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\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\"><style>#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-reg-men-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">MENA Regional Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of MENA\u2019s Interdependent Systems.<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">REG-MEN<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Regional Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">MENA 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut NQ-REG-MEN-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). MENA Regional <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of MENA\u2019s Interdependent Systems. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. MENA\u2019s risk is carried by power, water and one export route<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Hot season with peak desalination load and a disrupted export route<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>18 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>MENA, as the series reads it, is two member countries (Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) whose electricity is mostly fossil, whose fresh water comes largely from the sea and from stored groundwater, and whose economies sell fuel through one narrow strait. Saudi Arabia had 35.3 million residents in 2024 and the United Arab Emirates 11.3 million<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Their greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use were 838.9 and 264.1 Mt CO\u2082e in 2024, or 18.5 and 18.3 tonnes of CO\u2082 per person<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Fossil fuels produced 98.5% of Saudi electricity and 70.1% of Emirati electricity in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. Renewable capacity in Saudi Arabia reached 12,332 MW in 2025, up about 87% on 2024, and the United Arab Emirates added 1,054 MW<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>. Renewable internal freshwater was 74.6 cubic metres per person in Saudi Arabia and 14.9 in the United Arab Emirates in 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>, and desalinated seawater supplied about half of Saudi distributed water in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. In March 2026 the Strait of Hormuz was declared closed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>, and fuel made up 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. The effect on 2026 real output is not bound at the close. This Baseline Edition fixes the 2026 reference state from sources that could be read at evidence close. Where a regional dataset could not be read, it shows as a designed empty state that names the source and the blocker. The edition decides nothing and ranks no member country.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the MENA baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Saudi Arabia emitted 838.9 Mt CO\u2082e and the United Arab Emirates 264.1 Mt in 2024, excluding land use. Per person both are near 18 tonnes of CO\u2082.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where do emissions stand?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Fossil fuels produced 98.5% of Saudi and 70.1% of Emirati electricity in 2024. Saudi renewable capacity grew about 87% in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How is electricity supplied?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Renewable internal freshwater is 74.6 m\u00b3 per person in Saudi Arabia and 14.9 m\u00b3 in the United Arab Emirates. Desalination supplied about half of Saudi distributed water in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How scarce is water?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Food imports were 12.3% of Saudi merchandise imports in 2025. Reserves and cereal import dependence are not bound.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How exposed is food supply?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The 2024 Hajj saw 1,301 deaths reported. No heat-death series by member is bound.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How severe is heat?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The effect on 2026 output is not bound at the close. The strait was declared closed in March 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What did the 2026 export disruption do to output?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">No official assessment of damage to energy or water assets was opened.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Which assets were damaged?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Peak power demand, desalination load and a disrupted export route coinciding in a hot season. SCN-MEN-HOT-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will Q1 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The 2026 change in real GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates is not bound at the close. The Strait of Hormuz was declared closed in March 2026, and fuel made up 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports in 2025 and 68.2% of Emirati exports in 2023.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-fig1-t\">Fuel share of merchandise exports (%)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Saudi Arabia, 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">78.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">United Arab Emirates, 2023<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"86.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">68.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: World Bank series<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. The two values are for different years.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">The shock moved through trade first. A route loss reaches public budgets and the power and water <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> that those budgets support<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. The strait was declared closed in March 2026 and about 150 ships were stranded<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>. No release dated on or before 30 September 2026 that gives the effect on output was opened. IMF and World Bank releases of October 2026 are held as post-close, context only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">48.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>combined population of the two members, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,103<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt CO\u2082e<\/span><p>combined emissions excluding land use, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">34,537<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">US$<\/span><p>Saudi GDP per person, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">50,274<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">US$<\/span><p>Emirati GDP per person, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">40.3 \u00b7 74.0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>international migrants in the Saudi and Emirati populations, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">members<\/span><p>Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of MENA risk: heat, power, water and trade act on each other.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most residents risk arrives as a hot week, a water or power interruption or a price change.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Fuel-export dependence and the Saudi fiscal projection show where finance-readiness evidence will matter, and post-close IMF remarks of 1 October 2026 advise temporary and targeted support, held as context only.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>MENA publishes strong macro and energy statistics through international databases.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the state of MENA\u2019s water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in 2026 read across Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates. It reads the shared basins and grids that no single member controls, and sets out the questions the operational series will answer.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a regional <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/risk-assessment\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">risk assessment<\/a>, an official warning or a rating. It decides nothing about any institution or asset. Competent authorities keep every mandate they hold, and each member\u2019s ownership of its own edition is unaffected. It does not stand for the European Union, which is a separate subject in the series.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>Q1 2027 opens the operational series with a sealed Foundry evidence cut. Each later edition reports what changed against this baseline: new observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Carbon dioxide emissions excluding LULUCF, total and per capita (EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 and EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Fuel exports, % of merchandise exports (TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN), and exports of goods and services, % of GDP (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), GDP, current US$, and GDP per capita, current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2024), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), International migrant stock, % of population (SM.POP.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cs-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">MENA\u2019s risk is carried by power, water and one export route<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It assesses no authority and ranks no member country.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>10 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>22 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is MENA\u2019s risk concentrated, and in which <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry shocks across member borders?<\/li><li>Which capabilities hold under compound stress, and which are only documented?<\/li><li>What must the 2027 programme measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Member system cards<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Shared basins and grids<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hub list<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Regional pathway<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Saudi Arabia had 35.3 million residents in 2024, and the United Arab Emirates 11.3 million<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The World Bank series gives 37.0 million and 11.5 million for 2025, and growth of about 4.6% in both<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Migrants made up 40.3% of the Saudi population and 74.0% of the Emirati population in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>. This baseline reads MENA as a region of two members that share a coastline, a grid logic and an export route, so that a shock at one point reaches both.<\/p><p>The forcing layer is heat, dust and rare <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">extreme rain<\/a>. Asia was 1.04 \u00b0C above the 1991 to 2020 average in 2024, and heat waves were reported in the Middle East<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>. The United Arab Emirates recorded 259.5 mm of rain in 24 hours, one of its most extreme events since records began in 1949<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>. Fine-particle exposure was 73.5 micrograms per cubic metre in Saudi Arabia and 57.2 in the United Arab Emirates in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>. About 26.7% of Emirati residents lived in areas below 5 metres of elevation in 2015, against 3.2% in Saudi Arabia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Heat adds a health layer. The Saudi health minister reported 1,301 deaths during the 2024 Hajj, 83% of them unauthorised pilgrims<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>. The report did not give causes, and this edition does not treat the figure as a heat-death count.<\/p><p>The water layer is a supply-side problem. Renewable internal freshwater is 74.6 m\u00b3 per person in Saudi Arabia and 14.9 m\u00b3 in the United Arab Emirates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>. Withdrawals are 974% and 1,510% of internal resources<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. About half of Saudi distributed water was desalinated seawater in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. Agriculture took 81.6% of Saudi withdrawals and 51.2% of Emirati withdrawals in 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The energy layer is fossil-fired and export-facing. Fossil fuels produced 98.5% of Saudi and 70.1% of Emirati electricity in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. Per person, the two countries used about 6,700 and 8,800 kilograms of oil equivalent in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>. Oil rents were 23.7% of Saudi GDP and 15.7% of Emirati GDP in 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>. In March 2026 a Revolutionary Guard commander declared the Strait of Hormuz closed, and about 150 ships were stranded<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>. A fire broke out at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup>. Post-close, context only: on 1 October 2026 the IMF Managing Director said the near closure sharply curtailed oil and gas exports and that damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>This edition therefore reads MENA\u2019s risk as a property of the couplings between these forces. The matrix, risk objects, capability ladder and scenario that follow ask two questions: where does a shock travel next through power, water and trade, and who holds the capability to stop it?<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-fig1-t\">How much electricity comes from fossil fuels? Share of electricity production, 2024 (%)<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Fossil fuels produced 98.5% of Saudi electricity in 2024, with oil at 40.8% and gas at 57.7%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. In the United Arab Emirates they produced 70.1%, almost all from gas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. The remaining 29.9% of Emirati electricity is not broken down in the series read here. Renewable shares in the same World Bank database stop at 2021, when they were 0.07% in Saudi Arabia and 4.2% in the United Arab Emirates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. Saudi renewable capacity has grown since<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Saudi Arabia, all fossil<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">98.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Saudi Arabia, natural gas<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"58.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">57.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">United Arab Emirates, all fossil<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"71.2\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">70.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">United Arab Emirates, natural gas<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"70.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">69.6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">98.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>fossil share of Saudi electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">70.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>fossil share of Emirati electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12,332<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">MW<\/span><p>Saudi renewable capacity, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,054<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">MW<\/span><p>renewable capacity added in the United Arab Emirates, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The MENA matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hydro \u00b7 thermal cooling<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">irrigation \u00b7 rain-fed yield<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">safe water \u00b7 sanitation<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">flows \u00b7 wetlands<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping \u00b7 desalination<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">fuel \u00b7 fertiliser \u00b7 cold chain<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">air pollution \u00b7 cooling<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land use \u00b7 mining<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">\u224870% of withdrawals<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">bioenergy feedstock<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nutrition \u00b7 food safety<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land conversion<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour \u00b7 disease<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">residues<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regulation \u00b7 filtration<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">biomass \u00b7 hydrology<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollination \u00b7 soils<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">zoonoses \u00b7 medicines<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Heat raises illness and deaths and loads health services.