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\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svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sr-02-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sr-02-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-sr-02-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Strategic Systems Report 2026: Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SR-02<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Strategic Systems<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Strategic <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Report 2026: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Lifelines fail together<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Power loss that overlaps a telecom or cloud failure<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>12 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are the networks other systems run on: power, water, communications, transport and health services. The 2025 and 2026 evidence shows the same mechanisms at work in very different events. The Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a> of 28 April 2025 came from interacting factors, including voltage control gaps, oscillations and generator disconnections<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. A single software update on 18 July 2024 affected an estimated 8.5 million Windows devices<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Government agencies assessed in February 2024 that state-sponsored actors had pre-positioned in the networks of communications, energy, transport and water operators, with some intrusions lasting at least five years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. ENISA analysed 4,875 incidents in a single twelve-month period<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Asset condition and investment are part of the picture: the 2025 US report card grades the country\u2019s infrastructure C with a USD 3.6 trillion ten-year gap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Around 199 subsea cable faults occur each year, about two thirds from fishing and transport vessels<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. War adds direct damage: Ukraine\u2019s recovery needs reached USD 587.7 billion and Gulf power and desalination plants were struck from March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>. This baseline reads these events as mechanisms, not as a list. It ranks no country or operator, attributes no attack and recommends no policy.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Yes: hazards, cyber operations, conflict and software faults recur across sectors.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Do lifeline failures have common causes?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Through shared dependence on power, telecoms and software.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How do failures spread?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Grades are mixed: C overall in the 2025 US report card.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is the physical base sound?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 199 faults a year; most are accidental.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How exposed are subsea links?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">More than USD 250 billion a year to infrastructure from three hazards.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How large are the losses?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">It adds direct damage to power and water systems.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Does war change the picture?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Concentrated demand on local grids.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does digital load add?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Power loss that overlaps a telecom or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h54\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 cyber.platform.cloud-outage\" data-tk=\"Information and cyber-physical systems \u00b7 Signal and platform disruption\" data-td=\"Failure of a large shared cloud, software or platform provider that takes down many dependent services at once.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H54\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/cyber\/\" data-txl=\"Information and cyber-physical systems\">cloud failure<\/a>. SCN-SR02-PWR-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-006<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Subsea cable faults averaged 199 a year from 2010 to 2023. About two thirds came from fishing and transport vessels, and intent is hard to establish.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-fig1-t\">Subsea cable faults a year, 2010 to 2023<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Average faults a year<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">199<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">of which external aggression (about two thirds)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"66.8\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248133<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: TeleGeography<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. The second bar is a Nexus derivation, method (4), and is approximate.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">Most faults are accidents, so route diversity and repair capacity matter more than detecting intent. Governments around the Baltic investigate each fault as potential sabotage, and the analyst notes that severing a few cables is noise rather than a signal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">199<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">faults a year<\/span><p>subsea cables<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>devices, July 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4,875<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">incidents<\/span><p>ENISA, to June 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD trillion<\/span><p>US ten-year gap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;250<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>annual hazard loss<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">390<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>annual disruption cost, LMICs<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading lifelines as one dependent network.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people lifeline failure arrives as a dark home, a dry tap or a card that will not work.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Disruption is costly, resilient options are reported to return several times their cost, and the investment gap is large in places.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Lifeline risk is well described event by event and thinly measured as a system.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of the world\u2019s <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a> and lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and the couplings through which it carries risk into other systems. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not an infrastructure-security ranking, a threat attribution, a vulnerability disclosure or an assessment of any operator, regulator or government. Operation, protection and recovery of infrastructure rest with owners, operators and competent authorities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 lifeline systems edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Lifelines fail together<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry lifeline systems shocks into other systems?<\/li><li>Which lifeline systems capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five mechanism chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are usually reported by sector: grid operators, water utilities, telecom carriers, hospitals. The 2025 and 2026 evidence reads them as one dependent network. Power runs the water works and the exchanges, the exchanges run the control systems, and software runs all of them<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The causes repeat. A grid event in 2025 came from interacting technical factors<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. A software update in 2024 reached millions of machines in hours<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. State-sponsored actors were reported inside operator networks for years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Fishing and anchoring faults hit subsea links about 199 times a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. War now adds direct strikes on power and desalination plants<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The physical base is uneven. The 2025 US report card gives energy D+ and drinking water C\u2212, with a USD 3.6 trillion ten-year gap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. In low- and middle-income countries, disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year, and the World Bank finds that resilient options return about USD 4 per USD 1<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The edition therefore asks the same four questions of every event: what was the common cause, how did it spread, what was shared, and what threshold was crossed. It makes no attribution and ranks no operator.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-fig1-t\">How large are the published lifeline loss and need estimates? USD billion<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Estimates of need and loss are large and drawn from different sources. The three bars use different periods and methods, so they show scale only and are not added<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Ukraine recovery needs, ten years<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">587.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Disruption cost in LMICs, per year (at least)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"66.4\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">390<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Hazard loss to infrastructure, per year (more than)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"42.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">250<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;250<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>annual loss to infrastructure, three hazards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u2265390<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>annual disruption cost in LMICs<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">587.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>Ukraine needs over ten years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22484<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per USD 1<\/span><p>reported return on resilient options<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The lifeline systems-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their lifeline systems content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling \u00b7 hydro<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">irrigation \u00b7 processing<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">safe supply \u00b7 hospitals<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">flows<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumping \u00b7 treatment \u00b7 desalination<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cold chain \u00b7 processing<\/span><\/td><td>STRONG<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hospitals \u00b7 cooling \u00b7 telecoms<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land use<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">withdrawals<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">bioenergy<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">nutrition \u00b7 food safety<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">land conversion<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">labour<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">residues<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">natural infrastructure<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hydrology<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pollination<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">zoonoses<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">grid failure<\/a> removes power from exchanges, pumps and hospitals together.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2025 blackout<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">DAT \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A software fault spreads through a shared vendor to many operators.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2024 outage<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CON \u2192 ENE, WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Strikes on co-located power and desalination plants remove two services at once.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2026 Gulf strikes<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">CLI \u2192 INF \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Hazards damage assets and the cost lands on budgets.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> GAR 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">AIC \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Clustered digital load tightens local grids.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> US 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.4<\/span><span>Reinforcing loops<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A shock entering either system of a loop can return amplified through the other.