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\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class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Saudi Arabia Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The State of Saudi Arabia\u2019s Interdependent Systems<\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SAU<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\">The State of Saudi Arabia\u2019s Interdependent Systems<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut NQ-SAU-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Saudi Arabia <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Saudi Arabia\u2019s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Saudi Arabia\u2019s risk is heat, water and supply at once<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Summer heat peak with a mass gathering<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Saudi Arabia enters 2027 as a hot, arid, hydrocarbon-exporting economy of 35.3 million people that is building a very large renewable fleet while still burning gas and oil for almost all of its electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Its reported emissions were 709 Mt CO\u2082e in 2021 including land use, 7% above 2019, and energy supplied 81% of the total excluding land use<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The second climate contribution, submitted at the end of 2025, aims to cut 335 Mt CO\u2082e a year by 2040 against a baseline it does not publish, sets no target for 2035, and names net zero for 2060<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Gas and oil gave 63% and 35% of electricity in 2024, and solar and wind 2%, although 12.3 GW of renewable capacity was connected by the end of 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. Water is the binding constraint: non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural supply in 2023, agriculture was the largest user, and the national submission says around 70% of potable water is desalinated<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Heat is a direct health hazard, as the 1,301 deaths reported during the 2024 Hajj show<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>. The kingdom imports most of its grain: FAO forecast 15 million tonnes of cereal imports for 2026\/27<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>. This Baseline Edition fixes the 2026 reference state for these <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, maps the couplings through which heat, water, power and supply shocks travel, and sets the questions the first operational edition will answer with Foundry evidence in Q1 2027. It ranks nothing and decides nothing.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the Saudi Arabia baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">709 Mt CO\u2082e in 2021 including land use, 7% above 2019. Later years are not bound.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where do emissions stand?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">335 Mt CO\u2082e a year by 2040 against an unpublished baseline; no 2035 target.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What is the climate aim?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Gas 63%, oil 35%, solar and wind 2% in 2024; 12.3 GW of renewables connected by end 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How is electricity made?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural supply in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How exposed is water?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">FAO forecast 15 million tonnes of cereal imports for 2026\/27. The import share of food is not bound.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How secure is food?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">1,301 deaths were reported during the 2024 Hajj. A national heat series is not bound.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is heat a health hazard?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Jeddah had 179 mm of rain in one day in November 2022.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.flash-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"A fast, violent rise of water in a small catchment or dry channel within hours of intense rain.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">flash flood<\/a> look like?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A summer heat peak loading power, desalination and health services together. SCN-SAU-HTW-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will Q1 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural water supply in 2023, and agriculture used 12,298 million m\u00b3 of water, of which 9,356 million m\u00b3 came from non-renewable groundwater.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-fig1-t\">Agricultural water use in 2023 (million m\u00b3)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">All sources<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12,298<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Non-renewable groundwater<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"76.1\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">9,356<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: GASTAT Water Accounts 2023, read through a press report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">A supply that draws on fossil aquifers is a stock being spent. Satellite gravity data show storage falling by about 13 km\u00b3 a year in 2006\u20132016, and the 2009 national balance showed agriculture taking more than 80% of demand<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Desalination covers the cities but needs power, so water, energy and food are tied together.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">35.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>population, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of residents under 30, as stated in the national submission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">709<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt CO\u2082e<\/span><p>emissions incl. land use, 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>gas share of electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224870<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of potable water desalinated, per the national submission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;80<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of land is desert, per the national submission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of Saudi Arabia\u2019s risk: heat, scarce water and a fossil-based power system act together.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most residents risk arrives as a summer of extreme heat, a sudden flood or a water-supply question.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Oil revenue carries the public budget, and insurance and reserve data are not bound.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Saudi Arabia is building quickly on supply and thinner on published data for heat illness, reserves and lifeline continuity.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the state of Saudi Arabia\u2019s water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in 2026, the dependencies that connect them, the risks that travel through them and the capabilities that hold them. It sets out the questions the operational series will answer.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a national <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/risk-assessment\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">risk assessment<\/a>, an official warning or a rating. It decides nothing about any institution or asset. Competent authorities keep every mandate they hold, and national ownership of the series is unaffected.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>Q1 2027 opens the operational series with a sealed Foundry evidence cut. Each later edition reports what changed against this baseline, new observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Population estimates by nationality, sex and age group, 2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GASTAT, Riyadh, 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cs-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>M. A. Chowdhury and M. M. Al-Zahrani, \u201cCharacterising water resources and trends of sector wise water consumptions in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68\u201382, 2015. Observation year 2009.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Saudi Arabia\u2019s risk is heat, water and supply at once<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It assesses no authority and ranks no region.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>14 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is Saudi Arabia\u2019s risk concentrated, and in which <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry shocks from one system to the next?<\/li><li>Which capabilities hold under compound stress, and which are only documented?<\/li><li>What must the 2027 programme measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five system chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Saudi Arabia is a hot desert country with very little rain, a young and growing population, and an economy that still rests on hydrocarbon exports. This baseline reads its exposure as four forces acting together: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>, scarce water, a power system that runs on gas and oil, and a dependence on imported food and on oil revenue<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The climate layer is rising. Temperatures rose by about 0.6 \u00b0C a decade between 1978 and 2019, and the rise has speeded up in recent decades<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup>. Regional climate studies project that heat and humidity around the Gulf could approach the limit of human adaptability late in the century under high emissions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup>. Rain is rare but violent: Jeddah recorded 179 mm in one day in November 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>. The National Center for Meteorology described 2025 as within normal ranges, without a published annual anomaly<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Water is the binding constraint. Non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural supply in 2023 and agriculture was the largest user<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Satellite gravity data show groundwater storage falling by about 13 km\u00b3 a year between 2006 and 2016<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. Desalination supplies the cities: the national submission puts it at around 70% of potable water, while the GASTAT accounts give 50% of distributed water, and the two measures differ<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The energy layer links water, heat and emissions. Gas and oil gave 98% of electricity in 2024 and solar and wind 2%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. Renewable capacity connected to the grid reached 12.3 GW by the end of 2025, with 57.5 GW tendered<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. Power also runs desalination, so a summer peak is a water question as well as an energy question.<\/p><p>Beneath these sits dependence on imports and on oil. FAO forecast 15 million tonnes of cereal imports for 2026\/27<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>, and oil and oil products were 69% of main products and exports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Heat reaches people directly during the Hajj: 1,301 deaths were reported in 2024, most of them unauthorised pilgrims<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-fig1-t\">How is electricity made, and what has changed? Generation by source (% of total)<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Gas generation grew from 224 TWh in 2019 to 288 TWh in 2024, a rise of about 29%. Connected renewable capacity reached 12.3 GW by the end of 2025, so the 2025 mix is likely to differ and is not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Gas<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">63<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oil<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"55.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">35<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Solar and wind<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"3.2\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">288<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">TWh<\/span><p>gas generation, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>renewable capacity connected, end 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">57.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>renewable capacity tendered<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mt a year<\/span><p>CO\u2082 captured by current projects<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The Saudi Arabia matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nuclear cooling \u00b7 hydro<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">irrigation \u00b7 rain-fed yield<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">drinking water<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">flows \u00b7 wetlands<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping \u00b7 treatment<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">fuel \u00b7 fertiliser \u00b7 cold chain<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">facility power \u00b7 cooling<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">reservoirs \u00b7 land use<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">withdrawals \u00b7 nutrients<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">biofuel feedstock<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nutrition \u00b7 food safety<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land conversion<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour \u00b7 disease<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">residues<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regulation \u00b7 filtration<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">fire on lines \u00b7 biomass<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollination \u00b7 soils<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">zoonoses \u00b7 smoke<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 ENE \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A heat peak raises power demand, and desalination needs the power.