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\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svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-10-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-10-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-gs-10-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Global Cities Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\u2019s Cities and Urban Systems.<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GS-10<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Global Cities 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Global Cities Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\u2019s Cities and Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a>. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Cities are where the systems meet<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Heat wave followed by flooding in a subsiding coastal city<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>12 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>The world enters 2027 with cities that are larger, more numerous and more exposed than the statistics of a decade ago suggest. The United Nations Population Division now counts 45% of the world\u2019s 8.2 billion people as living in cities on a harmonised grid-based definition, while the World Bank series, built on national definitions, shows 57.8% urban in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Both are reported here with their issuers because they measure different things. There were 33 megacities in 2025, against 8 in 1975, but 96% of the more than 12,000 cities analysed have fewer than 1 million people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Housing is the clearest gap: 1.12 billion people lived in slums or informal settlements in 2022, 24.8% of the urban population<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>. Urban areas produced about 29 GtCO2-eq in 2020, 67 to 72% of the global share on a consumption basis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Heat and flood concentrate in cities: urban exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> rose by nearly 200% between 1983 and 2016, and 1.81 billion people are exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. Subnational governments carry 39.5% of public investment, yet cities receive less than 20% of the finance needed for climate action<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. Green space is thin where it is most needed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup>. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It ranks no city and recommends no policy.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the cities baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">It depends on the definition: 45% in cities on the UN grid method, 57.8% on national definitions.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How urban is the world?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Two thirds of growth to 2050 is in cities, mostly small and medium ones in Asia and Africa.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where is growth?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 1.12 billion people live in slums or informal settlements.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Who lacks adequate housing?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 29 GtCO2-eq in 2020 on a consumption basis, 67 to 72% of the global share.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How much do cities emit?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Urban heat exposure rose nearly 200% in 34 years; 1.81 billion people face a 1-in-100-year flood.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How hot and how wet is the risk?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Subnational governments make 39.5% of public investment; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance need.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Who pays for urban resilience?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Tree cover offsets 41 to 49% of the potential heat island but is thin in low-income cities.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Can green cover help?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A heat wave followed by flooding in a subsiding coastal city. SCN-GS10-HTF-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 1.12 billion people lived in slums or informal settlements in 2022, 24.8% of the urban population.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-fig1-t\">Urban population in slums or informal settlements (%)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">UN SDG database, 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"98.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">24.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">World Bank series, 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"91.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">23.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">UN SDG database, 2015<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">25.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: UN SDG database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup> and Goal 11 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>; World Bank World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The share fell slowly while the number rose.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">The share barely moved between 2015 and 2022, so the number rose by about 130 million. Informal settlements are also the places least covered by adaptation plans, and the UN expects Sub-Saharan Africa to add 360 million slum residents by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">45<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of people in cities, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">33<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">megacities<\/span><p>in 2025, from 8 in 1975<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">24.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of urban people in slums, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">29<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GtCO2-eq<\/span><p>urban emissions, 2020<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.81<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">39.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>subnational share of public investment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading cities as the place where systems meet.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people urban risk arrives as a hot night, a flooded street or a missing service.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Municipal finance is short of need and subnational governments carry a large share of public investment.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Cities are well measured at the level of population and emissions, and thinly measured at the level of services, plans in force and losses.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of the world\u2019s cities and urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and the couplings through which it carries risk into other systems. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a ranking of cities, a forecast of population or property values, a planning recommendation or an assessment of any municipality, mayor or government. Urban planning, land use and services rest with local and national authorities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 cities edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Romanello, M. et al., The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet 402 (open access full text, PMC). Elsevier, London, 2023. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Cities are where the systems meet<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is cities risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry cities shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which cities capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five coupling chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Cities are usually described by size. The 2026 evidence reads them as the places where housing, services, finance and hazards meet. A person in a city depends on drinking supply, power, transport, food markets and a clinic within a few kilometres, and a single hazard can reach all of them<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The definition matters. On the UN grid-based method 45% of people live in cities, and on national definitions 57.8% are urban<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The first method counts more than 12,000 cities and shows that most are small<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Policy designed for megacities reaches a minority of urban residents.<\/p><p>Risk is rising with exposure. Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> exposure nearly tripled between 1983 and 2016, 1.81 billion people live in flood-exposed areas, and deltas and coastal cities are subsiding<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>. Informal settlements, home to about 1.12 billion people, are often excluded from adaptation plans<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Cities are also where action can scale. Urban emissions were about 29 GtCO2-eq in 2020, yet per capita urban emissions are lower than national per capita emissions in most regions, and trees already offset part of the heat island<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. Finance lags the need: cities receive less than 20% of the finance needed for climate action<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-fig1-t\">How large is the housing gap? Urban population in slums or informal settlements (million)<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">The share held near 25% while the urban population grew, so the number rose. The 2015 value is derived from the published increase of 130 million and is a derivation, not a reported figure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1120<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2015, implied by 130 million fewer<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"88.4\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">990<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2022.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">130<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>more people in slums than in 2015<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">360<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>added in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, expected<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">31.0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>average housing cost burden, 124 countries, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">43.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>housing cost burden in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The cities-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their cities content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hydro \u00b7 cooling water for urban power<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">irrigation for city food supply<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">drinking supply \u00b7 sanitation \u00b7 flood<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">urban rivers and floodplains<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping \u00b7 treatment \u00b7 drainage load<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cold chains \u00b7 markets<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling \u00b7 clinics \u00b7 clean cooking<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land for supply \u00b7 light<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">peri-urban runoff<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">food waste to energy<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">urban diets \u00b7 food access<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">peri-urban land conversion<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollution load<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">green and blue infrastructure buffers flood<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">canopy cuts cooling demand<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">urban agriculture<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">green space \u00b7 heat \u00b7 child survival<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A heat wave raises cooling demand while services fail; older and poorer residents are hit first.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> urban heat exposure up 199% 1983 to 2016<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; 61,672 excess deaths in Europe in 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Flood and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> reach drainage, power and transport at once in low-lying cities.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 1 billion in low-lying cities at risk by 2050<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>; 1.81 billion flood-exposed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 BIO \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Subsiding land raises relative sea level beneath coastal cities.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> delta subsidence study<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>; 48 coastal cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Under-funded municipalities defer service upgrading, and informal settlements stay uncovered.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> cities receive under 20% of climate finance need<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">BIO \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Tree cover and canopy continuity are associated with lower heat harm and child mortality.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> canopy and child mortality in 57 countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>; greenness and heat mortality<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Sinking cities, rising seas, Communications Engineering (2022), commentary on a Nature Sustainability study of relative <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h20\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.ground.land-subsidence\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Ground deformation and subsidence\" data-td=\"Gradual sinking of the ground, often from groundwater, oil or gas withdrawal, mining or peat drainage, that floods and cracks cities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H20\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\">land subsidence<\/a> in 48 major coastal cities (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local risk reduction strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 heat-related deaths a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Urban tree canopy fragmentation and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026), open access full text, PMC. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2026 (420,000 children, 57 countries). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>The role of greenness in heat-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Annals of Global Health (2026), open access full text, PMC. Ubiquity Press, London. Observation year 2026 (11 studies). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the cities baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>14 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 1.12 billion people lived in slums or informal settlements in 2022, 24.8% of the urban population.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-fig1-t\">Urban population in slums or informal settlements (%)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">UN SDG database, 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"98.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">24.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">World Bank series, 2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"91.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">23.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">UN SDG database, 2015<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">25.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: UN SDG database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup> and Goal 11 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>; World Bank World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The share fell slowly while the number rose.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The share barely moved between 2015 and 2022, so the number rose by about 130 million. Informal settlements are also the places least covered by adaptation plans, and the UN expects Sub-Saharan Africa to add 360 million slum residents by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The next SDG database release, national urban policies that fund settlement upgrading, and the share of slum households with safely managed services would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-001\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Cities hold 45% of the world\u2019s 8.2 billion people on the UN Population Division grid-based definition, up from 20% in 1950, while the World Bank series on national definitions shows 57.8% urban in 2025 (4.75 billion people).<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-002\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">There were 33 megacities in 2025, against 8 in 1975, 19 of them in Asia, but 96% of the more than 12,000 cities analysed have fewer than 1 million people and small and medium cities hold more people than megacities.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-003\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Two thirds of global population growth to 2050 is projected to occur in cities, and the IPCC assessment adds 2.5 billion urban residents by 2050, up to 90% of them in Asia and Africa.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a heat wave followed by flooding in a low-lying, subsiding coastal city with stressed power and drainage. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">About 1.12 billion people lived in slums or informal settlements in 2022, 24.8% of the urban population in the UN database and 23.2% in the World Bank series.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Population-weighted PM2.5 averaged 27.3 \u00b5g\/m3 in urban areas and 15.7 \u00b5g\/m3 in rural areas in 2023, and 99% of the world\u2019s people lived where WHO guideline levels were not met in 2019.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-005\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Urban areas produced about 29 GtCO2-eq in 2020, 67 to 72% of the global share on a consumption basis, and about 100 high-emitting urban areas account for about 18% of the global carbon footprint.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-006\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Urban exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> rose by 199% between 1983 and 2016, from 40 to 119 billion person-days, with population growth contributing 66% and urban warming 34% of the annual increase.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Water<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">About 1.81 billion people (23% of world population) are exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood, and the UN reports 1 billion people in areas prone to severe riverine flooding in 2025, half of them in cities.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-009\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Subnational governments made 39.5% of public investment and 21.5% of public spending in 2020, while cities receive less than 20% of the finance needed for climate action.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-010\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">In 2024, 83.4% of urban residents used safely managed drinking water and 65.8% used safely managed sanitation, and 60.9% of people had convenient access to public transport in 2020.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Biodiversity<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-BIO-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-BIO-011\">NRF-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-BIO-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Current tree cover offsets 41 to 49% of the potential <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> effect across 8,919 large urban areas, and the share of urban centres in low-income countries with moderate or higher greenness fell from 18% in 2015 to 13% in 2022.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Romanello, M. et al., The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet 402 (open access full text, PMC). Elsevier, London, 2023. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Settlement<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">People living in cities, Degree of Urbanisation<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">45<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of 8.2 billion; 20% in 1950.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>UN DESA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Settlement<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Urban population, national definitions<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">57.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>4.75 billion people.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Housing<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Urban population in slums or informal settlements<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">24.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>1.12 billion people.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2022<\/span><span>SDG database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CLI \u00b7 Climate<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Urban share of global GHG emissions, consumption basis<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">67 to 72<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>29 GtCO2-eq; 62% in 2015.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2020<\/span><span>IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WAT \u00b7 Flood<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">People exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood, all settlements<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.81<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>23% of world population; modelled.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2020 grid<\/span><span>Rentschler<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Finance<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Subnational share of public investment<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">39.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>21.5% of public spending.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2020<\/span><span>OECD, UCLG<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through cities, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries cities risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Urban supply, sanitation and drainage carry public health. In 2024, 83.4% of urban residents used safely managed drinking water and 65.8% safely managed sanitation.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Urban access to electricity is 97.8% and to clean cooking 89.4%, but buildings and cooling load are not bound from a primary report here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Hunger affects 645 million people and 2.7 billion cannot afford a healthy diet; no global urban split is bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>489,000 heat deaths a year, 4.2 million air-pollution deaths, 1.16 million road deaths; slum housing for 1.12 billion people.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Urban green cover is low and falling in low-income countries; tree cover offsets 41 to 49% of the potential heat island.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Urban emissions about 29 GtCO2-eq; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> exposure up 199% in 34 years; 1 billion in low-lying cities at risk by 2050.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Housing, transport, drainage and power form the urban core; 60.9% have convenient public transport access and 44.2% convenient access to open public space.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Subnational governments hold 39.5% of public investment; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance need.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Global urban series rest on census, survey and satellite grids; definitions differ and coverage is uneven.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Digital services and sensing serve city operations; no consolidated global series is bound here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/construction-and-real-estate\/\">Construction<\/a> materials rise to about 90 billion tonnes a year by 2050 in the IPCC assessment, up from 40 billion in 2010.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Ports and logistics serve coastal cities; port-city exposure to flood and subsidence is not consolidated here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on cities, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>cities couple every other system<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat then flood<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>drinking supply and sanitation gaps in cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>flood and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>urban load and clean cooking access<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peak demand in heat<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>healthy diets unaffordable for 2.7 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>market disruption<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>heat, air and road deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat season<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>subnational investment 39.5%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>financing gap<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>slum population 1.12 billion<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>service access gap<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>urban emissions about 29 GtCO2-eq<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>warming and exposure<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>1 billion in flood-prone areas, half in cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>compound events<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>transport and service networks<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>service continuity<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>the subject of this edition<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 compound-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk from the combination of several hazards or drivers, occurring together, in sequence or in neighbouring places, whose joint effect is worse than the sum of their separate effects.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">compound risk<\/a><\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>urban green cover and canopy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>loss of green cover<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>grids support urban measurement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>definition and resolution<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>municipal <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> not bound<\/td><td>attacks on city services<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>national urban policies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>implementation gap<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>strong urban climate science<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>city-level data<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (eds.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 (publication page; 645 million people faced hunger in 2025; about 2.7 billion cannot afford a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Road traffic injuries, fact sheet (page dated 20 July 2026; about 1.16 million deaths a year). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (page date). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Romanello, M. et al., The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet 402 (open access full text, PMC). Elsevier, London, 2023. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the urban heat island effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four cities risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>20 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS10-CLI-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Extreme urban heat on dense, under-cooled housing<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>warming combined with population growth in already-warm cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; 2025 was projected to be the second or third warmest year on record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>urban heat exposure rose to 119 billion person-days in 2016<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>informal settlements are hotter in some cities; over-65 heat mortality rose about 85%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>tree cover offsets 41 to 49% of the potential heat island<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT, ENE<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS10-WAT-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Coastal and river flooding on subsiding land<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">sea-level rise<\/a>, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a>, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">intense rainfall<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h20\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.ground.land-subsidence\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Ground deformation and subsidence\" data-td=\"Gradual sinking of the ground, often from groundwater, oil or gas withdrawal, mining or peat drainage, that floods and cracks cities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H20\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\">land subsidence<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>more than 1 billion people in low-lying cities by 2050<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>; 1.81 billion flood-exposed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>informal settlements are left out of adaptation plans<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>110 countries report local risk reduction strategies; 73% average implementation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2192 INF, HLT, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS10-HLT-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Service gaps in fast-growing informal settlements<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>urban population grew by more than 397 million between 2015 and 2020, over 90% in less developed regions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>1.12 billion people in slums or informal settlements<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>65.8% of urban residents have safely managed sanitation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>166 countries report a national urban policy or regional plan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>; 68 meet at least one qualifier of the indicator<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>HLT \u2192 FIN, WAT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-GS10-FIN-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Municipal finance gap for resilience and climate action<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>cities receive less than 20% of the finance needed for climate action<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>subnational governments make 39.5% of public investment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>grants are more than half of subnational revenue in many countries; debt is low<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>land-based revenue and national grants; urban finance reform<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>FIN \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for cities at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>energy codes for new buildings in force in the EU from 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; coverage elsewhere not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>grid-based urban series and SDG indicators publish regularly<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>heat and flood warnings exist in places; no global count of city <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies reported by 110 countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>service redundancy in cities not consolidated<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>urban emergency response varies; not consolidated here<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>service gaps remain in informal settlements<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no global evidence of recovery capacity in cities is bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>many city plans exist but few are implemented<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>housing support documented but not consolidated<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>cities receive under 20% of climate finance need<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>a global agenda and a European mission label for 107 cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>access to power and basic supply is high; sanitation lags<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>municipal skills not consolidated here<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong urban climate science; city-level data uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), 2025 set to be second or third warmest year on record (press release; January to August 2025 about 1.42 \u00b0C above pre-industrial). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council (eds.), Directive (EU) 2024\/1275 of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast), Official Journal of the European Union (downloaded text; Articles 7 and 12 read). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (released 23 March 2026), known from search results only; no figure is used. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>United Nations General Assembly (ed.), New Urban Agenda, resolution 71\/256, adopted at Habitat III in Quito on 20 October 2016 and endorsed on 23 December 2016 (downloaded text). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), EU Mission: climate-neutral and smart cities (mission page; 112 cities, 107 labelled). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026 (page). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban systems and other settlements, chapter 8 in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Heat wave followed by flooding in a subsiding coastal city<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>4 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a multi-day heat wave in a dense coastal city, followed within weeks by <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">intense rainfall<\/a> or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> on land that is subsiding<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>Europe 2022 heat<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>; urban heat exposure record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; coastal subsidence evidence<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heat raises illness and deaths among older and poorer residents<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cooling load peaks and local power is stressed<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heavy rain or surge meets drains and low ground weakened by subsidence<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022 to 2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">flood reaches roads, clinics, drainage and power<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">water-borne illness and injury rise in informal settlements<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">repair bills and lost output strain municipal budgets<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2022<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01 would travel through Global Cities and Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a>&#8216;s coupled systems, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Climate to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heat raises illness and deaths among older and poorer residents. Analogue or source: 2022.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-10, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Climate to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Cooling load peaks and local power is stressed. Analogue or source: 2022.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-10, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Climate to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heavy rain or surge meets drains and low ground weakened by subsidence. Analogue or source: 2022 to 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-10, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Water to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Flood reaches roads, clinics, drainage and power. Analogue or source: 2022.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-10, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Water to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Water-borne illness and injury rise in informal settlements. Analogue or source: 2022.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-10, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Infrastructure to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Repair bills and lost output strain municipal budgets. Analogue or source: 2022.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition GS-10, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Cities 2026, scenario SCN-GS10-HTF-01<\/a> (2026); Global Cities 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate change<\/a>, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Sinking cities, rising seas, Communications Engineering (2022), commentary on a Nature Sustainability study of relative <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h20\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.ground.land-subsidence\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Ground deformation and subsidence\" data-td=\"Gradual sinking of the ground, often from groundwater, oil or gas withdrawal, mining or peat drainage, that floods and cracks cities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H20\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\">land subsidence<\/a> in 48 major coastal cities (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c5-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The cities baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>17 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>44 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading cities as the place where systems meet. Exposure is rising, housing gaps are large, and finance is short. Evidence is strongest for settlement, emissions and heat exposure, and weakest for service quality, adaptation in force and city-level losses.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-001 \u00b7 HLT-004 \u00b7 CLI-006 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people urban risk arrives as a hot night, a flooded street or a missing service. The baseline asks that public debate keep the 1.12 billion people in informal settlements in view next to the story of megacities.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-004 \u00b7 WAT-007 \u00b7 SYS-002<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Municipal finance is short of need and subnational governments carry a large share of public investment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-009 \u00b7 CLI-005<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Cities are well measured at the level of population and emissions, and thinly measured at the level of services, plans in force and losses. The 2027 programme should bridge definitions, test the heat-then-flood pathway, and bind city-level service evidence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 C-01 \u00b7 C-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for cities. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> sector desks<\/td><td>urban chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, GRA readiness, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>sector editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Whether the world is 45% or 58% urban depends on the definition. Neither is wrong. Policy that quotes one without the other mixes people in towns, small cities and megacities. This edition shows both and names the issuer.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>A city is a definition<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">About 1.12 billion people live in slums or informal settlements, about a quarter of urban residents. They are exposed to heat and flood and are often missing from adaptation plans. Counting them is the first adaptation.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Informal is not marginal<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Population growth contributed two thirds of the increase in urban heat exposure between 1983 and 2016, and warming one third. Where people settle is a risk decision as much as a climate one.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Exposure grows faster than hazard<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Subnational governments make 39.5% of public investment, yet cities receive less than 20% of the finance needed for climate action. Closing the gap is a design question for fiscal systems, not only a funding one.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Finance is local, need is global<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 cities readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 cities readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Cities risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>New Urban Agenda, resolution 71\/256<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations General Assembly<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2016<\/td><td>agenda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Directive (EU) 2024\/1275 on the energy performance of buildings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>buildings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU Mission on climate-neutral and smart cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>EU and associated countries<\/td><td>ACTIVE 2026<\/td><td>city mission<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td>risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37120 city services indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>indicators<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37123 resilient cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37101 sustainable development management<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>management<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>World Urbanization Prospects 2025 adopted the Degree of Urbanisation and lowered the city threshold to 50,000 people<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The EU buildings directive set zero-emission new buildings from 1 January 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The EU mission label had been given to 107 cities by the page date<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>National transposition and renovation plans under the EU buildings directive<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The IPCC special report on cities and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>National urban policies tracked by the SDG indicator for Goal 11<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers cities assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about the world\u2019s cities and urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>agency flagships; assessment chapters; peer-reviewed urban and climate literature; statistics<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Rentschler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>flood exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuholske et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trees and the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>cooling<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global subsidence of river deltas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>subsidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sinking cities, rising seas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>commentary<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>48 coastal cities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Greenness and heat mortality<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>meta-analysis<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>heat harm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tree canopy and child mortality<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>child survival<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Seto et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2012<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>urban land forecasts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G\u00fcneralp