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\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\"><style>#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-02-full.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 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svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-02-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-02-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-02-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Exponential Technology Report 2026: Quantum Technologies<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">XT-02<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Exponential Technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Exponential Technology Report 2026: Quantum Technologies (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Quantum is infrastructure and a cryptographic deadline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Long-lived data exposure while migration is slow<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Quantum technologies matter to the Nexus programme in two ways. They are a new physical infrastructure, built from superconducting circuits, trapped ions and cold atoms that need dilution refrigerators, helium, specialised materials and skilled people. They are also a reason to change the cryptography that protects other infrastructure. The hardware evidence is strong at small scale. A 2024 experiment showed a surface code on 101 qubits whose logical error fell by a factor of 2.14 for each step up in code distance<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. IBM states a plan for a fault-tolerant machine with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates in 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. A 2025 preprint estimates that RSA-2048 could be factored with under a million noisy qubits in under a week, under stated assumptions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. NIST finalised three post-quantum standards on 13 August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>, and the European Commission published a coordinated roadmap on 23 June 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Investment grew: startups raised USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times the level of 2024, according to McKinsey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>. The physical base is exposed. Helium markets were disrupted when the Strait of Hormuz closed in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>, and the energy footprint of useful machines is not yet published. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It forecasts no capability date and ranks no country or vendor.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the quantum baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Below threshold on one platform at small code distances.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is error correction working?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A 2025 estimate: under a million noisy qubits in under a week, under stated assumptions.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How many qubits would break RSA-2048?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Three NIST standards were finalised in August 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Are post-quantum standards ready?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">National roadmaps by the end of 2026; milestones to 2035.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does Europe ask?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">USD 12.6 billion of startup investment in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does the money look like?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Not published for useful-scale machines; a 2023 estimate favours classical methods for some problems.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What is the energy footprint?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Helium markets were disrupted in 2026; helium-3 is scarce.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is the supply base exposed?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Long-lived data exposed to later decryption while migration is slow. SCN-XT02-HND-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-005<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">NIST finalised three post-quantum cryptography standards on 13 August 2024: FIPS 203 (ML-KEM), FIPS 204 (ML-DSA) and FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA).<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-fig1-t\">Standards finalised on 13 August 2024<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">FIPS 203 \u00b7 key establishment (ML-KEM)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">FIPS 204 \u00b7 signatures (ML-DSA)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">FIPS 205 \u00b7 backup signatures (SLH-DSA)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: NIST news release of 13 August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Each bar counts one standard.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">Standards exist, so migration is now an engineering and planning task. NIST urged administrators to start integrating them immediately and said there was no need to wait for further standards. A fourth draft standard, FIPS 206 (FN-DSA), was planned<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The transition report NIST IR 8547 is an initial public draft at the evidence close<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">101<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">qubits<\/span><p>distance-7 code<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&lt;1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million<\/span><p>qubits for RSA-2048, estimate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">standards<\/span><p>NIST, August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>startup investment, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">logical qubits<\/span><p>IBM target, 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2035<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">milestone<\/span><p>EU roadmap, as reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading quantum technology as physical infrastructure and as a cryptographic deadline.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people the quantum story arrives as a message about encryption, a headline about a machine or an investment boom.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Private investment is large, public finance is a small share, and migration has costs that fall on operators.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Quantum technology is well described by single results and thinly measured as a system.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of quantum technologies as infrastructure and the couplings through which it carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a forecast of when any machine will break any cipher, a technology ranking, an endorsement of any vendor or an assessment of any programme. Standards, export controls and funding are decisions of competent authorities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 quantum edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, initial public draft (publication page; published 12 November 2024; comment period closed 10 January 2025). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Quantum is infrastructure and a cryptographic deadline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>10 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is quantum risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry quantum shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which quantum capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five footprint and governance chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Quantum technology is usually discussed as a computing race. The 2026 evidence reads it as two things at once: a physical infrastructure that needs refrigerators, helium, materials and people, and a deadline-setting force for the cryptography that protects every other infrastructure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The hardware evidence is strong at small scale. A surface code on 101 qubits cut logical error by a factor of 2.14 for each step up in code distance<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. IBM states a plan for 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates in 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. These are results and plans, not a machine of useful size.<\/p><p>The cryptographic evidence is practical. A 2025 preprint lowered the estimated qubits for RSA-2048 to under a million, under stated assumptions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. NIST finalised three post-quantum standards in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>, and the EU asked Member States to define roadmaps by the end of 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>. Data that must stay secret for decades is the first exposure.<\/p><p>The physical base is the least measured part. Helium markets were disrupted in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>, the energy and water footprint of useful machines is not published, and a peer-reviewed estimate finds classical methods can be more energy-efficient for some problems<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-fig1-t\">How have estimates of the hardware needed to break RSA-2048 changed? Qubits, millions<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">The estimated number of noisy qubits fell by about a factor of twenty between two estimates by the same author, while the assumed run time grew from hours to days. The estimates rest on stated error and cycle-time assumptions and are not forecasts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2021 estimate: about 20 million noisy qubits in 8 hours<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">20<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2025 estimate: under 1 million noisy qubits in under a week<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"5.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&lt;1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million qubits<\/span><p>RSA-2048 estimate, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224820<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million qubits<\/span><p>earlier estimate, 2021<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>assumed gate error<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">\u00b5s<\/span><p>assumed surface-code cycle<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The quantum-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their quantum content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">facility cooling<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling load<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">catalysis claims, undocumented<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">sensing claims, undocumented<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 MIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A helium or mineral supply disruption slows cryogenic hardware.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> 2026 Hormuz closure and helium<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A capable machine would expose data protected by today\u2019s public-key methods.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> RSA-2048 estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Investment funds hardware scale-up and fabrication.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> USD 12.6 billion in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Facility power and cooling constrain siting and scale.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> energy estimate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Standards and roadmaps set migration timing.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> NIST and EU<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gidney, C. and Eker\u00e5, M., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum 5, 433, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the quantum baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-005\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">NIST finalised three post-quantum cryptography standards on 13 August 2024: FIPS 203 (ML-KEM), FIPS 204 (ML-DSA) and FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA).<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-fig1-t\">Standards finalised on 13 August 2024<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">FIPS 203 \u00b7 key establishment (ML-KEM)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">FIPS 204 \u00b7 signatures (ML-DSA)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">FIPS 205 \u00b7 backup signatures (SLH-DSA)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: NIST news release of 13 August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Each bar counts one standard.