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\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\"><style>#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sgp-full.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 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svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sgp-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sgp-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sgp-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Singapore Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The State of Singapore\u2019s Interdependent Systems<\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SGP<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Singapore 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\">The State of Singapore\u2019s Interdependent Systems<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut NQ-SGP-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Singapore <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Singapore\u2019s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Singapore\u2019s risk arrives through imports, heat and the sea<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Imported-fuel interruption during a heat-stress period<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>21 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Singapore (Republic of Singapore) enters 2027 as a city-state of 6.11 million people and about US$604 billion of output in 2025, growing 5.0% that year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. Net greenhouse-gas emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO\u2082e in 2022, and the government projects a peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028 before a 2030 level of about 60 Mt<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. The 2035 target is 45 to 50 Mt CO\u2082e, conditional on technological maturity and international cooperation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar 2.7%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. The IMF reports that over 90% of electricity is generated from imported natural gas, that net oil and gas imports are about 7% of GDP, and that in 2025 39% of petroleum oil imports and 26% of gas imports came from countries bordering the Strait of Hormuz<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>. Local farms supplied about 8% of fibre and 25% of protein consumption in 2025, and food came from over 180 countries and regions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>. Water use is about 440 million gallons a day and is expected to almost double by 2065<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>. Sea level may rise by up to 1.15 m by 2100, and with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide the level could reach up to 5 m above today\u2019s mean<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>. In 2025 the annual mean temperature was 28.1 \u00b0C and 29 days brought high heat stress<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>. Flood loss records, health surveillance, nature extent, data-centre load and critical-infrastructure incident series could not be read at evidence close and appear as designed gaps with their source and blocker. This Baseline Edition fixes the reference state for Singapore\u2019s water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, maps the couplings through which energy, heat and sea-level shocks travel, and sets the questions the first operational edition will answer with Foundry evidence in Q1 2027. It decides nothing.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the Singapore baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Net emissions were 58.59 Mt CO\u2082e in 2022, with a projected peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028. The inventory page gives 55.5 Mt for 2023 as a separate publication.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where do emissions stand?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The government reports that it is on track for its 2030 NDC. Climate Action Tracker rates the effort highly insufficient in an assessment last updated in August 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is Singapore on course for its climate goals?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025, mostly imported, and registered import capacity stood at 300 MW.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How secure is electricity?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Local farms supplied 8% of fibre and 25% of protein in 2025; food came from over 180 countries and regions.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How secure is food?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">People aged 65 or over were 14.2% of the population in 2025, and fertility was 0.97 in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is ageing a health risk?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Water use is about 440 million gallons a day; protected land was 4.6% in 2025; flood and nature series are not bound.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What about water and nature?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The IMF projects 3.5% growth for 2026 and 2.7% for 2027, after 5.0% in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does the economy look like?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">An interruption to imported fuel during a heat-stress period that strains power, desalination, cold chains and data services together. SCN-SGP-ENE-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will Q1 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Net greenhouse-gas emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO\u2082e in 2022, up from 58.29 Mt CO\u2082e in 2021 and 53.87 Mt CO\u2082e in 2020.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-fig1-t\">Net emissions including land use (Mt CO\u2082e)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2020<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"91.9\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">53.87<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2021<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"99.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">58.29<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">58.59<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: Biennial Transparency Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">The government projects a peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028 and about 60 Mt in 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. The 2035 range of 45 to 50 Mt is 11.9 to 16.9 Mt below the projected peak (derived, see methods)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. The power sector accounted for about 40% of national emissions when EMA stated its import goal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>, and natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>, so the power system is the first system to watch.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>population, June 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">604<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">US$ billion<\/span><p>GDP, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">81,760<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">US$<\/span><p>GNI per capita, Atlas method, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">100<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>urban population, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8,329<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">people per km\u00b2<\/span><p>population density, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">Not bound<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\"><\/span><p>population structure by planning area<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of Singapore\u2019s risk: a 93.1% gas-fired power mix, over 90% of electricity from imported gas, a food system that is 8% local for fibre and 25% for protein, and a coast exposed to sea-level rise.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people risk arrives as a power price, a hot week or a food price.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. The protection gap is not bound, and the 2035 emissions range and the coastal protection framework point to large investment.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Singapore\u2019s electricity, food, climate and population series are readable now; flood, nature, health surveillance and data-centre series are not.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the state of Singapore\u2019s water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in 2026, the dependencies that connect them, the risks that travel through them and the capabilities that hold them. It sets out the questions the operational series will answer.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a national <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-assessment\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The overall process of identifying, analysing and evaluating risk to inform decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/risk-assessment\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">risk assessment<\/a>, an official warning or a rating. It decides nothing about any institution or asset. Competent authorities keep every mandate they hold, and national ownership of the series is unaffected.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>Q1 2027 opens the operational series with a sealed Foundry evidence cut. Each later edition reports what changed against this baseline, new observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>National Population and Talent Division, Strategy Group (ed.), Population in Brief 2025: Key Trends. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025 (as at June 2025; total fertility 2024). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.population.gov.sg\/population-in-brief-2025-key-trends\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat (ed.), Singapore submits 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (announcement of 10 February 2025). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapore-submits-2035-nationally-determined-contribution<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), Greenhouse gas inventory (national emissions page). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2023 (55.5 Mt CO2-eq as stated on the page). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/our-services\/climate-change-energy-efficiency\/climate-change\/greenhouse-gas-inventory<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), \u201cSingapore\u201d country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute; the page lists an update dated 28 August 2024. Observation year 2030 (target and policy projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/singapore\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cs-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Singapore Department of Statistics (ed.), statistical releases and Singapore in Figures. SingStat, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cs-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Singapore\u2019s risk arrives through imports, heat and the sea<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It assesses no authority and ranks no planning area.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>22 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is Singapore\u2019s risk concentrated, and in which <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry shocks from one system to the next?<\/li><li>Which capabilities hold under compound stress, and which are only documented?<\/li><li>What must the 2027 programme measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five system chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Singapore is a city-state of 6.11 million people on 724.8 km\u00b2 of land, with about US$604 billion of output in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. This baseline reads its exposure as three forces acting together: a power system that burns imported natural gas, a food system that sources from over 180 countries and regions, and a low-lying island that faces heat, heavy rain and rising seas.<\/p><p>The climate-policy layer is stated with care. Net emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO\u2082e in 2022, with a projected peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028 and about 60 Mt in 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. The second NDC sets 45 to 50 Mt CO\u2082e for 2035, conditional on technological maturity and international cooperation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Climate Action Tracker rates the effort highly insufficient in an assessment last updated in August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup>. A carbon tax of S$45 per tonne applies for 2026 and 2027, with a view to S$50 to S$80 by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The energy layer is concentrated. Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar 2.7%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. The IMF reports that over 90% of electricity comes from imported natural gas, and that 26% of gas imports and 39% of petroleum oil imports in 2025 came from countries bordering the Strait of Hormuz<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>. EMA states a goal of about 6 GW of low-carbon electricity imports by 2035; registered import capacity was 300 MW in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Reserve margins and data-centre load are not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>Food security rests on trade. Local farms supplied about 8% of fibre and 25% of protein consumption in 2025, against 2035 targets of 20% and 30%, and food came from over 180 countries and regions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>. Water is managed through four national taps: local catchment, imported water, NEWater and desalination. Use is about 440 million gallons a day and expected to almost double by 2065<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The people and place layer is ageing and exposed. People aged 65 or over were 14.2% of the population in 2025 and fertility was 0.97 in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The 2025 annual mean temperature was 28.1 \u00b0C with 29 days of high heat stress<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup>. Sea level may rise by up to 1.15 m by 2100, and with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide the level could reach up to 5 m above today\u2019s mean<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>This edition therefore reads Singapore\u2019s risk as a property of the couplings between these forces. The matrix, risk objects, capability ladder and scenario that follow ask the same two questions: where does a shock travel next, and who holds the capability to stop it?<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-fig1-t\">How much of Singapore\u2019s electricity comes from natural gas? Fuel mix, 2025 (%)<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar PV 2.7%; solar reached 4.2% in the first half of 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Natural gas<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">93.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Others (waste, biomass, imports)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"3.2\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">3<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Solar PV<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"2.9\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">2.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Coal<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"1.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">0.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Petroleum products<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"0.6\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">0.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">93.