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Pairs of systems where both directions are rated strong<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Loop<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First direction<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Second direction<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT and ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Water to energy: cooling \u00b7 hydro<\/td><td>Energy to water: pumping \u00b7 treatment \u00b7 desalination<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"3\">A causal-loop reading of the matrix (Sterman, Business Dynamics, 2000): structural, from estimated strengths, not a measured feedback.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the lifeline systems baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>4 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>12 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-006\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Subsea cable faults averaged 199 a year from 2010 to 2023. About two thirds came from fishing and transport vessels, and intent is hard to establish.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-fig1-t\">Subsea cable faults a year, 2010 to 2023<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Average faults a year<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">199<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">of which external aggression (about two thirds)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"66.8\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248133<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: TeleGeography<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. The second bar is a Nexus derivation, method (4), and is approximate.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Most faults are accidents, so route diversity and repair capacity matter more than detecting intent. Governments around the Baltic investigate each fault as potential sabotage, and the analyst notes that severing a few cables is noise rather than a signal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Repair-vessel investment, route diversity and the outcome of Baltic investigations would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a> of 28 April 2025 came from interacting factors, including voltage control gaps, oscillations and generator disconnections, according to the ENTSO-E final report of 20 March 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-005\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The 2025 US report card grades national infrastructure C, with a USD 3.6 trillion ten-year investment gap and energy at D+.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-006\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Subsea cable faults averaged 199 a year from 2010 to 2023; about two thirds came from fishing and transport vessels, and intent is hard to establish.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>CYB<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CYB-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CYB-002\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CYB-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Agencies assessed in February 2024 that state-sponsored actors were pre-positioning on networks in communications, energy, transportation and water sectors, with some intrusions lasting at least five years.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CYB-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CYB-003\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CYB-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">ENISA analysed 4,875 incidents between 1 July 2024 and 30 June 2025 for the EU threat landscape.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Data and digital<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-DAT-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-DAT-004\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-DAT-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A single software update affected an estimated 8.5 million Windows devices on 18 July 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Climate forcing<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">UNDRR puts the annual average loss to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a> from floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes at more than USD 250 billion.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Development<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-DEV-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-DEV-008\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-DEV-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Disruptions to power, transport, telecommunications and water cost households and firms in low- and middle-income countries at least USD 390 billion a year, and resilient options return about USD 4 per USD 1.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>CON<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CON-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CON-009\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CON-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Ukraine\u2019s ten-year recovery and reconstruction needs are USD 587.7 billion, with energy at about USD 91 billion, and direct damage to energy and extractives reached USD 24.8 billion by the end of 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CON-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CON-010\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CON-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates were reported struck from March 2026, in a region where desalination supplies most drinking water.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>AIC<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-AIC-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-AIC-011\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-AIC-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Data centres made up half of US electricity demand growth in 2025, and nearly half of US data-centre capacity sits in five regional clusters.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.9<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a power loss that overlaps a telecom or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h54\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 cyber.platform.cloud-outage\" data-tk=\"Information and cyber-physical systems \u00b7 Signal and platform disruption\" data-td=\"Failure of a large shared cloud, software or platform provider that takes down many dependent services at once.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H54\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/cyber\/\" data-txl=\"Information and cyber-physical systems\">cloud failure<\/a> and limited repair capacity. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Power<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Iberian blackout, interacting causes<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">2025<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\"><\/span><p>final report published 20 March 2026.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>ENTSO-E<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DAT \u00b7 Digital<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Windows devices hit by one update<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>estimate, 18 July 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>Microsoft<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Subsea<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Cable faults a year, average<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">199<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">a year<\/span><p>about two thirds from external aggression.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2010 to 2023<\/span><span>TeleGeography<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Investment<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">US ten-year infrastructure gap<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD trillion<\/span><p>overall grade C.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>ASCE<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CLI \u00b7 Hazard<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Annual loss to critical infrastructure, three hazards<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;250<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>floods, cyclones and earthquakes.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>UNDRR<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Ukraine recovery needs, ten years<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">587.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>energy about USD 91 billion.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>RDNA5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries lifeline systems risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Water works depend on power and telecoms; desalination in the Gulf was struck in 2026.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">Grid failure<\/a> from interacting factors in 2025; data-centre load concentrating on local grids.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 all<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>Cold chains and logistics depend on power and telecoms; no consolidated series here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 FOO<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>Hospitals depend on power, water and communications; not consolidated here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE, WAT \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>Natural infrastructure can buffer hazards; evidence not consolidated here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO \u2192 WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>More than USD 250 billion a year of loss to infrastructure from three hazards.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>The core system: US grade C and a USD 3.6 trillion gap; 199 cable faults a year.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Resilient options return about USD 4 per USD 1; Ukraine needs USD 587.7 billion.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 FIN<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>One software update reached 8.5 million devices; incident data are not on a common basis.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Data-centre load clusters in a few regions; half of US electricity growth in 2025.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Power equipment and cables depend on refined minerals; the top refiner\u2019s average share rose to 72% in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Shipping lanes and ports carry cable ships and equipment; chokepoint data sit in sibling editions.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>lifelines couple every sector<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>power loss with telecom failure<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>water works depend on power<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>outage and strikes<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a> of 28 April 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>voltage and frequency events<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food and agrifood<\/td><td>cold chains depend on power<\/td><td>outage during heat<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>hospitals depend on lifelines<\/td><td>loss of power and water<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance and economy<\/td><td>USD 390 billion a year of disruption cost<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>payment and market outages<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>losses concentrate in lower-income countries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>weak maintenance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>hazard losses above USD 250 billion a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>floods, cyclones, heat<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>cascading outages after hazards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 concurrent-hazards\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Two or more hazards affecting the same area or population at overlapping times, straining response capacity simultaneously.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">concurrent hazards<\/a><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>US grade C and USD 3.6 trillion gap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ageing assets<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>dense dependence on power and telecoms<\/td><td>multi-sector outage<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>natural buffers for infrastructure<\/td><td>loss of buffers<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>positioning and timing signals underpin networks<\/td><td>signal interference<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>pre-positioning in four sectors<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>; 4,875 incidents<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>disruptive attacks<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>critical-entity and network security rules<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>implementation gaps<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>interdependency science is mature<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>data at operating scale<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a> above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the EUR-Lex request returned no text. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P. and Kelly, T.K., Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies, IEEE Control Systems Magazine 21(6), 11 to 25, 2001, cited from memory. Observation year 2001. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Buldyrev, S.V. et al., Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025 to 1028, 2010, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four global risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence; loss metrics are added only where they can be modelled.