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> summer peak; not bound for 2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Heat loads health services and mass gatherings.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> Hajj 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A single rain event closes roads and schools in a city.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> Jeddah 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Fossil groundwater supports irrigated farming.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> accounts 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Oil export revenue carries the national budget.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> IMF 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.4<\/span><span>Reinforcing loops<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A shock entering either system of a loop can return amplified through the other.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Pairs of systems where both directions are rated strong<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Loop<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First direction<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Second direction<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT and BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Water to biodiversity: flows \u00b7 wetlands<\/td><td>Biodiversity to water: regulation \u00b7 filtration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO and BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Food to biodiversity: land conversion<\/td><td>Biodiversity to food: pollination \u00b7 soils<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"3\">A causal-loop reading of the matrix (Sterman, Business Dynamics, 2000): structural, from estimated strengths, not a measured feedback.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), \u201cIMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,\u201d press release 26\/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025\u20132026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>J. S. Pal and E. A. B. Eltahir, \u201cFuture temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability,\u201d Nature <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a>, vol. 6, pp. 197\u2013200, 2016. Observation year projection.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>J. Lelieveld, Y. Proestos, P. Hadjinicolaou et al., \u201cStrongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century,\u201d Climatic Change, vol. 137, pp. 245\u2013260, 2016. Observation year projection.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), statement that the 2025 climate was moderate, reported in \u201cNCM: Saudi Arabia experienced a moderate climate in 2025,\u201d Riyadh Daily, 30 November 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the baseline. They are grouped by system, never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>17 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural water supply in 2023, and agriculture used 12,298 million m\u00b3 of water, of which 9,356 million m\u00b3 came from non-renewable groundwater.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-fig1-t\">Agricultural water use in 2023 (million m\u00b3)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">All sources<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12,298<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Non-renewable groundwater<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"76.1\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">9,356<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: GASTAT Water Accounts 2023, read through a press report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">A supply that draws on fossil aquifers is a stock being spent. Satellite gravity data show storage falling by about 13 km\u00b3 a year in 2006\u20132016, and the 2009 national balance showed agriculture taking more than 80% of demand<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Desalination covers the cities but needs power, so water, energy and food are tied together.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The next Water Accounts, any published aquifer balance, and the share of desalination powered by renewables would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Greenhouse-gas emissions were 709 Mt CO\u2082e in 2021 including land use, 7% above 2019; energy supplied 81% of the total excluding land use.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The second climate contribution aims to cut 335 Mt CO\u2082e a year by 2040 against a baseline that is not published, with no 2035 target and net zero in 2060.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Temperatures rose by 0.60 \u00b0C a decade at the daily maximum and 0.64 \u00b0C a decade at the minimum between 1978 and 2019, and projections for the region approach human heat limits.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-008\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-CLI-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Jeddah recorded 179 mm of rain on 24 November 2022, more than the 2009 peak, and flooding closed roads and schools.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Gas and oil gave 63% and 35% of electricity in 2024 and solar and wind 2%; gas generation rose from 224 TWh in 2019 to 288 TWh in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Renewable capacity connected to the grid was 12.3 GW at the end of 2025, with 57.5 GW tendered and 10.7 GW under construction.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Water<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural water supply in 2023, and agriculture used 12,298 million m\u00b3, of which 9,356 million m\u00b3 was non-renewable groundwater.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The national submission says around 70% of potable water is desalinated; the GASTAT water accounts give 50% of distributed water for 2023. The two measures differ.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The Health Minister reported 1,301 deaths during the 2024 Hajj, 83% of them unauthorised pilgrims; the cause split was not given. A midday outdoor-work rule ran from 15 June to 15 September 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Food<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-FOO-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-FOO-010\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-FOO-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">FAO forecast cereal import needs of 15 million tonnes for 2026\/27, while the 2026 wheat harvest was about 1.1 million tonnes.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-FIN-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Oil and oil products were 69% of main products and exports; the IMF projects growth of 1.7% in 2026 and a fiscal deficit of 5.8% of GDP in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a summer heat peak that loads power, desalination and health services together during a mass gathering. \u00a79.3<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>M. A. Chowdhury and M. M. Al-Zahrani, \u201cCharacterising water resources and trends of sector wise water consumptions in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68\u201382, 2015. Observation year 2009.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), First Biennial Transparency Report. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2024. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>J. S. Pal and E. A. B. Eltahir, \u201cFuture temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability,\u201d Nature <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a>, vol. 6, pp. 197\u2013200, 2016. Observation year projection.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>J. Lelieveld, Y. Proestos, P. Hadjinicolaou et al., \u201cStrongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century,\u201d Climatic Change, vol. 137, pp. 245\u2013260, 2016. Observation year projection.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (ed.), Midday outdoor work ban, 15 June to 15 September 2025, and inspection results reported by Gulf News, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), \u201cIMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,\u201d press release 26\/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025\u20132026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>13 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WAT \u00b7 Water<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Non-renewable groundwater, share of natural water supply<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">62<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Down from 68% in 2022. Agriculture was the largest user at 12,298 million m\u00b3.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2023<\/span><span>GASTAT via press<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Energy<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Gas share of electricity generation<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Oil gave 35%; solar and wind 2%. Gas generation rose from 224 TWh in 2019 to 288 TWh in 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>UMD<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FOO \u00b7 Food<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Cereal import requirement, forecast<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">15<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million t<\/span><p>More than 10% above the five-year average; wheat 4 million t, barley 5 million t, maize 4 million t.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026\/27<\/span><span>FAO GIEWS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Health<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Deaths reported during the Hajj<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,301<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">people<\/span><p>The Health Minister said 83% were unauthorised pilgrims who had walked long distances in the sun.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>Ministry via press<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">BIO \u00b7 Biodiversity<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Land in protected areas<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">18.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Marine protected areas 6.49%, against 30% on land and sea by 2030. Later press figures differ.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>NCW via press<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Oil and oil products, share of main products and exports<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">69<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Real GDP growth is projected at 1.7% in 2026 after 4.6% in 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025\u20132026<\/span><span>IMF<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Non-renewable groundwater 62% of natural supply; desalination supplies the cities; agriculture the largest user.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2192 HLT \u00b7 WAT \u2194 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Gas and oil gave 98% of 2024 electricity; 12.3 GW of renewables connected by end 2025.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 WAT, HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Cereal imports forecast at 15 million t for 2026\/27; wheat harvest about 1.1 million t.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO \u2190 TRD, WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>1,301 deaths reported during the 2024 Hajj; life expectancy 78.8 years in 2024.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT \u2190 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Protected land 18.1% and sea 6.49% in 2024; over 80% of land is desert.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2194 WAT, FOO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Warming of about 0.6 \u00b0C a decade, 1978\u20132019; flash floods and dust storms.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">forcing on all systems<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Desalination, grid and transport networks; condition and redundancy not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Oil and products 69% of exports; public debt 31.8% of GDP in 2025.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2190 TRD, CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Digital dependencies of lifelines not mapped at public-safe resolution.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2192 ENE, WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Data-centre and industrial demand for power and water not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE, WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Mining and materials supply chains not bound for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2190 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Oil and products are the main export; grain and feed are imported.