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>natural gas, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>solar PV, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>solar PV, first half of 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>low-carbon import goal for 2035<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The Singapore matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling water<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">little irrigation<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">drinking water \u00b7 vector breeding<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">catchment \u00b7 reservoirs<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">desalination \u00b7 NEWater \u00b7 pumping<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cold chain \u00b7 logistics \u00b7 indoor farms<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">facility power \u00b7 cooling<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land use<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">wastewater<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">waste to energy<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nutrition \u00b7 food safety<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">import footprint<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">residues<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">catchment filtration<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">biomass<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollination<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">vectors \u00b7 urban heat<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 ENE \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">An import interruption tightens gas supply, then constrains desalination and NEWater.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> IMF exposure data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Power loss interrupts cold chains for food that arrives by sea and air.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> import dependence<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Heat stress and rain-driven vector seasons raise demand on care.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> heat days and dengue<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Sea level, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide reach coastal assets and public budgets.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> coastal speech<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Power constraints reach data and communications services, a sub-sector that used 6,609 GWh in 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> EMA table<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>National Population and Talent Division, Strategy Group (ed.), Population in Brief 2025: Key Trends. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025 (as at June 2025; total fertility 2024). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.population.gov.sg\/population-in-brief-2025-key-trends\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat (ed.), Singapore submits 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (announcement of 10 February 2025). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapore-submits-2035-nationally-determined-contribution<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), \u201cSingapore\u201d country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute; the page lists an update dated 28 August 2024. Observation year 2030 (target and policy projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/singapore\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>National Climate Change Secretariat (ed.), Carbon Tax (carbon tax rates and coverage). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore; page dated 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapores-climate-action\/mitigation-efforts\/carbontax<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on Carbon Tax, 24 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-carbon-tax\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch03\/index3<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap. IMDA, Singapore, 2024. The agency page did not render at evidence close. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c1-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c1-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the baseline. They are grouped by system, never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>17 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Net greenhouse-gas emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO\u2082e in 2022, up from 58.29 Mt CO\u2082e in 2021 and 53.87 Mt CO\u2082e in 2020.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-fig1-t\">Net emissions including land use (Mt CO\u2082e)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2020<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"91.9\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">53.87<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2021<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"99.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">58.29<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2022<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">58.59<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: Biennial Transparency Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The government projects a peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028 and about 60 Mt in 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>. The 2035 range of 45 to 50 Mt is 11.9 to 16.9 Mt below the projected peak (derived, see methods)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. The power sector accounted for about 40% of national emissions when EMA stated its import goal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>, and natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>, so the power system is the first system to watch.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The national inventory for 2024 and later, the second Biennial Transparency Report, the electricity mix for 2026 and 2027, and the pace of low-carbon electricity imports would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Net greenhouse-gas emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO\u2082e in 2022, up from 58.29 Mt CO\u2082e in 2021 and 53.87 Mt CO\u2082e in 2020; the government projects a peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Singapore\u2019s second NDC sets 45 to 50 Mt CO\u2082e for 2035, conditional on technological maturity and international cooperation; Climate Action Tracker rates the effort highly insufficient in an assessment last updated 28 August 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The 2025 annual mean temperature was 28.1 \u00b0C, with 29 days of high heat stress and a record-wet March; sea level may rise by up to 1.15 m by 2100 and, with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide, reach up to 5 m above today\u2019s mean.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar 2.7%; solar supplied 4.2% in the first half of 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Over 90% of electricity is generated from imported natural gas; net oil and gas imports are about 7% of GDP; 39% of petroleum oil imports and 26% of gas imports in 2025 came from countries bordering the Strait of Hormuz.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Food<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-FOO-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-FOO-005\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-FOO-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Local farms supplied about 8% of fibre and 25% of protein consumption in 2025, against 2035 targets of 20% and 30%.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-FOO-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-FOO-006\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-FOO-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Singapore sourced food from over 180 countries and regions in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Health<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-HLT-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">People aged 65 or over were 14.2% of the population in 2025, and total fertility was 0.97 births per woman in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Singapore recorded 3,990 dengue cases in 2025, to 26 December.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Biodiversity<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-BIO-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-BIO-010\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-BIO-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Forest covered 21.8% of land in 2024 and terrestrial protected areas 4.6% in 2025, against a global target of 30% by 2030.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Water<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-WAT-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-WAT-011\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-WAT-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Singapore uses about 440 million gallons of water a day, expected to almost double by 2065, and holds 106 m\u00b3 of renewable internal freshwater per person.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is an interruption to imported fuel during a heat-stress period that strains power, desalination, cold chains and data services together. \u00a79.3<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat (ed.), Singapore submits 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (announcement of 10 February 2025). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapore-submits-2035-nationally-determined-contribution<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), \u201cSingapore\u201d country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute; the page lists an update dated 28 August 2024. Observation year 2030 (target and policy projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/singapore\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15\/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c2-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c2-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>18 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WAT \u00b7 Water<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Renewable internal freshwater resources per person<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">106<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">m\u00b3<\/span><p>Water use is about 440 million gallons a day, expected to almost double by 2065.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2022<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 MSE<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Energy<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Natural gas share of electricity generation<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">93.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Solar supplied 2.7% in 2025 and 4.2% in the first half of 2026.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>EMA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FOO \u00b7 Food<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Local farms\u2019 share of protein consumption (eggs and seafood)<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">25<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Fibre was 8%. The 2035 targets are 20% fibre and 30% protein.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>SFA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HLT \u00b7 Health<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Dengue cases in 2025, to 26 December<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">3,990<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cases<\/span><p>2024 had 13,651 cases. Post-close, context only: 2,832 cases in the first 43 weeks of 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>NEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">BIO \u00b7 Biodiversity<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Land in terrestrial protected areas<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Forest covered 21.8% of land in 2024; the global target is 30% protected by 2030.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>World Bank<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Net oil and gas imports, share of GDP<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">% (about)<\/span><p>The IMF calls this one of the highest shares in the region.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>IMF<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Four national taps; use about 440 million gallons a day; storage and flood series not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2192 HLT \u00b7 ENE \u2192 WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Natural gas 93.1% of electricity in 2025; over 90% from imported gas.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Local farms 8% of fibre and 25% of protein; food from over 180 countries and regions.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO \u2190 TRD, ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>Population 14.2% aged 65 or over; dengue 3,990 cases in 2025; heat series not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT \u2190 CLI, ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Forest 21.8% of land; protected land 4.6%; nature extent not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2194 WAT, HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Warm, wet 2025; sea level up to 1.15 m by 2100; emissions projected to peak near 2028.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">forcing on all systems<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Drainage, coast, port and grid condition not bound at public-safe resolution.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>IMF projects 3.5% growth in 2026; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">protection gap<\/a> not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2190 CLI, ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Information and communications used 6,609 GWh of electricity in 2025; data-centre load not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>AI-related manufacturing and trade drive growth per the IMF; load growth not quantified.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE, DAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Mineral and metal import dependence not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2190 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Trade equals 320% of GDP; port handled 44.66 million TEU in 2025.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened on the same grammar, so that later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>compound imported-fuel, heat and supply stress<\/td><td>fuel interruption during heat<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>440 million gallons a day; four national taps<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>drought; power loss; <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">sea-level rise<\/a><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>93.1% gas electricity, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>fuel interruption; price shock<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>8% fibre and 25% protein local, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>import and local-farm shocks<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>dengue 3,990 cases in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat; vector seasons; ageing<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>IMF growth 3.5% in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>energy price shock; coastal costs<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>GNI per capita US$81,760<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>cost-of-living pressure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>projected peak near 2028<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat, heavy rain, sea level<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>flood loss records not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>flash floods; coastal flooding<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>coastal protection framework in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>asset condition; coastal works<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>density 8,329 per km\u00b2<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>heat island; flooding<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>protected land 4.6%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>land-use pressure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>national weather assessment read<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>continuity<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>incident counts not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>systemic outages<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>carbon tax S$45 for 2026 and 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>coordination across agencies<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>sea-level and compound-event work<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>translation to practice<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: National Environment Agency (ed.), Dengue cases (weekly counts and active clusters; 2,832 cases in the first 43 epidemiological weeks of 2026). NEA, Singapore; counts to 3 November 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/dengue-zika\/dengue\/dengue-cases<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Cyber Landscape 2025\/2026 (publication page, released 30 June 2026; the full report was not read, so no incident counts are used). CSA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.csa.gov.sg\/resources\/publications\/singapore-cyber-landscape-2025-2026\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat (ed.), Carbon Tax (carbon tax rates and coverage). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore; page dated 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapores-climate-action\/mitigation-efforts\/carbontax<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. doi:10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3. Observation year 2018. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c3-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: K. Ng, G. G. Garner, S. Weeks, P. Hogarth, M. Palmer et al., \u201cRobust Sea-Level Projections for Singapore by 2100 and 2150,\u201d Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 130, 2025. doi:10.1029\/2024JC021840. Observation year 2025. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read and its figures are not used. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2024JC021840\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1029\/2024JC021840<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c3-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>4 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>12 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SGP-ENE-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Imported fuel interruption and price shock<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>disruption to gas or oil flows; price spike<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>power, petrochemicals, desalination, cold chains<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>93.1% gas electricity; over 90% imported gas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>import capacity 300 MW; reserve margins not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 WAT, FOO, HLT, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1\u20135 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SGP-CLI-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Heat, heavy rain and sea-level rise<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>warming, intense rain, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>low-lying coast, drainage, dense housing<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>flood loss records not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>coastal protection framework in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 INF, HLT, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>annual to 30 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SGP-FOO-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Import dependence for food<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>trade disruption; harvest failure abroad<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>households and food service<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>local share 8% of fibre and 25% of protein<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>stockpile levels not bound<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>TRD \u2192 FOO \u2192 HLT, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1\u20135 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SGP-WAT-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Water demand growth against weather-linked supply<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>demand nearly doubling by 2065; dry spells<\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>households, industry, data services<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>reservoir storage not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>NEWater and desalination are weather-resilient sources<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2192 HLT, ENE<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>5\u201330 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>coastal protection framework set out in the 2026 bill<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>annual national climate assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: agency warning records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: agency preparedness plans<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: fuel and food reserve records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not published or not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: agency response records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: operator continuity records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: agency recovery records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>sea-level planning and coastal protection boundaries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: ministry social support records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>public funds for energy, coast and flood infrastructure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: agency coordination arrangements<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: operator asset records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: ministry workforce statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><td>source: national research statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup> \u00b7 blocker: not reviewed by evidence close<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Oral Reply to Parliamentary Question on Water supply planning, 7 May 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/oral-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-water-supply-planning\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/2025\/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilience<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Singapore Department of Statistics (ed.), statistical releases and Singapore in Figures. SingStat, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c4-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c4-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Imported-fuel interruption during a heat-stress period<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>an interruption to oil and gas flows through the Strait of Hormuz that tightens imported fuel for power and industry, during a period of high heat stress<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the 2026 energy price shock described in the IMF record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; 29 days of high heat stress in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled; the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">imported gas and fuel supply tightens<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IMF exposure data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">power constraints reach desalination, NEWater and pumping<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">expert input<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 FOO<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cold chains and logistics lose power margin<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">expert input<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">heat stress raises cooling demand and demand for care<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">heat days<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">data services and their cooling compete for power<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">expert input<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the energy price shock reaches inflation and fiscal support<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IMF<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01 would travel through Singapore&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Trade to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Imported gas and fuel supply tightens. Analogue or source: IMF exposure data [20].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SGP, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Energy to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Power constraints reach desalination, NEWater and pumping. Analogue or source: expert input.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SGP, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Energy to food<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Cold chains and logistics lose power margin. Analogue or source: expert input.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SGP, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Climate to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Heat stress raises cooling demand and demand for care. Analogue or source: heat days [23].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SGP, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Energy to dat<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Data services and their cooling compete for power. Analogue or source: expert input.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SGP, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Energy to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The energy price shock reaches inflation and fiscal support. Analogue or source: IMF [19].<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SGP, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Singapore 2026, scenario SCN-SGP-ENE-01<\/a> (2026); Singapore 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c5-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c5-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>16 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>44 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports a coupled reading of Singapore\u2019s risk: a 93.1% gas-fired power mix, over 90% of electricity from imported gas, a food system that is 8% local for fibre and 25% for protein, and a coast exposed to sea-level rise. Evidence is strongest for electricity, food and climate, and weakest for flood losses, nature, health surveillance and infrastructure condition, which are not bound.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">ENE-003 \u00b7 ENE-004 \u00b7 FOO-005 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people risk arrives as a power price, a hot week or a food price. The baseline asks that public debate weigh how island geography and import links change who is reached and how fast places recover.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CLI-007 \u00b7 HLT-008 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. The protection gap is not bound, and the 2035 emissions range and the coastal protection framework point to large investment. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CLI-002 \u00b7 CLI-007<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Singapore\u2019s electricity, food, climate and population series are readable now; flood, nature, health surveillance and data-centre series are not. The 2027 programme should bind them, map import-linked lifeline dependencies, and measure food import exposure.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 A-01 \u00b7 A-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Singapore. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability have been developed?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests reveal?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What did the year establish, and what changes next?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singapore<\/td><td>national pathway: Desk, Leadership Council, Consortium, Working Groups<\/td><td>national Commons room<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. National adoption of any standard is a decision of the national standards council.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and the IMF reports that over 90% is generated from imported gas. The baseline reads energy security and the transition as separate questions that depend on the same import links.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>A power system built on one fuel<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The 2035 range of 45 to 50 Mt CO\u2082e is stated as contingent on technological maturity and international cooperation. The baseline reads this as a question about imports and technology, not about a single sector.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>A target that depends on cooperation<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Local farms supplied 8% of fibre and 25% of protein, and food came from over 180 countries and regions. Food security is a trade question and a farm productivity question at once.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Food depends on trade and on what is grown here<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">This edition names the series it could not read. A gap printed with its source and blocker is more useful to a reviewer than an estimate that cannot be checked.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>What is not yet bound<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from working groups, consortium institutions and invited experts begin with the Q1 2027 edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Q1 2027 readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First Q1 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>National risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 7 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>NWG delivery register<\/td><td>no groups yet<\/td><td>first monthly outputs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>NNC capability register<\/td><td>membership opens in Q1 2027<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>NLC questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>environment prepared<\/td><td>first sealed cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first correction cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no public authority.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SUBMITTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">UNDER REVIEW<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a> \u00b7 second NDC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n46\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Note 46\">46<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNFCCC \u00b7 Singapore<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>SUBMITTED 2025<\/td><td>emissions pathway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Carbon Pricing Act 2018<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>ENACTED 2018<\/td><td>carbon tax<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Carbon tax rates 2026 and 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>SET FOR 2026 TO 2027<\/td><td>carbon price<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coastal Protection and Other Amendments Bill<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>SECOND READING 2026<\/td><td>coastal protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cybersecurity Act 2018<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>ENACTED 2018<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singapore Green Plan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>PUBLISHED<\/td><td>national plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1962 Water Agreement with Johor<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Singapore and Johor<\/td><td>bilateral<\/td><td>IN FORCE TO 2061<\/td><td>imported water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Low-carbon electricity import goal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EMA<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>STATED 2024<\/td><td>power imports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Green Data Centre Roadmap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMDA<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2024<\/td><td>data centres<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food targets for 2035<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Singapore Food Agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>STATED 2026<\/td><td>food resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> 2015\u20132030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">risk reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kunming-Montreal Framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CBD<\/td><td>international<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2022<\/td><td>30by30<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sustainable finance taxonomy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n56\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r56\" aria-label=\"Note 56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>MAS<\/td><td>financial sector<\/td><td>STATUS NOT BOUND<\/td><td>finance<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Singapore submitted its second NDC with a 2035 range of 45 to 50 Mt CO\u2082e on 10 February 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The Minister gave the second reading of the Coastal Protection and Other Amendments Bill on 6 March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The IMF Executive Board concluded its latest Article IV consultation on 15 July 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Passage and commencement of the coastal protection framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Carbon tax rates after 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Conversion of conditional electricity import licences to full licences<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. A change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, national and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about Singapore\u2019s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed literature; national and international assessments; official releases; industry loss data<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lee and Romero (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>forcing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>McElwee et al. (eds.)