et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>building energy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nicholls et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>subsidence and flood<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional flagships<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IPCC AR6 Working Group III, chapter 8<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IPCC<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>urban emissions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IPCC AR6 Working Group II, chapter 6<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IPCC<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>urban risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Urbanization Prospects 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN DESA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>settlement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Cities Report 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN-Habitat<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>finance, climate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Cities Report 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN-Habitat<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>future of cities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cities in the World<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>OECD, European Commission<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>definition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Assessment Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>disaster risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOLD VI report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UCLG<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>local governance<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Statistics, indicators and finance<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SDG database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN Statistics Division<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>Goal 11 indicators<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SDG Report 2025, Goal 11<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>housing, flood, waste<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>urban series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban development overview<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>economy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subnational finance observatory<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>OECD, UCLG<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>municipal finance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ambient air quality fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>air<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Road traffic injuries fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>road safety<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat and health fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat deaths<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State of Food Security and Nutrition 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FAO and partners<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>diets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lancet Countdown 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal report<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>green space<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lancet Countdown 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal report<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>heat and health<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards, legal acts and agreements<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Directive (EU) 2024\/1275<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>buildings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>New Urban Agenda<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>agenda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU Mission on climate-neutral and smart cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>city mission<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>context<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2030 Agenda<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>goal 11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNFCCC<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>climate goals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37120<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>city indicators<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37123<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>resilient cities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 37101<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>management systems<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Buildings report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNEP<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>buildings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Waste outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNEP<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>waste<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Future of Cooling<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cooling<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air quality guidelines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>air<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State of the Global Climate 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>WMO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>climate<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Urban areas are central to emissions and risk<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Urban heat exposure and flood exposure are rising with population and warming<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Informal settlements are the most exposed and least covered<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How many people are urban: 45% in cities on the UN grid method, 57.8% on national definitions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How large the slum population is: 24.8% in the UN database and 23.2% in the World Bank series for 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How many people face flood: 1.81 billion on a 1-in-100-year basis and 1 billion in severe riverine flood-prone areas, which differ in scope<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>United Nations General Assembly (ed.), New Urban Agenda, resolution 71\/256, adopted at Habitat III in Quito on 20 October 2016 and endorsed on 23 December 2016 (downloaded text). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council (eds.), Directive (EU) 2024\/1275 of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast), Official Journal of the European Union (downloaded text; Articles 7 and 12 read). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), EU Mission: climate-neutral and smart cities (mission page; 112 cities, 107 labelled). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026 (page). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015 to 2030; the page returned an access error and the entry is cited from memory without figures. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37120:2018, Sustainable cities and communities: indicators for city services and quality of life, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37123:2019, Sustainable cities and communities: indicators for resilient cities, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37101:2016, Sustainable development in communities: management system for sustainable development, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local risk reduction strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Sinking cities, rising seas, Communications Engineering (2022), commentary on a Nature Sustainability study of relative land subsidence in 48 major coastal cities (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>The role of greenness in heat-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Annals of Global Health (2026), open access full text, PMC. Ubiquity Press, London. Observation year 2026 (11 studies). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Urban tree canopy fragmentation and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026), open access full text, PMC. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2026 (420,000 children, 57 countries). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Seto, K.C., Guneralp, B. and Hutyra, L.R., Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(40), 16083 to 16088, 2012, cited from memory without figures. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Guneralp, B. et al., Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(34), 8945 to 8950, 2017, cited from memory without figures. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Nicholls, R.J. et al., A global analysis of subsidence, relative sea-level change and coastal flood exposure, Nature Climate Change 11, 338 to 342, 2021, cited from memory without figures. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities, cited from memory without figures. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD and European Commission (eds.), Cities in the World: A New Perspective on Urbanisation, cited from memory without figures. OECD, Paris. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UCLG (ed.), GOLD VI report: Pathways to urban and territorial equality, cited from memory without figures. United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona, 2022. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), Urban development overview (cities generate 80% of global GDP; infrastructure needs up to USD 2.7 trillion a year in low- and middle-income countries; slums about a quarter of urban population). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2026 (page; individual figures undated). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Road traffic injuries, fact sheet (page dated 20 July 2026; about 1.16 million deaths a year). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (page date). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 heat-related deaths a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (eds.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 (publication page; 645 million people faced hunger in 2025; about 2.7 billion cannot afford a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Romanello, M. et al., The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet 402 (open access full text, PMC). Elsevier, London, 2023. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change; the journal page returned an access error and no figure is used. Elsevier, London, 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly (ed.), Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, resolution 70\/1, cited from memory without figures. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>, adopted December 2015, cited from memory without figures. UNFCCC, Bonn. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP and GlobalABC (eds.), Global Status Report for Buildings and <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/construction-and-real-estate\/\">Construction<\/a> 2024 to 2025; the report page returned an access error and the figures seen only in search summaries (buildings about 32% of energy and 34% of CO2) are not used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2025. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Global Waste Management Outlook 2024; the report page returned an access error and the figures seen only in search summaries are not used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2024. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning, cited from memory without figures. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, 2021; the fact-sheet page did not state the guideline values and no value is used. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (released 23 March 2026), known from search results only; no figure is used. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 cities agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 cities edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a heat wave followed by flooding travel through housing, power, drainage and health in a subsiding coastal city?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS10-HTF-01 \u00b7 heat then flood; first output: concurrency analysis for six city regions.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Can urban population be reported on one definition across the UN and national series?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS10-DEF-02 \u00b7 definition bridge; first output: crosswalk table by country.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where do informal settlements lack services that the national averages hide?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS10-INF-03 \u00b7 informal settlement services; first output: service-tier table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What share of urban climate finance reaches municipalities, and in what form?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS10-FIN-04 \u00b7 municipal finance; first output: flow map with sources.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much do buildings add to urban load and emissions, and where are codes in force?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-GS10-BLD-05 \u00b7 buildings and cooling; first output: code coverage register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which urban heat deaths are avoidable with cooling and green cover?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which cities have adaptation plans that are funded and implemented?