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened on the same grammar, so that later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>compound heat, water and supply stress<\/td><td>summer peak; mass gathering<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>non-renewable groundwater; desalination<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>aquifer drawdown; plant outage<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>gas and oil 98% of electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peak demand; fuel supply<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>cereal imports 15 million t<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>import and price shocks<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>heat illness; mass gatherings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat surge; care capacity<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>oil 69% of exports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>oil price and revenue shock<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>young, growing population<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>service demand<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>warming about 0.6 \u00b0C a decade<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.flash-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"A fast, violent rise of water in a small catchment or dry channel within hours of intense rain.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">flash flood<\/a><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>flash floods, dust storms<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>urban flooding<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>desalination and grid<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>single points of failure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>rapid urban growth<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>urban flooding and heat<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>protected areas 18.1% on land<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>condition outside reserves<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>national observing network<\/td><td>continuity<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>dependencies not yet mapped<\/td><td>systemic outages<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>Vision 2030; second NDC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>coordination across ministries<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>peer-reviewed climate and water research<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>translation to regions<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>National Center for Wildlife (ed.), Protected Areas System Plan, launched at the 10th Regional Conservation Forum of IUCN, Riyadh, September 2024, as summarised in press reports. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), \u201cIMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,\u201d press release 26\/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025\u20132026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>United Nations Convention to Combat <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.desertification\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Degradation of dryland into desert-like conditions through climate change and unsustainable land use.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Desertification<\/a> (ed.), COP16 Riyadh: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">sand and dust storm<\/a> monitoring initiative, announced 11 December 2024. UNCCD, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Council of Economic and Development Affairs (ed.), Saudi Vision 2030. Government of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 2016. Observation year 2016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c3-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>3 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>9 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SAU-CLI-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Extreme heat and humidity<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>warming of about 0.6 \u00b0C a decade; hot, humid Gulf coast<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>outdoor workers, pilgrims, older residents<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>dense gatherings; outdoor work; limited shade<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>midday work rule; health-service planning<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT, ENE \u2192 WAT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>seasonal<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SAU-WAT-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Groundwater depletion and desalination dependence<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>fossil aquifer use; rising demand<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>cities supplied by desalination; irrigated farms<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>a few large plants; limited storage<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>Strategic Water Plan 2050; treated-water reuse<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2192 FOO, HLT, ENE<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>5\u201330 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SAU-CLI-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Flash flood and dust storm<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>intense rain on sealed urban areas; strong winds<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>Jeddah and other cities; roads and airports<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>drainage built for rare rain<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>weather alerts; regional dust-storm warning work<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>annual<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SAU-ENE-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Fuel and power supply under peak demand<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>summer peak; fuel or grid disruption<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>power, desalination, industry<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>gas and oil 98% of generation<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>12.3 GW of renewables connected<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 WAT, HLT, FOO<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1\u20135 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: building and land-use registers \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>national weather statements and a regional dust-storm centre are reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>weather alerts are issued; their reach and use are not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>heat-stress awareness measures for the Hajj were reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: grain and water reserve data \u00b7 blocker: not published in bound form<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: civil defence and health-emergency records \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: utility restoration records \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: reconstruction records after the 2022 floods \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>the second NDC lists adaptation pillars and a 2050 Strategic Water Plan; delivery not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: social-insurance registers \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: Insurance Authority statistics \u00b7 blocker: not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: national disaster-management arrangements \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>12.3 GW of renewables connected and large desalination in service<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>inspectors made more than 17,000 visits in summer 2025 to enforce the midday rule<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>peer-reviewed national climate and groundwater studies exist<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>United Nations Convention to Combat <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.desertification\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Degradation of dryland into desert-like conditions through climate change and unsustainable land use.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Desertification<\/a> (ed.), COP16 Riyadh: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">sand and dust storm<\/a> monitoring initiative, announced 11 December 2024. UNCCD, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), statement that the 2025 climate was moderate, reported in \u201cNCM: Saudi Arabia experienced a moderate climate in 2025,\u201d Riyadh Daily, 30 November 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), warning on heavy-rain risk from September, reported in \u201cNational Center for Meteorology urges vigilance as heavy rain risk rises from September onward,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (ed.), Midday outdoor work ban, 15 June to 15 September 2025, and inspection results reported by Gulf News, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c4-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Summer heat peak with a mass gathering<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>2 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a hot, humid summer fortnight with record power demand, coinciding with a mass gathering in the west<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>Hajj 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c5-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>; Jeddah flood 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c5-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heat illness rises among pilgrims and outdoor workers<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Hajj 2024<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cooling load raises peak power demand<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">summer peak<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">desalination needs power at the same peak<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">system link<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">water for cooling and drinking is stretched<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">system link<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">HLT \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">care and transport capacity is stretched<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Hajj 2024<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">costs fall on the public budget<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IMF 2026<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01 would travel through Saudi Arabia&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Climate to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heat illness rises among pilgrims and outdoor workers. Analogue or source: Hajj 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SAU, scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Climate to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Cooling load raises peak power demand. Analogue or source: summer peak.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SAU, scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Energy to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Desalination needs power at the same peak. Analogue or source: system link.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SAU, scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Water to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Water for cooling and drinking is stretched. Analogue or source: system link.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SAU, scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Health to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Care and transport capacity is stretched. Analogue or source: Hajj 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SAU, scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Saudi Arabia 2026, scenario SCN-SAU-HTW-01<\/a> (2026); Saudi Arabia 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c5-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c5-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c5-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>12 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>35 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of Saudi Arabia\u2019s risk: heat, scarce water and a fossil-based power system act together. Evidence is strongest for emissions targets, water accounts and trade, and weakest for heat illness, infrastructure condition and capability.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CLI-001 \u00b7 WAT-005 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most residents risk arrives as a summer of extreme heat, a sudden flood or a water-supply question. The baseline asks that public debate weigh how a young, growing and largely urban population is exposed, and how pilgrims and workers are protected.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">HLT-009 \u00b7 CLI-008<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Oil revenue carries the public budget, and insurance and reserve data are not bound. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an endorsement.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-011 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Saudi Arabia is building quickly on supply and thinner on published data for heat illness, reserves and lifeline continuity. The 2027 programme should map heat\u2013power\u2013water dependencies, test the summer peak, and bind the missing series.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 A-01 \u00b7 A-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Saudi Arabia. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability have been developed?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests reveal?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What did the year establish, and what changes next?