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>nexus interlinkages<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zscheischler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound events<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ng et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>sea level for Singapore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Koplitz et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>regional haze<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Study<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>assessment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>climate projections<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional reports<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Second NDC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>target<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biennial Transparency Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>inventory and projections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Carbon Pricing Act<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>carbon pricing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coastal protection speech<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>coast<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cybersecurity Act<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Green Plan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Government of Singapore<\/td><td>as published<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>national plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF Article IV<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>energy exposure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Official statistics and national sources<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population, GDP and land indicators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EMA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>power mix, solar, demand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Singapore Food Agency<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>local share, sources<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Meteorological Service Singapore<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>temperature, rain, heat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue counts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>National Environment Agency<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>dengue cases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Port statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Maritime and Port Authority<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>trade<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Industry, loss data and international sources<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Monetary and fiscal context<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IMF<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>growth, inflation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Emissions Gap Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n49\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r49\" aria-label=\"Note 49\">49<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNEP<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>ambition gap<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Assessment Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n50\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r50\" aria-label=\"Note 50\">50<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>disaster finance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singapore Cyber Landscape<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Cyber Security Agency<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>critical infrastructure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Heat extremes are rising in the region<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Compound events raise risk beyond single hazards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">Sea-level rise<\/a> raises <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.coastal-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater overtopping or breaching the shoreline and flooding land, from surge, waves, high tides or a raised sea level.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">coastal flood<\/a> exposure for Singapore<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How fast low-carbon electricity imports can replace gas generation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How the 2035 emissions range will be met given its stated conditions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How flood losses and heat illness should be recorded and counted<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from Q1 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat (ed.), Singapore submits 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (announcement of 10 February 2025). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapore-submits-2035-nationally-determined-contribution<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>. United Nations, Paris, 2015. The treaty page returned no text at evidence close. Observation year 2015.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 46\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Singapore (ed.), Carbon Pricing Act 2018. Singapore Statutes Online. The statute site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2018 (enactment).<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>National Climate Change Secretariat (ed.), Carbon Tax (carbon tax rates and coverage). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore; page dated 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapores-climate-action\/mitigation-efforts\/carbontax<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on Carbon Tax, 24 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-carbon-tax\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Singapore (ed.), Cybersecurity Act 2018. Singapore Statutes Online. Not opened at evidence close. Observation year 2018 (enactment).<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Green Plan 2030 (national sustainability plan page). Singapore Green Plan Office. Observation year as published, not dated on the page. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.greenplan.gov.sg\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Energy Story (national energy transition, solar and hydrogen goals). EMA, Singapore. Known from search results only. Observation year as published, not bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap. IMDA, Singapore, 2024. The agency page did not render at evidence close. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015\u20132030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15\/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Monetary Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore-Asia Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance and insurance sector records. MAS, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r56\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 56\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. doi:10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647. Observation year 2023. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the report text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), IPBES Nexus Assessment: Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054. Observation year 2024. Bibliographic record opened through DataCite on 3 November 2026; the report text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850054\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. doi:10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3. Observation year 2018. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: K. Ng, G. G. Garner, S. Weeks, P. Hogarth, M. Palmer et al., \u201cRobust Sea-Level Projections for Singapore by 2100 and 2150,\u201d Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 130, 2025. doi:10.1029\/2024JC021840. Observation year 2025. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read and its figures are not used. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2024JC021840\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1029\/2024JC021840<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Koplitz, L. J. Mickley, M. E. Marlier et al., \u201cPublic health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September\u2013October 2015,\u201d Environmental Research Letters, vol. 11, 094023, 2016. doi:10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023. Observation year 2015. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Centre for Climate Research Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Third National Climate Change Study (V3) climate projections. Meteorological Service Singapore, 2024. Observation year 2024 (release year taken from press coverage). The sea-level range used in this edition is quoted from [26], not from this study.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch03\/index3<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/resources\/singapore-energy-statistics\/chapter1<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.3 electricity grid emission factors, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/2025\/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilience<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore posts record port performance in 2025 and develops future readiness through industry collaborations for 2026 (media release of 13 January 2026). MPA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mpa.gov.sg\/media-centre\/details\/singapore-posts-record-port-performance-in-2025-and-develops-future-readiness-through-industry-collaborations-for-2026<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Environment Programme (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025. UNEP, Nairobi, 2025. The agency page returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r49\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 49\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025. UNDRR, Geneva, 2025. The agency page returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2025.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r50\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 50\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Cyber Landscape 2025\/2026 (publication page, released 30 June 2026; the full report was not read, so no incident counts are used). CSA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.csa.gov.sg\/resources\/publications\/singapore-cyber-landscape-2025-2026\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c6-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c6-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 National Agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due at the Q1 2027 cut.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would an interruption to imported gas and oil propagate through power, desalination, cold chains and data services?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SGP-ENE-01 \u00b7 import-linked power resilience; first output: dependency graph for the four national taps and the grid.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a high tide, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and heavy-rain sequence combine to flood low-lying coast and drainage?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SGP-CLI-02 \u00b7 coast and drainage; first output: coastal exposure register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How exposed are fibre and protein supply to concurrent import and local-farm shocks?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SGP-FOO-03 \u00b7 food import exposure; first output: commodity and origin table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do ageing, heat stress and dengue seasons change demand on clinics and care?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SGP-HLT-04 \u00b7 ageing and heat; first output: service demand baseline.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Who bears the cost of coastal and flood protection and of energy price shocks?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SGP-FIN-05 \u00b7 protection and price shocks; first output: public and private cost table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do rainfall variability and power supply shape the four national taps?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SGP-WAT-06 \u00b7 water under stress; first output: tap performance note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do data-centre growth and electricity demand interact with grid and cooling capacity?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in Q1 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">National capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for admission at the Q1 2027 alignment. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SGP-ENE-01<\/span><\/td><td>Import-linked power resilience<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SGP-CLI-02<\/span><\/td><td>Coast and drainage exposure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SGP-FOO-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food import exposure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SGP-HLT-04<\/span><\/td><td>Ageing and heat service demand<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SGP-FIN-05<\/span><\/td><td>Protection and energy price shocks<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>A-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PRJ-SGP-ENE-01a<\/span><\/td><td>Grid and four-taps dependency graph<\/td><td>Project<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-SGP-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Imported-fuel and heat Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>A-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Singapore is the national pathway through which the Nexus operating system will run in Singapore from 2027. At baseline the pathway is designed and its records are prepared; its councils and working groups are constituted from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, nothing more.