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SR02-INF-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Grid failure with telecom and water knock-on<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>interacting technical factors in a synchronous grid<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>cities, hospitals, water works, exchanges<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>uneven stabilisation capability; shared dependence on power<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>black-start plans; priority supply; operator coordination<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 INF \u2192 WAT, HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 3 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SR02-CYB-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Pre-positioned access in operator networks<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>state-sponsored access reported in four sectors<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>communications, energy, transport and water operators<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>internet-facing devices; long dwell time<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>logging; phishing-resistant authentication; segmentation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>DAT \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SR02-DAT-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Common-vendor software failure<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>one faulty update on a widely deployed platform<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>airlines, hospitals, banks, broadcasters<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>concentrated vendors; automatic update paths<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>staged roll-out; manual fallback; recovery playbooks<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>DAT \u2192 INF \u2192 FIN, HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>annual<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-SR02-INF-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Subsea link loss with limited repair capacity<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>about 199 faults a year, mostly accidental<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>island states, landing-point regions, cloud routes<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>few repair vessels; ageing fleet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>route diversity; repair agreements; cable protection<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>INF \u2192 DAT \u2192 FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at the global level, from a policy listing to performance in real events.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>security and continuity standards widespread; implementation uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>threat reporting by agencies; operator data uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>advisories from agencies; no common cross-sector warning<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>critical-entity rules in force or being applied<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>black-start and spare-capacity data not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>operators restored services after the 2024 and 2025 events<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>priority supply to hospitals and water works in many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>; testing uneven<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>DEMONSTRATED<\/td><td>Iberian grid restored; causes published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>resilience standards and financing advice published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>support during long outages not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>resilience financing guidance; protection gaps in sibling editions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>EU and national frameworks; cross-border practice uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>ageing assets in places<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>skills for operations and cable repair reported thin<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>interdependency science mature<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0, NIST CSWP 29, 26 February 2024. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: TeleGeography (ed.), submarine cable maintenance data (June 2025; about two thirds of repair ships reach end of service life by 2040), taken from search-result summaries. TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 business-continuity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of an organisation to continue delivering essential products and services at acceptable levels during and after disruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/business-continuity\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">business continuity<\/a> management systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEC 62443 series, Security for industrial automation and control systems. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the EUR-Lex request returned no text. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: The White House, National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience (NSM-22), 30 April 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD (ed.), Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P. and Kelly, T.K., Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies, IEEE Control Systems Magazine 21(6), 11 to 25, 2001, cited from memory. Observation year 2001. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Buldyrev, S.V. et al., Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025 to 1028, 2010, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Helbing, D., Globally networked risks and how to respond, Nature 497, 51 to 59, 2013, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Power loss that overlaps a telecom or cloud failure<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>2 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a regional power loss during a heat wave, coinciding with a software or cloud outage at a shared vendor<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>, 2025; global software outage, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">voltage and frequency events trip generation; the grid separates<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">exchanges and data centres run on batteries and generators<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">DAT \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">a vendor outage removes remote management and payment services<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 WAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pumping and treatment stop or run on reserves<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">hospitals move to emergency power; dispatch and records degrade<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024 \u00b7 2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">payments and markets pause; losses accumulate<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01 would travel through <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a>&#8216;s coupled systems, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Energy to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Voltage and frequency events trip generation; the grid separates. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SR-02, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Infrastructure to dat<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Exchanges and data centres run on batteries and generators. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SR-02, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 DAT to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A vendor outage removes remote management and payment services. Analogue or source: 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SR-02, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Infrastructure to water<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Pumping and treatment stop or run on reserves. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SR-02, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Infrastructure to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Hospitals move to emergency power; dispatch and records degrade. Analogue or source: 2024 \u00b7 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SR-02, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Infrastructure to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Payments and markets pause; losses accumulate. Analogue or source: 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition SR-02, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026, scenario SCN-SR02-PWR-01<\/a> (2026); Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c5-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The global baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>15 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>39 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading lifelines as one dependent network. Common causes recur across sectors, failures spread through shared dependence on power, telecoms and software, and recovery is limited by thresholds such as black-start capability and repair capacity. Evidence is strongest for single events and weakest for cross-sector dependency data.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-001 \u00b7 CYB-002 \u00b7 DAT-004 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people lifeline failure arrives as a dark home, a dry tap or a card that will not work. The baseline asks that public debate treat infrastructure as shared and interdependent, and keep recovery, not only prevention, in view.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-001 \u00b7 DAT-004 \u00b7 DEV-008<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Disruption is costly, resilient options are reported to return several times their cost, and the investment gap is large in places<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-005 \u00b7 DEV-008<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Lifeline risk is well described event by event and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should bind dependency data, test the power and telecom compound loss, and map recovery thresholds before the next large event.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 L-01 \u00b7 L-03<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> strategic desks<\/td><td>lifeline chapter inputs: GCRI evidence and GRA readiness<\/td><td>strategic editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Power runs the exchanges, the exchanges run the control systems, and software runs both. Treating each sector alone understates how a fault in one becomes a fault in all. This edition reads the network.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Lifelines are one network<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Prevention fails sometimes. Restoration after the Iberian blackout and the 2024 software outage shows that recovery capability is a distinct and measurable asset.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Recovery is part of resilience<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Agency reporting describes long-lived access to operator networks rather than visible outages. The risk is a capability held in reserve, which is hard to count and easy to underestimate.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Cyber evidence is mostly about access<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The investment gap is large, and resilient options are reported to return several times their cost. Yet maintenance, coordination and data matter at least as much as capital.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Money is not the whole answer<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 lifeline systems readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 lifeline systems readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 global-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Nexus risk class: a risk whose hazard, consequences or causal chain crosses national borders and acts at continental or planetary scale, so that no single country can assess or manage it alone.