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Standards exist, so migration is now an engineering and planning task. NIST urged administrators to start integrating them immediately and said there was no need to wait for further standards. A fourth draft standard, FIPS 206 (FN-DSA), was planned<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The transition report NIST IR 8547 is an initial public draft at the evidence close<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The final transition report, sector migration progress and national directives would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A distance-7 surface code on 101 qubits reached a logical error of 0.143% per cycle, and logical error fell by a factor of 2.14 for each step up in code distance.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">IBM states a plan for a fault-tolerant machine with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates in 2029; its current Nighthawk processor has 120 qubits.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-003\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Quantinuum launched its Helios system in November 2025 with 98 physical qubits and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.921%, in a company announcement.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>CRY<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-004\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A 2025 preprint estimates that RSA-2048 could be factored with fewer than one million noisy qubits in under a week, assuming a 0.1% gate error and a 1 microsecond cycle.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-005\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-CRY-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">NIST finalised FIPS 203, 204 and 205 on 13 August 2024 and urged administrators to begin integrating them immediately.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Governance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-006\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The European Commission published a coordinated implementation roadmap for post-quantum cryptography on 23 June 2025, with milestones reported at the end of 2026, 2030 and 2035.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-007\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">NSA guidance for national security <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> sets a staged transition to quantum-resistant algorithms, with 2035 as the overall goal in secondary summaries.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-011\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The EU adopted its Quantum Europe Strategy in July 2025 and planned a Quantum Act for 2026, after a EUR 1 billion flagship launched in 2018.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-008\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Quantum startups raised USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times the 2024 level, and company revenues passed USD 1 billion.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A peer-reviewed estimate finds that for noisy hardware and moderately entangled problems, a classical tensor network can be more energy-efficient than quantum computation at equal fidelity.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Minerals<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-010\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The closure of the Strait of Hormuz in 2026 disrupted helium as well as aluminium and sulphur, and dilution refrigerators depend on helium-4 and helium-3.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is exposure of long-lived data to later decryption, while migration is slow and hardware milestones move faster than planned. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, initial public draft (publication page; published 12 November 2024; comment period closed 10 January 2025). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>Quantinuum (ed.), Quantinuum announces commercial launch of Helios (press release, 5 November 2025; 98 qubits, 99.921% two-qubit and 99.9975% single-qubit gate fidelity; 94 error-detected and 48 error-corrected logical qubits; no logical gate fidelity stated). Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gidney, C. and Eker\u00e5, M., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum 5, 433, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NSA (ed.), Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) advisory and timetable, taken from secondary summaries that differ on some dates. National Security Agency, Fort Meade. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>12 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Hardware<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Qubits in the distance-7 surface code<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">101<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">qubits<\/span><p>logical error 0.143% per cycle.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>Nature<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DAT \u00b7 Cryptography<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RSA-2048 resource estimate<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">&lt;1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million qubits<\/span><p>under a week, under stated assumptions.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>preprint<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Standards<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Post-quantum standards finalised by NIST<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">standards<\/span><p>FIPS 203, 204 and 205.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>NIST<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Finance<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Quantum startup investment<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">12.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>6.3 times the 2024 level.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>McKinsey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MIN \u00b7 Supply<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">European gallium price against Chinese domestic price<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22485<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>heavy rare earths similar; germanium about 3 times.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">IBM stated target: logical qubits in 2029<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">logical qubits<\/span><p>with 100 million gates; a plan, not a result.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2029 plan<\/span><span>IBM<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through quantum, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries quantum risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Cooling-water use of facilities is not published for useful-scale machines.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 WAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Machine-level energy use is unpublished; one estimate favours classical methods for some problems.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; applications in catalysis are not yet evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; sensing and drug discovery claims are not yet evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Energy and cryogen footprint matter if machines scale; no figure bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>The core system: error correction below threshold at small scale; three standards finalised; a 2029 plan.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>USD 12.6 billion of startup investment in 2025; revenue above USD 1 billion.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Long-lived data face later decryption; migration is a planning task now.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling to other compute platforms at baseline; hybrid claims are not evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Helium markets disrupted in 2026; strategic minor minerals prices rose sharply.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Export controls and chokepoints shape access to hardware and materials.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on quantum, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>quantum couples to energy, minerals and cryptography<\/td><td>harvest-now exposure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>cooling-water use not published<\/td><td>facility siting<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>energy footprint unpublished<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>load from large facilities<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>USD 12.6 billion of startup investment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>cryptographic migration cost<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>access to technology and skills<\/td><td>widening gaps<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>footprint at scale not bound<\/td><td>energy demand<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>cryogenic and facility needs<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>single-site dependence<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>quantum sensing applications not evidenced here<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>post-quantum standards finalised<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>migration lag<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>EU strategy and roadmap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>export controls and funding<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>strong peer-reviewed base<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>common benchmarks<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fowler, A.G. et al., Surface codes: towards practical large-scale quantum computation, Physical Review A 86, 032324, 2012, cited from memory. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Arute, F. et al., Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature 574, 505 to 510, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c3-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four quantum risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>21 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT02-CRY-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Cryptographic transition lag<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>falling resource estimates and slow migration<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>long-lived sensitive data; signatures on long-life devices<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>inventory gaps; embedded and legacy <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>standards, roadmaps and migration guidance<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>DAT \u2192 FIN, HLT, INF<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT02-HEL-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Helium and helium-3 supply chokepoint<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>market disruption and scarce helium-3<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>dilution-refrigerator hardware; research <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">labs<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>few suppliers; no large reserves<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>recycling; alternative cryocoolers; reserves<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>MIN \u2192 INF<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT02-INF-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Hardware progress faster than planned<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>rapid improvement in error correction and estimates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>planning assumptions of operators and regulators<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>fixed migration schedules<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>cryptographic agility; monitoring of milestones<\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>INF \u2192 DAT \u2192 FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT02-GOV-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Fragmented controls and capability concentration<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>export controls, national strategies and concentrated fabrication<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>research collaboration; supply chains<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>uneven access to hardware, skills and materials<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>strategies, roadmaps and standards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>GOV \u2192 INF, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for quantum at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>post-quantum standards and migration guidance published<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no common tracker of hardware claims or migration progress<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>milestone watching by agencies is not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>EU roadmap and US directives<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>helium and helium-3 reserves are not documented<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no tested response to a sudden capability change<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>migration of critical <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> not yet reported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not applicable at baseline; no event to recover from<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>cryptographic agility is part of the NIST guidance<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not applicable at baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>private investment large; public finance share small in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>standards bodies and national strategies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>cryogenic and fabrication base growing<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>skills gaps reported; no figure bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong peer-reviewed base<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CISA, NSA and NIST (eds.), Quantum-Readiness: Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography (factsheet), August 2023, cited from memory. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bravyi, S. et al., High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory, Nature 627, 778 to 782, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), interim final rule on export controls for quantum computing items, September 2024, cited from memory. BIS, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), Joint Technical Committee ISO\/IEC JTC 3, Quantum technologies, committee established 2024, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, final (publication page; document history 27 October 2026, after the 30 September evidence close; abstract refers to Executive Order 14412 and OMB Memorandum M-26-15). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIST National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (ed.), Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography, NIST SP 1800-38, cited from memory. NIST, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Canada (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, January 2023, cited from memory. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Ottawa. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Government (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, March 2023, cited from memory. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Krinner, S. et al., Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Preskill, J., Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond, Quantum 2, 79, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Campbell, E.T., Terhal, B.M. and Vuillot, C., Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation, Nature 549, 172 to 179, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ladd, T.D. et al., Quantum computers, Nature 464, 45 to 53, 2010, cited from memory. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c4-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Long-lived data exposure while migration is slow<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a faster-than-planned hardware milestone arrives while sectors with long-lived data have migrated only in part<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the 2021 to 2025 fall in resource estimates; the 2024 standards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">a hardware milestone lowers confidence in public-key methods<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">DAT \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">regulators and firms re-rank migration priorities<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">DAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">archived health and identity records become the first exposure<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 MIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">demand for cryogenic hardware presses on helium supply<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">export controls and national roadmaps diverge<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">investment shifts to migration services and secure hardware<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01 would travel through Quantum Technologies&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Infrastructure to dat<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A hardware milestone lowers confidence in public-key methods. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-02, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 DAT to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Regulators and firms re-rank migration priorities. Analogue or source: 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-02, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 DAT to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Archived health and identity records become the first exposure. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-02, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Trade to minerals<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Demand for cryogenic hardware presses on helium supply. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-02, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Governance to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Export controls and national roadmaps diverge. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-02, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Finance to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Investment shifts to migration services and secure hardware. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-02, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantum Technologies 2026, scenario SCN-XT02-HND-01<\/a> (2026); Quantum Technologies 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gidney, C. and Eker\u00e5, M., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum 5, 433, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c5-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The quantum baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>37 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading quantum technology as physical infrastructure and as a cryptographic deadline. Hardware progress is real at small scale, standards are finalised, and the footprint of useful machines is unpublished. Evidence is strongest for standards and single experiments, and weakest for energy, supply and migration progress.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-001 \u00b7 CRY-004 \u00b7 CRY-005 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people the quantum story arrives as a message about encryption, a headline about a machine or an investment boom. The baseline asks that public debate separate results from plans and vendor claims, and keep the protection of long-lived personal data in view.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">CRY-004 \u00b7 CRY-005 \u00b7 FIN-008<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Private investment is large, public finance is a small share, and migration has costs that fall on operators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-008 \u00b7 CRY-005<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Quantum technology is well described by single results and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should bind migration progress, publish a comparable footprint and test the long-lived data pathway before the next hardware milestone.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 Q-01 \u00b7 Q-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for quantum. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards and Academy<\/td><td>technology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>technology editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Quantum technology is a physical build-out and a deadline for cryptography. The first is slow and material; the second is a planning problem that exists now. Keeping them apart avoids both hype and complacency.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Two stories, one technology<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">A peer-reviewed experiment, a roadmap and a press announcement carry different weight. This edition labels each, and asks for a common basis before logical-qubit counts are compared.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Separate results, plans and claims<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Cryogenics, helium, materials and power are rarely counted. A published footprint would show whether scale is limited by physics, supply or money.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>The footprint is the blind spot<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Standards are finished. The work is inventory, planning and engineering across millions of systems, and it needs dates that national roadmaps are only starting to set.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Migration is the near-term work<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 quantum readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 quantum readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Quantum risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DRAFT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>FIPS 203, 204 and 205<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>US, used globally<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2024<\/td><td>post-quantum algorithms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST IR 8547 transition report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>FINAL OCTOBER 2026<\/td><td>migration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST IR 8545 on the fourth round<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2025<\/td><td>backup algorithm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU coordinated roadmap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission and Member States<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2025<\/td><td>migration milestones<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CNSA 2.0<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NSA<\/td><td>US national security systems<\/td><td>PUBLISHED<\/td><td>migration timetable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ETSI TR 103 619<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ETSI<\/td><td>Europe<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>migration strategies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO\/IEC JTC 3 on quantum technologies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO and IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>COMMITTEE ACTIVE<\/td><td>standards programme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEEE 7130-2022<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEEE<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>definitions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National Quantum Initiative Act<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>US Congress<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>national programme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G7 Cyber Expert Group statement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>G7<\/td><td>G7<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2024<\/td><td>financial-sector planning<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>NIST published the final IR 8547 transition report on 27 October 2026, after the evidence close<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The EU adopted its Quantum Europe Strategy in July 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>NIST finalised three post-quantum standards in August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The EU Quantum Act planned for 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>National roadmaps due by the end of 2026 under the EU coordinated roadmap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Work programmes of the ISO and IEC committee on quantum technologies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers quantum assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about quantum technologies as infrastructure and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed journals and preprints; standards bodies and agencies; roadmaps; market and supply analyses<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and preprints<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Google Quantum AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>error correction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gidney<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>resource estimate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gidney and Eker\u00e5<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>earlier estimate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jaschke and