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">One National Agenda<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">bounded national questions for the year<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DRAFT 2027 \u00b7 agenda review at the Q1 alignment<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Desk<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">coordination, records, routing and continuity<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">DESIGNED \u00b7 constituted in Q1 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the country as a system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with the first Foundry cut<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National Portfolio<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">risks, capabilities, initiatives, projects, missions<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">7 PROPOSED \u00b7 admission at the Q1 alignment<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Foundry<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">continuous computational environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PREPARED \u00b7 first sealed cut NQ-SGP-2027-Q1<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Reports<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">quarterly and annual publication<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE ISSUED \u00b7 Q1 2027 \u00b7 State &amp; Agenda<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate set in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">after-action, correction and renewal<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in Q2 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>Q4 2027 annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-SGP-2027-01 \u00b7 Imported-fuel and heat Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor (NLC) \u00b7 Institutional anchor (NNC) \u00b7 Mission lead (NWG)<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CLI-001 \u00b7 emissions<\/td><td>public record<\/td><td>reference for the 2027 series<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-003 \u00b7 power mix<\/td><td>INI-SGP-ENE-01<\/td><td>import-linked power resilience<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-004 \u00b7 import exposure<\/td><td>INI-SGP-ENE-01<\/td><td>dependency graph<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FOO-005 \u00b7 local share<\/td><td>INI-SGP-FOO-03<\/td><td>import exposure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CLI-007 \u00b7 heat and coast<\/td><td>INI-SGP-CLI-02<\/td><td>coastal exposure register<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-008 \u00b7 ageing<\/td><td>INI-SGP-HLT-04<\/td><td>service demand baseline<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLT-009 \u00b7 dengue<\/td><td>INI-SGP-HLT-04<\/td><td>vector season baseline<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-SGP-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the national pathway<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. Competent authorities receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from Q1 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Weather warnings and climate data<\/td><td>Meteorological Service Singapore<\/td><td>real time<\/td><td>CLI findings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water and drainage records<\/td><td>national water agency (PUB)<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>WAT-011<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity supply and demand<\/td><td>Energy Market Authority<\/td><td>per publisher schedule<\/td><td>ENE findings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Statistical releases<\/td><td>Singapore Department of Statistics<\/td><td>per release calendar<\/td><td>HLT-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue cases and clusters<\/td><td>National Environment Agency<\/td><td>weekly<\/td><td>HLT-009<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food statistics<\/td><td>Singapore Food Agency<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FOO-005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Port statistics<\/td><td>Maritime and Port Authority<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>TRD context<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">quarterly publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-SGP-001<\/td><td>Net emissions rose between 2020 and 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c7-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>CLI \u00b7 ENE<\/td><td>risk object RSK-SGP-ENE-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-SGP-002<\/td><td>Over 90% of electricity comes from imported gas<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c7-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>ENE \u00b7 TRD<\/td><td>initiative A-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-SGP-003<\/td><td>Local farms supplied 8% of fibre and 25% of protein<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c7-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>FOO \u00b7 TRD<\/td><td>risk object RSK-SGP-FOO-003<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c7-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c7-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c7-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>25 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Water, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Singapore uses about 440 million gallons of water a day, expected to almost double by 2065, and holds 106 m\u00b3 of renewable internal freshwater per person. Reservoir storage and flood records are not bound in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">440<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million gallons a day<\/span><p>water use, as published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">106<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">m\u00b3<\/span><p>renewable internal freshwater per person, 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">141<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">litres<\/span><p>household use per person per day, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Supply<\/td><td>four national taps: local catchment, imported water, NEWater and desalination<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Imported water<\/td><td>up to 250 million gallons a day from the Johor River under the 1962 agreement, which expires in 2061<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Access<\/td><td>100% of people use safely managed drinking water and sanitation, 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n51\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r51\" aria-label=\"Note 51\">51<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Storage and floods<\/td><td>not bound; source: national water agency records<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 WAT desalination, NEWater and pumping<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 WAT rainfall and dry spells<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT drinking water and vector breeding<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 WAT catchment filtration<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>reservoir storage<\/li><li>flood extent and losses<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Water demand releases, the 2061 expiry of the Johor agreement and the energy cost of desalination.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Water services rest with the national water agency and the ministry; this chapter assesses none of them. The World Bank withdrawal series (33.3% of internal resources in 2022) swings between years and is not read as a trend.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Energy, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar 2.7%, and the IMF reports that over 90% of electricity comes from imported natural gas.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">93.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>natural gas share of electricity, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>solar PV share, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>gas imports from Hormuz-bordering sources, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Power mix<\/td><td>gas 93.1%, others 3.0%, solar 2.7%, coal 0.9%, petroleum 0.3%<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capacity<\/td><td>13,716 MW registered in 2025, of which solar 1,812 MW and registered import capacity 300 MW<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gas supply<\/td><td>452,182 TJ of gas supply in 2025, 86.9% used for generation (derived)<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Demand<\/td><td>58,054.6 GWh of electricity consumed in 2025; information and communications 6,609.3 GWh<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reserves and data-centre load<\/td><td>not bound; source: EMA and IMDA publications<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>TRD \u2192 ENE fuel trade<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 WAT desalination and pumping<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 FOO cold chain and logistics<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 ENE cooling demand<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>data-centre load<\/li><li>grid reserve margins and fuel stocks<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The second-half 2026 electricity mix, conversion of conditional import licences and the Hormuz-linked energy price shock.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Energy decisions rest with the government, the regulator and operators; this chapter assesses none of them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Local farms supplied about 8% of fibre and 25% of protein consumption in 2025, and food came from over 180 countries and regions, so food security is a trade question and a farm productivity question.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>local share of fibre consumption, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">25<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>local share of protein consumption, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">180<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">countries and regions (over)<\/span><p>food sources, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Fibre<\/td><td>local farms about 8% in 2025; 2035 target 20%<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protein<\/td><td>local farms about 25% in 2025; 2035 target 30%<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Egg, vegetable and seafood shares in 2024<\/td><td>eggs 34%, vegetables 3%, seafood 6% of consumption<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Stockpiles and import origin shares<\/td><td>not bound; source: Singapore Food Agency<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>TRD \u2192 FOO import dependence<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 FOO cold chain and logistics<\/li><li>FOO \u2192 HLT nutrition and food safety<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>stockpile levels<\/li><li>import concentration by origin<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Local output against the 2035 targets and the number of source countries.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes the food system; it makes no statement on agricultural or trade policy. The ministry described the earlier 30 by 30 vision as aspirational<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">People aged 65 or over were 14.2% of the population in 2025 and fertility was 0.97 in 2024; dengue recorded 3,990 cases in 2025.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>aged 65 or over, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">83.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">years<\/span><p>life expectancy at birth, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">% of GDP<\/span><p>health expenditure, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population<\/td><td>14.2% aged 65 or over; fertility 0.97<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue<\/td><td>3,990 cases in 2025, to 26 December; 13,651 in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat<\/td><td>29 days of high heat stress in 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat illness and haze<\/td><td>not bound; source: Ministry of Health and NEA records<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n54\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r54\" aria-label=\"Note 54\">54<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 HLT heat and vector seasons<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 HLT facility power and cooling<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 HLT drinking water and vector breeding<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>heat illness<\/li><li>haze exposure<\/li><li>care continuity in disruptions<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Dengue counts for 2026 (post-close, context only: 2,832 cases in the first 43 weeks<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup>), the next heat season and haze episodes.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Health and care planning rest with the ministry and agencies. No personal health data are used or shown in Reports.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Forest covered 21.8% of land in 2024 and terrestrial protected areas 4.6% in 2025, against a global target of 30% by 2030. National extent and marine protection records are not bound.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">21.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>forest area, share of land, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>terrestrial protected land, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">30<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>global target by 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Forest<\/td><td>21.8% of land area<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protection<\/td><td>4.6% of land, down from 5.6% in 2023 in the World Bank series<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nature reserves<\/td><td>not bound; national extent not read from the agency page<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Marine protection<\/td><td>not bound; the World Bank series reads 0.0% and was not reconciled with national records<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NOT BOUND<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings into other systems<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>BIO \u2192 WAT catchment filtration<\/li><li>BIO \u2192 HLT vectors and urban heat<\/li><li>CLI \u2192 BIO heat and coastal squeeze<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>nature reserve and park extent<\/li><li>marine protected area extent<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>National biodiversity reporting under the Kunming-Montreal framework and nature park network releases.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Biodiversity is not reduced to a single number. Where valuation is used later, it will never be presented as the whole value.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (eds.), Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000\u20132024. WHO and UNICEF, Geneva and New York, 2025. Source behind the World Bank access series; the country file was not read. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r51\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 51\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/resources\/singapore-energy-statistics\/chapter1<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch03\/index3<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap. IMDA, Singapore, 2024. The agency page did not render at evidence close. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/2025\/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilience<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on 30-by-30 Food Sustainability Goal, 26 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-30-by-30-food-sustainability-goal-\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Environment Agency (ed.), haze and Pollutant Standards Index records. NEA, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r54\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 54\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: National Environment Agency (ed.), Dengue cases (weekly counts and active clusters; 2,832 cases in the first 43 epidemiological weeks of 2026). NEA, Singapore; counts to 3 November 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/dengue-zika\/dengue\/dengue-cases<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15\/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), nature reserves and nature areas of Singapore (agency page). NParks, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; the agency page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-c8-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), Singapore\u2019s national biodiversity targets submitted to the Convention on Biological Diversity, October 2024. NParks, Singapore. Known from a press report only; the official document was not read. Observation year 2024.