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/glossary\/global-risk\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Forum glossary\">Global risk<\/a> state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ADOPTED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Critical Entities Resilience Directive<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>critical entities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIS2 Directive<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>network security<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National Security Memorandum 22<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United States<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>ISSUED 2024<\/td><td>infrastructure security<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> 2015 to 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>ADOPTED 2015<\/td><td>infrastructure damage target<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>global use<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>cyber risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO\/IEC 27001 information security<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>security management<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 31000 risk management<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>risk process<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CISA<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 GUIDANCE<\/td><td>baseline practices<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO 22301 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 business-continuity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of an organisation to continue delivering essential products and services at acceptable levels during and after disruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/business-continuity\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">business continuity<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>continuity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 62443 control-system security<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>operational technology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, articles 112 to 115<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>submarine cables<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The ENTSO-E final report on the Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a> was published on 20 March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 added a Govern function in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The EU published an action plan on cable security in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Member State identification of critical entities under the EU directive<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Implementation of national security rules for operators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Application of international humanitarian law to objects indispensable to civilians<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about the world\u2019s <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a> and lifeline systems and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>agency advisories; operator and regulator reports; peer-reviewed interdependency literature; loss statistics<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and assessments<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2001<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>interdependencies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Buldyrev et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2010<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h61\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.cascade.infrastructure-cascade\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Cascading failure\" data-td=\"A failure in one infrastructure system that spreads through dependency links to power, water, transport, communications and health.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H61\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">cascading failure<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Koks et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>transport hazard risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helbing<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2013<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>networked risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Perrow, Normal Accidents<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>book<\/td><td>1984<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h120\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.fragility.tight-coupling\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Structural fragility of interconnected systems\" data-td=\"Systems linked so closely and quickly, often by automation, that a fault propagates faster than people can understand or stop it.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H120\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\" data-txl=\"Systemic and compound events\">tight coupling<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zscheischler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>compound events<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional flagships<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Iberian blackout final report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ENTSO-E<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>grid failure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CISA and partners<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>pre-positioning<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENISA Threat Landscape 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ENISA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>incident counts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GAR 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>hazard losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GAR 2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>systemic risk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lifelines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank and GFDRR<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>disruption cost<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Statistics, losses and reconstruction<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>2025 Report Card<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ASCE<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>asset condition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RDNA5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank, UN, EU<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>reconstruction needs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building Back Better<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Bank<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>recovery<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy and AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>load clusters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>grid needs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climate Resilience for Energy Security<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>mineral concentration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Energy Review 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>electricity growth<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards, directives and operators<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Microsoft statement on the 2024 outage<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Microsoft<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>software failure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Root cause analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CrowdStrike<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>software failure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cable fault analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>TeleGeography<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>subsea faults<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cable maintenance data<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>TeleGeography<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>repair ships<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Annual Outage Analysis 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Uptime Institute<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>outage cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU Action Plan on Cable Security<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cable policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gulf desalination reporting<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>press and think tanks<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>strikes on plants<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Failures cross sectors through shared power, telecoms and software<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Most subsea cable faults are accidental<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Infrastructure asset condition is uneven<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Whether any given cable fault is deliberate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How much pre-positioned access could be used to disrupt services<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How large cross-sector cascades are at operating scale<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEWS AND PREPRINTS<\/p><p>No news report or preprint binds a finding in this edition. News is used only to date events; preprints used from 2027 will be flagged as not peer-reviewed.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the EUR-Lex request returned no text. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: The White House, National Security Memorandum on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> Security and Resilience (NSM-22), 30 April 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2015 to 2030 (target on damage to critical infrastructure), cited from memory. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0, NIST CSWP 29, 26 February 2024. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO\/IEC 27001:2022, Information security management <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 31000:2018, Risk management: guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CISA (ed.), Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Arlington, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 business-continuity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of an organisation to continue delivering essential products and services at acceptable levels during and after disruption.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/glossary\/business-continuity\/\" data-tgl=\"Nexus Standards glossary\">business continuity<\/a> management systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEC 62443 series, Security for industrial automation and control systems. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), articles 112 to 115 on submarine cables and pipelines, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 1982. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian blackout: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and High Representative, Joint Communication on an EU Action Plan on Cable Security, February 2025, cited from memory. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), articles 54 and 56 on objects indispensable to survival and works containing dangerous forces, cited from memory. International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva. Observation year 1977. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P. and Kelly, T.K., Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies, IEEE Control Systems Magazine 21(6), 11 to 25, 2001, cited from memory. Observation year 2001. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Buldyrev, S.V. et al., Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025 to 1028, 2010, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Helbing, D., Globally networked risks and how to respond, Nature 497, 51 to 59, 2013, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Perrow, C., Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. Basic Books, New York, 1984, cited from memory. Observation year 1984. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Zscheischler, J. et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change 8, 469 to 477, 2018, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure (Volt Typhoon), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2022: Our World at Risk. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Walsh, B., Building Back Better: Achieving Resilience through Stronger, Faster, and More Inclusive Post-Disaster Reconstruction. World Bank, Washington, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2023, cited from memory. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Climate Resilience for Energy Security. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CrowdStrike (ed.), External technical root cause analysis for the Channel File 291 incident, August 2024, cited from memory; no figure used. CrowdStrike, Austin. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: TeleGeography (ed.), submarine cable maintenance data (June 2025; about two thirds of repair ships reach end of service life by 2040), taken from search-result summaries. TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Annual Outage Analysis 2026 (57% of respondents in the 2025 survey reported a latest major outage above USD 100,000), taken from a press release summary; the report is limited to members. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 lifeline systems agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 lifeline systems edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How would a regional power loss that overlaps a telecom or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h54\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 cyber.platform.cloud-outage\" data-tk=\"Information and cyber-physical systems \u00b7 Signal and platform disruption\" data-td=\"Failure of a large shared cloud, software or platform provider that takes down many dependent services at once.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H54\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/cyber\/\" data-txl=\"Information and cyber-physical systems\">cloud failure<\/a> spread through water, health and transport at the same time?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SR02-PWR-01 \u00b7 power and telecom compound loss; first output: dependency analysis for six regions.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which shared dependencies (power, telecoms, software, positioning) sit behind the most services?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SR02-DEP-02 \u00b7 shared dependencies; first output: dependency register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How long do lifeline services take to return after major outages, and what limits recovery?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SR02-RST-03 \u00b7 restoration times; first output: restoration table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Where are subsea links and repair capacity thinnest?