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> Hajj 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>; cause not given<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Power loss or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.fuel-supply-shock\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"Sudden loss of oil, gas, coal or electricity supply that raises prices and cuts activity.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">fuel shortage<\/a> reduces desalination output.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> about half of Saudi water desalinated<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>; no event bound<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 FIN \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A lost export route cuts income that funds power and water.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> closure reported in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>; output effect not bound<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 ENE \u2192 all<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Damage to an energy hub spreads to power, water and ports.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> Fujairah fire 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup>; losses not bound<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Rare <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">extreme rain<\/a> floods roads, power and drainage.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> UAE rain 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; losses not bound<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.4<\/span><span>Reinforcing loops<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A shock entering either system of a loop can return amplified through the other.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Pairs of systems where both directions are rated strong<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Loop<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First direction<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Second direction<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT and FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Water to food: irrigation \u00b7 rain-fed yield<\/td><td>Food to water: \u224870% of withdrawals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT and BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Water to biodiversity: flows \u00b7 wetlands<\/td><td>Biodiversity to water: regulation \u00b7 filtration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO and BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Food to biodiversity: land conversion<\/td><td>Biodiversity to food: pollination \u00b7 soils<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"3\">A causal-loop reading of the matrix (Sterman, Business Dynamics, 2000): structural, from estimated strengths, not a measured feedback.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population growth, annual % (SP.POP.GROW), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), International migrant stock, % of population (SM.POP.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure, micrograms per cubic metre (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 metres, % of total (EN.POP.EL5M.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals, total, % of internal resources (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals by sector: agriculture, domestic and industry, % of total (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS, ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita, electric power consumption, kWh per capita, and net energy imports, % of energy use (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, EG.IMP.CONS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Oil rents and total natural resources rents, % of GDP (NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS, NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>Oman Observer (ed.), How the war is choking off the world\u2019s oil and gas (report, 5 March 2026, citing a New York Times analysis of Kpler data; fire at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris; Qatar halted LNG output). Oman Observer, Muscat. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable electricity output, % of total (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS), and renewable energy consumption, % of final energy (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the baseline. They are grouped by system, never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>21 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The 2026 change in real GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates is not bound at the close. The Strait of Hormuz was declared closed in March 2026, and fuel made up 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports in 2025 and 68.2% of Emirati exports in 2023.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-fig1-t\">Fuel share of merchandise exports (%)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Saudi Arabia, 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">78.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">United Arab Emirates, 2023<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"86.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">68.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: World Bank series<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. The two values are for different years.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The shock moved through trade first. A route loss reaches public budgets and the power and water <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> that those budgets support<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. The strait was declared closed in March 2026 and about 150 ships were stranded<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>. No release dated on or before 30 September 2026 that gives the effect on output was opened. IMF and World Bank releases of October 2026 are held as post-close, context only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Shipping volumes through the strait, damage assessments for energy and water assets, and a release that gives the 2026 change in output would each move this finding. Damage to assets is not bound.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use were 838.9 Mt CO\u2082e in Saudi Arabia and 264.1 Mt in the United Arab Emirates in 2024, or 18.5 and 18.3 tonnes of CO\u2082 per person.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-CLI-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-CLI-009\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-CLI-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Asia was 1.04 \u00b0C above the 1991 to 2020 average in 2024, and the United Arab Emirates recorded 259.5 mm of rain in 24 hours, one of its most extreme events since records began in 1949.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-002\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Saudi Arabia had 35.3 million residents in 2024 and the United Arab Emirates 11.3 million; both populations grew by about 4.6% in 2025 on the World Bank series.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The Saudi health minister reported 1,301 deaths during the 2024 Hajj, of which 83% were unauthorised pilgrims; a cause breakdown was not given.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-010\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-HLT-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Mean annual exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) was 73.5 micrograms per cubic metre in Saudi Arabia and 57.2 in the United Arab Emirates in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Fossil fuels produced 98.5% of Saudi electricity (oil 40.8%, gas 57.7%) and 70.1% of Emirati electricity (gas 69.6%) in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Saudi renewable capacity reached 12,332 MW in 2025, up about 87% on 2024, and the United Arab Emirates added 1,054 MW.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Water<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Renewable internal freshwater was 74.6 m\u00b3 per person in Saudi Arabia and 14.9 m\u00b3 in the United Arab Emirates in 2022, and annual withdrawals were 974% and 1,510% of internal resources.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The 2026 change in real GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates is not bound at the close. The Strait of Hormuz was declared closed in March 2026, and fuel made up 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports in 2025 and 68.2% of Emirati exports in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Fuel made up 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports in 2025 and 68.2% of Emirati exports in 2023; Saudi general government balance is projected at \u22126.5% of GDP in 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Food<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FOO-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FOO-007\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-FOO-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Food was 12.3% of Saudi merchandise imports in 2025 and 5.0% of Emirati imports in 2023; arable land covers 2.0% and 0.8% of land area.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a hot season in which peak power demand, desalination load and a disrupted export route coincide. \u00a79.3<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Fuel exports, % of merchandise exports (TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN), and exports of goods and services, % of GDP (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Carbon dioxide emissions excluding LULUCF, total and per capita (EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 and EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population growth, annual % (SP.POP.GROW), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure, micrograms per cubic metre (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals, total, % of internal resources (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), General government net lending and borrowing, and gross debt, % of GDP (GGXCNL_NGDP, GGXWDG_NGDP), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Arable land, % of land area (AG.LND.ARBL.ZS), and agriculture, forestry and fishing value added, % of GDP (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>25 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WAT \u00b7 Water<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Renewable internal freshwater per person, Saudi Arabia<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">74.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">m\u00b3<\/span><p>The United Arab Emirates has 14.9 m\u00b3 per person. Desalination supplied about 50% of Saudi distributed water in 2023.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2022<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 GASTAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Energy<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Electricity from fossil fuels, Saudi Arabia<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">98.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>The United Arab Emirates stood at 70.1%, almost all from natural gas.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FOO \u00b7 Food<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Saudi Arabia<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">12.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Arable land is 2.0% of Saudi land area and 0.8% of Emirati land area.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Health<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Deaths reported during the Hajj<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,301<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>The health minister reported that 83% of those who died were unauthorised pilgrims. A cause breakdown was not given.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>Saudi health ministry as reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">BIO \u00b7 Biodiversity<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Protected-area share and ecosystem condition<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">NOT BOUND<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\"><\/span><p>No protected-area or ecosystem series was read at evidence close.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span><span>n\/a<\/span><span>to be sourced<\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Fuel share of merchandise exports, Saudi Arabia<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">78.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Fuel was 68.2% of Emirati exports in 2023. The 2026 change in output is not bound at the close.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The reading states where the regional evidence points; the coupling column names the dependency that carries risk across <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and borders.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Renewable freshwater 74.6 m\u00b3 per Saudi resident and 14.9 m\u00b3 per Emirati resident in 2022; about half of Saudi distributed water desalinated in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2190 ENE \u00b7 WAT \u2192 FOO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Fossil fuels 98.5% of Saudi and 70.1% of Emirati electricity in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>; Saudi renewable capacity 12,332 MW in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Food 12.3% of Saudi merchandise imports in 2025; arable land 2.0% and 0.8%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup>. Reserves not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO \u2190 WAT, TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>Hajj deaths reported at 1,301 in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>; fine-particle exposure 73.5 and 57.2 micrograms per cubic metre in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT \u2190 CLI, ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Protected areas and ecosystem condition not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2194 WAT, CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Asia 1.04 \u00b0C above the 1991 to 2020 average in 2024; 259.5 mm of rain in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">forcing on all systems<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>A fire at the Fujairah energy hub in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup>. Grid interconnection flows not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Fuel 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports; Saudi balance projected at \u22126.5% of GDP in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2190 TRD, CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Digital dependencies of power, water and ports not mapped at public-safe resolution.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2192 ENE, FIN<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Data-centre and compute demand on power and cooling water not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE, WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Mineral trade not bound at baseline.