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">391 to 647<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global mean temperature above 1850 to 1900 (ERA5)<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.47<\/span><\/td><td>\u00b0C<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Insured losses in a modelled peak-loss year<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">320<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0ADisasters%20recorded%2C358%2Cevents%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ADisaster%20deaths%20recorded%2C%2216%2C607%22%2Cpeople%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0APeople%20affected%20by%20recorded%20disasters%2C110.2%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AEconomic%20losses%20recorded%20(EM-DAT)%2C169.7%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ANatural%20catastrophe%20economic%20losses%20(Swiss%20Re)%2C220%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B4%5D%0ANatural%20catastrophe%20insured%20losses%20(Swiss%20Re)%2C107%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B4%5D%0ADisaster%20displacement%20movements%2C29.9%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0APeople%20in%20disaster%20displacement%20at%20year%20end%2C13.6%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0ACountries%20reporting%20multi-hazard%20early%20warning%2C119%2Ccountries%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22Hurricane%20Melissa%20damage%2C%20Jamaica%20(World%20Bank%20and%20IDB)%22%2C8.8%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0A%22Hurricane%20Melissa%20damage%2C%20Jamaica%20(NHC%20report)%22%2C12.2%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0A%22Heat-related%20deaths%20in%20Europe%2C%20summer%202022%22%2C%2261%2C672%22%2Cpeople%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0A%22Heat-related%20deaths%20in%20Europe%2C%202023%22%2C%2247%2C690%22%2Cpeople%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B15%5D%0APeople%20exposed%20to%20a%201-in-100-year%20flood%2C1.81%2Cbillion%2C2020%2CREPORTED%2C%5B16%5D%0A%22Annual%20cost%20of%20infrastructure%20disruption%2C%20low-%20and%20middle-income%20countries%22%2C391%20to%20647%2CUSD%20billion%2C2019%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B13%5D%0AGlobal%20mean%20temperature%20above%201850%20to%201900%20(ERA5)%2C1.47%2C%C2%B0C%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B23%5D%0AInsured%20losses%20in%20a%20modelled%20peak-loss%20year%2C320%2CUSD%20billion%2C2026%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B4%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Global%20Disaster%20and%20Resilience%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20Baseline%20Edition%2C%20The%20State%20of%20Disaster%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Worldwide.%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Disasters%20recorded%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22358%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22events%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Disaster%20deaths%20recorded%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2216%2C607%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22people%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20affected%20by%20recorded%20disasters%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22110.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Economic%20losses%20recorded%20(EM-DAT)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22169.7%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Natural%20catastrophe%20economic%20losses%20(Swiss%20Re)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22220%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Natural%20catastrophe%20insured%20losses%20(Swiss%20Re)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22107%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Disaster%20displacement%20movements%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2229.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20in%20disaster%20displacement%20at%20year%20end%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2213.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Countries%20reporting%20multi-hazard%20early%20warning%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22119%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22countries%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Hurricane%20Melissa%20damage%2C%20Jamaica%20(World%20Bank%20and%20IDB)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%228.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Hurricane%20Melissa%20damage%2C%20Jamaica%20(NHC%20report)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2212.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Heat-related%20deaths%20in%20Europe%2C%20summer%202022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2261%2C672%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22people%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Heat-related%20deaths%20in%20Europe%2C%202023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2247%2C690%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22people%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B15%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20exposed%20to%20a%201-in-100-year%20flood%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.81%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B16%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Annual%20cost%20of%20infrastructure%20disruption%2C%20low-%20and%20middle-income%20countries%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22391%20to%20647%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222019%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Global%20mean%20temperature%20above%201850%20to%201900%20(ERA5)%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.47%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%C2%B0C%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B23%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Insured%20losses%20in%20a%20modelled%20peak-loss%20year%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22320%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are shown as published. EM-DAT, IDMC and Swiss Re Institute use different definitions and the 2025 figures are provisional<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Where issuers differ, each value is shown with its issuer. Forecast and scenario values are labelled SCENARIO. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GOV<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>EM-DAT annual report, Disasters in numbers 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>research centre, open database<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>burden, averages<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IDMC Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>monitoring centre<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>displacement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNDRR and WMO <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a> status<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agencies<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>warning coverage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Swiss Re Institute sigma 1\/2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>reinsurer research<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>losses and cover<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Bank and IDB damage estimate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>development banks<\/td><td>Jamaica<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>rapid damage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Center report on Melissa<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national