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SR02-CBL-04 \u00b7 subsea links; first output: link and repair map.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do ageing assets and investment gaps coincide with hazard exposure?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-SR02-AST-05 \u00b7 asset condition and exposure; first output: exposure overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which operators and states publish incident data on a comparable basis?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: coverage note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How do conflict and sabotage threats change protection priorities for water and power?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">L-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which lifeline capabilities have been tested in real outages, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Lifeline capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 lifeline portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SR02-PWR-01<\/span><\/td><td>Power and telecom compound loss<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>L-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SR02-DEP-02<\/span><\/td><td>Shared dependencies<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>L-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SR02-RST-03<\/span><\/td><td>Restoration times<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>L-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SR02-CBL-04<\/span><\/td><td>Subsea links and repair capacity<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>L-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-SR02-AST-05<\/span><\/td><td>Asset condition and exposure<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>L-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-SR02-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Power and telecom loss Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>L-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> edition reads national infrastructure chapters, sector editions and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed and its first editions are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National infrastructure chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">lifeline reading in each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IN PREPARATION \u00b7 national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Sector editions<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">power, water, cyber, transport<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 sector Baseline Editions<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Lifeline systems model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">the global <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 lifeline\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A networked infrastructure, such as water, power, transport or telecommunications, that sustains other services and communities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">lifeline system<\/a> of systems<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">SR-01 \u00b7 SR-03 supply chains \u00b7 SR-10 digital public infrastructure<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Lifeline Systems Report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the lifeline systems candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the lifeline systems candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-SR02-2027-01 \u00b7 Power and telecom loss Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>INF-001 \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">grid failure<\/a><\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>grid constraint overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CYB-002 \u00b7 pre-positioning<\/td><td>INI-SR02-DEP-02<\/td><td>shared dependencies<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DAT-004 \u00b7 software failure<\/td><td>INI-SR02-DEP-02<\/td><td>shared dependencies<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-005 \u00b7 asset condition<\/td><td>INI-SR02-AST-05<\/td><td>asset condition and exposure<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-006 \u00b7 subsea links<\/td><td>INI-SR02-CBL-04<\/td><td>subsea links and repair capacity<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DEV-008 \u00b7 disruption cost<\/td><td>INI-SR02-RST-03 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>restoration times<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CON-009 \u00b7 war damage<\/td><td>sector editions<\/td><td>recovery needs<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-SR02-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (SR-02 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Incident and advisory feeds<\/td><td>CISA and partner agencies<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>CYB-002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU threat landscape<\/td><td>ENISA<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CYB-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transparency platform for the continental grid<\/td><td>ENTSO-E<\/td><td>hourly<\/td><td>INF-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cable fault and repair data<\/td><td>TeleGeography and industry<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>INF-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disaster loss data<\/td><td>UNDRR and reinsurers<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CLI-007<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Outage analysis<\/td><td>Uptime Institute<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>DAT-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Damage assessments<\/td><td>World Bank, UN and EU<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>CON-009<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-SR02-001<\/td><td>Single-vendor software outage in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>DAT \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>risk object RSK-SR02-DAT-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-SR02-002<\/td><td>Multi-year pre-positioning reported in four sectors<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>INF \u00b7 DAT<\/td><td>research question L-02<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-SR02-003<\/td><td>Strikes on co-located power and water plants in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>ENE \u00b7 WAT<\/td><td>research question L-01<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c7-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Common causes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One cause can strike many lifelines at once: a hazard, a cyber campaign, a war or a faulty update. The shared cause matters more than the sector.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4,875<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">incidents<\/span><p>analysed by ENISA, Jul 2024 to Jun 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22655<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">years<\/span><p>longest reported intrusion persistence<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;250<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>annual loss to infrastructure, three hazards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instance<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mechanism in action<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Natural hazards<\/td><td>floods, cyclones and earthquakes drive large annual losses to infrastructure<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyber operations<\/td><td>pre-positioning reported in four sectors<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conflict<\/td><td>direct strikes on power and water plants<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Software faults<\/td><td>one update reached millions of devices<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Pathways in this mechanism<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>CLI \u2192 INF hazards<\/li><li>DAT \u2192 INF software and cyber<\/li><li>CON \u2192 INF strikes<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>common cause tagging of incidents<\/li><li>frequency of concurrent causes<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Joint advisories from agencies; the next ENISA report; hazard loss updates; conflict damage assessments.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-01 Global Polycrisis and Cascading Systems Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-03 Global Supply Chains, Trade and Chokepoints<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes causes recorded in public sources. It attributes no attack and assesses no operator.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Domino effects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A failure in one lifeline removes an input from the next. Power outages reach water works, exchanges and hospitals in sequence.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">28<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">April 2025<\/span><p>Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>Windows devices affected, 18 July 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224890<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of Kuwait\u2019s drinking water from desalination<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instance<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mechanism in action<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Power to telecoms<\/td><td>exchanges run on batteries and generators after grid loss<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Software to services<\/td><td>one vendor update disabled many operators\u2019 machines<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power to water<\/td><td>co-located plants lose both services when struck<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water to health<\/td><td>hospital supply depends on water works<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Pathways in this mechanism<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 INF \u2192 WAT, HLT<\/li><li>DAT \u2192 INF \u2192 FIN<\/li><li>CON \u2192 ENE, WAT<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>sequence timing of service loss<\/li><li>hospital-level dependence data<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Post-event reports on timing; priority supply arrangements; vendor update practices.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-01 Global Polycrisis and Cascading Systems Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-03 Global Supply Chains, Trade and Chokepoints<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes dependency sequences. It assesses no operator and recommends no policy.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Inter-systemic feedbacks<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Lifelines also depend on what they power. Control networks need telecoms, telecoms need power, and digital loads press back on grids.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224850<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of US electricity demand growth from data centres, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224845<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of US data-centre capacity in five clusters (nearly half)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">57<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>of operators reported a latest outage above USD 100,000<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instance<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mechanism in action<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Digital load to grid<\/td><td>clustered demand tightens local grids<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grid to digital<\/td><td>data centres need continuous power<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Remote control<\/td><td>control networks need telecoms and power<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Financial feedback<\/td><td>losses feed budgets and delay maintenance<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Pathways in this mechanism<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>AIC \u2192 ENE<\/li><li>ENE \u2192 AIC \u2192 INF<\/li><li>DAT \u2194 INF<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>control-network dependence data<\/li><li>cluster-level reliability<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Data-centre connection requests; grid code changes for large loads; outage statistics.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-01 Global Polycrisis and Cascading Systems Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-03 Global Supply Chains, Trade and Chokepoints<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes feedback loops. It assesses no company or operator.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Shared vulnerabilities<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Different lifelines share the same weak points: subsea cables, widely deployed software, ageing assets and a few repair resources.