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2190 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not bound<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>About one fifth of world oil and LNG passes the Strait of Hormuz; the strait was declared closed in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen global sectors are screened on the same grammar as every national edition, so later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>compound heat, power and export-route stress<\/td><td>hot season with a disrupted route<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>renewable freshwater 74.6 and 14.9 m\u00b3 per resident<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>desalination and groundwater<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>fossil share 98.5% and 70.1% of electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>asset damage; fuel supply<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>food 12.3% of Saudi imports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>port disruption; reserves<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>1,301 Hajj deaths reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat load on services<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>fuel exports 78.7% of Saudi exports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>export-route loss<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>GDP per person US$34,537 and US$50,274<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>migrant labour dependence<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>emissions 838.9 and 264.1 Mt<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat and rare <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">extreme rain<\/a><\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>259.5 mm of rain in 24 hours in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>compound and sequential events<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>Fujairah fire in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>energy and water assets<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>84.6% and 86.0% urban<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>urban heat<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>no series read<\/td><td>condition not bound<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>WMO assessment published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; fuller report not opened<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n46\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r46\" aria-label=\"Note 46\">46<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>continuity of records<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>dependencies not mapped<\/td><td>systemic outages<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>national net zero targets and the COP28 decision<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n50\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>delivery under shocks<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>compound-event and nexus assessments<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n54\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r54\" aria-label=\"Note 54\">54<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>translation to members<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Arable land, % of land area (AG.LND.ARBL.ZS), and agriculture, forestry and fishing value added, % of GDP (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Fuel exports, % of merchandise exports (TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN), and exports of goods and services, % of GDP (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure, micrograms per cubic metre (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>Oman Observer (ed.), How the war is choking off the world\u2019s oil and gas (report, 5 March 2026, citing a New York Times analysis of Kpler data; fire at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris; Qatar halted LNG output). Oman Observer, Muscat. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), General government net lending and borrowing, and gross debt, % of GDP (GGXCNL_NGDP, GGXWDG_NGDP), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), GDP, current US$, and GDP per capita, current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2024), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), International migrant stock, % of population (SM.POP.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Urban population, population ages 0 to 14 and 65 and above, % of total, and life expectancy at birth (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS, SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, SP.DYN.LE00.IN), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (WMO-No. 1373), full report (the page returned not found; the press release [20] was read instead). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r46\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 46\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030 (the page returned access refused; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). Vision 2030 Office, Riyadh. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Arab Emirates Government (ed.), UAE Net Zero 2050 strategic initiative (the page returned not found; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). UAE Government, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Decision 1\/CMA.5, outcome of the first global stocktake, the UAE Consensus (listed from memory; no text read). UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r50\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 50\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r54\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 54\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c3-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four regional risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence; loss metrics are added only where they can be modelled.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-MEN-CLI-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Extreme heat during pilgrimage and peak demand<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>heat waves in the hot season<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>pilgrims, outdoor workers, migrants in labour housing<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>shelter and rest access; workforce data not bound<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>health services and pilgrimage management; performance not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT \u2192 ENE peak<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>seasonal<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-MEN-WAT-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Desalination and groundwater dependence<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>high demand, loss of power or fuel, damage or contamination at intakes<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>cities and industry on the coast<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>storage depth and plant concentration not bound<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>water authorities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup>; performance not bound<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2190 ENE; WAT \u2192 HLT, FOO<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1\u20135 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-MEN-ENE-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Energy asset damage and export-route loss<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>attack, route closure or a fuel supply fault<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>power, desalination, public finance<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>bypass capacity and spare generation not bound<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>operators and authorities; post-close, context only: the IMF notes rerouting of critical supplies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>TRD \u2192 ENE \u2192 FIN, WAT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1\u20135 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-MEN-FIN-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Fuel-export shock to public budgets<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>volume and price shock on fuel exports<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>budgets, banks, households<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>Saudi deficit projected at 6.5% of GDP in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>fiscal buffers; post-close, context only: the IMF advises temporary and targeted support<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>FIN \u2192 ENE, WAT, HLT services<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1\u20132 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at the regional level, from a policy listing to performance in real events.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>national net zero targets and the COP28 decision exist<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n50\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup>; delivery not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>World Bank, IMF and WMO series are published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: national weather and civil protection services \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>national plans listed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup>; delivery not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: fuel, water and food reserve registers \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: after-action records for heat and flood events \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: utilities and operators \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved; post-close, context only: the IMF notes rerouting of critical supplies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: recovery agency and insurer records \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>water supply from desalination and renewable build-out are reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>; heat adaptation not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: income-support and disaster-payment records \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: insurer and reinsurer loss data \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved; fiscal buffers are in<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>a Gulf grid interconnection authority is listed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup>; performance not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: asset-condition registers \u00b7 blocker: not published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: health and emergency workforce registers \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>compound-event and nexus research is published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n54\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r54\" aria-label=\"Note 54\">54<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Saudi Water Authority (ed.), annual statistics on desalination production (not read; the earlier corporation name was used in search results). SWA, Riyadh. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), General government net lending and borrowing, and gross debt, % of GDP (GGXCNL_NGDP, GGXWDG_NGDP), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030 (the page returned access refused; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). Vision 2030 Office, Riyadh. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Arab Emirates Government (ed.), UAE Net Zero 2050 strategic initiative (the page returned not found; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). UAE Government, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Decision 1\/CMA.5, outcome of the first global stocktake, the UAE Consensus (listed from memory; no text read). UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r50\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 50\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r54\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 54\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c4-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Hot season with peak desalination load and a disrupted export route<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>3 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>5 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>an extended heat wave in the hot season, peak power and cooling demand, and an export route that stays impaired<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>Hajj 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>; Emirati rain 2024 for a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 compound-event\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A combination of climate or other drivers and hazards that contributes to societal or environmental risk, such as heat with drought or surge with river flood.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/glossary\/compound-event\/\" data-tgl=\"GCRI glossary\">compound event<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; the 2026 closure and the Fujairah fire<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled, the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification, labelled SCENARIO; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heat raises illness and loads health services<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Hajj 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cooling demand lifts peak load on a fossil-fired system<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">fossil shares<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">a power or fuel fault reduces desalination output<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">no analogue bound<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">export income falls and buffers draw down<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">no analogue bound<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 recovery<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">repairs and support compete for budget<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">no analogue bound<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 all<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">damage to a hub spreads across power, water and ports<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Fujairah fire<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01 would travel through MENA&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Climate to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heat raises illness and loads health services. Analogue or source: Hajj 2024 [19].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition REG-MEN, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Climate to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Cooling demand lifts peak load on a fossil-fired system. Analogue or source: fossil shares [7].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition REG-MEN, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Energy to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A power or fuel fault reduces desalination output. Analogue or source: no analogue bound.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition REG-MEN, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Trade to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Export income falls and buffers draw down. Analogue or source: no analogue bound.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition REG-MEN, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Finance to recovery<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Repairs and support compete for budget. Analogue or source: no analogue bound.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition REG-MEN, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Infrastructure to all<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Damage to a hub spreads across power, water and ports. Analogue or source: Fujairah fire [36].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition REG-MEN, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">MENA 2026, scenario SCN-MEN-HOT-01<\/a> (2026); MENA 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>Oman Observer (ed.), How the war is choking off the world\u2019s oil and gas (report, 5 March 2026, citing a New York Times analysis of Kpler data; fire at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris; Qatar halted LNG output). Oman Observer, Muscat. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c5-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The regional baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>16 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>43 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of MENA risk: heat, power, water and trade act on each other. Evidence is strongest for population, emissions, the electricity mix and the 2026 projections, and weakest for water supply sources, asset damage and the condition of nature.