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: plan register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which urban capabilities have been tested in real heat or flood events, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Urban capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 cities portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS10-HTF-01<\/span><\/td><td>Heat then flood<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS10-DEF-02<\/span><\/td><td>Definition bridge<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS10-INF-03<\/span><\/td><td>Informal settlement services<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS10-FIN-04<\/span><\/td><td>Municipal finance<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-GS10-BLD-05<\/span><\/td><td>Buildings and cooling<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-GS10-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Heat then flood Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>C-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The cities edition reads national urban chapters, regional city-system evidence and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National urban chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">urban system of each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">City-system evidence<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">delta, coastal and metropolitan regions that cross borders<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 regional Baseline Editions<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Urban sector model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the global urban system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global and strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GLB \u00b7 SR-11 Cities, Demography and Human Systems \u00b7 SR-02 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline Systems<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global Cities Report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the cities candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the cities candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-GS10-2027-01 \u00b7 Heat then flood Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SYS-001 \u00b7 settlement<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-004 \u00b7 informal settlements<\/td><td>INI-GS10-INF-03<\/td><td>informal settlement services<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CLI-006 \u00b7 urban heat<\/td><td>INI-GS10-HTF-01 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>heat then flood<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-007 \u00b7 flood exposure<\/td><td>INI-GS10-HTF-01<\/td><td>heat then flood<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-009 \u00b7 municipal finance<\/td><td>INI-GS10-FIN-04<\/td><td>municipal finance<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-002 \u00b7 city sizes<\/td><td>INI-GS10-DEF-02<\/td><td>definition bridge<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BIO-011 \u00b7 green space<\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>canopy and cooling overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-GS10-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (GS-10 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SDG database, Goal 11 series<\/td><td>UN Statistics Division<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Urbanization Prospects<\/td><td>UN DESA Population Division<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>SYS-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Development Indicators<\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>INF-010<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subnational finance observatory<\/td><td>OECD and UCLG<\/td><td>triennial<\/td><td>FIN-009<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat and health fact sheet<\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>CLI-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ambient air quality database and fact sheet<\/td><td>WHO<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>HLT-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate and city assessments<\/td><td>IPCC<\/td><td>assessment cycle<\/td><td>CLI-005<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-GS10-001<\/td><td>Urban heat exposure rose by 199% over 34 years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 HLT<\/td><td>research question C-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-GS10-002<\/td><td>Informal settlements hold about a quarter of urban residents<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>HLT \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>initiative C-03<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-GS10-003<\/td><td>Cities receive under 20% of climate finance need<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>FIN \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>initiative C-04<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c7-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>17 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Cities and water<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Drinking supply, sanitation and drainage carry urban health, and floods test them. Cities sit on rivers and coasts, and some of the land beneath them is sinking.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.81<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>people exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood, all settlements<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">83.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of urban residents with safely managed drinking water, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">65.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of urban residents with safely managed sanitation, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Flood hazard<\/td><td>1 billion people in severe riverine flood-prone areas in 2025, half in cities; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.pluvial\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"Water ponding and running over land where intense rain exceeds the capacity of the ground and the drains, away from any river.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">urban flood<\/a> exposure since 1975 is 3.5 times that of rural areas<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coastal subsidence<\/td><td>surface-elevation loss across 40 deltas, and faster local subsidence in 48 coastal cities than earlier estimates suggested<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Drinking supply<\/td><td>83.4% safely managed and 96.4% at least basic in urban areas, 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sanitation<\/td><td>65.8% of urban residents use safely managed sanitation, 2024; the slum population is not split out here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WAT \u2192 HLT supply and sanitation<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 WAT flood and surge<\/li><li>INF \u2192 WAT drainage and treatment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>network losses in urban supply <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/li><li>urban demand for supply by 2030<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Rainfall and surge in low-lying cities; subsidence monitoring in deltas; sanitation coverage in informal settlements.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster and Resilience<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-11 Cities, Demography and Human Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It assesses no utility, city or authority.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Cities and energy<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Cities concentrate the demand for power, cooling and cooking fuel, and the buildings that use them. Access is high, and the next question is the load and emissions of the building stock.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">97.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of urban residents with electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">89.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of urban residents cooking with clean fuels, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2030<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">zero-emission<\/span><p>new buildings required in the EU from 1 January 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Access<\/td><td>97.8% of urban residents have electricity and 89.4% cook with clean fuels<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban emissions<\/td><td>the consumption-based urban total of about 29 GtCO2-eq includes power consumed in cities<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building codes<\/td><td>EU rules require zero-emission new buildings from 2030 and set a 16% threshold for the worst-performing non-residential stock<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cooling load<\/td><td>heat exposure is rising; cooling volumes are not bound here and no figure is used<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 HLT cooling and clean cooking<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 INF pumping and transit load<\/li><li>INF \u2192 ENE building load<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>buildings share of energy and emissions<\/li><li>urban cooling demand<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Peak load in hot months; national transposition of building rules; clean cooking access in informal settlements.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster and Resilience<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-11 Cities, Demography and Human Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical couplings. It assesses no utility, operator or city and makes no forecast of prices.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Cities and food<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">City residents buy most of their food. Cost, market access and cold storage matter, and housing costs compete for the same budget.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">645<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>people faced hunger in 2025, global<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>people cannot afford a healthy diet, 2026 summary<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">31.0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>average housing cost burden, 124 countries, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hunger<\/td><td>645 million people faced hunger in 2025; the page gives no urban split<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Healthy diets<\/td><td>about 2.7 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet; no urban split on the page<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban food series<\/td><td>no global urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 food-insecurity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A situation in which people lack reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food for active and healthy lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">food insecurity<\/a> series is bound in this edition<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Household budgets<\/td><td>housing costs average 31.0% of income in 124 countries, which competes with food spending; the link is inferred<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>FOO \u2192 HLT urban diets<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 FOO supply to markets<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 FOO cold chains<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>urban share of food insecurity<\/li><li>market and cold-chain exposure to heat and flood<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Food price indices; heat and flood effects on urban markets; housing costs for low-income households.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster and Resilience<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-11 Cities, Demography and Human Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical and economic couplings. It makes no statement on any country\u2019s food or housing policy.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Cities and health<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Heat, polluted air, road traffic and poor housing shape urban health. The same neighbourhoods often carry all four burdens.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">489,000<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths a year<\/span><p>heat-related, 2000 to 2019<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>premature deaths from ambient air pollution, 2019<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>road traffic deaths a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Heat<\/td><td>about 489,000 heat deaths a year, 45% in Asia and 36% in Europe; 61,672 excess deaths in Europe in summer 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air<\/td><td>urban population-weighted PM2.5 of 27.3 \u00b5g\/m3 against 15.7 \u00b5g\/m3 in rural areas, 2023; 99% of people above guideline levels in 2019<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Road safety<\/td><td>more than half of road deaths are pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists; 92% occur in low- and middle-income countries<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Housing<\/td><td>about 1.12 billion people in slums or informal settlements, 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT heat and services<\/li><li>INF \u2192 HLT housing and transport<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 HLT green space and heat<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>urban heat deaths<\/li><li>urban air pollution deaths by city<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Heat season mortality reports; air quality database updates; road safety targets for 2030.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster and Resilience<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-11 Cities, Demography and Human Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Health-system planning rests with national authorities and WHO. No personal health data are used or shown in Reports.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Cities, nature and climate<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Cities emit and are exposed. They also hold the levers of land use, buildings and green cover. Nature is the least measured side of the urban ledger in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">29<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GtCO2-eq<\/span><p>urban emissions, 2020, consumption basis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">41 to 49<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of the potential <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.urban-heat-island\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Persistent extra heat in built-up areas from sealed surfaces, waste heat and lack of shade, which deepens heatwaves and night-time heat for city dwellers.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">urban heat island<\/a> offset by current tree cover<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of urban centres in low-income countries with moderate or higher greenness, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Emissions<\/td><td>about 29 GtCO2-eq in 2020; rising to 34 or 40 in 2050 under moderate or low mitigation, and 3 on the 1.5 \u00b0C pathway (SCENARIO)<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban land<\/td><td>urban land could triple between 2015 and 2050; the land consumption rate was 0.83% a year in 2020 to 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Green space<\/td><td>urban green space fell from 19.5% in 1990 to 13.9% in 2020 in the SDG Report; the Lancet series shows low-income centres falling from 18% to 13% between 2015 and 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Canopy<\/td><td>tree cover benefits 914 million people by more than 0.25 \u00b0C; canopy continuity is associated with lower under-five mortality in 57 countries<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>BIO \u2192 HLT green space and heat<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 INF exposure<\/li><li>INF \u2192 BIO land conversion<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ecosystem effects of urban expansion<\/li><li>canopy and cooling in low-income cities<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>National climate plans with city targets; urban canopy programmes; land-use change at city edges.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-01 Water<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-04 Health and One Health<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-08 Disaster and Resilience<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-11 Cities, Demography and Human Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Biodiversity is not reduced to a single number. Where valuation is used later, it will never be presented as the whole value.