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">199<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">faults a year<\/span><p>subsea cable average, 2010 to 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22482\/3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\"><\/span><p>of faults from fishing and transport vessels<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD trillion<\/span><p>US ten-year investment gap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instance<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mechanism in action<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Subsea cables<\/td><td>frequent, mostly accidental faults; few repair ships<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Common software<\/td><td>a shared platform spreads one fault widely<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ageing assets<\/td><td>energy D+, wastewater D+, dams D+ in the US<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Positioning and timing<\/td><td>signals underpin networks; no consolidated series here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Pathways in this mechanism<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2192 DAT cable loss<\/li><li>DAT \u2192 INF software<\/li><li>INF \u2192 FIN deferred maintenance<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>repair-vessel capacity by region<\/li><li>dependence on positioning and timing<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Cable incidents and repair queues; vendor concentration; investment announcements.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-01 Global Polycrisis and Cascading Systems Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-03 Global Supply Chains, Trade and Chokepoints<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes shared weak points in public sources. It discloses no vulnerability and assesses no operator.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Thresholds and tipping<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A system can absorb stress until a threshold is crossed. Black-start capability, repair capacity and recovery finance are such thresholds for lifelines.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">587.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>Ukraine recovery needs over ten years<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">24.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>direct damage, energy and extractives, to end 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22484<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per USD 1<\/span><p>reported return on resilient options in LMICs<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instance<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mechanism in action<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Restoration capacity<\/td><td>service returned after 2024 and 2025 events; times not consolidated<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Repair capacity<\/td><td>ageing repair fleet<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery finance<\/td><td>needs far exceed damage recorded to date<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tipping in networks<\/td><td>cascades can become abrupt in interdependent networks<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Pathways in this mechanism<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2192 INF cascade thresholds<\/li><li>FIN \u2192 INF recovery finance<\/li><li>CON \u2192 INF repeated damage<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>black-start capability data<\/li><li>cascade thresholds at operating scale<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Recovery financing decisions; restoration times after the next large outage; repair-fleet investment.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-01 Global Polycrisis and Cascading Systems Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-03 Global Supply Chains, Trade and Chokepoints<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes thresholds in public sources. It is not a prediction and assesses no operator or state.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Annual Outage Analysis 2026 (57% of respondents in the 2025 survey reported a latest major outage above USD 100,000), taken from a press release summary; the report is limited to members. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0, NIST CSWP 29, 26 February 2024. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: TeleGeography (ed.), submarine cable maintenance data (June 2025; about two thirds of repair ships reach end of service life by 2040), taken from search-result summaries. TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Buldyrev, S.V. et al., Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025 to 1028, 2010, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>12 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Factors named in the Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a> page summary<\/td><td>count of listed factors<\/td><td>5, unweighted<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>ENISA incidents per month in the period<\/td><td>4,875 \u00f7 12<\/td><td>\u2248 406<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Subsea faults per week at the average<\/td><td>199 \u00f7 52<\/td><td>\u2248 3.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Faults a year from external aggression (about)<\/td><td>199 \u00d7 2 \u00f7 3<\/td><td>\u2248 133<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Lifeline Systems Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-SR02-LIFELINES \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as a dependent network and the mechanisms by which failures spread between power, water, communications, transport and health<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of systems<\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which dependencies to measure first; explaining how lifeline failures spread.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>40 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Lifeline Systems Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">Grid failure<\/a> analysis<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Mar 2026<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>follow-up reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyber advisories<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Feb 2024<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>next joint advisory<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU incident counts<\/td><td>Jul 2024 to Jun 2025<\/td><td>Oct 2025 \u00b7 v1.3 Sep 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next ENISA report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Software outage<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Jul 2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>none scheduled<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US asset condition<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Mar 2025<\/td><td>four-yearly<\/td><td>2029<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cable fault average<\/td><td>2010 to 2023<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>ad hoc<\/td><td>next analysis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hazard losses to infrastructure<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>May 2025<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disruption cost in LMICs<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>no update found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reconstruction needs<\/td><td>to Dec 2025<\/td><td>Feb 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>RDNA6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gulf strikes<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>Mar to Jul 2026<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>not verified<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Power<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>restoration times<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Communications<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>cross-operator dependency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>interdependence with power<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transport<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>cross-modal dependence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>facility-level resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyber<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>operator-level data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance of resilience<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>recent estimates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conflict damage<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>verified 2026 damage<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Cross-sector dependency data at city and national scale<\/td><td>operators, regulators and national statistics offices<\/td><td>security-sensitive and not published on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Restoration times for lifeline services after major outages<\/td><td>operator and regulator reports<\/td><td>not retrieved; no consolidated series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Full text of the ENTSO-E final report and its recommendation count<\/td><td>ENTSO-E final report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>only the publication page was opened; sources disagree on the number of recommendations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENISA sector breakdown and top threats<\/td><td>ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 full report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the publication page was read; the PDF was not opened and the page notes corrected figures in version 1.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subsea cable repair capacity by region<\/td><td>TeleGeography and ICPC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ship counts not retrieved; the 2040 end-of-life figure rests on a search summary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Verified damage to Gulf power and desalination plants<\/td><td>national authorities and independent assessments<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>press and think-tank reports only; no official damage assessment found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of outages caused by power failure at digital facilities<\/td><td>Uptime Institute Annual Outage Analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>report limited to members and subscribers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNDRR GAR 2025 infrastructure loss figures from the report itself<\/td><td>UNDRR GAR 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report page returned an access error; figures come from search summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Bank Lifelines figures from the report itself<\/td><td>World Bank and GFDRR<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the repository returned an access error; figures come from search summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Condition of infrastructure outside the United States on one scale<\/td><td>national report cards and statistics<\/td><td>no comparable global series found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Status of EU critical entity identification by Member States<\/td><td>European Commission, national authorities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs beyond restoration<\/td><td>operators, regulators, ministries<\/td><td>not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the association of European transmission system operators. One-off. Role: binds INF-001. Coverage: Continental Europe. The publication page was read; the full report was not opened.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-SR02-001<\/h3><p>ENTSO-E publication page on the Iberian blackout<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the EU Agency for Cybersecurity. Annual. Role: binds CYB-003. Reporting period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; the page notes corrections in version 1.3.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-SR02-002<\/h3><p>ENISA Threat Landscape 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-SR02-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-SR02-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>event-specific; some generation data missing<\/td><td>incidents analysed; sector split not read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 11 months after the event<\/td><td>about 3 months after the period<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>final after interim reports<\/td><td>version 1.3 corrected figures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>expert panel method published<\/td><td>threat-centric method stated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>independent expert panel<\/td><td>agency review<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENTSO-E<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: recommendation tables in the final report<\/li><li>ENISA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>: sector breakdown of incidents<\/li><li>CISA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>: follow-up advisories<\/li><li>ASCE<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>: sector pages for energy and water<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ASCE<\/td><td>American Society of Civil Engineers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CISA<\/td><td>US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CSF<\/td><td>Cybersecurity Framework<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENISA<\/td><td>European Union Agency for Cybersecurity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENTSO-E<\/td><td>European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GAR<\/td><td>Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ICPC<\/td><td>International Cable Protection Committee<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LMIC<\/td><td>low- and middle-income countries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIS2<\/td><td>second Network and Information Security Directive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OT<\/td><td>operational technology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RDNA<\/td><td>Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNDRR<\/td><td>United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-SR02-PWR-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Regional notes<\/td><td>regional lifeline cards<\/td><td>WITH REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: subsea cable fault<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>a reported break or damage event on a telecommunications submarine cable<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>faults per year<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>industry fault databases and operator reports<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>TeleGeography analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>counts depend on the database; public and private series differ<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>does not record intent or repair time<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: TeleGeography (ed.), submarine cable maintenance data (June 2025; about two thirds of repair ships reach end of service life by 2040), taken from search-result summaries. TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Annual Outage Analysis 2026 (57% of respondents in the 2025 survey reported a latest major outage above USD 100,000), taken from a press release summary; the report is limited to members. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">critical infrastructure<\/a> above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the EUR-Lex request returned no text. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>13 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Subsea cable faults, average<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">199<\/span><\/td><td>a year<\/td><td>2010 to 2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Faults from external aggression<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248 two thirds<\/span><\/td><td>share<\/td><td>2010 to 2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENISA incidents analysed<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4,875<\/span><\/td><td>incidents<\/td><td>Jul 2024 to Jun 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Windows devices affected<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">8.5<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Longest reported intrusion persistence<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2265 5<\/span><\/td><td>years<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US overall infrastructure grade<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">C<\/span><\/td><td>letter grade<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US ten-year investment gap<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">3.6<\/span><\/td><td>USD trillion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Annual loss to infrastructure, three hazards<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&gt;250<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Annual disruption cost, LMICs<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2265 390<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Return on resilient options<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248 4<\/span><\/td><td>USD per USD 1<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ukraine recovery needs, ten years<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">587.7<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>to Dec 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ukraine energy needs, ten years<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248 91<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>to Dec 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Direct damage, energy and extractives<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">24.8<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>to Dec 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of US electricity growth from data centres<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u2248 50<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operators reporting outage cost above USD 100,000<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">57<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0A%22Subsea%20cable%20faults%2C%20average%22%2C199%2Ca%20year%2C2010%20to%202023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AFaults%20from%20external%20aggression%2C%E2%89%88%20two%20thirds%2Cshare%2C2010%20to%202023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AENISA%20incidents%20analysed%2C%224%2C875%22%2Cincidents%2CJul%202024%20to%20Jun%202025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AWindows%20devices%20affected%2C8.5%2Cmillion%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B4%5D%0ALongest%20reported%20intrusion%20persistence%2C%E2%89%A5%205%2Cyears%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AUS%20overall%20infrastructure%20grade%2CC%2Cletter%20grade%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0AUS%20ten-year%20investment%20gap%2C3.6%2CUSD%20trillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0A%22Annual%20loss%20to%20infrastructure%2C%20three%20hazards%22%2C%3E250%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0A%22Annual%20disruption%20cost%2C%20LMICs%22%2C%E2%89%A5%20390%2CUSD%20billion%2C2019%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0AReturn%20on%20resilient%20options%2C%E2%89%88%204%2CUSD%20per%20USD%201%2C2019%2CESTIMATED%2C%5B11%5D%0A%22Ukraine%20recovery%20needs%2C%20ten%20years%22%2C587.7%2CUSD%20billion%2Cto%20Dec%202025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0A%22Ukraine%20energy%20needs%2C%20ten%20years%22%2C%E2%89%88%2091%2CUSD%20billion%2Cto%20Dec%202025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0A%22Direct%20damage%2C%20energy%20and%20extractives%22%2C24.8%2CUSD%20billion%2Cto%20Dec%202025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0AShare%20of%20US%20electricity%20growth%20from%20data%20centres%2C%E2%89%88%2050%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B9%5D%0A%22Operators%20reporting%20outage%20cost%20above%20USD%20100%2C000%22%2C57%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B14%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Strategic%20Systems%20Report%202026%3A%20Critical%20Infrastructure%20and%20Lifeline%20Systems%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Subsea%20cable%20faults%2C%20average%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22199%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22a%20year%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222010%20to%202023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Faults%20from%20external%20aggression%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%88%20two%20thirds%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22share%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222010%20to%202023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22ENISA%20incidents%20analysed%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224%2C875%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22incidents%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Jul%202024%20to%20Jun%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Windows%20devices%20affected%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%228.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Longest%20reported%20intrusion%20persistence%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%A5%205%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22years%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20overall%20infrastructure%20grade%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22C%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22letter%20grade%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20ten-year%20investment%20gap%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%223.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20trillion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Annual%20loss%20to%20infrastructure%2C%20three%20hazards%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3E250%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Annual%20disruption%20cost%2C%20LMICs%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%A5%20390%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222019%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Return%20on%20resilient%20options%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%88%204%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20per%20USD%201%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222019%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ESTIMATED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Ukraine%20recovery%20needs%2C%20ten%20years%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22587.7%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22to%20Dec%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Ukraine%20energy%20needs%2C%20ten%20years%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%88%2091%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22to%20Dec%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Direct%20damage%2C%20energy%20and%20extractives%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2224.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22to%20Dec%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Share%20of%20US%20electricity%20growth%20from%20data%20centres%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%88%2050%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B9%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Operators%20reporting%20outage%20cost%20above%20USD%20100%2C000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2257%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B14%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are rounded as published. The 2019 and 2025 loss estimates use different methods and are not added. Search-summary values carry an UNVERIFIED reference and are listed in the notes. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">AIC<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ENTSO-E final report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>operators\u2019 association<\/td><td>Continental Europe<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">grid failure<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CISA advisory AA24-038A<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national agencies<\/td><td>US and partners<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>cyber access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENISA Threat Landscape<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU agency<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>2024 to 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>incidents<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Microsoft statement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>software failure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST CSF 2.0<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national standards body<\/td><td>global use<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>cyber framework<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASCE Report Card<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>professional body<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>four-yearly<\/td><td>asset condition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TeleGeography<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>market analyst<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2010 to 2023<\/td><td>ad hoc<\/td><td>cable faults<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNDRR GAR 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UN agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>biennial<\/td><td>hazard losses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World Bank Lifelines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>multilateral bank<\/td><td>LMICs<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>disruption cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RDNA5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>multilateral<\/td><td>Ukraine<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>damage and needs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, ten regional clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, ten regional clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>ageing assets; hurricanes; data-centre load<\/td><td>power, water, telecoms<\/td><td>ASCE report card<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>hydropower dependence; floods<\/td><td>power, transport<\/td><td>regional statistics (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>grid stability; cable incidents; cyber<\/td><td>power, telecoms<\/td><td>ENTSO-E<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>; ENISA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>conflict damage; grid attacks<\/td><td>power, heat<\/td><td>RDNA5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>strikes on co-located plants; desalination reliance<\/td><td>water, power<\/td><td>press reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>maintenance and financing gaps<\/td><td>power, transport<\/td><td>Lifelines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>cyclones and floods<\/td><td>power, ports<\/td><td>GAR 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.seismic.earthquake\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Fault shaking and rupture\" data-td=\"Sudden slip on a fault releasing seismic waves that shake the ground and damage structures and lifelines.