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CLI-001 \u00b7 ENE-003 \u00b7 FIN-006 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most residents risk arrives as a hot week, a water or power interruption or a price change. The baseline asks that public debate weigh how one export route and one coastline make an event in one member the other member\u2019s problem.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-008 \u00b7 WAT-005 \u00b7 FIN-006<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Fuel-export dependence and the Saudi fiscal projection show where finance-readiness evidence will matter, and post-close IMF remarks of 1 October 2026 advise temporary and targeted support, held as context only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup>. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an endorsement.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-006 \u00b7 FIN-011<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>MENA publishes strong macro and energy statistics through international databases. The 2027 programme should bind water-supply, asset-damage and heat-health data, test the hot-season scenario and measure the condition of nature.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 A-01 \u00b7 A-03<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for MENA. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability have been developed?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests reveal?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What did the year establish, and what changes next?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MENA regional pathway<\/td><td>regional pathway: hubs named in the registry<\/td><td>regional Commons room<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard in a member country is a decision of that country\u2019s standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Power, water and export routes do not stop at a border. The baseline treats the coast, the grid and the strait as the units of analysis, with the two members as the places where the effects land.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Risk travels through shared infrastructure<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The World Bank publishes an aggregate for the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan. This edition reads MENA as the two members named in the registry and uses the aggregate only as a reference group. The two are never joined on a name or code alone.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>A World Bank group is not a region<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The 2026 closure and the Hajj of 2024 point the same way: security depends on buffers, redundancy and rest, not on volume alone.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Supply security is a design question<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Several data that matter most for risk, including damage to assets, desalination output and groundwater storage, could not be read at evidence close. The edition shows each gap and the source that would fill it.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Gaps are findings too<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from working groups, consortium institutions and invited experts begin with the Q1 2027 edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 regional readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 regional cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 regional readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Regional risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five regional system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 7 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>editions in programme as listed in the series registry<\/td><td>regional and sector baselines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SUBMITTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">UNDER REVIEW<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n58\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r58\" aria-label=\"Note 58\">58<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNFCCC<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>climate targets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COP28 decision on the global stocktake, the UAE Consensus<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n50\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNFCCC<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2023<\/td><td>transition from fossil fuels<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>ANNOUNCED<\/td><td>net zero and renewables<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UAE Net Zero 2050 initiative<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Arab Emirates<\/td><td>United Arab Emirates<\/td><td>ANNOUNCED<\/td><td>net zero<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> 2015\u20132030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n57\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r57\" aria-label=\"Note 57\">57<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td>disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Post-close, context only: the IMF and the World Bank cut Gulf growth projections for 2026 in October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The Strait of Hormuz was declared closed in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Saudi renewable capacity grew about 87% in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Updated national climate targets under the Paris Agreement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n58\" aria-label=\"Note 58\">58<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Follow-up to the COP28 decision<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Updates to the Sendai Framework national reporting<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n57\" aria-label=\"Note 57\">57<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. A change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review: science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, regional and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about MENA\u2019s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks across its member countries?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed literature; regional and international assessments; official releases; statutory instruments<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lee and Romero (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n54\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r54\" aria-label=\"Note 54\">54<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>forcing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>McElwee et al. (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>nexus interlinkages<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zscheischler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WMO State of the Climate in Asia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n46\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Note 46\">46<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>agency assessment<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat, rain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n57\" aria-label=\"Note 57\">57<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>disaster risk<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional reports<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>MENAAP Economic Update<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>projections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regional Economic Outlook, Middle East and Central Asia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>projections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Press briefing on the region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>projections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Remarks to Gulf finance ministers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>export route<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil Market Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>oil flows<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Official statistics and regional sources<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank and national statistics<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emissions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>climate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>power mix<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food and land<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>food<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Industry, grid and international sources<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Renewable capacity statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IRENA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gulf renewable capacity reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>press reports of IRENA data<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gulf grid interconnection<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>interconnection authority<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>grid links<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water authority statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n51\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>authorities and FAO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water accounts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>GASTAT as reported<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>desalination<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The region is warming faster than the global mean, and heat and rare <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">extreme rain<\/a> are rising<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Both members depend on fossil fuels for electricity and on fuel for export income<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Both members have very little renewable freshwater per person<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How fast the Strait of Hormuz can return to normal flow and how much capacity was damaged<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How much of the 2024 Hajj toll was due to heat, which the report did not state<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How far desalination and stored groundwater can cover demand in a prolonged disruption<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from Q1 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n58\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">58<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>, Decision 1\/CP.21. UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn, 2015. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r58\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 58\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Decision 1\/CMA.5, outcome of the first global stocktake, the UAE Consensus (listed from memory; no text read). UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r50\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 50\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030 (the page returned access refused; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). Vision 2030 Office, Riyadh. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Arab Emirates Government (ed.), UAE Net Zero 2050 strategic initiative (the page returned not found; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). UAE Government, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n57\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">57<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015\u20132030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r57\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 57\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: World Bank (ed.), Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan Economic Update, October 2026 (page opened; regional output minus 2.1% in 2026 after 3.3% in 2025; GCC minus 4.3% in 2026; press release dated 6 October 2026). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r54\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 54\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (WMO-No. 1373), full report (the page returned not found; the press release [20] was read instead). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 46\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, October 2026 (the file returned not found; not used for any value). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Middle East and Central Asia press briefing, Annual Meetings 2026, 15 October 2026 (the page returned not found; figures seen only in search summaries and not used). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Energy Agency (ed.), Oil Market Report, October 2026 (Hormuz flows and bypass exports; the page returned access refused; figures seen only in search summaries and not used). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Energy Agency (ed.), commentary on global oil supply readjustment after the Strait of Hormuz shock (the page returned access refused; not used for any value). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population growth, annual % (SP.POP.GROW), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Carbon dioxide emissions excluding LULUCF, total and per capita (EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 and EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable electricity output, % of total (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS), and renewable energy consumption, % of final energy (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita, electric power consumption, kWh per capita, and net energy imports, % of energy use (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, EG.IMP.CONS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals, total, % of internal resources (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals by sector: agriculture, domestic and industry, % of total (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS, ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), People using at least basic drinking water services and safely managed drinking water services, % of population (SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Arable land, % of land area (AG.LND.ARBL.ZS), and agriculture, forestry and fishing value added, % of GDP (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food production index, 2014 to 2016 = 100 (AG.PRD.FOOD.XD), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (the page returned access refused; Saudi and Emirati figures taken from press reports [9] [10]). IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Saudi Water Authority (ed.), annual statistics on desalination production (not read; the earlier corporation name was used in search results). SWA, Riyadh. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT global water information system, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates country data (not read). FAO, Rome. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r51\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 51\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Fuel exports, % of merchandise exports (TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN), and exports of goods and services, % of GDP (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 Regional Agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due at the Q1 2027 cut.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a hot season load power, desalination and health services together, in both members?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-MEN-CLI-01 \u00b7 compound hot-season stress; first output: dependency graph for the Gulf coast.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How resilient are power and water <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> to the loss of an export route and damage to energy assets?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-MEN-ENE-02 \u00b7 export route and energy security; first output: asset and route register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much of the water supply rests on desalination, stored groundwater and imports, and how long can stores last?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-MEN-WAT-03 \u00b7 desalination and stored water; first output: supply-source note for both members.