Montangero<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>energy efficiency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bluvstein et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>neutral-atom logic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bravyi et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>qLDPC memory<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arute et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>quantum supremacy claim<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fowler et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2012<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>surface codes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Institutional flagships<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Preskill<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>NISQ era<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shor<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>1997<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>factoring algorithm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mosca<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>migration timing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Campbell, Terhal and Vuillot<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>fault-tolerant paths<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ladd et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2010<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>field overview<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Degen, Reinhard and Cappellaro<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>quantum sensing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wehner, Elkouss and Hanson<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>quantum networks<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards, policy and strategies<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>NIST post-quantum standards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>standards<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST IR 8547 initial draft<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>transition plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST IR 8547 final<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>after evidence close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU roadmap page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>roadmap date<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantum policy page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>strategy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Supply, investment and field overviews<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IBM roadmap page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IBM<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>vendor plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Critical Minerals Outlook 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>helium and minerals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantum Technology Monitor 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>McKinsey<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>investment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helios launch release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Quantinuum<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>vendor claim<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helios October 2026 announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Quantinuum<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>post-close, context only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helium-3 analyses<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>War on the Rocks \u00b7 CNAS<\/td><td>2025 to 2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>supply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cryogenic setups<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Krinner et al.<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>dilution refrigerators<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantum Economy Blueprint<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>World Economic Forum<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>economy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Error correction improves with code size on one platform<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Post-quantum standards are finalised and migration should begin<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Cryogenic helium supply is a dependency<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>When a cryptographically relevant machine could exist<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How vendor logical-qubit claims compare on a common basis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How large the energy and cooling footprint of useful machines will be<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">PREPRINTS<\/p><p>Three sources<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup> are preprints and are labelled as not peer-reviewed. They contextualise findings; none binds a finding on its own.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, initial public draft (publication page; published 12 November 2024; comment period closed 10 January 2025). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, final (publication page; document history 27 October 2026, after the 30 September evidence close; abstract refers to Executive Order 14412 and OMB Memorandum M-26-15). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIST (ed.), Status Report on the Fourth Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process, NIST IR 8545, March 2025, cited from memory. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NSA (ed.), Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) advisory and timetable, taken from secondary summaries that differ on some dates. National Security Agency, Fort Meade. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ETSI (ed.), Migration strategies and recommendations for quantum-safe schemes, ETSI TR 103 619, 2020, cited from memory. European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), Joint Technical Committee ISO\/IEC JTC 3, Quantum technologies, committee established 2024, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEEE (ed.), IEEE Std 7130-2022, Standard for Quantum Computing Definitions, cited from memory. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Quantum Initiative Act, Public Law 115-368, United States Congress, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: G7 Cyber Expert Group (ed.), statement on planning for the opportunities and risks of quantum computing, September 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gidney, C. and Eker\u00e5, M., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum 5, 433, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bluvstein, D. et al., Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, Nature 626, 58 to 65, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bravyi, S. et al., High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory, Nature 627, 778 to 782, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Arute, F. et al., Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature 574, 505 to 510, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fowler, A.G. et al., Surface codes: towards practical large-scale quantum computation, Physical Review A 86, 032324, 2012, cited from memory. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Preskill, J., Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond, Quantum 2, 79, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Shor, P.W., Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer, SIAM Journal on Computing 26(5), 1484 to 1509, 1997, cited from memory. Observation year 1997. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Mosca, M., Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: will we be ready?, IEEE Security and Privacy 16(5), 38 to 41, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Campbell, E.T., Terhal, B.M. and Vuillot, C., Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation, Nature 549, 172 to 179, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ladd, T.D. et al., Quantum computers, Nature 464, 45 to 53, 2010, cited from memory. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Degen, C.L., Reinhard, F. and Cappellaro, P., Quantum sensing, Reviews of Modern Physics 89, 035002, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wehner, S., Elkouss, D. and Hanson, R., Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead, Science 362, eaam9288, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>Quantinuum (ed.), Quantinuum announces commercial launch of Helios (press release, 5 November 2025; 98 qubits, 99.921% two-qubit and 99.9975% single-qubit gate fidelity; 94 error-detected and 48 error-corrected logical qubits; no logical gate fidelity stated). Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: Quantinuum (ed.), announcement of 99.9995% logical fidelity on the Helios system, October 2026, taken from a news summary of a company release; no peer-reviewed paper was located. Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Krinner, S. et al., Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems, EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Economic Forum (ed.), Quantum Economy Blueprint, January 2024, cited from memory. WEF, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly resolution A\/RES\/78\/287 proclaiming 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, 2024, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 quantum agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 quantum edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much long-lived sensitive data is exposed to later decryption, and how fast is migration to post-quantum cryptography in each sector?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT02-HND-01 \u00b7 exposure and migration; first output: sector migration register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What do useful-scale machines need in power, cooling and cryogenic supply, and how does that compare with classical methods?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT02-ENE-02 \u00b7 energy and cooling footprint; first output: footprint estimates by platform.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How large is the helium-3 and helium-4 supply for cryogenics, and where are the chokepoints?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT02-HEL-03 \u00b7 helium supply; first output: supply map.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which materials and fabrication steps are single points of failure for quantum hardware?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT02-MAT-04 \u00b7 materials and fabrication; first output: dependence map.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How can logical-qubit and fidelity claims be compared on a common basis?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT02-BMK-05 \u00b7 claims on a common basis; first output: benchmark table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which national roadmaps set migration dates, and how do they differ?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: roadmap overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What workforce exists for hardware, cryogenics and cryptographic migration?