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>national pathway: Desk, Leadership Council, Consortium, Working Groups<\/td><td>national Commons room<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. National adoption of any standard is a decision of the national standards council.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Most of the natural supply is fossil groundwater, and the cities live on desalinated seawater. The baseline treats water as a coupling problem: every cubic metre desalinated needs power, and every irrigated hectare draws on the aquifer.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Water is the stock that is being spent<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In a country this hot, extreme heat is not an exception. It sets how outdoor work, pilgrimage and urban life are organised, and it rises with warming. Published series on heat illness are the missing evidence.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Heat is a design condition<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The second climate contribution names 2040 and 2060 but not the baseline behind them. A baseline edition can say what is observed and name what is missing, so that later editions can test progress.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>A target without a baseline<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Renewable capacity has grown fast and still gives a small share of generation, while grain and feed arrive by sea. Energy and food security are trade questions as much as domestic ones.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Supply is built, demand is imported<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from working groups, consortium institutions and invited experts begin with the Q1 2027 edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Q1 2027 readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First Q1 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>National risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 7 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>NWG delivery register<\/td><td>no groups yet<\/td><td>first monthly outputs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>NNC capability register<\/td><td>membership opens in Q1 2027<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>NLC questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>environment prepared<\/td><td>first sealed cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first correction cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no public authority.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SUBMITTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">UNDER REVIEW<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a> \u00b7 second NDC, 335 Mt CO\u2082e a year by 2040, net zero 2060<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNFCCC \u00b7 Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>SUBMITTED 2025<\/td><td>emissions pathway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Updated first NDC, 278 Mt CO\u2082e a year by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNFCCC \u00b7 Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>SUBMITTED 2021<\/td><td>emissions pathway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi Vision 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2016<\/td><td>economic diversification<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi Green Initiative<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>LAUNCHED 2021<\/td><td>land and sea protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National Renewable Energy Program<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>IN OPERATION<\/td><td>power mix<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Midday outdoor-work rule, 15 June to 15 September<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ministry of Human Resources<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>IN FORCE 2025<\/td><td>heat protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kunming-Montreal Framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CBD<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2022<\/td><td>30by30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td>disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Saudi Arabia submitted its second NDC on 31 December 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The midday outdoor-work rule applied from 15 June to 15 September 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>UNCCD COP16 met in Riyadh in December 2024 and launched a dust-storm monitoring initiative<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Publication of the baseline behind the 2040 aim<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Renewable commissioning against the 57.5 GW tendered<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The next Biennial Transparency Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. A change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, national and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about Saudi Arabia\u2019s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed literature; national and international assessments; official releases; industry loss data<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IPCC Synthesis Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>forcing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>McElwee et al. (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>nexus interlinkages<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zscheischler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Almazroui<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>warming trend<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pal and Eltahir<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat limits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Foundational Edition<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>edition<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>method and positions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global baseline<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>edition<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>global context<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional reports<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lelieveld et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>heat extremes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mohamed et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>groundwater<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chowdhury and Al-Zahrani<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>water demand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WMO State of the Climate in Asia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>regional climate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Global Energy Review<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>energy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Official statistics and national sources<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>GASTAT \u00b7 UN DESA<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water Accounts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>GASTAT<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Household Environment Statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>GASTAT<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>drinking water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health status bulletin<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>GASTAT<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Life expectancy statement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup> and global statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ministry of Health \u00b7 WHO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>health<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Industry, loss data and international sources<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Second NDC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Saudi Arabia<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>climate aim<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Article IV consultation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>economy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GIEWS country brief<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FAO<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>food<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capacity statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IRENA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>renewables<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Saudi Arabia is warming and heat extremes are rising<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Groundwater storage has been falling<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Electricity still comes almost wholly from gas and oil<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How much of the potable supply is desalinated, given two published measures<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>What baseline the 2040 aim is set against<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How many heat deaths occur among residents and workers<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from Q1 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>. United Nations, Paris, 2015.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2021. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Council of Economic and Development Affairs (ed.), Saudi Vision 2030. Government of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 2016. Observation year 2016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Government of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative: protecting land and sea. Riyadh, launched 2021, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (ed.), Midday outdoor work ban, 15 June to 15 September 2025, and inspection results reported by Gulf News, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15\/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015\u20132030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>United Nations Convention to Combat <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.desertification\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Degradation of dryland into desert-like conditions through climate change and unsustainable land use.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Desertification<\/a> (ed.), COP16 Riyadh: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">sand and dust storm<\/a> monitoring initiative, announced 11 December 2024. UNCCD, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), First Biennial Transparency Report. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2024. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850054\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>J. S. Pal and E. A. B. Eltahir, \u201cFuture temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 6, pp. 197\u2013200, 2016. Observation year projection.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026\u20132030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>J. Lelieveld, Y. Proestos, P. Hadjinicolaou et al., \u201cStrongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century,\u201d Climatic Change, vol. 137, pp. 245\u2013260, 2016. Observation year projection.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>M. A. Chowdhury and M. M. Al-Zahrani, \u201cCharacterising water resources and trends of sector wise water consumptions in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68\u201382, 2015. Observation year 2009.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024. WMO, Geneva, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>International Energy Agency (ed.), Global Energy Review 2025. IEA, Paris, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Population estimates by nationality, sex and age group, 2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GASTAT, Riyadh, 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (ed.), World Population Prospects 2024. United Nations, New York, 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Household Environment Statistics 2024, reported by Saudi Gazette, Riyadh, November 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Health Status Statistics Bulletin 2024, reported by Zawya, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement that life expectancy reached 78.8 years in 2024, reported by Asharq Al-Awsat, 21 April 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>World Health Organization (ed.), World Health Statistics 2025. WHO, Geneva, 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), \u201cIMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,\u201d press release 26\/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025\u20132026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 National Agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due at the Q1 2027 cut.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a summer heat peak load power, desalination and health services together, and how much margin exists in each?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SAU-CLI-01 \u00b7 heat\u2013power\u2013water continuity; first output: dependency graph for two regions.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much of the water supply is non-renewable, region by region, and how fast is it drawn down?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SAU-WAT-02 \u00b7 groundwater and desalination; first output: supply-source register by region.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much fuel is burned for power and desalination, and what does the 2025 generation mix show?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SAU-ENE-03 \u00b7 power mix and fuel; first output: generation and fuel table for 2025.