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Sinking cities, rising seas, Communications Engineering (2022), commentary on a Nature Sustainability study of relative <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h20\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.ground.land-subsidence\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Ground deformation and subsidence\" data-td=\"Gradual sinking of the ground, often from groundwater, oil or gas withdrawal, mining or peat drainage, that floods and cracks cities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H20\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\">land subsidence<\/a> in 48 major coastal cities (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council (eds.), Directive (EU) 2024\/1275 of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast), Official Journal of the European Union (downloaded text; Articles 7 and 12 read). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning, cited from memory without figures. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (eds.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 (publication page; 645 million people faced hunger in 2025; about 2.7 billion cannot afford a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 heat-related deaths a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Road traffic injuries, fact sheet (page dated 20 July 2026; about 1.16 million deaths a year). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (page date). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the urban heat island effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Romanello, M. et al., The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet 402 (open access full text, PMC). Elsevier, London, 2023. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Urban tree canopy fragmentation and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026), open access full text, PMC. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2026 (420,000 children, 57 countries). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>18 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Urban share, national definitions, 2025<\/td><td>4,750,578,960 \u00f7 8,215,424,893<\/td><td>57.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Urban relative to rural PM2.5, population-weighted, 2023<\/td><td>27.30 \u00f7 15.74<\/td><td>\u22481.7 times<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Slum population cross-check, 2022<\/td><td>24.80% \u00d7 4.559 billion urban people<\/td><td>\u22481.13 billion, against 1.12 billion published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Increase in urban population, 2020 to 2025<\/td><td>4,750,578,960 \u2212 4,433,048,326<\/td><td>\u2248318 million<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Cities Sector Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-GS10-CITIES \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent the global urban system and its couplings to water, energy, food, health and nature<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of cities, housing and hazard.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>45 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 cities annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Cities Sector Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Urban population and cities<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Nov 2025<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>next World Urbanization Prospects<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban shares and access series<\/td><td>2024 to 2025<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next World Bank update<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slums and Goal 11 indicators<\/td><td>2022 to 2024<\/td><td>2026 release<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next SDG database release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban emissions and risk assessments<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>cycle<\/td><td>IPCC special report on cities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat exposure<\/td><td>1983 to 2016<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>update not scheduled<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood exposure<\/td><td>2020 grid<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>update not scheduled<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subnational finance<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>Oct 2022<\/td><td>triennial<\/td><td>next observatory edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat deaths<\/td><td>2000 to 2019<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>WHO updates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air pollution deaths<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>WHO updates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Green space<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>Lancet Countdown<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Settlement<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>town and rural shares on one basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Housing<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>inadequate housing on one basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Services<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>service quality in informal settlements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>urban heat deaths<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>city-level loss series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>city-level revenue and debt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Buildings<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>primary report not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resilience<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>tested capabilities in cities<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Share of population in towns and in rural areas on the Degree of Urbanisation basis<\/td><td>UN DESA World Urbanization Prospects 2025 tables<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the summary report was not opened; the release page states only the 45% city share<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Buildings share of global energy use and emissions, from the primary report<\/td><td>UNEP Global Status Report for Buildings and <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/construction-and-real-estate\/\">Construction<\/a> 2024 to 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report page returned an access error; figures seen only in search summaries are not used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Municipal solid waste generation, cost and uncontrolled disposal worldwide<\/td><td>UNEP Global Waste Management Outlook 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report page returned an access error; only the regional collection coverage in the SDG Report is used<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban heat deaths, split from the national total<\/td><td>WHO and national health agencies; Lancet Countdown<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the WHO page gives total deaths and regional shares only; the Lancet 2025 report was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People at risk who lack access to cooling<\/td><td>IEA Future of Cooling<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not opened; no figure is used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 food-insecurity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A situation in which people lack reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food for active and healthy lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">food insecurity<\/a>, split from the national total<\/td><td>FAO State of Food Security and Nutrition<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the 2026 page gives global figures only; the edition on the rural-urban continuum was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inadequate housing worldwide, on one basis<\/td><td>UN-Habitat; SDG indicator 11.1.1 inadequate housing series<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the database returned no world value for the inadequate-housing series at access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban air pollution deaths by city<\/td><td>WHO ambient air quality database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the database was not opened; no city figure is used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>City adaptation plans that are funded and in force<\/td><td>city reporting platforms; IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the IPCC states that few plans are implemented; no global count was found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban infrastructure investment needs, on one basis<\/td><td>World Bank; OECD<\/td><td>the figure found covers all resilient low-carbon infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries, not cities alone<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disaster losses in cities<\/td><td>UNDRR Global Assessment Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report page returned an access error<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>City-level revenue, debt and transfers worldwide<\/td><td>OECD and UCLG observatory<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the observatory reports subnational governments as a whole, not cities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Public transport access after 2020<\/td><td>SDG database indicator 11.2.1<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the database holds a 2020 value only at access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyber incidents against municipal services<\/td><td>national authorities and operators<\/td><td>incident data are not published on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs beyond those cited<\/td><td>municipalities, regulators, ministries<\/td><td>not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the UN Population Division (November 2025) from national data and a harmonised grid-based Degree of Urbanisation. Biennial. Role: binds SYS-001 and SYS-002 and the settlement tiles.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-GS10-001<\/h3><p>UN DESA World Urbanization Prospects 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Assessment of urban emissions (2022), consumption-based. Cycle. Role: binds CLI-005 and the emissions scenario figure. Estimates include electricity and goods consumed in cities.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-GS10-002<\/h3><p>IPCC AR6 Working Group III chapter 8<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-GS10-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-GS10-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>more than 12,000 cities and three settlement classes; towns and rural shares not read here<\/td><td>urban emissions for 2015 and 2020; aviation, marine fuels and land-use change excluded<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 1 year after the base year<\/td><td>about 2 years after the base year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>new edition adopts a new method; not comparable with earlier editions without the bridge<\/td><td>assessment cycle; next cities special report in preparation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>method note in the release<\/td><td>chapter methods and footnotes published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>compared with national statistics<\/td><td>expert review<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>UN DESA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: country and city tables for towns and rural areas<\/li><li>UNEP<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>: buildings energy and emissions shares from the report<\/li><li>UN Statistics Division<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>: inadequate housing series and later transport values<\/li><li>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>: city-level heat deaths where published<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>cities, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>DEGURBA<\/td><td>Degree of Urbanisation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GHG<\/td><td>greenhouse gas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GtCO2-eq<\/td><td>gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HDI<\/td><td>Human Development Index<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IPCC<\/td><td>Intergovernmental Panel on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LMIC<\/td><td>low- and middle-income countries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PM2.5<\/td><td>fine particulate matter of 2.5 micrometres or less<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SDG<\/td><td>Sustainable Development Goal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SNG-WOFI<\/td><td>World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SSP<\/td><td>Shared Socioeconomic Pathway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UCLG<\/td><td>United Cities and Local Governments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN DESA<\/td><td>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-GS10-HTF-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>City-region notes<\/td><td>cards for the major delta, coastal and metropolitan regions<\/td><td>WITH REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: proportion of urban population living in slums<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>share of the urban population living in households with one or more housing deprivations<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>share of urban population<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>custodian indicator from household surveys and censuses, with modelled estimates<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>SDG database and Goal 11 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>the World Bank series differs by 1.6 percentage points for 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>a proxy; does not capture tenure security, eviction risk or neighbourhood quality<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP and GlobalABC (eds.), Global Status Report for Buildings and <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/construction-and-real-estate\/\">Construction<\/a> 2024 to 2025; the report page returned an access error and the figures seen only in search summaries (buildings about 32% of energy and 34% of CO2) are not used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2025. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Global Waste Management Outlook 2024; the report page returned an access error and the figures seen only in search summaries are not used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2024. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a>; the journal page returned an access error and no figure is used. Elsevier, London, 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning, cited from memory without figures. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (eds.