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How many deaths and illnesses can be attributed to heat, by member and season?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-MEN-HLT-04 \u00b7 heat and health; first output: attribution baseline.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How are fiscal buffers and trade exposed to a fuel-export shock?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-MEN-FIN-05 \u00b7 fuel-export exposure; first output: buffer and exposure table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What is the condition of coastal and desert ecosystems and how is it measured?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-MEN-BIO-01 \u00b7 workstream; first output: condition indicator note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How exposed is food supply to port, shipping and price shocks?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in Q1 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only documented?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Regional capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 regional portfolio. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-MEN-CLI-01<\/span><\/td><td>Compound hot-season stress: heat, power and water<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-MEN-ENE-02<\/span><\/td><td>Export route and energy security<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-MEN-WAT-03<\/span><\/td><td>Desalination and stored water<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-MEN-HLT-04<\/span><\/td><td>Heat and health attribution<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-MEN-FIN-05<\/span><\/td><td>Fuel-export exposure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PRJ-MEN-CLI-01a<\/span><\/td><td>Gulf coast compound hot-season dependency graph<\/td><td>Project<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-MEN-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Heat, power and water Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The MENA regional pathway is the route through which the Nexus operating system will read MENA as one region from 2027. At baseline the pathway is designed and its hubs are named in the series registry; its working arrangements are set from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, nothing more.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Foundries<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">continuous national evidence environments<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PREPARED \u00b7 first sealed cuts in Q1 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Models and Portfolios<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">each country as a system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANADA v0 ISSUED \u00b7 25 further national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Quarterly national reports<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">State &amp; Agenda, Evidence, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a>, Annual<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE STAGE \u00b7 Q1 2027 opens the series<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Regional aggregation<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">MENA as one of ten regional clusters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">THIS EDITION \u00b7 annual regional cut from 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global sector and strategic models<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GS-01\u202615 \u00b7 SR-01\u202614 \u00b7 XT-01\u202620<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">49 PLANNED \u00b7 pilots: GS-01, SR-01, XT-01<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 global mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Global Report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE ISSUED \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first federation-wide correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the regional candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the regional candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 regional annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-MEN-2027-01 \u00b7 Heat, power and water Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor (NLC) \u00b7 Institutional anchor (NNC) \u00b7 Mission lead (NWG)<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CLI-001 \u00b7 emissions<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-008 \u00b7 Hajj 2024<\/td><td>INI-MEN-HLT-04<\/td><td>heat and health attribution<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-003 \u00b7 electricity mix<\/td><td>INI-MEN-ENE-02<\/td><td>export route and energy security<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-004 \u00b7 renewable capacity<\/td><td>INI-MEN-ENE-02<\/td><td>energy transition track<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-005 \u00b7 freshwater<\/td><td>INI-MEN-WAT-03<\/td><td>desalination and stored water<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-006 \u00b7 2026 projections<\/td><td>INI-MEN-FIN-05<\/td><td>fuel-export exposure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CLI-009 \u00b7 heat and rain<\/td><td>INI-MEN-CLI-01<\/td><td>compound hot-season graph<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-MEN-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from Q1 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population and economy<\/td><td>World Bank and IMF<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile, FIN-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emissions<\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity and energy<\/td><td>World Bank and IRENA<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE-003, ENE-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil and shipping<\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>monthly<\/td><td>FIN-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water use<\/td><td>World Bank and national authorities<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>WAT-005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate records<\/td><td>WMO<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI-009<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pilgrimage health announcements<\/td><td>Saudi Ministry of Health<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT-008<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">quarterly publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-MEN-001<\/td><td>Hajj 2024 deaths<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 HLT<\/td><td>risk object RSK-MEN-CLI-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-MEN-002<\/td><td>Hormuz closure 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>TRD \u00b7 ENE \u00b7 FIN<\/td><td>research question A-02<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-MEN-003<\/td><td>Emirati rain 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>research question A-01<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c7-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>21 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Member countries: the baseline regional chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The two member countries named in the series registry, read side by side on the same indicators. The World Bank MENAAP aggregate appears only as a reference group, because it includes countries that are not members of this edition.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">48.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>combined population of the two members, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,103<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt CO\u2082e<\/span><p>combined emissions excluding land use, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">828.0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>MENAAP aggregate population, 2025, reference group<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Member system cards at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Member<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>population 35.3 million (2024); emissions 838.9 Mt; fossil electricity 98.5%; renewable capacity 12,332 MW (2025); renewable freshwater 74.6 m\u00b3 per person; Hajj deaths reported 1,301 in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates<\/td><td>population 11.3 million (2024); emissions 264.1 Mt; fossil electricity 70.1%; renewable capacity added 1,054 MW (2025); renewable freshwater 14.9 m\u00b3 per person; 259.5 mm of rain in 24 hours in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MENAAP reference group<\/td><td>aggregate: population 828.0 million; emissions 4,768.6 Mt; freshwater withdrawals 148.3% of internal resources; includes countries outside the member set<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings across members<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>TRD \u2192 ENE \u2192 FIN across both members through the export route<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 WAT through fossil-fired desalination<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 HLT heat across pilgrimage and labour settings<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 INF rare <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h4\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.precipitation.heavy-rain\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Precipitation extremes\" data-td=\"Rain falling fast or long enough to overwhelm drainage, soils and streams and to trigger floods and slope failures.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H4\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">extreme rain<\/a> on roads and drainage<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>member emissions on one basis including land use<\/li><li>heat death series by member<\/li><li>protected-area shares for both members<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The IMF and World Bank updates, the IRENA 2026 tables and the next Hajj health announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Each member keeps ownership of its own edition. This chapter compares indicators; it assesses no member and builds no league table.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Shared basins and grids: the baseline regional chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Shared coasts, grids and export routes carry risk between the members. This chapter names each system, the members involved and the evidence read at baseline. Rows without a source are designed empty states.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">about 20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of world oil and LNG pass the Strait of Hormuz<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">150<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">ships<\/span><p>stranded in early March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,054<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">MW<\/span><p>Emirati renewable capacity added, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Shared basins and seas<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Basin<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Members involved<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Arabian Gulf coast (desalination intakes and outfalls)<\/td><td>Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates; no source read<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shared aquifers of the Arabian Peninsula<\/td><td>Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates; no source read<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n51\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Red Sea coast<\/td><td>Saudi Arabia; no source read<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Shared grids and gas networks<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Grid<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Members involved<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Gulf power grid interconnection<\/td><td>a Gulf interconnection authority is listed; capacity and flow series not bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Strait of Hormuz route<\/td><td>about one fifth of world oil and LNG pass the strait; declared closed in March 2026<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Export disruption effect<\/td><td>effect on 2026 output not bound at the close<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy hubs<\/td><td>a fire at the Fujairah hub on 3 March 2026 from falling drone debris<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil flows and bypass routes<\/td><td>monthly transit and bypass volumes not bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings through shared systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>TRD \u2192 ENE \u2192 FIN the export route into budgets<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 WAT power and fuel into desalination<\/li><li>INF \u2192 ENE a hub fault crossing both members<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT supply interruption into health<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>transit volumes and bypass throughput<\/li><li>desalination output and storage<\/li><li>grid interconnection flows<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.groundwater-depletion\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"Aquifers drawn down faster than they refill, lowering wells and driving land subsidence and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">groundwater depletion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Shipping transits through the strait, damage assessments, the IEA monthly reports and the IRENA 2026 tables<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Operators, regulators and authorities hold these mandates. This chapter assesses none of them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Hub list: the baseline regional chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The hubs the series registry names for this region and for its member countries. The list is read from the registry, so a change there changes this page.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Registry<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Regional hubs<\/dt><dd>Riyadh \u00b7 Dubai<\/dd><dt>Desks with a remit<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 GRX<\/dd><dt>Registry record<\/dt><dd>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Member hubs as the registry names them<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Hub<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Member<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Registry role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Member edition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Riyadh<\/td><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>G20 \u00b7 hub<\/td><td>in preparation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dubai<\/td><td>United Arab Emirates<\/td><td>Hub<\/td><td>in preparation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What a hub does in this series<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Hub terms of reference are not set at baseline<\/li><li>Hub contact points are not named at baseline<\/li><li>The registry names the hubs and the desks with a remit; working arrangements follow from Q1 2027<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A hub is a place named in the registry. It is not an institution, an office or a mandate, and it gives no authority over any member.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Regional pathway: the baseline regional chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The regional pathway is the route through which the series will read MENA as one region from 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next. It does not describe any body that has not been constituted.