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which readiness capabilities have been tested in real migrations, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Readiness capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 quantum portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT02-HND-01<\/span><\/td><td>Exposure and migration<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT02-ENE-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy and cooling footprint<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT02-HEL-03<\/span><\/td><td>Helium supply<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT02-MAT-04<\/span><\/td><td>Materials and fabrication<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT02-BMK-05<\/span><\/td><td>Claims on a common basis<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-XT02-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Long-lived data Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>Q-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The quantum edition reads national readiness chapters, the coupled sector reports on energy, minerals and cybersecurity, and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed; the global energy and lifeline editions are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National readiness chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">quantum and cryptographic readiness in each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IN PREPARATION \u00b7 national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Sector couplings<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GS-02 energy \u00b7 XT-10 cryptography \u00b7 SR-04 minerals<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">GS-02 DRAFTED \u00b7 sector baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Technology system model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">hardware, cryogenics, materials, workforce, governance<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">SR-02 lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> \u00b7 SR-13 strategic technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">XT-02 report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the quantum candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the quantum candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-XT02-2027-01 \u00b7 Long-lived data Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>INF-001 \u00b7 error correction<\/td><td>INI-XT02-BMK-05<\/td><td>claims on a common basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CRY-004 \u00b7 resource estimate<\/td><td>INI-XT02-HND-01<\/td><td>exposure and migration<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CRY-005 \u00b7 standards<\/td><td>INI-XT02-HND-01<\/td><td>exposure and migration<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-006 \u00b7 EU roadmap<\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>roadmap overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-009 \u00b7 energy estimate<\/td><td>INI-XT02-ENE-02 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>energy and cooling footprint<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIN-010 \u00b7 helium<\/td><td>INI-XT02-HEL-03<\/td><td>helium supply<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-008 \u00b7 investment<\/td><td>INI-XT02-MAT-04<\/td><td>materials and fabrication<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-XT02-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (XT-02 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Preprint servers and journals on error correction<\/td><td>peer review and preprints<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>INF-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST post-quantum project pages<\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>CRY-005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU digital strategy pages and the cooperation group<\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>GOV-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vendor roadmaps and announcements<\/td><td>companies<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>INF-002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Critical minerals outlook<\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>MIN-010<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantum Technology Monitor<\/td><td>McKinsey<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helium market notices<\/td><td>producers and agencies<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>MIN-010<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-XT02-001<\/td><td>Resource estimate for RSA-2048 fell below one million qubits<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>INF \u00b7 DAT<\/td><td>research question Q-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT02-002<\/td><td>Helium disrupted by the 2026 Hormuz closure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>MIN \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>initiative Q-03<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT02-003<\/td><td>Vendor fidelity claim at the November 2025 launch<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>INF<\/td><td>research question Q-05<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>Quantinuum (ed.), Quantinuum announces commercial launch of Helios (press release, 5 November 2025; 98 qubits, 99.921% two-qubit and 99.9975% single-qubit gate fidelity; 94 error-detected and 48 error-corrected logical qubits; no logical gate fidelity stated). Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c7-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>23 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Hardware and compute platforms<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Quantum machines are built on several platforms. Evidence is strongest where peer review exists, and weakest where claims rest on vendor announcements.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">101<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">qubits<\/span><p>distance-7 surface code experiment<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0.143<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>logical error per cycle, distance 7<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">logical qubits<\/span><p>IBM target for 2029, a plan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Superconducting circuits<\/td><td>error correction below threshold at small distances; a 120-qubit processor listed<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trapped ions<\/td><td>a company reported 99.921% two-qubit gate fidelity on 98 qubits in November 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Neutral atoms<\/td><td>logical-processor results published in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Error-correction codes<\/td><td>surface and qLDPC codes studied<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2194 FIN hardware and funding<\/li><li>INF \u2192 DAT capability and cryptography<\/li><li>MIN \u2192 INF materials<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>logical-qubit claims on a common basis<\/li><li>delivered milestones against plans<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Peer-reviewed confirmation of vendor results; roadmap updates; logical operation counts.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-01 Artificial Intelligence and Agentic Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes published results and plans. It endorses no vendor or platform and forecasts no capability date.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Cryogenics, energy and helium<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Many machines run below 10 millikelvin on dilution refrigerators that use helium-3 and helium-4. The energy and cooling footprint of useful machines is not yet published.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&lt;10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">mK<\/span><p>operating regime of many superconducting machines<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2023<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">estimate<\/span><p>energy-efficiency threshold for quantum advantage estimated<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2026<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">disruption<\/span><p>helium markets disrupted by the Hormuz closure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Dilution refrigerators<\/td><td>need helium-3 and helium-4; cryogenic setups scale to about 100 qubits in reported designs<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy use<\/td><td>classical methods can be more energy-efficient for some problems on noisy hardware<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helium supply<\/td><td>market disruption in 2026; helium-3 scarce<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cooling water<\/td><td>not published for useful-scale machines<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>MIN \u2192 INF helium supply<\/li><li>ENE \u2194 INF facility power<\/li><li>WAT \u2192 INF cooling water<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>machine-level energy and water use<\/li><li>helium-3 volumes and reserves<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Helium notices from producers; published footprints; recycling and alternative cryocooler programmes.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-01 Artificial Intelligence and Agentic Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical dependencies. It assesses no company or laboratory.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Materials, fabrication and supply chain<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Hardware depends on specialised materials and fabrication steps, and on strategic minor minerals whose prices rose sharply in 2025 and 2026.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22485<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>European gallium price against Chinese domestic<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22483<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>European germanium price against Chinese domestic<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u22486<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>tungsten price rise, strategic minor minerals<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Strategic minor minerals<\/td><td>prices more than doubled; export controls tripled in scope<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fabrication<\/td><td>capacity by country not consolidated here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cryogenic components<\/td><td>few suppliers; helium-3 scarce<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research access<\/td><td>depends on shared facilities<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>MIN \u2192 INF materials<\/li><li>TRD \u2192 INF export controls<\/li><li>FIN \u2192 INF fabrication<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>fabrication capacity by country<\/li><li>materials dependence by platform<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Export-control changes; strategic minor mineral prices; pilot-line announcements in national strategies.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-01 Artificial Intelligence and Agentic Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes supply dependencies in public sources. It assesses no company, state or export-control decision.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Economy, investment and workforce<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Investment surged in 2025, and almost all of it was private. Public finance and workforce numbers are the thin parts of the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>startup investment, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>growth over 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>company revenues, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Startup investment<\/td><td>USD 12.6 billion in 2025; about 97% private<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revenue<\/td><td>passed USD 1 billion for the first time<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Public programmes<\/td><td>EU flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; national strategies set funding<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td>skills gaps reported; no figure bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>FIN \u2192 INF scale-up<\/li><li>FIN \u2192 DAT migration costs<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 INF workforce<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>public funding totals<\/li><li>workforce size and skills gaps<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The next investment monitor; national strategy updates; EU Quantum Act funding provisions.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-01 Artificial Intelligence and Agentic Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes investment as reported. It gives no investment advice and endorses no company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Security, cryptography and governance watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The nearest effect of quantum technology on other infrastructure is the move to new cryptography. Standards exist, and national roadmaps are starting to set dates.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">standards<\/span><p>finalised by NIST on 13 August 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&lt;1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">million qubits<\/span><p>RSA-2048 estimate under stated assumptions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2030<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">milestone<\/span><p>EU roadmap date for high-risk use cases, as reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standards<\/td><td>FIPS 203, 204 and 205 finalised; FIPS 206 planned<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Migration plans<\/td><td>NIST transition report; EU roadmap; US federal directives<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Export controls<\/td><td>US controls on quantum items from 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Governance<\/td><td>EU strategy; Canadian and UK strategies; UN year of quantum science<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2192 DAT cryptographic exposure<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 DAT migration timing<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 TRD export controls<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>migration progress by sector<\/li><li>text of national roadmaps<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The final transition report; EU Quantum Act; national roadmaps due by the end of 2026; export-control updates.