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How concentrated are grain and feed imports, by commodity and origin?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SAU-FOO-04 \u00b7 import exposure; first output: commodity dependence table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How is heat illness counted among residents, workers and pilgrims?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SAU-HLT-05 \u00b7 heat and mass gatherings; first output: definitions and counting-rule note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do flash floods and dust storms affect cities and lifelines?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SAU-CLI-02 \u00b7 workstream; first output: event register 2018\u20132026.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What would a quantified 2035 emissions pathway need from the power and industry sectors?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in Q1 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">National capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for admission at the Q1 2027 alignment. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SAU-CLI-01<\/span><\/td><td>Heat\u2013power\u2013water continuity<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SAU-WAT-02<\/span><\/td><td>Groundwater and desalination<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SAU-ENE-03<\/span><\/td><td>Power mix and fuel<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SAU-FOO-04<\/span><\/td><td>Food import exposure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SAU-HLT-05<\/span><\/td><td>Heat and mass gatherings<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PRJ-SAU-CLI-01a<\/span><\/td><td>Two-region heat, power and water dependency graph<\/td><td>Project<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-SAU-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Summer heat peak Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Saudi Arabia is the national pathway through which the Nexus operating system will run in Saudi Arabia from 2027. At baseline the pathway is designed and its records are prepared; its councils and working groups are constituted from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, nothing more.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">One National Agenda<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">bounded national questions for the year<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DRAFT 2027 \u00b7 agenda review at the Q1 alignment<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Desk<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">coordination, records, routing and continuity<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DESIGNED \u00b7 constituted in Q1 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the country as a system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with the first Foundry cut<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Portfolio<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">risks, capabilities, initiatives, projects, missions<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">7 PROPOSED \u00b7 admission at the Q1 alignment<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Foundry<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">continuous computational environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PREPARED \u00b7 first sealed cut NQ-SAU-2027-Q1<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Reports<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">quarterly and annual publication<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE ISSUED \u00b7 Q1 2027 \u00b7 State &amp; Agenda<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate set in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">after-action, correction and renewal<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in Q2 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>Q4 2027 annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-SAU-2027-01 \u00b7 Summer heat peak Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor (NLC) \u00b7 Institutional anchor (NNC) \u00b7 Mission lead (NWG)<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CLI-001 \u00b7 emissions<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CLI-002 \u00b7 climate aim<\/td><td>INI-SAU-ENE-03<\/td><td>power mix and fuel<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-003 \u00b7 generation<\/td><td>INI-SAU-ENE-03<\/td><td>power mix and fuel<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-005 \u00b7 groundwater<\/td><td>INI-SAU-WAT-02<\/td><td>supply-source register<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FOO-010 \u00b7 cereal imports<\/td><td>INI-SAU-FOO-04<\/td><td>import exposure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-009 \u00b7 heat and Hajj<\/td><td>INI-SAU-HLT-05<\/td><td>heat and mass gatherings<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-011 \u00b7 oil revenue<\/td><td>INI-SAU-CLI-01 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>fiscal exposure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-SAU-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the national pathway<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. Competent authorities receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from Q1 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Weather alerts and rainfall<\/td><td>National Center for Meteorology<\/td><td>real time<\/td><td>CLI findings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Sand and dust storm<\/a> forecasts<\/td><td>regional centre in Jeddah<\/td><td>daily<\/td><td>RSK-SAU-CLI-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat-season work inspections<\/td><td>Ministry of Human Resources<\/td><td>seasonal<\/td><td>HLT-009<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water accounts<\/td><td>GASTAT<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>WAT-005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable capacity<\/td><td>IRENA<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grain outlook<\/td><td>FAO GIEWS<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>FOO-010<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fiscal and growth outlook<\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN-011<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">quarterly publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-SAU-001<\/td><td>Gas generation rose from 224 TWh to 288 TWh between 2019 and 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c7-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>ENE \u00b7 CLI<\/td><td>initiative A-03<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-SAU-002<\/td><td>Non-renewable groundwater fell from 68% to 62% of supply between 2022 and 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c7-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>WAT<\/td><td>initiative A-02<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-SAU-003<\/td><td>Heat deaths reported in the Hajj of 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c7-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>HLT \u00b7 CLI<\/td><td>initiative A-05<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c7-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c7-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c7-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c7-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>18 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Water, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Saudi Arabia has very little rain and almost no permanent rivers. Most of the natural supply is fossil groundwater, and the cities rely on desalinated seawater.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">62<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>non-renewable share of natural supply, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12,298<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million m\u00b3<\/span><p>agricultural water use, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">102.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">litres<\/span><p>household use per person a day, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Groundwater<\/td><td>non-renewable groundwater 62% of natural supply, down from 68% in 2022<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Storage<\/td><td>groundwater storage fell by about 13 km\u00b3 a year in 2006\u20132016<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Desalination<\/td><td>about 70% of potable water per the national submission; 50% of distributed water per the accounts<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable supply<\/td><td>renewable water per person not bound<\/td><td>FAO AQUASTAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 WAT power for desalination<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 FOO irrigation from aquifers<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT drinking water<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 WAT heat and rare rain<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>renewable water per person<\/li><li>desalination capacity in use<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The next Water Accounts, desalination commissioning and any published aquifer balance.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Water services rest with the ministry, the water authority and utilities; this chapter assesses none of them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Energy, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Gas and oil gave 98% of electricity in 2024, yet 12.3 GW of renewable capacity was connected by the end of 2025 and much more is tendered.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>gas share of electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>renewables connected, end 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">57.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>renewables tendered<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Power mix<\/td><td>gas 63%, oil 35%, solar and wind 2% in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capacity<\/td><td>IRENA records 12,332 MW of renewables at the end of 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capture<\/td><td>current CCUS projects capture 1.3 Mt CO\u2082 a year<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2025 mix<\/td><td>generation shares for 2025 not bound<\/td><td>electricity regulator<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 WAT desalination power<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 ENE peak demand<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 HLT cooling<\/li><li>TRD \u2192 ENE fuel and equipment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>2025 generation mix<\/li><li>fuel burned for power and desalination<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Renewable commissioning, summer peak demand and the share of gas in 2025 generation.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Energy decisions rest with the government, regulators and operators; this chapter assesses none of them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Saudi Arabia grows little of its own grain and relies on imports for most cereals, so food security is a trade question as much as a water question.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">15<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million t<\/span><p>cereal imports forecast, 2026\/27<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22481.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million t<\/span><p>wheat harvest, 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>food inflation, May 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Imports<\/td><td>wheat 4 million t, barley 5 million t, maize 4 million t forecast for 2026\/27<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Production<\/td><td>the 2026 wheat harvest was about 1.1 million t, near the average<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prices<\/td><td>wheat procurement price SAR 1,450 a tonne; food inflation below 1% in early 2026<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Import share<\/td><td>share of food imported and concentration by origin not bound<\/td><td>USDA and customs data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>TRD \u2192 FOO import dependence<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 FOO irrigation<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 FOO fuel and fertiliser<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 FOO heat and dust<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>import share of food<\/li><li>concentration by commodity and origin<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Grain import volumes, procurement prices and any published reserve data.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes the food system; it makes no statement on agricultural or trade policy.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Life expectancy has risen and the population is young, but <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a> is a direct hazard for pilgrims, outdoor workers and older residents.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">78.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">years<\/span><p>life expectancy, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1,301<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">deaths<\/span><p>reported during the Hajj, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">9.