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The regional pathway at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Stage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What exists today<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regional hubs<\/td><td>Riyadh and Dubai are named in the series registry<\/td><td>NAMED<\/td><td>terms set from Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Desks<\/td><td>GCRI, GRF and GRX hold the remit for regional editions in the registry<\/td><td>NAMED<\/td><td>work plan for Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence graph<\/td><td>member and regional findings share identifiers<\/td><td>PREPARED<\/td><td>first sealed cut NQ-REG-MEN-2027-Q1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Member editions<\/td><td>Saudi Arabia in preparation; United Arab Emirates in preparation<\/td><td>MIXED<\/td><td>review through the chain before release<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Open at baseline<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Constitution of any regional council or working group<\/li><li>Hub terms of reference and contact points<\/li><li>Whether other countries of the Middle East and North Africa are admitted as members<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Decisions that rest elsewhere<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Energy, water and health policy rest with national authorities<\/li><li>The World Bank MENAAP aggregate is a statistical group and is not merged with MENA on a name or code<\/li><li>Each member keeps its own national edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>The pathway is a design. It does not set priorities for a government and assesses no authority.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Aggregate for Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan (code MEA in the interface), population, GDP, emissions, water, food and electricity indicators, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08 (reference group only; includes countries outside the member set). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: World Bank (ed.), Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan Economic Update, October 2026 (page opened; regional output minus 2.1% in 2026 after 3.3% in 2025; GCC minus 4.3% in 2026; press release dated 6 October 2026). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (the page returned access refused; Saudi and Emirati figures taken from press reports [9] [10]). IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Saudi Water Authority (ed.), annual statistics on desalination production (not read; the earlier corporation name was used in search results). SWA, Riyadh. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT global water information system, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates country data (not read). FAO, Rome. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r51\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 51\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>Oman Observer (ed.), How the war is choking off the world\u2019s oil and gas (report, 5 March 2026, citing a New York Times analysis of Kpler data; fire at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris; Qatar halted LNG output). Oman Observer, Muscat. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Energy Agency (ed.), Oil Market Report, October 2026 (Hormuz flows and bypass exports; the page returned access refused; figures seen only in search summaries and not used). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Energy Agency (ed.), commentary on global oil supply readjustment after the Strait of Hormuz shock (the page returned access refused; not used for any value). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>20 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The regional baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Saudi share of the two members\u2019 emissions excluding land use, 2024<\/td><td>838.88 \u00f7 (838.88 + 264.15)<\/td><td>76.1%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Emirati share of the two members\u2019 emissions excluding land use, 2024<\/td><td>264.15 \u00f7 (838.88 + 264.15)<\/td><td>23.9%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Combined population of the two members, 2025<\/td><td>36,973,555 + 11,513,149<\/td><td>48.5 million<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Saudi share of the two members\u2019 population, 2025<\/td><td>36,973,555 \u00f7 48,486,704<\/td><td>76.3%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at regional scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card: Regional System Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-MEN-REGIONAL \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent MENA as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> across member countries, with forcing and transmission layers<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of systems<\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>regional scale; not for national, basin or asset-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of risk in MENA.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The regional baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>NQ-REG-MEN-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>59 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>NQ-REG-MEN-2027-Q1-1 at the Q1 2027 close<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 regional annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Regional System Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emissions<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity mix<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable shares<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>update pending<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Freshwater withdrawals<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi desalination share<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>Jan 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF projections<\/td><td>2026\u20132027<\/td><td>Oct 2026<\/td><td>half-yearly<\/td><td>Apr 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WMO Asia assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Jun 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hajj deaths<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Jun 2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Climate and hazards<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>heat deaths; flood losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>electricity mix for 2025; asset damage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>desalination output; groundwater storage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>cereal reserves; import dependence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>heat illness; Hajj causes of death<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>protected areas; ecosystem condition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>insurance cover; asset losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>dependency mapping<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Damage to energy and water assets in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in 2026<\/td><td>national authorities and independent assessments<\/td><td>no official assessment opened; the IMF states only that damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Strait of Hormuz transit volumes and bypass pipeline throughput, latest month<\/td><td>IEA Oil Market Report, October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the IEA pages returned access refused; figures seen in search summaries are not used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable capacity of the United Arab Emirates, total at end 2025<\/td><td>IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the primary tables were not opened; only the 2025 addition was read in a press report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity generation by source for 2025, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates<\/td><td>national grid operators, IEA or Ember data<\/td><td>the World Bank series ends in 2024 for fossil shares and in 2021 for renewable shares<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Desalination output and share of supply for the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi output in 2024 and 2025<\/td><td>Saudi Water Authority and emirate water utilities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not retrieved; only the 2023 Saudi share was read, in a press report of the water accounts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Groundwater storage and depletion in the Arabian Peninsula aquifers<\/td><td>national water authorities and FAO AQUASTAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n51\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h75\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive.heat-illness-surge\" data-tk=\"Health and biosecurity \u00b7 Climate-sensitive illness\" data-td=\"A rise in heatstroke, dehydration and heat-worsened heart, lung and kidney illness during hot spells, overwhelming emergency care and killing older and isolated people.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H75\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/health\/\" data-txl=\"Health and biosecurity\">Heat-related deaths<\/a> and occupational heat illness, by member and year<\/td><td>ministries of health and WHO<\/td><td>not found; the Hajj announcement of 2024 gives total deaths without a cause breakdown<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hajj 2025 and 2026 deaths and causes<\/td><td>Saudi Ministry of Health announcements<\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cereal production, import dependence and strategic food reserves<\/td><td>FAO and national food security authorities<\/td><td>not retrieved; the World Bank series read cover food imports as a share of trade only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Terrestrial and marine protected-area share, coral and mangrove condition<\/td><td>national environment authorities and UN Environment Programme data<\/td><td>not retrieved at evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Progress against the national climate targets of each member<\/td><td>national communications to the UNFCCC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the instruments were not opened; no figure from them is used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Insured and total losses of the April 2024 floods in the United Arab Emirates, and the national death toll<\/td><td>insurers\u2019 associations and the authorities<\/td><td>not retrieved; the national meteorological centre statement was not opened and reports differed in the figures they gave<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cross-border flows and spare capacity on the Gulf power grid interconnection<\/td><td>Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">early warning<\/a>, reserves, response, recovery, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">social protection<\/a>, infrastructure, workforce<\/td><td>civil protection, weather services, utilities and ministries<\/td><td>not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards: two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the World Bank. Annual. Role: binds the 2025 population figures in the profile and regional reading. The national figures for 2024 [2] [3] differ in year and basis.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-MEN-001<\/h3><p>Population, total, World Bank series<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the International Monetary Fund. Half-yearly. Role: post-close, context only (issued after the 30 September 2026 close); binds no baseline finding. Values for 2026 and 2027 are projections.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-MEN-002<\/h3><p>World Economic Outlook database, October 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-MEN-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-MEN-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>both members and a reference aggregate<\/td><td>both members<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 10 months after the reference year<\/td><td>projection of the current year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>series are revised by the issuer<\/td><td>revised twice a year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>published methodology<\/td><td>published methodology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>not assessed in this edition<\/td><td>not assessed in this edition<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in Q1 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup> : tables for the United Arab Emirates<\/li><li>IEA Oil Market Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup> : transit and bypass volumes<\/li><li>Saudi Water Authority and emirate utilities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup> : desalination output<\/li><li>Reports Foundational Edition<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup> and the global baseline<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup> : method and peer distributions<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>COP28<\/td><td>twenty-eighth Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FAO<\/td><td>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GASTAT<\/td><td>General Authority for Statistics (Saudi Arabia)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GCC<\/td><td>Gulf Cooperation Council<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GLMM<\/td><td>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA<\/td><td>International Energy Agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF<\/td><td>International Monetary Fund<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IRENA<\/td><td>International Renewable Energy Agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LNG<\/td><td>liquefied natural gas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LULUCF<\/td><td>land use, land-use change and forestry<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MENA<\/td><td>Middle East and North Africa, as defined by the series registry<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MENAAP<\/td><td>Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan (World Bank aggregate)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNFCCC<\/td><td>United Nations Framework Convention on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WMO<\/td><td>World Meteorological Organization<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PM2.5<\/td><td>particulate matter below 2.5 micrometres<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the regional indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-MEN-HOT-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Member-country notes<\/td><td>atlas cards for every member country<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: emissions excluding land use<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>annual greenhouse gas emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>Mt CO\u2082e<\/dd><dt>Scope<\/dt><dd>calendar year<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>World Bank greenhouse gas series<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Revision<\/dt><dd>revised by the issuer; not tracked here<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>does not include land use and is not comparable with net inventory totals<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Energy Agency (ed.), Oil Market Report, October 2026 (Hormuz flows and bypass exports; the page returned access refused; figures seen only in search summaries and not used). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (the page returned access refused; Saudi and Emirati figures taken from press reports [9] [10]). IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable electricity output, % of total (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS), and renewable energy consumption, % of final energy (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Saudi Water Authority (ed.), annual statistics on desalination production (not read; the earlier corporation name was used in search results). SWA, Riyadh. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT global water information system, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates country data (not read). FAO, Rome. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r51\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 51\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030 (the page returned access refused; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). Vision 2030 Office, Riyadh. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Arab Emirates Government (ed.), UAE Net Zero 2050 strategic initiative (the page returned not found; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). UAE Government, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Centre of Meteorology (United Arab Emirates) (ed.), statement on the rainfall of 16 April 2024 (search summaries gave about 254 mm against 259.5 mm in [20]; not used for any value). NCM, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026\u20132030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition (draft pack read as the structural base of this edition). GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>13 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>7 tables<\/span><span>37 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Saudi population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">35.3<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">11.3<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi population, World Bank series<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">37.0<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati population, World Bank series<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">11.5<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Combined members\u2019 population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">48.5<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi emissions excluding land use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">838.9<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati emissions excluding land use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">264.1<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi share of members\u2019 emissions<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">76.1<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi fossil share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">98.5<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati fossil share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">70.1<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi renewable capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">12,332<\/span><\/td><td>MW<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati renewable capacity added<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1,054<\/span><\/td><td>MW<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi renewable freshwater per person<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">74.6<\/span><\/td><td>m\u00b3<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati renewable freshwater per person<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">14.9<\/span><\/td><td>m\u00b3<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi desalinated share of distributed water<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">50<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Real GDP change, 2026, both members<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emirati desalination share of supply<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Groundwater storage change<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>km\u00b3<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n51\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Damage to energy and water assets, 2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>US$<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0ASaudi%20population%2C35.3%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AEmirati%20population%2C11.3%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22Saudi%20population%2C%20World%20Bank%20series%22%2C37.0%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A%22Emirati%20population%2C%20World%20Bank%20series%22%2C11.5%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ACombined%20members%E2%80%99%20population%2C48.5%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B1%5D%0ASaudi%20emissions%20excluding%20land%20use%2C838.9%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AEmirati%20emissions%20excluding%20land%20use%2C264.1%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0ASaudi%20share%20of%20members%E2%80%99%20emissions%2C76.1%2C%25%2C2024%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B5%5D%0ASaudi%20fossil%20share%20of%20electricity%2C98.5%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AEmirati%20fossil%20share%20of%20electricity%2C70.1%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0ASaudi%20renewable%20capacity%2C%2212%2C332%22%2CMW%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B9%5D%0AEmirati%20renewable%20capacity%20added%2C%221%2C054%22%2CMW%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0ASaudi%20renewable%20freshwater%20per%20person%2C74.6%2Cm%C2%B3%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0AEmirati%20renewable%20freshwater%20per%20person%2C14.9%2Cm%C2%B3%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0ASaudi%20desalinated%20share%20of%20distributed%20water%2C50%2C%25%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0A%22Real%20GDP%20change%2C%202026%2C%20both%20members%22%2CNot%20bound%2C%25%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B35%5D%0AEmirati%20desalination%20share%20of%20supply%2CNot%20bound%2C%25%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B53%5D%0AGroundwater%20storage%20change%2CNot%20bound%2Ckm%C2%B3%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B51%5D%0A%22Damage%20to%20energy%20and%20water%20assets%2C%202026%22%2CNot%20bound%2CUS%24%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B34%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22MENA%20Regional%20Systems%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20Baseline%20Edition%2C%20The%20State%20of%20MENA%E2%80%99s%20Interdependent%20Systems.%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2235.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2211.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20population%2C%20World%20Bank%20series%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2237.0%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20population%2C%20World%20Bank%20series%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2211.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Combined%20members%E2%80%99%20population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2248.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20emissions%20excluding%20land%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22838.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20emissions%20excluding%20land%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22264.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20share%20of%20members%E2%80%99%20emissions%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2276.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20fossil%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2298.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20fossil%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2270.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20renewable%20capacity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2212%2C332%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22MW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B9%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20renewable%20capacity%20added%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221%2C054%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22MW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20renewable%20freshwater%20per%20person%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2274.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22m%C2%B3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20renewable%20freshwater%20per%20person%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2214.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22m%C2%B3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Saudi%20desalinated%20share%20of%20distributed%20water%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2250%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Real%20GDP%20change%2C%202026%2C%20both%20members%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B35%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Emirati%20desalination%20share%20of%20supply%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B53%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Groundwater%20storage%20change%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22km%C2%B3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B51%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Damage%20to%20energy%20and%20water%20assets%2C%202026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22US%24%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B34%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Shares and sums marked ESTIMATED are Nexus arithmetic on cited values; the method is in the technical layer. Rows marked NOT BOUND name the source that would fill them. National population counts for 2024 and World Bank values for 2025 differ in year and basis. Emissions are on the World Bank excluding-land-use basis. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Regional source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international and national statistics<\/td><td>members<\/td><td>2024\u20132025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emissions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international statistics<\/td><td>members<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international statistics<\/td><td>members<\/td><td>2021\u20132024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable capacity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>agency and press<\/td><td>members<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international and national statistics<\/td><td>members<\/td><td>2022\u20132024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>WAT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food and land<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international statistics<\/td><td>members<\/td><td>2023\u20132025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FOO<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate and health<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>agency assessment and press<\/td><td>members and Asia<\/td><td>2023\u20132024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI, HLT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Economy and projections, post-close, context only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF and World Bank<\/td><td>members and Gulf<\/td><td>2025\u20132027<\/td><td>half-yearly<\/td><td>FIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Events<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>press reports<\/td><td>Gulf<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>TRD, INF<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reference group<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international statistics<\/td><td>MENAAP aggregate<\/td><td>2021\u20132025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>reference<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading: MENA by member country<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates for every member country follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form for the 2 member countries named in the series registry.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Selected indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">35.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>Saudi Arabia, 2024<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">11.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>United Arab Emirates, 2024<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">838.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt CO\u2082e<\/span><p>Saudi emissions, 2024<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">264.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt CO\u2082e<\/span><p>Emirati emissions, 2024<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading: MENA by member country<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Member<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>heat during the 2024 Hajj<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>; export route loss in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>health, energy, finance<\/td><td>population 35.3 million; emissions 838.9 Mt; fossil electricity 98.5%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates<\/td><td>record rain in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; Fujairah fire in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>infrastructure, energy, finance<\/td><td>population 11.3 million; emissions 264.1 Mt; fossil electricity 70.1%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any member country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Atlas card: Gulf coast and Strait of Hormuz<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">coast and strait<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">shared export and desalination corridor<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">power, water and trade<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">members: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>water, energy and trade<\/dd><dt>Defining instruments<\/dt><dd>no treaty read at baseline<\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>TRD \u2192 ENE \u2192 FIN; ENE \u2192 WAT<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>a Gulf grid interconnection authority is listed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup>; performance not bound<\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>transit volumes, bypass throughput, desalination output and asset damage<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>A-02<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">About one fifth of world oil and LNG passes the Strait of Hormuz, and about 150 ships were stranded in early March 2026 [35]. Current transit volumes are not bound.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">TRADE<\/h3><p>One narrow strait<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Source: Saudi Water Authority and emirate utilities. Blocker: not retrieved at evidence close.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">WATER<\/h3><p>Desalination on the coast<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">A fire broke out at the Fujairah hub on 3 March 2026 from falling drone debris [36]. Damage assessments are not bound.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">ENERGY<\/h3><p>Energy hubs<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Atlas cards are generated for each member from Q2 2027 with consistent fields and evidence-age labels. The coast and strait are shown first because they hold the clearest shared coupling between the two members.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>MENA system card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The card through which MENA appears in the global edition and in the sector series. It summarises; it does not rank.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">MENA system card<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline state<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>renewable freshwater 74.6 and 14.9 m\u00b3 per resident<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>desalination and stored groundwater<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>fossil 98.5% and 70.1% of electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>asset damage; export route<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>food 12.3% of Saudi imports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>port and price shocks<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>1,301 Hajj deaths reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat load on services<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>no series read<\/td><td>condition not bound<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Context<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Archetype<\/dt><dd>two fuel-exporting members sharing a coast, an export route and a hot climate<\/dd><dt>Population<\/dt><dd>35.3 million in Saudi Arabia and 11.3 million in the United Arab Emirates, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Trade<\/dt><dd>fuel 78.7% of Saudi merchandise exports in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Hazard<\/dt><dd>heat, and a strait declared closed in March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The member editions (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) and this regional edition share finding identifiers where they read the same evidence, so a correction travels to every edition at once.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">MEMBER EDITIONS<\/h3><p>Same findings, same IDs<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MENA evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES<\/h3><p>Regional evidence, sector reports<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In the global edition MENA is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL FLAGSHIP<\/h3><p>Peers, not ranks<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each member\u2019s ownership of its own edition is unaffected.