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 (publication page; 645 million people faced hunger in 2025; about 2.7 billion cannot afford a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, 2021; the fact-sheet page did not state the guideline values and no value is used. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), Urban development overview (cities generate 80% of global GDP; infrastructure needs up to USD 2.7 trillion a year in low- and middle-income countries; slums about a quarter of urban population). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2026 (page; individual figures undated). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>10 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>17 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>People in cities, Degree of Urbanisation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">45<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban population, national definitions<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">57.8<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.75<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Megacities<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">33<\/span><\/td><td>cities<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population in slums, UN database<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">24.8<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population in slums, World Bank<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">23.2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban GHG emissions, consumption basis<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">29<\/span><\/td><td>GtCO2-eq<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urban GHG emissions, 2050 moderate case<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">34<\/span><\/td><td>GtCO2-eq<\/td><td>2050<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">Extreme heat<\/a> exposure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">119<\/span><\/td><td>billion person-days<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.81<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2020 grid<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PM2.5, urban, population-weighted<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">27.3<\/span><\/td><td>\u00b5g\/m3<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PM2.5, rural, population-weighted<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">15.7<\/span><\/td><td>\u00b5g\/m3<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Safely managed sanitation, urban<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">65.8<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Convenient access to public transport<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">60.9<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Convenient access to open public space<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">44.2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subnational share of public investment<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">39.5<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subnational share of public spending<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">21.5<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Heat-related deaths<\/a> a year<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">489,000<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2000 to 2019<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0A%22People%20in%20cities%2C%20Degree%20of%20Urbanisation%22%2C45%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A%22Urban%20population%2C%20national%20definitions%22%2C57.8%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AUrban%20population%2C4.75%2Cbillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AMegacities%2C33%2Ccities%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A%22Population%20in%20slums%2C%20UN%20database%22%2C24.8%2C%25%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22Population%20in%20slums%2C%20World%20Bank%22%2C23.2%2C%25%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22Urban%20GHG%20emissions%2C%20consumption%20basis%22%2C29%2CGtCO2-eq%2C2020%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0A%22Urban%20GHG%20emissions%2C%202050%20moderate%20case%22%2C34%2CGtCO2-eq%2C2050%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B6%5D%0AExtreme%20heat%20exposure%2C119%2Cbillion%20person-days%2C2016%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0APeople%20exposed%20to%20a%201-in-100-year%20flood%2C1.81%2Cbillion%2C2020%20grid%2CREPORTED%2C%5B13%5D%0A%22PM2.5%2C%20urban%2C%20population-weighted%22%2C27.3%2C%C2%B5g%2Fm3%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22PM2.5%2C%20rural%2C%20population-weighted%22%2C15.7%2C%C2%B5g%2Fm3%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22Safely%20managed%20sanitation%2C%20urban%22%2C65.8%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AConvenient%20access%20to%20public%20transport%2C60.9%2C%25%2C2020%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AConvenient%20access%20to%20open%20public%20space%2C44.2%2C%25%2C2020%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0ASubnational%20share%20of%20public%20investment%2C39.5%2C%25%2C2020%2CREPORTED%2C%5B22%5D%0ASubnational%20share%20of%20public%20spending%2C21.5%2C%25%2C2020%2CREPORTED%2C%5B22%5D%0AHeat-related%20deaths%20a%20year%2C%22489%2C000%22%2Cdeaths%2C2000%20to%202019%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Global%20Cities%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20Baseline%20Edition%2C%20The%20State%20of%20the%20World%E2%80%99s%20Cities%20and%20Urban%20Systems.%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20in%20cities%2C%20Degree%20of%20Urbanisation%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2245%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Urban%20population%2C%20national%20definitions%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2257.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Urban%20population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.75%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Megacities%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2233%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22cities%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Population%20in%20slums%2C%20UN%20database%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2224.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Population%20in%20slums%2C%20World%20Bank%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2223.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Urban%20GHG%20emissions%2C%20consumption%20basis%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2229%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GtCO2-eq%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Urban%20GHG%20emissions%2C%202050%20moderate%20case%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2234%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GtCO2-eq%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222050%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Extreme%20heat%20exposure%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22119%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%20person-days%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222016%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20exposed%20to%20a%201-in-100-year%20flood%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.81%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%20grid%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22PM2.5%2C%20urban%2C%20population-weighted%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2227.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%C2%B5g%2Fm3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22PM2.5%2C%20rural%2C%20population-weighted%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2215.7%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%C2%B5g%2Fm3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Safely%20managed%20sanitation%2C%20urban%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2265.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Convenient%20access%20to%20public%20transport%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2260.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Convenient%20access%20to%20open%20public%20space%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2244.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Subnational%20share%20of%20public%20investment%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2239.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B22%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Subnational%20share%20of%20public%20spending%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2221.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222020%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B22%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Heat-related%20deaths%20a%20year%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22489%2C000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222000%20to%202019%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Shares are rounded as published. The UN and World Bank series use different definitions of city, urban and slum, and each is shown from its issuer where they differ<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Forecast and modelled 2050 values are labelled SCENARIO. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SYS<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>UN DESA World Urbanization Prospects 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>settlement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Bank World Development Indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>urban series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN Statistics Division SDG database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN statistics agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2020 to 2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>Goal 11 series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SDG Report 2025, Goal 11<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agencies<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2022 to 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>housing, flood, waste<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IPCC AR6 Working Group III chapter 8<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>cycle<\/td><td>urban emissions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IPCC AR6 Working Group II chapter 6<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>cycle<\/td><td>urban risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WHO fact sheets<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2019 to 2026<\/td><td>as updated<\/td><td>air, road, heat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OECD and UCLG observatory<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental organisation<\/td><td>135 countries<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>triennial<\/td><td>subnational finance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN-Habitat World Cities Report 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>finance, climate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rentschler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peer-reviewed<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2020 grid<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>flood exposure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading: cities across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading: cities across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>housing cost burden 21.4% in Europe and Northern America; waste collection near universal<\/td><td>housing, services<\/td><td>SDG Report 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>urban emissions share 55% to 66% from 2000 to 2015 in Latin America and the Caribbean; waste collection 90.6%<\/td><td>housing, services<\/td><td>IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; SDG Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>heat deaths: 36% of the global total and 61,672 excess deaths in 2022; EU buildings directive and mission cities<\/td><td>heat, buildings<\/td><td>WHO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>; EU law<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>urban emissions share 57% to 62%, per capita 9.8 tCO2-eq<\/td><td>power, buildings<\/td><td>IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>housing cost burden 36.9% in Northern Africa and Western Asia; per capita urban emissions 9.6 tCO2-eq in the Middle East<\/td><td>housing, power<\/td><td>SDG Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>; IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>urban emissions share 28% to 38%; waste collection 62.6% in Sub-Saharan Africa; housing cost burden 43.5%<\/td><td>housing, services<\/td><td>IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; SDG Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>about 390 million people flood-exposed in India; growth concentrated in Asia<\/td><td>flood, housing<\/td><td>Rentschler<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>; IPCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>about 395 million flood-exposed in China; over one third of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h116\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 soc.demographic.depopulation\" data-tk=\"Society, conflict and economy \u00b7 Population structure and movement\" data-td=\"Sustained loss of residents from a region or town through low births and outmigration, leaving services, infrastructure and land management unviable.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H116\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/soc\/\" data-txl=\"Society, conflict and economy\">shrinking cities<\/a> are in China<\/td><td>flood, ageing cities<\/td><td>Rentschler<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>; UN DESA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>Jakarta is the largest city on the new UN method at nearly 42 million; delta subsidence<\/td><td>flood, subsidence<\/td><td>UN DESA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>; Nature<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>waste collection 98.9% in Australia and New Zealand<\/td><td>services<\/td><td>SDG Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>City-region card: low-lying delta and coastal cities<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">delta<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">coastal<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">low-lying<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">subsiding<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>housing, drainage, power, transport, health<\/dd><dt>Defining evidence<\/dt><dd>delta surface-elevation loss across 40 deltas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>; 48 major coastal cities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 WAT flood; WAT \u2192 HLT illness; WAT \u2192 INF disruption<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>110 countries report local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>city-level loss series; adaptation plans in force<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>C-01 \u00b7 C-07<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Subsidence can exceed absolute sea-level rise as the main driver of relative sea-level rise in most of 40 deltas studied this century [16].