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>adults with diabetes, self-reported, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Heat and the Hajj<\/td><td>1,301 deaths reported in 2024; 83% unauthorised pilgrims; cause split not given<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Outdoor work<\/td><td>midday work ban 15 June to 15 September 2025; 1,910 breaches found by late August<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<\/td><td>35.3 million; about 2.8% aged 65 or over<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat illness<\/td><td>national heat-death and heat-illness series not bound<\/td><td>Ministry of Health<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 HLT heat<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 HLT cooling and power<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT drinking water<\/li><li>INF \u2192 HLT transport and care<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>national heat-illness series<\/li><li>counting rules for pilgrims and workers<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Summer heat-illness reporting, Hajj-season forecasts and inspection results.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Health planning rests with national and local authorities. No personal health data are used or shown in Reports.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Over 80% of the land is desert, and protection is expanding on land and at sea, with a 30% aim for 2030.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">18.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of land protected, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6.49<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of sea protected, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22484<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million ha<\/span><p>restoration ambition<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Protection<\/td><td>land 18.1% and sea 6.49% in 2024; later press figures differ<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Target<\/td><td>30% of land and sea by 2030<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Restoration<\/td><td>about 4 million ha of land restoration and rehabilitation planned<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Condition<\/td><td>not bound outside protected areas<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>BIO \u2192 WAT watershed and coastal regulation<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 FOO fisheries and soils<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 BIO heat and dust<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>condition outside protected areas<\/li><li>marine ecosystem change<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>New protected-area declarations, the 2025 interim milestones and Red Sea coastal restoration.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Biodiversity is not reduced to a single number. Where valuation is used later, it will never be presented as the whole value.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT: Saudi Arabia country data. FAO, Rome, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ed.), Annual Statistical Booklet for Electricity and Seawater Desalination. ECRA, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Grain and Feed Annual. USDA FAS, Washington DC, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement that life expectancy reached 78.8 years in 2024, reported by Asharq Al-Awsat, 21 April 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Health Status Statistics Bulletin 2024, reported by Zawya, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (ed.), Midday outdoor work ban, 15 June to 15 September 2025, and inspection results reported by Gulf News, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Population estimates by nationality, sex and age group, 2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GASTAT, Riyadh, 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Statistical Yearbook. MoH, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>National Center for Wildlife (ed.), Protected Areas System Plan, launched at the 10th Regional Conservation Forum of IUCN, Riyadh, September 2024, as summarised in press reports. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-c8-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Government of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative: protecting land and sea. Riyadh, launched 2021, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>12 tables<\/span><span>8 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Growth in gas generation, 2019 to 2024<\/td><td>288 \u00f7 224 \u2212 1<\/td><td>\u2248 28.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Non-renewable share of agricultural water use, 2023<\/td><td>9,356 \u00f7 12,298<\/td><td>\u2248 76%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Share of residents aged 65 or over, 2024<\/td><td>986,505 \u00f7 35,300,280<\/td><td>\u2248 2.8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Difference between the 2040 and 2030 aims<\/td><td>335 \u2212 278<\/td><td>57 Mt<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at national scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, National Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-SAU-NATIONAL \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent Saudi Arabia as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> with forcing and transmission layers<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of systems<\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from evidence and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against Q1 2027 Foundry evidence<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>national scale; not for region or asset-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of risk in Saudi Arabia.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, operational decisions, provincial comparisons or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Model runs begin with the first Foundry cut in Q1 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>NQ-SAU-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>45 cited sources, each at the edition and retrieval date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>NQ-SAU-2027-Q1-1 at the Q1 2027 close<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the first Foundry cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Q1 2027<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>qualified source bindings with versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>National Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to the cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GHG emissions<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>next report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity mix<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable capacity<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Apr 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>Apr 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water Accounts<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>Jan 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cereal outlook<\/td><td>2026\/27<\/td><td>Jul 2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next brief<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fiscal and growth<\/td><td>2025\u20132026<\/td><td>Jul 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>mid-2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hajj deaths<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Jun 2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protected areas<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Sep 2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Climate forcing<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>annual anomaly; heat-illness link<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>2025 generation mix; fuel burned<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>renewable supply; desalination capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>import share; concentration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>heat deaths and illness series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>condition outside reserves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>insurance cover<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>dependency mapping<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the Government of Saudi Arabia to the UNFCCC, 31 December 2025. Periodic. Role: binds the 335 Mt aim, the renewable capacity figures and the desalination statement, each as a national statement.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-SAU-001<\/h3><p>Second NDC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the General Authority for Statistics. Annual. Role: binds the non-renewable groundwater share and agricultural use. The release was read through a press report, so the primary tables are not bound.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-SAU-002<\/h3><p>GASTAT Water Accounts 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-SAU-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-SAU-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>national scope; baseline not published<\/td><td>national accounts; region detail not read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>submitted December 2025<\/td><td>about 14 months after the accounting year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>annual back-revision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>baseline and model not disclosed<\/td><td>accounts method not read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>independent assessments exist<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not bound<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in Q1 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Biennial Transparency Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>, inventory time series to the latest year<\/li><li>FAO AQUASTAT<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup>, renewable water per person<\/li><li>Saudi Water Authority and ministry data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup>, desalination capacity in use<\/li><li>Electricity regulator statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup>, 2025 generation mix<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CCUS<\/td><td>carbon capture, utilisation and storage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FAO<\/td><td>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GASTAT<\/td><td>General Authority for Statistics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GIEWS<\/td><td>Global Information and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning-system\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An integrated system of risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and preparedness that enables timely action ahead of hazards.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early Warning System<\/a> on Food and Agriculture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GRACE<\/td><td>Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF<\/td><td>International Monetary Fund<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IRENA<\/td><td>International Renewable Energy Agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MoH<\/td><td>Ministry of Health<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NCM<\/td><td>National Center for Meteorology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NCW<\/td><td>National Center for Wildlife<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NDC<\/td><td>nationally determined contribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SWA<\/td><td>Saudi Water Authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UMD<\/td><td>University of Maryland, Center for Global Sustainability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNCCD<\/td><td>United Nations Convention to Combat <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.desertification\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Degradation of dryland into desert-like conditions through climate change and unsustainable land use.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Desertification<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the baseline indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-SAU-HTW-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Regional notes<\/td><td>atlas cards for every region<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition, gas share of electricity generation<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>gas-fired generation divided by total electricity generation<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>per cent<\/dd><dt>Scope<\/dt><dd>calendar year, national<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>UMD assessment quoting generation data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Revision<\/dt><dd>annual back-revision by the data issuer<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>Ember and the assessment differ in rounding; 2025 not bound<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), First Biennial Transparency Report. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2024. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT: Saudi Arabia country data. FAO, Rome, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Saudi Water Authority and Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (eds.), annual statistics on desalinated water production. Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ca-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ed.), Annual Statistical Booklet for Electricity and Seawater Desalination. ECRA, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>7 tables<\/span><span>20 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GHG emissions incl. land use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">709<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Change since 2019<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">+7<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy share of emissions excl. land use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">81<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gas share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">63<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">35<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Solar and wind share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gas generation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">288<\/span><\/td><td>TWh<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable capacity connected<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">12.3<\/span><\/td><td>GW<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-renewable groundwater share of supply<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">62<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agricultural water use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">12,298<\/span><\/td><td>million m\u00b3<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Household water use per person<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">102.1<\/span><\/td><td>litres a day<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cereal import requirement<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">15<\/span><\/td><td>million t<\/td><td>2026\/27<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wheat production<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u22481.1<\/span><\/td><td>million t<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">35.3<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aged 65 or over<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u22482.8<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deaths reported during the Hajj<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1,301<\/span><\/td><td>deaths<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Life expectancy<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">78.8<\/span><\/td><td>years<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protected land<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">18.1<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protected sea<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">6.49<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Net emissions with land use, latest year<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable water per person<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>m\u00b3<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of food imported<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National heat deaths and illness<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">Not bound<\/span><\/td><td>cases<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0AGHG%20emissions%20incl.%20land%20use%2C709%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AChange%20since%202019%2C%2B7%2C%25%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AEnergy%20share%20of%20emissions%20excl.%20land%20use%2C81%2C%25%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AGas%20share%20of%20electricity%2C63%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AOil%20share%20of%20electricity%2C35%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0ASolar%20and%20wind%20share%20of%20electricity%2C2%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%20%5B8%5D%0AGas%20generation%2C288%2CTWh%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0ARenewable%20capacity%20connected%2C12.3%2CGW%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%20%5B7%5D%0ANon-renewable%20groundwater%20share%20of%20supply%2C62%2C%25%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B13%5D%0AAgricultural%20water%20use%2C%2212%2C298%22%2Cmillion%20m%C2%B3%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B13%5D%0AHousehold%20water%20use%20per%20person%2C102.1%2Clitres%20a%20day%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B13%5D%0ACereal%20import%20requirement%2C15%2Cmillion%20t%2C2026%2F27%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AWheat%20production%2C%E2%89%881.1%2Cmillion%20t%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0APopulation%2C35.3%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AAged%2065%20or%20over%2C%E2%89%882.8%2C%25%2C2024%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B1%5D%0ADeaths%20reported%20during%20the%20Hajj%2C%221%2C301%22%2Cdeaths%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0ALife%20expectancy%2C78.8%2Cyears%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B21%5D%0AProtected%20land%2C18.1%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B20%5D%0AProtected%20sea%2C6.49%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B20%5D%0A%22Net%20emissions%20with%20land%20use%2C%20latest%20year%22%2CNot%20bound%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B27%5D%0ARenewable%20water%20per%20person%2CNot%20bound%2Cm%C2%B3%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B28%5D%0AShare%20of%20food%20imported%2CNot%20bound%2C%25%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B45%5D%0ANational%20heat%20deaths%20and%20illness%2CNot%20bound%2Ccases%2Cn%2Fa%2CNOT%20BOUND%2C%5B31%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Saudi%20Arabia%20Systems%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20The%20State%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%99s%20Interdependent%20Systems%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22GHG%20emissions%20incl.%20land%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22709%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Change%20since%202019%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%2B7%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Energy%20share%20of%20emissions%20excl.%20land%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2281%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Gas%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2263%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Oil%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2235%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Solar%20and%20wind%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%20%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Gas%20generation%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22288%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22TWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Renewable%20capacity%20connected%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2212.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%20%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Non-renewable%20groundwater%20share%20of%20supply%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2262%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Agricultural%20water%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2212%2C298%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%20m%C2%B3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Household%20water%20use%20per%20person%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22102.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22litres%20a%20day%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B13%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Cereal%20import%20requirement%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2215%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%20t%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%2F27%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Wheat%20production%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%881.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%20t%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2235.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Aged%2065%20or%20over%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%882.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Deaths%20reported%20during%20the%20Hajj%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221%2C301%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22deaths%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Life%20expectancy%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2278.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22years%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B21%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Protected%20land%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2218.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B20%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Protected%20sea%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%226.49%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B20%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Net%20emissions%20with%20land%20use%2C%20latest%20year%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B27%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Renewable%20water%20per%20person%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22m%C2%B3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B28%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Share%20of%20food%20imported%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B45%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22National%20heat%20deaths%20and%20illness%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Not%20bound%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22cases%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22n%2Fa%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22NOT%20BOUND%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B31%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values read through press reports are marked in the source register. ESTIMATED values are arithmetic from cited figures, with the method in the technical layer. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>National source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national statistics<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Second NDC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government submission<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Independent NDC assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>research institutes<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grain outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>FOO<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Article IV<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international financial institution<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capacity statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>independent think tank<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Meteorology statement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national technical authority via press<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2022\u20132025<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hajj statement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ministry via press<\/td><td>regional<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>HLT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water Accounts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national statistics via press<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2023\u20132024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>WAT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protected areas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national agency via press<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>BIO<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, Saudi Arabia by region<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates for every region follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Population, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">35.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>residents<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">19.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>Saudi nationals<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">15.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>non-Saudi residents<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22482.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>aged 65 or over<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, Saudi Arabia by region<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Riyadh and Qassim (centre)<\/td><td>heat, dust storms, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.flash-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"A fast, violent rise of water in a small catchment or dry channel within hours of intense rain.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">flash flood<\/a><\/td><td>power, water, food<\/td><td>no event cited in this edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Makkah, Madinah and Al-Baha (west)<\/td><td>heat, flash flood<\/td><td>health, transport, water<\/td><td>Hajj 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>; Jeddah 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eastern Province<\/td><td>heat, humidity, dust<\/td><td>energy, desalination<\/td><td>no event cited in this edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Asir, Jazan and Najran (south-west)<\/td><td>flash flood<\/td><td>roads, farms<\/td><td>no event cited in this edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tabuk, Hail, Al-Jouf and Northern Borders (north)<\/td><td>cold spells, dust<\/td><td>groundwater farming<\/td><td>no event cited in this edition<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Atlas card, Makkah Region<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">region<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">western coast<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">mass gathering<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">flash flood<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>health, water, roads and power<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>Hajj 2024 with 1,301 deaths reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>; Jeddah rain of 179 mm on 24 November 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 HLT; CLI \u2192 INF; ENE \u2192 WAT<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>heat-stress awareness for the Hajj reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>; response records not bound<\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>heat illness series; drainage condition; regional water supply<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>A-01 \u00b7 A-05<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The Health Minister reported 1,301 deaths in 2024, most of them unauthorised pilgrims, and said many had walked long distances in direct sun [11].