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>19 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>NQ-REG-MEN-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Saudi Water Authority (ed.), annual statistics on desalination production (not read; the earlier corporation name was used in search results). SWA, Riyadh. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT global water information system, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates country data (not read). FAO, Rome. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r51\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 51\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population growth, annual % (SP.POP.GROW), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Carbon dioxide emissions excluding LULUCF, total and per capita (EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 and EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable electricity output, % of total (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS), and renewable energy consumption, % of final energy (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita, electric power consumption, kWh per capita, and net energy imports, % of energy use (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, EG.IMP.CONS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Access to electricity, % of population, and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, per 100,000 (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, SH.STA.WASH.P5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (the page returned access refused; Saudi and Emirati figures taken from press reports [9] [10]). IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals, total, % of internal resources (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals by sector: agriculture, domestic and industry, % of total (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS, ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), People using at least basic drinking water services and safely managed drinking water services, % of population (SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Arable land, % of land area (AG.LND.ARBL.ZS), and agriculture, forestry and fishing value added, % of GDP (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food production index, 2014 to 2016 = 100 (AG.PRD.FOOD.XD), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure, micrograms per cubic metre (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Inflation rate, average consumer prices (PCPIPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), General government net lending and borrowing, and gross debt, % of GDP (GGXCNL_NGDP, GGXWDG_NGDP), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Current account balance, % of GDP (BCA_NGDPD), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: World Bank (ed.), Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan Economic Update, October 2026 (page opened; regional output minus 2.1% in 2026 after 3.3% in 2025; GCC minus 4.3% in 2026; press release dated 6 October 2026). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>Oman Observer (ed.), How the war is choking off the world\u2019s oil and gas (report, 5 March 2026, citing a New York Times analysis of Kpler data; fire at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris; Qatar halted LNG output). Oman Observer, Muscat. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Aggregate for Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan (code MEA in the interface), population, GDP, emissions, water, food and electricity indicators, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08 (reference group only; includes countries outside the member set). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Fuel exports, % of merchandise exports (TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN), and exports of goods and services, % of GDP (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-reg-men-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\">MENA 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>18 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>59 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Population by nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi), sex and age group, 2024 (table compiled from General Authority for Statistics data; total 35,300,280). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population Programme (ed.), UAE: Total population residing in the UAE, by sex, 2000 to 2024 (table compiled from Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre data; total 11,294,243). GLMM, Gulf Research Center. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population growth, annual % (SP.POP.GROW), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Carbon dioxide emissions excluding LULUCF, total and per capita (EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 and EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources, oil sources and natural gas sources, % of total (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS, EG.ELC.PETR.ZS, EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable electricity output, % of total (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS), and renewable energy consumption, % of final energy (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi Arabia renewables capacity jumps 87% to 12.3GW in 2025 (press report on IRENA capacity statistics; 12,332 MW). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Zawya Projects (ed.), Saudi leads GCC renewables growth as Oman, Qatar post fastest gains in 2025 (press report on IRENA data; United Arab Emirates addition of 1,054 MW read from the subheading, the rest of the page was behind a sign-up wall). Zawya, Dubai. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals, total, % of internal resources (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Annual freshwater withdrawals by sector: agriculture, domestic and industry, % of total (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS, ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Arab News Pakistan (ed.), Saudi Arabia boosts desalinated water supply to 50% in Vision 2030 push (press report of the General Authority for Statistics water accounts, 5 January 2025; desalinated water 50% of distributed supply in 2023, 44% in 2022). Arab News. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), People using at least basic drinking water services and safely managed drinking water services, % of population (SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food imports, % of merchandise imports (TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Arable land, % of land area (AG.LND.ARBL.ZS), and agriculture, forestry and fishing value added, % of GDP (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Food production index, 2014 to 2016 = 100 (AG.PRD.FOOD.XD), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Gulf News (ed.), Hajj 2024: Saudi Arabia says 1,301 deaths, mostly unregistered pilgrims (report of the Saudi Minister of Health announcement and the Saudi Press Agency, 23 June 2024; 83% unauthorised; no cause breakdown on the page). Gulf News, Dubai. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Rising temperatures and extreme weather hit Asia hard (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2024, 23 June 2025; 1.04 \u00b0C above 1991 to 2020; 259.5 mm in 24 hours in the United Arab Emirates). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure, micrograms per cubic metre (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Fuel exports, % of merchandise exports (TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN), and exports of goods and services, % of GDP (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2023), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Oil rents and total natural resources rents, % of GDP (NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS, NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), GDP, current US$, and GDP per capita, current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD), Saudi Arabia (2025) and United Arab Emirates (2024), World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Urban population, population ages 0 to 14 and 65 and above, % of total, and life expectancy at birth (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS, SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, SP.DYN.LE00.IN), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), International migrant stock, % of population (SM.POP.TOTL.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita, electric power consumption, kWh per capita, and net energy imports, % of energy use (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, EG.IMP.CONS.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 metres, % of total (EN.POP.EL5M.ZS), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Real GDP growth, annual percent change (NGDP_RPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Inflation rate, average consumer prices (PCPIPCH), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), General government net lending and borrowing, and gross debt, % of GDP (GGXCNL_NGDP, GGXWDG_NGDP), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Current account balance, % of GDP (BCA_NGDPD), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Economic Outlook database, October 2026, DataMapper interface. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: World Bank (ed.), Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan Economic Update, October 2026 (page opened; regional output minus 2.1% in 2026 after 3.3% in 2025; GCC minus 4.3% in 2026; press release dated 6 October 2026). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Managing Director\u2019s remarks at the meeting of the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1 October 2026 (GCC economy expected to contract in 2026; near closure of Hormuz sharply curtailed oil and gas exports; damage to energy facilities reduced production capacity). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>Al Jazeera (ed.), Shutdown of Hormuz Strait raises fears of soaring oil prices (report, 3 March 2026; about one fifth of oil and LNG; Revolutionary Guard commander declared the strait closed; about 150 ships stranded). Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>Oman Observer (ed.), How the war is choking off the world\u2019s oil and gas (report, 5 March 2026, citing a New York Times analysis of Kpler data; fire at the Fujairah energy hub from falling drone debris; Qatar halted LNG output). Oman Observer, Muscat. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Access to electricity, % of population, and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, per 100,000 (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, SH.STA.WASH.P5), Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), Aggregate for Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan (code MEA in the interface), population, GDP, emissions, water, food and electricity indicators, World Development Indicators database, last updated 2026-10-08 (reference group only; includes countries outside the member set). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>Reports (ed.), Series registry of subjects (subjects.federation.json: REG-MEN, SAU and ARE entries with region MEN; hubs Riyadh and Dubai; no other subject carries region MEN). Reports, Toronto. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition (draft pack read as the structural base of this edition). GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Energy Agency (ed.), Oil Market Report, October 2026 (Hormuz flows and bypass exports; the page returned access refused; figures seen only in search summaries and not used). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Energy Agency (ed.), commentary on global oil supply readjustment after the Strait of Hormuz shock (the page returned access refused; not used for any value). IEA, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (the page returned access refused; Saudi and Emirati figures taken from press reports [9] [10]). IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Middle East and Central Asia press briefing, Annual Meetings 2026, 15 October 2026 (the page returned not found; figures seen only in search summaries and not used). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: International Monetary Fund (ed.), Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, October 2026 (the file returned not found; not used for any value). IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (WMO-No. 1373), full report (the page returned not found; the press release [20] was read instead). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Centre of Meteorology (United Arab Emirates) (ed.), statement on the rainfall of 16 April 2024 (search summaries gave about 254 mm against 259.5 mm in [20]; not used for any value). NCM, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030 (the page returned access refused; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). Vision 2030 Office, Riyadh. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Arab Emirates Government (ed.), UAE Net Zero 2050 strategic initiative (the page returned not found; listed from memory as a published national instrument, no figure used). UAE Government, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Decision 1\/CMA.5, outcome of the first global stocktake, the UAE Consensus (listed from memory; no text read). UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT global water information system, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates country data (not read). FAO, Rome. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (ed.), GCC power grid interconnection (listed from memory; capacity and flows not read). GCCIA, Dammam. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Saudi Water Authority (ed.), annual statistics on desalination production (not read; the earlier corporation name was used in search results). SWA, Riyadh. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-57\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">57<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015\u20132030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-58\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">58<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>, Decision 1\/CP.21. UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn, 2015. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-ref-59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026\u20132030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>MENA Regional <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Edition 2026\u20132030<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 regional edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2027-Q1-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-reg-men-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">REG-MEN<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-reg-men-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-REGIONAL-MEN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-REG-MEN-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for MENA; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20MENA\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20MENA&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20MENA\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20MENA\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20MENA\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on MENA, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on MENA for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on MENA Regional Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of MENA\u2019s Interdependent Systems..&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;MENA&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Regional Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;MENA&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Regional Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-reg-men-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-reg-men-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>REG-MEN edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> MENA 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; REG-MEN is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on MENA.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Regional Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/reg-men\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. 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