agency<\/td><td>Caribbean<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>per storm<\/td><td>event record<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USGS <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> event pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>magnitudes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Bank Unbreakable<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup> and Lifelines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>development bank<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2016 to 2019<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>poverty and lifelines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO heat and health fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2000 to 2022<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>heat burden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Copernicus Global Climate Highlights 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental programme<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>temperature<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading: disaster across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading: disaster across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a>, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h1\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.convective.tornado\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Convective storms\" data-td=\"A violently rotating column of air in contact with the ground, leaving a narrow and intense damage path.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">tornado<\/a> outbreaks and severe storms<\/td><td>cities, insurance, power<\/td><td>USD 53.9 billion <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h24\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">wildfire<\/a> loss and a USD 9.4 billion tornado outbreak<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>; convective storm insured losses USD 51 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>drought, floods and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.tsunami\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A train of long sea waves from a sudden displacement of the sea floor or water column, flooding coasts even far from the source.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">tsunami<\/a> alerts<\/td><td>farms, cities, coast<\/td><td>Amazon drought USD 4.8 billion and Bolivian floods affecting 3 million people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>; Chile 1.5 million evacuations<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>heat waves<\/td><td>health, cities<\/td><td>estimated heat deaths 2022 and 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>; 25 recorded disaster deaths in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h17\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.tsunami\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A train of long sea waves from a sudden displacement of the sea floor or water column, flooding coasts even far from the source.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">tsunami<\/a> alert on the Pacific coast<\/td><td>coast, ports<\/td><td>magnitude 8.8 event off Kamchatka<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>; regional statistics (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>drought and displacement<\/td><td>farms, households<\/td><td>Syria drought left 16.2 million people affected<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>flash floods, landslides and drought<\/td><td>households, farms, roads<\/td><td>Nigeria flood with 1,100 deaths; Somalia drought affecting 6.5 million people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>monsoon floods and earthquakes<\/td><td>households, roads, health<\/td><td>Pakistan floods with more than 1,000 deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>; Afghanistan earthquake<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>floods and typhoons<\/td><td>cities, industry<\/td><td>northern China floods with USD 5.8 billion in losses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>earthquakes, typhoons and cyclone floods<\/td><td>cities, coasts, power<\/td><td>Myanmar earthquake<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>; Philippines storms affecting more than 30 million people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>cyclones, tsunami alerts and small island exposure<\/td><td>islands, ports<\/td><td>Pacific-wide alerts after the Kamchatka earthquake<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>; regional statistics (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Hazard card: the Caribbean track of Hurricane Melissa<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">cyclone<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">surge<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">island<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">cross-border<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>housing, hospitals, farms, roads, power<\/dd><dt>Defining event<\/dt><dd>category 5 landfall in Jamaica on 28 October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 INF damage; INF \u2192 HLT hospital failure; CLI \u2192 FOO crop and herd loss<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>pre-emptive evacuations in Cuba and a rapid damage estimate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>indirect deaths; the more detailed damage and loss assessment<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>DR-01 \u00b7 DR-02<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Melissa was the strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in Jamaica, with 160 knot winds and an estimated minimum pressure of 897 millibars [6].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">HAZARD<\/h3><p>Intensity<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Physical damage is USD 8.8 billion in the World Bank and IDB estimate and USD 12.2 billion in the National Hurricane Center report; both are put at 41% of 2024 GDP, so the percentage cannot be reconciled with both values [5] [6].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">IMPACT<\/h3><p>Estimates differ<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Cuba recorded 735,000 evacuations before landfall, and Jamaica relatively few [2].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">PREPAREDNESS<\/h3><p>Evacuation outcomes<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Hazard cards are generated for the major storm tracks, fault <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and basins with the regional Baseline Editions. The Caribbean card is shown first because its event record is published.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the disaster and resilience edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the disaster edition through the disaster chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the disaster and resilience edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>17 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 7.7, 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a>, 28 March 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 8.8, 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia earthquake, 29 July 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 6.0, near Asadabad, Afghanistan, 31 August 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-08-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\">Global Disaster and Resilience 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>45 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1\/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Hurricane<\/a> Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (WMO-No. 1267, 2021); publication page and the library description of the updated dataset for 1970 to 2021 (nearly 12 000 disasters, USD 4.3 trillion, 2 million deaths) were opened, not the full atlas. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021 (data 1970 to 2021). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 7.7, 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a>, 28 March 2025 (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h17\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 8.8, 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia earthquake, 29 July 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 6.0, near Asadabad, Afghanistan, 31 August 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Tellman, B. et al., Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods, Nature 596, 80 to 86, 2021 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018 (events 2000 to 2018). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Kreibich, H. et al., The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management, Nature 608, 80 to 86, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Mora, C. et al., Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change, Nature Climate Change 12, 869, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D., Understanding compound, interconnected, interacting, and cascading risks: a holistic framework, Risk Analysis 38(11), 2245 to 2257, 2018 (abstract opened). Wiley, Hoboken. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework (2019), publication page. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNISDR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (adopted March 2015; full text). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (ed.), U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (data page; opened, no figures were retrieved from it). NOAA NCEI, Asheville. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025: Resilience Pays, Financing and Investing for our Future (total disaster cost of about USD 2.3 trillion a year including cascading and ecosystem costs; direct costs of USD 180 to 200 billion a year in 2001 to 2020), taken from search-result summaries and a republished summary on a third-party portal; the publisher pages refused retrieval. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (2025 at about 1.43 \u00b0C above 1850 to 1900, second or third warmest year), taken from search-result summaries; the WMO pages returned errors. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR and WMO (eds.), Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025 (full report); only the press release [3] was read. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Secretary-General, Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (report A\/80\/333, August 2025), identified from search results; the document service returned an empty page. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: FAO (ed.), The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2023 (about USD 3.8 trillion of crop and livestock loss over 30 years in search summaries); the publisher page returned an access page instead of the report. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fund for responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), Board documents and the Barbados Implementation Modalities start-up phase of USD 250 million (pledges of about USD 790 million in search summaries); the fund pages refused retrieval. FRLD Secretariat, Songdo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IFRC (ed.), World Disasters Report 2025. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OCHA (ed.), Global Humanitarian Overview 2026. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change, The Lancet, 2025; the record was found without an abstract and no figure is used. Elsevier, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: research report on heat-related deaths in European cities in summer 2025 (provisional estimate of 16,469 preventable deaths), cited in the EM-DAT report [1]; the study itself was not opened and no figure rests on this entry alone. Imperial College London and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the legal database returned an empty page. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Decision (EU) 2021\/836 amending Decision No 1313\/2013\/EU on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism, Official Journal of the European Union, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience, Business continuity management systems, requirements. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22320:2018, Security and resilience, Emergency management, guidelines for incident management. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37123:2019, Sustainable cities and communities, Indicators for resilient cities. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Zscheischler, J. et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change 8, 469 to 477, 2018, cited from memory. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R.J. and Corfee-Morlot, J., Future flood losses in major coastal cities, Nature Climate Change 3, 802 to 806, 2013, cited from memory. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR and ISC (eds.), Hazard Information Profiles, supplement to the UNDRR-ISC Hazard Definition and Classification Review, 2021, cited from memory. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Global Disaster and Resilience Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Global Sector Series GS-08<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 disaster and resilience edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-08-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-08-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-SEC-GS-08-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Global Disaster and Resilience; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Disaster%20and%20Resilience\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Disaster%20and%20Resilience&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Disaster%20and%20Resilience\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Disaster%20and%20Resilience\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Disaster%20and%20Resilience\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Global Disaster and Resilience, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Global Disaster and Resilience for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Global Disaster and Resilience Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of Disaster Risk and Resilience Worldwide..&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Global Disaster and Resilience&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Global Sector Report \u00b7 GS-08&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Global Disaster and Resilience&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Global Sector Report \u00b7 GS-08&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-08-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-08-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>GS-08 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Global Disaster and Resilience 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; GS-08 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Global Disaster and Resilience.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-08\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-08-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-08-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-08-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Global Disaster and Resilience Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of Disaster Risk and Resilience Worldwide. \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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