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-01 Artificial Intelligence and Agentic Systems<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes standards and policy in public sources. It confers no certification on any product and assesses no government or company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>Quantinuum (ed.), Quantinuum announces commercial launch of Helios (press release, 5 November 2025; 98 qubits, 99.921% two-qubit and 99.9975% single-qubit gate fidelity; 94 error-detected and 48 error-corrected logical qubits; no logical gate fidelity stated). Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bluvstein, D. et al., Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, Nature 626, 58 to 65, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fowler, A.G. et al., Surface codes: towards practical large-scale quantum computation, Physical Review A 86, 032324, 2012, cited from memory. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bravyi, S. et al., High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory, Nature 627, 778 to 782, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Krinner, S. et al., Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Economic Forum (ed.), Quantum Economy Blueprint, January 2024, cited from memory. WEF, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Canada (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, January 2023, cited from memory. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Ottawa. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Government (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, March 2023, cited from memory. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many systems as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, initial public draft (publication page; published 12 November 2024; comment period closed 10 January 2025). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, final (publication page; document history 27 October 2026, after the 30 September evidence close; abstract refers to Executive Order 14412 and OMB Memorandum M-26-15). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), interim final rule on export controls for quantum computing items, September 2024, cited from memory. BIS, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly resolution A\/RES\/78\/287 proclaiming 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, 2024, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>12 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Fall in estimated qubits for RSA-2048, 2021 to 2025<\/td><td>20 \u00f7 1<\/td><td>about 20 times<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Physical qubits per logical qubit in the distance-7 experiment<\/td><td>101 \u00f7 1<\/td><td>101<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Startup investment in 2024 implied by 6.3 times growth<\/td><td>12.6 \u00f7 6.3<\/td><td>\u2248 USD 2.0 billion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Gate operations per logical qubit in IBM 2029 plan<\/td><td>100,000,000 \u00f7 200<\/td><td>500,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Quantum System Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-XT02-QUANTUM \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent quantum technologies as infrastructure coupled to energy, cryogenic supply, materials, finance, workforce and cryptographic security<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the two readings of quantum technology as infrastructure and as a cryptographic deadline.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>42 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 quantum annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Quantum System Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Error correction experiment<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Aug 2024 \u00b7 Nature 2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>follow-up papers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RSA-2048 estimate<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>May 2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>revisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Post-quantum standards<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Aug 2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>FIPS 206<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transition report<\/td><td>2024 draft \u00b7 2026 final<\/td><td>Nov 2024 \u00b7 Oct 2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next revision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU roadmap<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Jun 2025<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>national roadmaps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IBM plan<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>page read 2026-11-03<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>next roadmap update<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy estimate<\/td><td>2022 to 2023<\/td><td>Nov 2022 \u00b7 2023<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>new studies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helium disruption<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>Oct 2025 to 2026<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>monthly<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hardware<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>claims on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cryptography<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>migration progress<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Governance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>roadmap text and dates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Investment<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>public funding totals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>machine-level energy use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supply<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>helium-3 volumes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Skills<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>workforce numbers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensing and communication<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>deployment and market data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Energy and cooling-water use of useful-scale machines<\/td><td>vendors, national laboratories, peer-reviewed footprint studies<\/td><td>not published on a common basis; only a 2023 estimate was read<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helium-3 and helium-4 supply and demand volumes for cryogenics<\/td><td>producers, DOE isotope programme, national statistics<\/td><td>not retrieved; analyses found are commentary<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Logical-qubit counts and fidelities on a common basis<\/td><td>peer-reviewed papers for each vendor claim<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor announcements only; peer review not located<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Milestones in the EU coordinated roadmap, from the primary document<\/td><td>European Commission roadmap PDF<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the page was read; milestones come from secondary summaries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NSA CNSA 2.0 timetable from the NSA documents<\/td><td>NSA CNSA 2.0 publications<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>secondary summaries only; dates differ across them<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST IR 8547 final text, including any dates for deprecating algorithms<\/td><td>NIST IR 8547 final<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>published 27 October 2026, after the evidence close; the page abstract states no dates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Post-quantum migration progress by sector and country<\/td><td>national agencies, regulators, sector bodies<\/td><td>no consolidated series found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>McKinsey Monitor figures from the report itself<\/td><td>McKinsey Quantum Technology Monitor 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the chart page returned a service error; figures come from search summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Public funding totals for national quantum programmes<\/td><td>national strategies, OECD, ministries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not consolidated; the EU figures read are for the flagship and EuroHPC only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fabrication capacity and materials dependence by country<\/td><td>industry and trade statistics<\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantum workforce size and skills gaps<\/td><td>national statistics, OECD, industry surveys<\/td><td>not retrieved; capability rung stays LISTED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantum sensing and communication deployment and market data<\/td><td>agencies, industry bodies<\/td><td>not retrieved; no figure used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vendor roadmap details beyond the IBM page<\/td><td>company roadmaps and papers<\/td><td>one roadmap page read; the guided roadmap file was not opened<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs beyond standards and planning<\/td><td>agencies, operators, laboratories<\/td><td>not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Published in Nature 638 (2025) by Google Quantum AI; preprint of August 2024. One-off experiment. Role: binds INF-001. Coverage: one superconducting platform.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT02-001<\/h3><p>Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Issued by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology on 13 August 2024. One-off. Role: binds CRY-005 and the standards tiles. Coverage: US federal standards used globally.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT02-002<\/h3><p>NIST post-quantum standards news release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT02-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT02-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>one platform; code distances 5 and 7<\/td><td>three standards; a fourth draft planned<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about 12 months from preprint to journal<\/td><td>issued at publication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>preprint and journal versions<\/td><td>transition report revised in 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>methods and data published<\/td><td>selection process published<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>peer review<\/td><td>public review rounds<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Gidney<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: assumptions and sensitivity of the resource estimate<\/li><li>IBM<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>: roadmap file and delivered milestones<\/li><li>NIST<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>: final transition report text<\/li><li>European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>: roadmap document<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CNSA<\/td><td>Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIPS<\/td><td>Federal Information Processing Standard<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FN-DSA<\/td><td>FFT over NTRU-lattice digital signature algorithm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IR<\/td><td>NIST Internal Report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-DSA<\/td><td>module-lattice digital signature algorithm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-KEM<\/td><td>module-lattice key-encapsulation mechanism<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST<\/td><td>US National Institute of Standards and Technology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>qLDPC<\/td><td>quantum low-density parity-check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RSA<\/td><td>Rivest-Shamir-Adleman public-key cryptosystem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SLH-DSA<\/td><td>stateless hash-based digital signature algorithm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>QKD<\/td><td>quantum key distribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EO<\/td><td>executive order<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-XT02-HND-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Cluster notes<\/td><td>cards for the major quantum hardware and cryogenic clusters<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: logical error per cycle<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>probability that an encoded logical qubit holds a wrong value after one round of error correction<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>percent per cycle<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>repeated syndrome measurement and real-time decoding<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Nature 638 (2025)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>reported with a standard error of 0.003 percentage points<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>one platform and two code distances; rare correlated errors limit repetition-code results<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>Quantinuum (ed.), Quantinuum announces commercial launch of Helios (press release, 5 November 2025; 98 qubits, 99.921% two-qubit and 99.9975% single-qubit gate fidelity; 94 error-detected and 48 error-corrected logical qubits; no logical gate fidelity stated). Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NSA (ed.), Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) advisory and timetable, taken from secondary summaries that differ on some dates. National Security Agency, Fort Meade. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, final (publication page; document history 27 October 2026, after the 30 September evidence close; abstract refers to Executive Order 14412 and OMB Memorandum M-26-15). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Canada (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, January 2023, cited from memory. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Ottawa. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Government (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, March 2023, cited from memory. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>14 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Qubits in distance-7 surface code experiment<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">101<\/span><\/td><td>qubits<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Logical error per cycle, distance 7<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">0.143<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Error suppression per distance step<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2.14<\/span><\/td><td>factor<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RSA-2048 noisy-qubit estimate<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&lt;1<\/span><\/td><td>million<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assumed gate error in estimate<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">0.1<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Earlier RSA-2048 estimate<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u224820<\/span><\/td><td>million qubits<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IBM Nighthawk processor<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">120<\/span><\/td><td>qubits<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IBM Starling target<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">200<\/span><\/td><td>logical qubits<\/td><td>2029 plan<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IBM Starling target gates<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">100<\/span><\/td><td>million gates<\/td><td>2029 plan<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST post-quantum standards finalised<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">3<\/span><\/td><td>standards<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Startup investment<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">12.6<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Growth in startup investment<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">6.3<\/span><\/td><td>times<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Company revenues<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&gt;1<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU quantum flagship budget<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/span><\/td><td>EUR billion<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>European gallium price against Chinese domestic<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u22485<\/span><\/td><td>times<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tungsten price rise, strategic minor minerals<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u22486<\/span><\/td><td>times<\/td><td>2025 to 2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0AQubits%20in%20distance-7%20surface%20code%20experiment%2C101%2Cqubits%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22Logical%20error%20per%20cycle%2C%20distance%207%22%2C0.143%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AError%20suppression%20per%20distance%20step%2C2.14%2Cfactor%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0ARSA-2048%20noisy-qubit%20estimate%2C%3C1%2Cmillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AAssumed%20gate%20error%20in%20estimate%2C0.1%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AEarlier%20RSA-2048%20estimate%2C%E2%89%8820%2Cmillion%20qubits%2C2021%2CREPORTED%2C%5B27%5D%0AIBM%20Nighthawk%20processor%2C120%2Cqubits%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B8%5D%0AIBM%20Starling%20target%2C200%2Clogical%20qubits%2C2029%20plan%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B8%5D%0AIBM%20Starling%20target%20gates%2C100%2Cmillion%20gates%2C2029%20plan%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B8%5D%0ANIST%20post-quantum%20standards%20finalised%2C3%2Cstandards%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AStartup%20investment%2C12.6%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0AGrowth%20in%20startup%20investment%2C6.3%2Ctimes%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0ACompany%20revenues%2C%3E1%2CUSD%20billion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B11%5D%0AEU%20quantum%20flagship%20budget%2C1%2CEUR%20billion%2C2018%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AEuropean%20gallium%20price%20against%20Chinese%20domestic%2C%E2%89%885%2Ctimes%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0A%22Tungsten%20price%20rise%2C%20strategic%20minor%20minerals%22%2C%E2%89%886%2Ctimes%2C2025%20to%202026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Exponential%20Technology%20Report%202026%3A%20Quantum%20Technologies%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Qubits%20in%20distance-7%20surface%20code%20experiment%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22101%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22qubits%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Logical%20error%20per%20cycle%2C%20distance%207%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%220.143%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Error%20suppression%20per%20distance%20step%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222.14%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22factor%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22RSA-2048%20noisy-qubit%20estimate%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3C1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Assumed%20gate%20error%20in%20estimate%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%220.1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Earlier%20RSA-2048%20estimate%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%8820%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%20qubits%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B27%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IBM%20Nighthawk%20processor%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22120%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22qubits%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IBM%20Starling%20target%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22200%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22logical%20qubits%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222029%20plan%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IBM%20Starling%20target%20gates%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22100%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22million%20gates%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222029%20plan%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22NIST%20post-quantum%20standards%20finalised%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%223%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22standards%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Startup%20investment%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2212.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Growth%20in%20startup%20investment%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%226.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22times%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Company%20revenues%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3E1%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B11%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22EU%20quantum%20flagship%20budget%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22EUR%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222018%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22European%20gallium%20price%20against%20Chinese%20domestic%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%885%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22times%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Tungsten%20price%20rise%2C%20strategic%20minor%20minerals%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%886%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22times%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%20to%202026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are rounded as published. Plans are labelled SCENARIO. Vendor and search-summary values carry an UNVERIFIED reference and are listed in the notes. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FOO<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Nature paper on error correction<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peer-reviewed journal<\/td><td>one platform<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>hardware<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gidney preprint<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint server<\/td><td>RSA-2048<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>resource estimate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST news release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national standards body<\/td><td>US and global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>standards<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST IR 8547<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national standards body<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>2024 and 2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>transition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>European Commission pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU institution<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>2025 to 2026<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IBM roadmap page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jaschke and Montangero<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peer-reviewed journal<\/td><td>method<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>energy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Critical Minerals Outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>minerals, helium<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>McKinsey Monitor<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>consultancy<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>investment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NSA CNSA 2.0<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national agency<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>2022 to 2025<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>timetable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, quantum across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of quantum infrastructure and exposure in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, quantum across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>vendor hardware; federal migration directives<\/td><td>cryptography, supply<\/td><td>NIST<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>; IBM<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>early national programmes; migration planning<\/td><td>cryptography<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>EU strategy and roadmap; flagship funding<\/td><td>cryptography, research<\/td><td>European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>research programmes; export controls<\/td><td>research, supply<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>helium and gas exposure<\/td><td>cryogenic supply<\/td><td>IEA minerals outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>skills and access<\/td><td>workforce<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>national mission programmes<\/td><td>research, skills<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>fabrication and materials; national programmes<\/td><td>supply, research<\/td><td>IEA minerals outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>migration planning; fabrication partners<\/td><td>cryptography, supply<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>research programmes; skills<\/td><td>research, workforce<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Cluster card: dilution-refrigerator supply chain<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">supply chain<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">cryogenics<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">helium-3<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">single point<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>hardware, cryogenics, helium, research laboratories<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>helium market disruption linked to the 2026 Hormuz closure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>MIN \u2192 INF helium; TRD \u2192 MIN chokepoints<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>recycling and alternative cryocooler programmes reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>helium-3 volumes; reserves; production capacity<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>Q-03 \u00b7 Q-04<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Helium-3 is scarce, and many superconducting machines need it with helium-4 to reach millikelvin temperatures [13] [33].