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">HEALTH<\/h3><p>Heat during the Hajj<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Jeddah recorded 179 mm in one day in 2022, more than the 2009 peak, and roads and schools closed [10].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">ROADS<\/h3><p>One day of rain<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT BOUND. Source: Saudi Water Authority and GASTAT regional tables. Blocker: not retrieved by evidence close.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">WATER<\/h3><p>Supply by region<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Atlas cards are generated for every region from Q2 2027 with consistent fields and evidence-age labels. Makkah Region is shown first because it holds the leading compound pathway.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>Saudi Arabia system card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The card through which Saudi Arabia appears in the Middle East and North Africa regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Saudi Arabia system card<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline state<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>non-renewable groundwater 62%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>power for desalination<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>gas and oil 98% of generation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>summer peak<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>cereal imports 15 million t<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>import shocks<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>heat; mass gatherings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat surge<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>protected land 18.1%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>land use and aridity<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Context<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Archetype<\/dt><dd>hot desert, hydrocarbon-exporting economy with a young population<\/dd><dt>Population<\/dt><dd>35.3 million (2024)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Trade<\/dt><dd>oil and products 69% of main exports; grain imported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Hazard<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/energy-nexus\/\" data-tal=\"Energy Nexus\">extreme heat<\/a>; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h9\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.flood.flash-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Freshwater inundation\" data-td=\"A fast, violent rise of water in a small catchment or dry channel within hours of intense rain.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H9\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">flash flood<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Saudi Arabia\u2019s card sits beside its neighbours\u2019; shared basins, grids, corridors and supply chains are read as one regional system.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGIONAL EDITION<\/h3><p>One regional system<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Saudi evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES<\/h3><p>Same findings, same IDs<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In the global edition Saudi Arabia is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL FLAGSHIP<\/h3><p>Peers, not ranks<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and Saudi Arabia\u2019s national ownership of its edition is unaffected.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>23 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>NQ-SAU-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Population estimates by nationality, sex and age group, 2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GASTAT, Riyadh, 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement that life expectancy reached 78.8 years in 2024, reported by Asharq Al-Awsat, 21 April 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>National Center for Wildlife (ed.), Protected Areas System Plan, launched at the 10th Regional Conservation Forum of IUCN, Riyadh, September 2024, as summarised in press reports. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), First Biennial Transparency Report. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2024. Observation year 2021.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT: Saudi Arabia country data. FAO, Rome, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Grain and Feed Annual. USDA FAS, Washington DC, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Statistical Yearbook. MoH, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), \u201cIMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,\u201d press release 26\/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025\u20132026.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), statement that the 2025 climate was moderate, reported in \u201cNCM: Saudi Arabia experienced a moderate climate in 2025,\u201d Riyadh Daily, 30 November 2025. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Household Environment Statistics 2024, reported by Saudi Gazette, Riyadh, November 2025. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cb-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sau-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\">Saudi Arabia 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>12 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>45 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Population estimates by nationality, sex and age group, 2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GASTAT, Riyadh, 2025. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), \u201cIMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,\u201d press release 26\/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025\u20132026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), statement that the 2025 climate was moderate, reported in \u201cNCM: Saudi Arabia experienced a moderate climate in 2025,\u201d Riyadh Daily, 30 November 2025. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in \u201cJeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (ed.), Midday outdoor work ban, 15 June to 15 September 2025, and inspection results reported by Gulf News, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in \u201cPer capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Household Environment Statistics 2024, reported by Saudi Gazette, Riyadh, November 2025. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>A. Mohamed, K. Abdelrahman and A. Abdelrady, \u201cApplication of time-variable gravity to groundwater storage fluctuations in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, article 873352, 2022. Observation years 2002\u20132016. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>M. A. Chowdhury and M. M. Al-Zahrani, \u201cCharacterising water resources and trends of sector wise water consumptions in Saudi Arabia,\u201d Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68\u201382, 2015. Observation year 2009. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>M. Almazroui, \u201cChanges in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978\u20132019,\u201d Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978\u20132019. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>J. S. Pal and E. A. B. Eltahir, \u201cFuture temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability,\u201d Nature <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a>, vol. 6, pp. 197\u2013200, 2016. Observation year projection. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>J. Lelieveld, Y. Proestos, P. Hadjinicolaou et al., \u201cStrongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century,\u201d Climatic Change, vol. 137, pp. 245\u2013260, 2016. Observation year projection. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>National Center for Wildlife (ed.), Protected Areas System Plan, launched at the 10th Regional Conservation Forum of IUCN, Riyadh, September 2024, as summarised in press reports. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement that life expectancy reached 78.8 years in 2024, reported by Asharq Al-Awsat, 21 April 2025. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Health Status Statistics Bulletin 2024, reported by Zawya, Dubai, 2025. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>United Nations Convention to Combat <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h26\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.land.desertification\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Land and wetland degradation\" data-td=\"Degradation of dryland into desert-like conditions through climate change and unsustainable land use.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H26\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\" data-txl=\"Land and ecosystems\">Desertification<\/a> (ed.), COP16 Riyadh: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">sand and dust storm<\/a> monitoring initiative, announced 11 December 2024. UNCCD, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Council of Economic and Development Affairs (ed.), Saudi Vision 2030. Government of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 2016. Observation year 2016. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Government of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Saudi Green Initiative: protecting land and sea. Riyadh, launched 2021, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year 2021. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2021. Observation year 2021. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), First Biennial Transparency Report. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2024. Observation year 2021. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT: Saudi Arabia country data. FAO, Rome, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Saudi Water Authority and Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (eds.), annual statistics on desalinated water production. Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ed.), Annual Statistical Booklet for Electricity and Seawater Desalination. ECRA, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Statistical Yearbook. MoH, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015\u20132030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15\/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>. United Nations, Paris, 2015. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>International Energy Agency (ed.), Global Energy Review 2025. IEA, Paris, 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850054\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>World Health Organization (ed.), World Health Statistics 2025. WHO, Geneva, 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026\u20132030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (ed.), World Population Prospects 2024. United Nations, New York, 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>National Center for Meteorology (ed.), warning on heavy-rain risk from September, reported in \u201cNational Center for Meteorology urges vigilance as heavy rain risk rises from September onward,\u201d Arab News, Riyadh, 2026. Observation year 2026. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024. WMO, Geneva, 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sau-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Grain and Feed Annual. USDA FAS, Washington DC, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Saudi Arabia <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Edition 2026\u20132030<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the Q1 2027 edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2027-Q1-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-sau-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">SAU<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-sau-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-NAT-SAU-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Saudi Arabia; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Saudi%20Arabia\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Saudi%20Arabia&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Saudi%20Arabia\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Saudi%20Arabia\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Saudi%20Arabia\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Saudi Arabia, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Saudi Arabia for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Saudi Arabia Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Country Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Country Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-sau-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sau-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>SAU edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Saudi Arabia 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; SAU is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Saudi Arabia.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sau\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sau-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sau-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sau-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Saudi Arabia Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026 \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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