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H17\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\" data-txl=\"Solid Earth\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">earthquake<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">typhoon<\/a> exposure; cables<\/td><td>power, telecoms<\/td><td>GAR 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>; cable analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>cyclones; subsea links<\/td><td>telecoms, ports<\/td><td>cable analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>island links; cyclones<\/td><td>telecoms, power<\/td><td>cable analysis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Regional card: Continental Europe grid<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">region<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">grid<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">synchronous area<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">cross-border<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>power, telecoms, water, hospitals<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a> in Spain and Portugal on 28 April 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 INF \u2192 HLT; ENE \u2192 WAT<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>restoration and a published expert report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>cross-border flows; data on pre-event generation tripping<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>L-01 \u00b7 L-03<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The final report names oscillations, voltage and reactive power control gaps and generator disconnections as interacting factors [1].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">POWER<\/h3><p>Interacting factors<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Service returned after the event; the time to restore each lifeline is not consolidated here.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RECOVERY<\/h3><p>Restoration<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The expert panel report is an analysis of causes and recommendations, not an attribution of liability [1].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">LEARNING<\/h3><p>A public report<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Regional cards are generated with the regional Baseline Editions. The Continental Europe card is shown first because its failure analysis is published.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the global edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> edition through the infrastructure chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the global edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p>systems reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>15 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Annual Outage Analysis 2026 (57% of respondents in the 2025 survey reported a latest major outage above USD 100,000), taken from a press release summary; the report is limited to members. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0, NIST CSWP 29, 26 February 2024. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-sr-02-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\">Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>13 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>40 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ENTSO-E (ed.), 28 April 2025 Iberian <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h48\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 infra.utilities.power-blackout\" data-tk=\"Built systems \u00b7 Utility and communication network outage\" data-td=\"Loss of electricity supply across a large area, stopping water, heating, cooling, communications and health care.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H48\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/infra\/\" data-txl=\"Built systems\">blackout<\/a>: final report of the expert panel (publication page; report dated 20 March 2026). ENTSO-E, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>CISA, NSA, FBI and partner agencies (eds.), PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> (Volt <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\" data-ta=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/disaster-risk-reduction\/\" data-tal=\"Disaster Risk Reduction\">Typhoon<\/a>), joint cybersecurity advisory AA24-038A, 7 February 2024. CISA, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>ENISA (ed.), ENISA Threat Landscape 2025 (publication page; period 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025; published 1 October 2025; version 1.3 of 22 September 2026). European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), Helping our customers through the CrowdStrike outage (blog post of 20 July 2024; estimate of 8.5 million Windows devices). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0, NIST CSWP 29, 26 February 2024. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America\u2019s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; sector grades). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>TeleGeography (ed.), Is it sabotage? Unraveling the mystery of undersea cable breaks (analysis of 199 faults a year, 2010 to 2023). TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 risk-reduction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Preventing new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk, all contributing to resilience.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Risk Reduction<\/a> 2025: Resilience Pays (annual average loss to critical infrastructure above USD 250 billion for floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes; about USD 2.3 trillion total annual disaster cost), taken from search-result summaries; the report page returned an access error. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity (disruptions cost at least USD 390 billion a year in low- and middle-income countries; USD 4.2 trillion net benefit; about USD 4 per USD 1), taken from search-result summaries; the repository returned an access error. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank, United Nations and European Commission (eds.), Ukraine Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA5), released 23 February 2026 (needs USD 587.7 billion over ten years; energy about USD 91 billion; direct damage to energy and extractives USD 24.8 billion to end 2025), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: press and think-tank reports on strikes on power and desalination plants in Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, March to July 2026 (including The National, Arab News and the Arab Center Washington DC), taken from search-result summaries; no official damage assessment was found. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Annual Outage Analysis 2026 (57% of respondents in the 2025 survey reported a latest major outage above USD 100,000), taken from a press release summary; the report is limited to members. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: TeleGeography (ed.), submarine cable maintenance data (June 2025; about two thirds of repair ships reach end of service life by 2040), taken from search-result summaries. TeleGeography, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the EUR-Lex request returned no text. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022\/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union (NIS2), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: The White House, National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience (NSM-22), 30 April 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/sendai-framework-alignment\/\">Sendai Framework<\/a> for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030 (target on damage to critical infrastructure), cited from memory. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience: business continuity management systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO\/IEC 27001:2022, Information security management systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEC 62443 series, Security for industrial automation and control systems. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD (ed.), Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), articles 112 to 115 on submarine cables and pipelines, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 1982. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), articles 54 and 56 on objects indispensable to survival and works containing dangerous forces, cited from memory. International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva. Observation year 1977. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CISA (ed.), Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Arlington, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 31000:2018, Risk management: guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P. and Kelly, T.K., Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies, IEEE Control Systems Magazine 21(6), 11 to 25, 2001, cited from memory. Observation year 2001. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Buldyrev, S.V. et al., Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025 to 1028, 2010, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Koks, E.E. et al., A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nature Communications 10, 2677, 2019, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Walsh, B., Building Back Better: Achieving Resilience through Stronger, Faster, and More Inclusive Post-Disaster Reconstruction. World Bank, Washington, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Zscheischler, J. et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change 8, 469 to 477, 2018, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Helbing, D., Globally networked risks and how to respond, Nature 497, 51 to 59, 2013, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Perrow, C., Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. Basic Books, New York, 1984, cited from memory. Observation year 1984. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2023, cited from memory. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CrowdStrike (ed.), External technical root cause analysis for the Channel File 291 incident, August 2024, cited from memory; no figure used. CrowdStrike, Austin. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2022: Our World at Risk. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and High Representative, Joint Communication on an EU Action Plan on Cable Security, February 2025, cited from memory. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Climate Resilience for Energy Security. International Energy Agency, Paris, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Strategic <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Report 2026: <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline Systems, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Strategic Systems Series SR-02<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 lifeline systems edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-sr-02-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">SR-02<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-sr-02-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-STR-SR-02-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Critical%20Infrastructure%20and%20Lifeline%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Critical%20Infrastructure%20and%20Lifeline%20Systems&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Critical%20Infrastructure%20and%20Lifeline%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Critical%20Infrastructure%20and%20Lifeline%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Critical%20Infrastructure%20and%20Lifeline%20Systems\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Strategic Systems Report 2026: Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Strategic Systems Report \u00b7 SR-02&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Strategic Systems Report \u00b7 SR-02&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-sr-02-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-sr-02-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>SR-02 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 critical-infrastructure\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Physical and digital assets, systems and networks whose disruption would seriously affect health, safety, security, economic welfare or the functioning of government. Criticality depends on what relies on them.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Critical Infrastructure<\/a> and Lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; SR-02 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Strategic Systems<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/sr-02\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-signature-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-signature-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sectors behind Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A reading aid: the sectors the findings run through and how strongly they depend on each other.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIH\" data-sig-ctx=\"urban-flood\" data-sig-name=\"Infrastructure and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Infrastructure gives pipes, dams and treatment works to water (0.6), transmission and fuel logistics to energy (0.6) and access to care to health (0.5).\" data-sig-inst=\"Reports\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure and Health selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Context<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Infrastructure and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Infrastructure gives pipes, dams and treatment works to water (0.6), transmission and fuel logistics to energy (0.6) and access to care to health (0.5).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Energy \u2192 Infrastructure<\/b> \u00b7 power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Energy<\/b> \u00b7 cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Health<\/b> \u00b7 drinking water and sanitation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.7<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sr-02-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sr-02-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-sr-02-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Strategic Systems Report 2026: Critical Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-STRATEGIC-LIFELINES-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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