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">SUPPLY<\/h3><p>Helium-3 scarcity<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The IEA records that the Strait of Hormuz closure disrupted helium markets as well as aluminium and sulphur [10].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">MARKET<\/h3><p>A 2026 disruption<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reported responses include recycling, reserves and cryocoolers that avoid helium-3. None is documented at scale here [13].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RESPONSE<\/h3><p>Alternatives<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Cluster cards are generated for the major hardware and supply clusters in 2027. The dilution-refrigerator supply chain is shown first because its dependency on a scarce isotope is documented.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the quantum edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the quantum edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the quantum edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gidney, C. and Eker\u00e5, M., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum 5, 433, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, initial public draft (publication page; published 12 November 2024; comment period closed 10 January 2025). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, final (publication page; document history 27 October 2026, after the 30 September evidence close; abstract refers to Executive Order 14412 and OMB Memorandum M-26-15). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NSA (ed.), Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) advisory and timetable, taken from secondary summaries that differ on some dates. National Security Agency, Fort Meade. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-02-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\">Quantum Technologies 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>13 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>42 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>Gidney, C., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, arXiv:2505.15917, submitted 21 May 2025. arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2025 (preprint arXiv:2408.13687, August 2024). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST releases first 3 finalised post-quantum encryption standards (news release, 13 August 2024; FIPS 203, 204, 205). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, initial public draft (publication page; published 12 November 2024; comment period closed 10 January 2025). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>POST-CLOSE, context only: NIST (ed.), Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards, NIST IR 8547, final (publication page; document history 27 October 2026, after the 30 September evidence close; abstract refers to Executive Order 14412 and OMB Memorandum M-26-15). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (library page; roadmap published 23 June 2025; page updated 3 September 2026; the roadmap milestones were not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Quantum policy page (Quantum Europe Strategy adopted July 2025; Quantum Act planned for 2026; Quantum Technologies Flagship EUR 1 billion from 2018; EuroHPC quantum computers EUR 100 million, October 2022). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IBM (ed.), IBM Quantum technology and roadmap page (Nighthawk 120 qubits; Starling planned for 2029 with 200 logical qubits and 100 million gates; statement on advantage in 2026). IBM, Armonk. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Jaschke, D. and Montangero, S., Is quantum computing green? An estimate for an energy-efficiency quantum advantage, Quantum Science and Technology 8, 025001, 2023 (preprint arXiv:2205.12092). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: McKinsey and Company (ed.), Quantum Technology Monitor 2026 (startup investment USD 12.6 billion in 2025, 6.3 times 2024; company revenues above USD 1 billion; about 97% private funding), taken from search-result summaries; the chart page returned a service error. McKinsey and Company, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: Quantinuum (ed.), announcement of 99.9995% logical fidelity on the Helios system, October 2026, taken from a news summary of a company release; no peer-reviewed paper was located. Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: War on the Rocks (ed.), The supply chain chokepoints in quantum (October 2025), and CNAS (ed.), report on helium-3 recovery and reserves (March 2026), taken from search-result summaries. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NSA (ed.), Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) advisory and timetable, taken from secondary summaries that differ on some dates. National Security Agency, Fort Meade. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIS Cooperation Group PQC workstream (eds.), A Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (milestones: roadmaps by the end of 2026, high-risk use cases by 2030, as many <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> as feasible by 2035), taken from secondary summaries. European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIST (ed.), Status Report on the Fourth Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process, NIST IR 8545, March 2025, cited from memory. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ETSI (ed.), Migration strategies and recommendations for quantum-safe schemes, ETSI TR 103 619, 2020, cited from memory. European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), Joint Technical Committee ISO\/IEC JTC 3, Quantum technologies, committee established 2024, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEEE (ed.), IEEE Std 7130-2022, Standard for Quantum Computing Definitions, cited from memory. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Quantum Initiative Act, Public Law 115-368, United States Congress, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), interim final rule on export controls for quantum computing items, September 2024, cited from memory. BIS, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Canada (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, January 2023, cited from memory. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Ottawa. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Government (ed.), National Quantum Strategy, March 2023, cited from memory. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly resolution A\/RES\/78\/287 proclaiming 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, 2024, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Preskill, J., Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond, Quantum 2, 79, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Shor, P.W., Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer, SIAM Journal on Computing 26(5), 1484 to 1509, 1997, cited from memory. Observation year 1997. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gidney, C. and Eker\u00e5, M., How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum 5, 433, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 5, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Mosca, M., Cybersecurity in an era with quantum computers: will we be ready?, IEEE Security and Privacy 16(5), 38 to 41, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fowler, A.G. et al., Surface codes: towards practical large-scale quantum computation, Physical Review A 86, 032324, 2012, cited from memory. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Arute, F. et al., Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature 574, 505 to 510, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Degen, C.L., Reinhard, F. and Cappellaro, P., Quantum sensing, Reviews of Modern Physics 89, 035002, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wehner, S., Elkouss, D. and Hanson, R., Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead, Science 362, eaam9288, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Krinner, S. et al., Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems, EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Economic Forum (ed.), Quantum Economy Blueprint, January 2024, cited from memory. WEF, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIST National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (ed.), Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography, NIST SP 1800-38, cited from memory. NIST, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CISA, NSA and NIST (eds.), Quantum-Readiness: Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography (factsheet), August 2023, cited from memory. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: G7 Cyber Expert Group (ed.), statement on planning for the opportunities and risks of quantum computing, September 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bluvstein, D. et al., Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, Nature 626, 58 to 65, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bravyi, S. et al., High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory, Nature 627, 778 to 782, 2024, cited from memory. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Campbell, E.T., Terhal, B.M. and Vuillot, C., Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation, Nature 549, 172 to 179, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ladd, T.D. et al., Quantum computers, Nature 464, 45 to 53, 2010, cited from memory. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>Quantinuum (ed.), Quantinuum announces commercial launch of Helios (press release, 5 November 2025; 98 qubits, 99.921% two-qubit and 99.9975% single-qubit gate fidelity; 94 error-detected and 48 error-corrected logical qubits; no logical gate fidelity stated). Quantinuum, Broomfield. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Exponential Technology Report 2026: Quantum Technologies, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Exponential Technology Series XT-02<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 quantum edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-02-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">XT-02<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-02-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-XTC-XT-02-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Quantum Technologies; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Quantum%20Technologies\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Quantum%20Technologies&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Quantum%20Technologies\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Quantum%20Technologies\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Quantum%20Technologies\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Quantum Technologies, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Quantum Technologies for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Exponential Technology Report 2026: Quantum Technologies.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Quantum Technologies&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-02&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Quantum Technologies&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-02&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-02-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-02-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>XT-02 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Quantum Technologies 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; XT-02 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Quantum Technologies.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Exponential Technology<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-02\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-02-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-02-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-02-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Exponential Technology Report 2026: Quantum Technologies \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-XTECH-QUANTUM-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. Free to read. 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