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-c8-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>11 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>12 tables<\/span><span>10 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Change in net emissions, 2020 to 2022<\/td><td>58.59 \u2212 53.87<\/td><td>4.72 Mt (+8.8%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Change in net emissions, 2021 to 2022<\/td><td>58.59 \u2212 58.29<\/td><td>0.30 Mt (+0.5%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Gap from the projected 2028 peak to the 2035 range<\/td><td>61.92 \u2212 50 and 61.92 \u2212 45<\/td><td>11.9 to 16.9 Mt (19% to 27%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Fossil share of electricity, 2025<\/td><td>93.1 + 0.9 + 0.3<\/td><td>94.3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(5)<\/td><td>Information and communications share of electricity use, 2025<\/td><td>6,609.3 \u00f7 58,054.6<\/td><td>\u2248 11.4%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(6)<\/td><td>Share of natural gas supply used for generation, 2025<\/td><td>392,835 \u00f7 452,182<\/td><td>\u2248 86.9%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at national scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, National Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-SGP-NATIONAL \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent Singapore as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> with forcing and transmission layers<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of systems<\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from evidence and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against Q1 2027 Foundry evidence<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>national scale; not for planning area or asset-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the coupled reading of risk in Singapore.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, operational decisions, provincial comparisons or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Model runs begin with the first Foundry cut in Q1 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>NQ-SGP-2026-Q0-1<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>59 cited sources, each at the edition and retrieval date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>NQ-SGP-2027-Q1-1 at the Q1 2027 close<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the first Foundry cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Q1 2027<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>qualified source bindings with versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>National Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to the cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population and GDP<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>read 3 Nov 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Net emissions<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>report of Nov 2024<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>next report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity mix<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>as at Sep 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate assessment<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>23 Mar 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food statistics<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>8 May 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF projection<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>15 Jul 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue cases<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>26 Dec 2025<\/td><td>weekly<\/td><td>weekly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood losses<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heat illness<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>annual<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Geophysical hazard<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>far-field <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> and tremor records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate forcing<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>flood losses; haze records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>data-centre load; reserve margins<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>stockpile levels; import concentration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>heat illness; haze; care continuity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>reservoir storage; flood records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>nature extent; marine protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>incident counts; dependency mapping<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the Energy Market Authority; the tables are accurate as of September 2026 and 2026 values are as at June 2026. Annual. Role: binds ENE-003 and the electricity mix figure. The fuel mix uses the output method and the Others category includes municipal waste, biomass and imports.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-SGP-001<\/h3><p>EMA Singapore Energy Statistics 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the International Monetary Fund; the Executive Board concluded the consultation on 15 July 2026. Annual. Role: binds ENE-004 and SYS-012 context. The energy exposure figures are the IMF\u2019s calculation from trade data.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-SGP-002<\/h3><p>IMF Article IV 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-SGP-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-SGP-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>national totals by fuel<\/td><td>national macro and trade exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>within the year after the period<\/td><td>published within weeks of Board conclusion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>prior values revised in later editions<\/td><td>revised per consultation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>notes under each table<\/td><td>staff report text<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>compiled from regulator and operator returns<\/td><td>staff analysis of national data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in Q1 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Energy statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>: data-centre load and reserve margins<\/li><li>Water agency records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup>: reservoir storage and flood extent<\/li><li>Health agency records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup>: heat illness and care continuity<\/li><li>Cyber agency report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup>: critical-infrastructure incident counts<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CAT<\/td><td>Climate Action Tracker<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CBD<\/td><td>Convention on Biological Diversity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CSA<\/td><td>Cyber Security Agency of Singapore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EMA<\/td><td>Energy Market Authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMDA<\/td><td>Infocomm Media Development Authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF<\/td><td>International Monetary Fund<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>JMP<\/td><td>Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LNG<\/td><td>liquefied natural gas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MAS<\/td><td>Monetary Authority of Singapore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MPA<\/td><td>Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MSE<\/td><td>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NCCS<\/td><td>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NDC<\/td><td>nationally determined contribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NEA<\/td><td>National Environment Agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NPTD<\/td><td>National Population and Talent Division<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PUB<\/td><td>national water agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SFA<\/td><td>Singapore Food Agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TEU<\/td><td>twenty-foot equivalent unit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>United Nations Office for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WDI<\/td><td>World Development Indicators<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the baseline indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-SGP-ENE-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Planning-area notes<\/td><td>atlas cards for every planning area<\/td><td>Q2 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition, net emissions including land use<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>annual national greenhouse-gas emissions and removals as reported for the NDC indicator<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>Mt CO\u2082e, as published in the Biennial Transparency Report<\/dd><dt>Scope<\/dt><dd>calendar year, national, all sectors including land use, land-use change and forestry<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Biennial Transparency Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Revision<\/dt><dd>later inventory publications may recalculate earlier years<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>the NEA inventory page gives 55.5 Mt CO\u2082e for 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup>; the two publications were not reconciled and are not joined<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch03\/index3<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Cyber Landscape 2025\/2026 (publication page, released 30 June 2026; the full report was not read, so no incident counts are used). CSA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.csa.gov.sg\/resources\/publications\/singapore-cyber-landscape-2025-2026\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ca-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), Greenhouse gas inventory (national emissions page). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2023 (55.5 Mt CO2-eq as stated on the page). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/our-services\/climate-change-energy-efficiency\/climate-change\/greenhouse-gas-inventory<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-ca-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>12 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>7 tables<\/span><span>30 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Population<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">6.11<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aged 65 or over<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">14.2<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Life expectancy at birth<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">83.3<\/span><\/td><td>years<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Total fertility<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">0.97<\/span><\/td><td>births per woman<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GDP, current prices<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">603.9<\/span><\/td><td>US$ billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GDP growth<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">5.0<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GNI per capita, Atlas method<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">81,760<\/span><\/td><td>US$<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trade<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">320<\/span><\/td><td>% of GDP<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Net greenhouse-gas emissions<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">58.59<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Projected peak emissions, about 2028<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">61.92<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2028<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NDC range for 2035<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">45\u201350<\/span><\/td><td>Mt CO\u2082e<\/td><td>2035<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Natural gas share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">93.1<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Solar PV share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2.7<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Installed solar capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2,132<\/span><\/td><td>MWp<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity consumption<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">58.05<\/span><\/td><td>TWh<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grid emission factor<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">0.404<\/span><\/td><td>kg CO\u2082 per kWh<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Local share of fibre consumption<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">8<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Local share of protein consumption<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">25<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Annual mean temperature<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">28.1<\/span><\/td><td>\u00b0C<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Annual rainfall<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2,984.9<\/span><\/td><td>mm<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Days of high heat stress<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">29<\/span><\/td><td>days<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue cases in 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">3,990<\/span><\/td><td>cases<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n59\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable internal freshwater per person<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">106<\/span><\/td><td>m\u00b3<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Forest area<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">21.8<\/span><\/td><td>% of land<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Terrestrial protected land<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.6<\/span><\/td><td>% of land<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health expenditure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.5<\/span><\/td><td>% of GDP<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Projected growth<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">3.5<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Change in net emissions, 2020 to 2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">+8.8<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fossil share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">94.3<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0APopulation%2C6.11%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AAged%2065%20or%20over%2C14.2%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ALife%20expectancy%20at%20birth%2C83.3%2Cyears%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0ATotal%20fertility%2C0.97%2Cbirths%20per%20woman%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22GDP%2C%20current%20prices%22%2C603.9%2CUS%24%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AGDP%20growth%2C5.0%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22GNI%20per%20capita%2C%20Atlas%20method%22%2C%2281%2C760%22%2CUS%24%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0ATrade%2C320%2C%25%20of%20GDP%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0ANet%20greenhouse-gas%20emissions%2C58.59%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0A%22Projected%20peak%20emissions%2C%20about%202028%22%2C61.92%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2028%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0ANDC%20range%20for%202035%2C45%E2%80%9350%2CMt%20CO%E2%82%82e%2C2035%2CREPORTED%2C%5B15%5D%0ANatural%20gas%20share%20of%20electricity%2C93.1%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B8%5D%0ASolar%20PV%20share%20of%20electricity%2C2.7%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B8%5D%0AInstalled%20solar%20capacity%2C%222%2C132%22%2CMWp%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B9%5D%0AElectricity%20consumption%2C58.05%2CTWh%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0AGrid%20emission%20factor%2C0.404%2Ckg%20CO%E2%82%82%20per%20kWh%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0ALocal%20share%20of%20fibre%20consumption%2C8%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B27%5D%0ALocal%20share%20of%20protein%20consumption%2C25%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B27%5D%0AAnnual%20mean%20temperature%2C28.1%2C%C2%B0C%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B23%5D%0AAnnual%20rainfall%2C%222%2C984.9%22%2Cmm%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B23%5D%0ADays%20of%20high%20heat%20stress%2C29%2Cdays%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B23%5D%0ADengue%20cases%20in%202025%2C%223%2C990%22%2Ccases%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B59%5D%0ARenewable%20internal%20freshwater%20per%20person%2C106%2Cm%C2%B3%2C2022%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0AForest%20area%2C21.8%2C%25%20of%20land%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0ATerrestrial%20protected%20land%2C4.6%2C%25%20of%20land%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AHealth%20expenditure%2C4.5%2C%25%20of%20GDP%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0AProjected%20growth%2C3.5%2C%25%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B19%5D%0A%22Change%20in%20net%20emissions%2C%202020%20to%202022%22%2C%2B8.8%2C%25%2C2022%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B14%5D%0AFossil%20share%20of%20electricity%2C94.3%2C%25%2C2025%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B8%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Singapore%20Systems%20Risk%20and%20Resilience%20Report%202026%3A%20The%20State%20of%20Singapore%E2%80%99s%20Interdependent%20Systems%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Population%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%226.11%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Aged%2065%20or%20over%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2214.