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">SUBSIDENCE<\/h3><p>Sinking land<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">More than 1 billion people in low-lying cities and settlements are expected to be at risk from coastal hazards by 2050 [7].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EXPOSURE<\/h3><p>Low-lying settlement<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The studies assess regions and delta groups, not individual municipalities, and attribute no liability [16] [26].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">LEARNING<\/h3><p>Evidence limits<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>City-region cards are generated for the major delta, coastal and metropolitan regions with the regional Baseline Editions. The card for low-lying delta cities is shown first because its physical evidence is published.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the cities edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the cities edition through the urban chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the cities edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>18 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Road traffic injuries, fact sheet (page dated 20 July 2026; about 1.16 million deaths a year). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (page date). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council (eds.), Directive (EU) 2024\/1275 of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast), Official Journal of the European Union (downloaded text; Articles 7 and 12 read). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), EU Mission: climate-neutral and smart cities (mission page; 112 cities, 107 labelled). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026 (page). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Sinking cities, rising seas, Communications Engineering (2022), commentary on a Nature Sustainability study of relative land subsidence in 48 major coastal cities (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-gs-10-cb-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>45 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UN DESA Population Division (ed.), World Urbanization Prospects 2025: Summary of Results (publication page and press release; 45% of 8.2 billion people in cities, 33 megacities, more than 12,000 cities, Degree of Urbanisation). United Nations, New York, November 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, API extract of urban population, total population, urban agglomerations, urban access to electricity, clean cooking, safely managed drinking water and sanitation, slum share (database updated 8 October 2026). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025 (population) and 2024 (access). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>UN Statistics Division (ed.), Global SDG Indicators Database, API extract of series EN_LND_SLUM, EN_ATM_PM25, EN_ACS_URB_OPENSP, SP_TRN_PUBL, EN_REF_WASCOL and SD_CPA_UPRDP (release 2026.Q3.G.01). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (slums), 2023 (PM2.5) and 2020 (transport, open space). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>United Nations (ed.), The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025, Goal 11 (housing, flood, local <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a> strategies, waste collection, national urban policies). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024 (indicator data 2010 to 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>UN DESA (ed.), Sustainable Development Goal 11: make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal page; slum population, land consumption rate, targets). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2022 (slums) and 2025 (land consumption). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Urban <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and other settlements, chapter 8 in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>IPCC (ed.), Cities, settlements and key infrastructure, chapter 6 in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (downloaded chapter, executive summary read). IPCC, Geneva, 2022. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, fact sheet (4.2 million premature deaths in 2019; 99% of people above guideline levels). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Road traffic injuries, fact sheet (page dated 20 July 2026; about 1.16 million deaths a year). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (page date). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>WHO (ed.), Climate change, heat and health, fact sheet (about 489,000 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">heat-related deaths<\/a> a year, 2000 to 2019; Europe summer 2022). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), Urban development overview (cities generate 80% of global GDP; infrastructure needs up to USD 2.7 trillion a year in low- and middle-income countries; slums about a quarter of urban population). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2026 (page; individual figures undated). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action, key messages (report page; cities receive less than 20% of climate finance needed). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527 (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London, 2022. Observation year 2020 (population grid). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Tuholske, C. et al., Global urban population exposure to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(41), e2024792118 (open access full text, PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2021. Observation year 2016 (series 1983 to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Trees halve the urban heat island effect globally but unequal benefits only modestly mitigate climate-change warming, Nature Communications (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (analysis of 8,919 large urban areas). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Global subsidence of river deltas, Nature (2026), open access full text, PMC. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2026 (40 deltas, satellite radar). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Romanello, M. et al., The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet 402 (open access full text, PMC). Elsevier, London, 2023. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>The role of greenness in heat-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Annals of Global Health (2026), open access full text, PMC. Ubiquity Press, London. Observation year 2026 (11 studies). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Urban tree canopy fragmentation and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026), open access full text, PMC. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2026 (420,000 children, 57 countries). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council (eds.), Directive (EU) 2024\/1275 of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast), Official Journal of the European Union (downloaded text; Articles 7 and 12 read). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>United Nations General Assembly (ed.), New Urban Agenda, resolution 71\/256, adopted at Habitat III in Quito on 20 October 2016 and endorsed on 23 December 2016 (downloaded text). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>OECD and UCLG (eds.), World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, 2022 highlights (135 countries; 2020 data). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, and United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), EU Mission: climate-neutral and smart cities (mission page; 112 cities, 107 labelled). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026 (page). Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (eds.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 (publication page; 645 million people faced hunger in 2025; about 2.7 billion cannot afford a healthy diet). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>WMO (ed.), 2025 set to be second or third warmest year on record (press release; January to August 2025 about 1.42 \u00b0C above pre-industrial). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Sinking cities, rising seas, Communications Engineering (2022), commentary on a Nature Sustainability study of relative land subsidence in 48 major coastal cities (open access full text, PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP and GlobalABC (eds.), Global Status Report for Buildings and <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/construction-and-real-estate\/\">Construction<\/a> 2024 to 2025; the report page returned an access error and the figures seen only in search summaries (buildings about 32% of energy and 34% of CO2) are not used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2025. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Global Waste Management Outlook 2024; the report page returned an access error and the figures seen only in search summaries are not used. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2024. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (released 23 March 2026), known from search results only; no figure is used. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN-Habitat (ed.), World Cities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities, cited from memory without figures. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030; the page returned an access error and the entry is cited from memory without figures. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning, cited from memory without figures. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37120:2018, Sustainable cities and communities: indicators for city services and quality of life, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37123:2019, Sustainable cities and communities: indicators for resilient cities, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 37101:2016, Sustainable development in communities: management system for sustainable development, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>, adopted December 2015, cited from memory without figures. UNFCCC, Bonn. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly (ed.), Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, resolution 70\/1, cited from memory without figures. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD and European Commission (eds.), Cities in the World: A New Perspective on Urbanisation, cited from memory without figures. OECD, Paris. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Seto, K.C., Guneralp, B. and Hutyra, L.R., Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(40), 16083 to 16088, 2012, cited from memory without figures. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Guneralp, B. et al., Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(34), 8945 to 8950, 2017, cited from memory without figures. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Nicholls, R.J. et al., A global analysis of subsidence, relative sea-level change and coastal flood exposure, Nature Climate Change 11, 338 to 342, 2021, cited from memory without figures. Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change; the journal page returned an access error and no figure is used. Elsevier, London, 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO (ed.), WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, 2021; the fact-sheet page did not state the guideline values and no value is used. World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UCLG (ed.), GOLD VI report: Pathways to urban and territorial equality, cited from memory without figures. United Cities and Local Governments, Barcelona, 2022. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Global Cities Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Global Sector Series GS-10<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 cities edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-10-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-10-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-SEC-GS-10-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Global Cities and Urban Systems; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Cities%20and%20Urban%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Cities%20and%20Urban%20Systems&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Cities%20and%20Urban%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Cities%20and%20Urban%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Global%20Cities%20and%20Urban%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Global Cities and Urban Systems, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Global Cities and Urban Systems for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Global Cities Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\u2019s Cities and Urban Systems..&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Global Cities and Urban Systems&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Global Sector Report \u00b7 GS-10&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Global Cities and Urban Systems&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Global Sector Report \u00b7 GS-10&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-gs-10-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-gs-10-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>GS-10 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Global Cities 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; GS-10 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Global Cities and Urban Systems.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/gs-10\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-signature-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-signature-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sectors behind Global Cities and Urban Systems.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A reading aid: the sectors the findings run through and how strongly they depend on each other.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIH\" data-sig-ctx=\"urban-flood\" data-sig-name=\"Infrastructure and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Infrastructure gives pipes, dams and treatment works to water (0.6), transmission and fuel logistics to energy (0.6) and access to care to health (0.5).\" data-sig-inst=\"Reports\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Context<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Infrastructure and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Infrastructure gives pipes, dams and treatment works to water (0.6), transmission and fuel logistics to energy (0.6) and access to care to health (0.5).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Energy \u2192 Infrastructure<\/b> \u00b7 power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Energy<\/b> \u00b7 cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-10-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-10-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-gs-10-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Global Cities Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World\\002019 s Cities and Urban Systems. \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-SECTOR-CITIES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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