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Life%20expectancy%20at%20birth%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2283.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22years%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Total%20fertility%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%220.97%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22births%20per%20woman%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22GDP%2C%20current%20prices%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22603.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22US%24%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22GDP%20growth%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%225.0%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22GNI%20per%20capita%2C%20Atlas%20method%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2281%2C760%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22US%24%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Trade%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22320%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%20of%20GDP%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Net%20greenhouse-gas%20emissions%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2258.59%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Projected%20peak%20emissions%2C%20about%202028%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2261.92%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222028%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22NDC%20range%20for%202035%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2245%E2%80%9350%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mt%20CO%E2%82%82e%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222035%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B15%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Natural%20gas%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2293.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Solar%20PV%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222.7%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Installed%20solar%20capacity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222%2C132%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22MWp%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B9%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Electricity%20consumption%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2258.05%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22TWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Grid%20emission%20factor%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%220.404%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22kg%20CO%E2%82%82%20per%20kWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Local%20share%20of%20fibre%20consumption%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%228%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B27%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Local%20share%20of%20protein%20consumption%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2225%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B27%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Annual%20mean%20temperature%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2228.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%C2%B0C%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B23%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Annual%20rainfall%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222%2C984.9%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22mm%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B23%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Days%20of%20high%20heat%20stress%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2229%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22days%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B23%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Dengue%20cases%20in%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%223%2C990%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22cases%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B59%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Renewable%20internal%20freshwater%20per%20person%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22106%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22m%C2%B3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Forest%20area%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2221.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%20of%20land%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Terrestrial%20protected%20land%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%20of%20land%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Health%20expenditure%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%20of%20GDP%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Projected%20growth%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%223.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B19%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Change%20in%20net%20emissions%2C%202020%20to%202022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%2B8.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222022%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Fossil%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2294.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values marked ESTIMATED are arithmetic on reported values, with the method in the technical layer. Series that are not bound are named as gaps in the findings and chapters that use them. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>National source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">BIO<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>World Bank country data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international organisation<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2022\u20132025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NPTD Population in Brief<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EMA Singapore Energy Statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>regulator<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2025\u20132026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNFCCC submissions and NEA inventory page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2022\u20132035<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate Action Tracker<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>research consortium<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMF Article IV record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>international organisation<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2024\u20132025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FOO<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dengue counts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n59\" aria-label=\"Note 59\">59<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>weekly<\/td><td>HLT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood, nature and health surveillance records<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n52\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n53\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r53\" aria-label=\"Note 53\">53<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n54\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r54\" aria-label=\"Note 54\">54<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>government agency<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Statistical releases<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n55\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r55\" aria-label=\"Note 55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national statistics<\/td><td>national<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>profile<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, Singapore by planning region<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates for every planning area follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">National context<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>population, June 2025<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8,329<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">people per km\u00b2<\/span><p>density, 2024<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">724.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">km\u00b2<\/span><p>land area, 2024<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>aged 65 or over, 2025<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, Singapore by planning region<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Island-wide coast<\/td><td>sea level, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide, up to 5 m above present mean<\/td><td>drainage, roads, ports, power<\/td><td>coastal protection speech<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reservoirs and catchment<\/td><td>rainfall variability; two-thirds of land is catchment<\/td><td>water, drainage<\/td><td>water policy page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jurong Island<\/td><td>not bound; a desalination plant opened there in 2022<\/td><td>water, energy, industry<\/td><td>asset records not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n52\" aria-label=\"Note 52\">52<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Port and Marina areas<\/td><td>not bound; the port handled 44.66 million TEU in 2025<\/td><td>trade, bunkering, food imports<\/td><td>port release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Housing estates<\/td><td>heat stress on 29 days in 2025<\/td><td>health, power, cooling<\/td><td>island-wide record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nature reserves and parks<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>water, biodiversity<\/td><td>extent not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any planning area.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Atlas card, Coast and low-lying areas (island-wide)<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">coast<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">sea level<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">storm surge and tide<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">2026 framework<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>drainage, roads, ports, power and health<\/dd><dt>Defining evidence<\/dt><dd>sea level may rise by up to 1.15 m by 2100; with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/water\/\" data-txl=\"Water systems\">storm surge<\/a> and tide the level could reach up to 5 m above today\u2019s mean; around 30% of Singapore could be flooded by seawater<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 FIN; CLI \u2192 HLT<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>coastal protection framework in the 2026 bill<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>flood loss records; asset condition; insurance cover<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>A-02 \u00b7 A-05<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The minister\u2019s second-reading speech describes boundaries, landowner duties, a capital grant and a code of practice; government and statutory boards own about 70% of the coastline [26].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">COAST<\/h3><p>Framework<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Source: national water agency flood and drainage records [52]. Blocker: not retrieved by evidence close.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">WATER<\/h3><p>Not bound<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Source: Ministry of Health records [53]. Blocker: not retrieved by evidence close.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">HEALTH AND CARE<\/h3><p>Not bound<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Atlas cards are generated for every planning area from Q2 2027 with consistent fields and evidence-age labels. The coast is shown first because it holds the only exposure evidence bound at island scale in this edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>Singapore system card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The card through which Singapore appears in the ASEAN regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Singapore system card<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline state<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>440 million gallons a day; four national taps<\/td><td>dry spells and power loss<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>93.1% gas electricity; over 90% imported gas<\/td><td>fuel interruption and price shocks<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food<\/td><td>local 8% fibre and 25% protein<\/td><td>import and farm shocks<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>14.2% aged 65 or over; dengue 3,990 cases in 2025<\/td><td>heat and vector seasons<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>forest 21.8%; protected land 4.6%<\/td><td>land use and heat<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Context<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Archetype<\/dt><dd>city-state, import-dependent for fuel and food, trade hub<\/dd><dt>Population<\/dt><dd>6.11 million (June 2025)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Trade<\/dt><dd>trade 320% of GDP; 44.66 million TEU in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Climate effort<\/dt><dd>highly insufficient in the 2024 assessment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Singapore\u2019s card sits beside its neighbours\u2019; shared basins, grids, corridors and supply chains are read as one regional system.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">ASEAN REGIONAL EDITION<\/h3><p>One regional system<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Singaporean evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES<\/h3><p>Same findings, same IDs<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">In the global edition Singapore is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GLOBAL FLAGSHIP<\/h3><p>Peers, not ranks<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and Singapore\u2019s national ownership of its edition is unaffected.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>29 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>NQ-SGP-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>National Population and Talent Division, Strategy Group (ed.), Population in Brief 2025: Key Trends. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025 (as at June 2025; total fertility 2024). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.population.gov.sg\/population-in-brief-2025-key-trends\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch03\/index3<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.3 electricity grid emission factors, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r59\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 59\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: electric power consumption per capita (EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC), energy use per capita and PM2.5 air pollution exposure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (electricity, energy use) and 2023 (PM2.5). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC?format=json<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/resources\/singapore-energy-statistics\/chapter1<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), Greenhouse gas inventory (national emissions page). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2023 (55.5 Mt CO2-eq as stated on the page). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/our-services\/climate-change-energy-efficiency\/climate-change\/greenhouse-gas-inventory<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), \u201cSingapore\u201d country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute; the page lists an update dated 28 August 2024. Observation year 2030 (target and policy projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/singapore\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/2025\/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilience<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r52\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 52\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r53\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 53\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Environment Agency (ed.), haze and Pollutant Standards Index records. NEA, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r54\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 54\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Singapore Department of Statistics (ed.), statistical releases and Singapore in Figures. SingStat, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r55\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 55\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore posts record port performance in 2025 and develops future readiness through industry collaborations for 2026 (media release of 13 January 2026). MPA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mpa.gov.sg\/media-centre\/details\/singapore-posts-record-port-performance-in-2025-and-develops-future-readiness-through-industry-collaborations-for-2026<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cb-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), nature reserves and nature areas of Singapore (agency page). NParks, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; the agency page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sgp-cb-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\">Singapore 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>17 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>59 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 mortality-rate\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The number of deaths in a population over a period relative to its size.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">mortality rate<\/a> and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: electric power consumption per capita (EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC), energy use per capita and PM2.5 air pollution exposure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (electricity, energy use) and 2023 (PM2.5). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC?format=json<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=json <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/api.worldbank.org\/v2\/country\/SGP\/indicator\/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=json <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>National Population and Talent Division, Strategy Group (ed.), Population in Brief 2025: Key Trends. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025 (as at June 2025; total fertility 2024). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.population.gov.sg\/population-in-brief-2025-key-trends\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch03\/index3 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/resources\/singapore-energy-statistics\/chapter1 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.3 electricity grid emission factors, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.ema.gov.sg\/singapore-energy-statistics\/Ch02\/index2 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/ema.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/corporate\/news\/media-releases\/2024\/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdf <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/docs\/default-source\/cmd-documents\/ghg-documents\/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdf <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>National <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a> Secretariat (ed.), Singapore submits 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (announcement of 10 February 2025). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapore-submits-2035-nationally-determined-contribution <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), Greenhouse gas inventory (national emissions page). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2023 (55.5 Mt CO2-eq as stated on the page). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/our-services\/climate-change-energy-efficiency\/climate-change\/greenhouse-gas-inventory <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Climate Action Tracker (ed.), \u201cSingapore\u201d country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute; the page lists an update dated 28 August 2024. Observation year 2030 (target and policy projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/singapore\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26\/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2026\/07\/20\/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26\/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/-\/media\/files\/publications\/cr\/2026\/english\/1sgpea2026001.pdf <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>National Climate Change Secretariat (ed.), Carbon Tax (carbon tax rates and coverage). NCCS, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Singapore; page dated 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/nccs.gov.sg\/singapores-climate-action\/mitigation-efforts\/carbontax <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on Carbon Tax, 24 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-carbon-tax\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/media\/news\/news\/index\/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Oral Reply to Parliamentary Question on Water supply planning, 7 May 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/oral-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-water-supply-planning\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/policies\/water\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill&#8212;opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/singapore-food-statistics-2025 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.sfa.gov.sg\/news-publications\/newsroom\/2025\/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilience <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on 30-by-30 Food Sustainability Goal, 26 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mse.gov.sg\/latest-news\/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-30-by-30-food-sustainability-goal-\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: National Environment Agency (ed.), Dengue cases (weekly counts and active clusters; 2,832 cases in the first 43 epidemiological weeks of 2026). NEA, Singapore; counts to 3 November 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/dengue-zika\/dengue\/dengue-cases <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore posts record port performance in 2025 and develops future readiness through industry collaborations for 2026 (media release of 13 January 2026). MPA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.mpa.gov.sg\/media-centre\/details\/singapore-posts-record-port-performance-in-2025-and-develops-future-readiness-through-industry-collaborations-for-2026 <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Cyber Landscape 2025\/2026 (publication page, released 30 June 2026; the full report was not read, so no incident counts are used). CSA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.csa.gov.sg\/resources\/publications\/singapore-cyber-landscape-2025-2026\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Green Plan 2030 (national sustainability plan page). Singapore Green Plan Office. Observation year as published, not dated on the page. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.greenplan.gov.sg\/ <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. doi:10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647. Observation year 2023. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the report text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), IPBES Nexus Assessment: Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054. Observation year 2024. Bibliographic record opened through DataCite on 3 November 2026; the report text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850054\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5281\/zenodo.13850054<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., \u201cFuture climate risk from compound events,\u201d Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469\u2013477, 2018. doi:10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3. Observation year 2018. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1038\/s41558-018-0156-3<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: K. Ng, G. G. Garner, S. Weeks, P. Hogarth, M. Palmer et al., \u201cRobust Sea-Level Projections for Singapore by 2100 and 2150,\u201d Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 130, 2025. doi:10.1029\/2024JC021840. Observation year 2025. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read and its figures are not used. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2024JC021840\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1029\/2024JC021840<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Koplitz, L. J. Mickley, M. E. Marlier et al., \u201cPublic health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September\u2013October 2015,\u201d Environmental Research Letters, vol. 11, 094023, 2016. doi:10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023. Observation year 2015. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Centre for Climate Research Singapore (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Third National Climate Change Study (V3) climate projections. Meteorological Service Singapore, 2024. Observation year 2024 (release year taken from press coverage). The sea-level range used in this edition is quoted from [26], not from this study. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), nature reserves and nature areas of Singapore (agency page). NParks, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; the agency page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), Singapore\u2019s national biodiversity targets submitted to the Convention on Biological Diversity, October 2024. NParks, Singapore. Known from a press report only; the official document was not read. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap. IMDA, Singapore, 2024. The agency page did not render at evidence close. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore\u2019s Energy Story (national energy transition, solar and hydrogen goals). EMA, Singapore. Known from search results only. Observation year as published, not bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Singapore (ed.), Carbon Pricing Act 2018. Singapore Statutes Online. The statute site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2018 (enactment). <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Singapore (ed.), Cybersecurity Act 2018. Singapore Statutes Online. Not opened at evidence close. Observation year 2018 (enactment). <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a>. United Nations, Paris, 2015. The treaty page returned no text at evidence close. Observation year 2015. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015\u20132030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15\/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-49\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">49<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Environment Programme (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025. UNEP, Nairobi, 2025. The agency page returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-50\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">50<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025. UNDRR, Geneva, 2025. The agency page returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2025. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-51\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">51<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (eds.), Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000\u20132024. WHO and UNICEF, Geneva and New York, 2025. Source behind the World Bank access series; the country file was not read. Observation year 2024. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-52\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">52<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore\u2019s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-53\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">53<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-54\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">54<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Environment Agency (ed.), haze and Pollutant Standards Index records. NEA, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-55\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">55<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Singapore Department of Statistics (ed.), statistical releases and Singapore in Figures. SingStat, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-56\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">56<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Monetary Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore-Asia Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance and insurance sector records. MAS, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-57\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">57<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026\u20132030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Internal programme record, not re-read for this edition. Observation year 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-58\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">58<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Internal programme record, not re-read for this edition. Observation year 2026.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-ref-59\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">59<\/span><span>National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN\/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/aseanplus\/aseanplus-news\/2025\/12\/28\/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decrease <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Singapore <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Risk &amp; Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Edition 2026\u20132030<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the Q1 2027 edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>Q1 2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2027-Q1-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-sgp-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">SGP<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-sgp-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-NAT-SGP-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Singapore; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Singapore\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Singapore&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Singapore\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Singapore\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Singapore\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Singapore, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Singapore for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Singapore Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Singapore&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Country Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Singapore&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Country Systems Risk &amp; Resilience Report&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-sgp-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sgp-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>SGP edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Singapore 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; SGP is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Singapore.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Country Systems Risk and Resilience<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sgp\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sgp-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sgp-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sgp-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Singapore Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026 \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. Free to read. 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