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\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\"><style>#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-08-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Exponential Technology Report 2026: Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">XT-08<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Exponential Technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Exponential Technology Report 2026: Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Cloud is shared infrastructure with a physical footprint<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Shared control-plane fault with diverging sovereignty rules<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Cloud, edge and distributed computing matter to the Nexus programme because other infrastructure now runs on them. They are also physical: data centres draw electricity, reject heat and, in some designs, consume water. The IEA reports that data centres used about 415 TWh in 2024, 1.5% of global electricity, and shows 945 TWh in its 2030 base case<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. In the United States the share was 4.4% in 2023, with 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. In Ireland it was 22% of metered electricity in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Three providers held 63% of cloud infrastructure revenue in the second quarter of 2026, according to an industry analyst<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>. Market power is now a regulatory subject. The UK competition authority recommended further investigation of Microsoft and AWS in July 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>, and the European Commission opened three cloud market investigations on 18 November 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. The EU Data Act removes switching charges from 12 January 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Concentration shows in outages: a fault in one regional database service disrupted AWS services for 14 hours 32 minutes in October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>. Operator reports on efficiency and water are company-reported and use different baselines. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It forecasts no demand or outage and ranks no country or provider.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the cloud baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About 415 TWh worldwide in 2024, 1.5% of the total, per the IEA.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How much electricity do data centres use?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">In Ireland data centres used 22% of metered electricity in 2024; in the US 4.4% in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Is it a national issue?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Operators report PUE of 1.09 to 1.15, against baselines that differ.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How efficient are the large operators?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Operator figures exist but use different methods; one projection is modelled.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What about water?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Three providers held 63% of cloud infrastructure revenue in Q2 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How concentrated is the market?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Competition reviews in the UK and EU, and the Data Act switching rules.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What are regulators doing?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A single regional fault disrupted AWS services for 14 hours 32 minutes in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Do outages cascade?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A fault in a shared control plane while dependence is concentrated. SCN-XT08-DEP-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-011<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Three large cloud and network events in 2025 lasted from 3 hours 10 minutes to 14 hours 32 minutes, each traced by its operator to an internal fault.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-fig1-t\">Duration of three operator-reported events (hours)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">AWS us-east-1, 19 to 20 October 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">14.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Google Cloud, 12 June 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"51.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">7.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cloudflare, 18 November 2025, to core traffic restored<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"21.8\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">3.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: AWS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; Google Cloud<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>; Cloudflare<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Durations are derived from stated times, method (3). The events differ in scope and are not comparable.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">Each operator traced its event to an internal fault: a latent race condition in a DNS system for a regional database service at AWS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>, blank fields in policy data that crashed a control service at Google Cloud<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>, and a feature file that doubled in size at Cloudflare, which stated that no cyber attack was involved<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Services built on these platforms failed together. The reports do not say how many customers or public services were affected.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">415<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">TWh<\/span><p>global data centres, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>US electricity share, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">22<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Ireland metered share, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>top three cloud revenue share, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hours<\/span><p>AWS us-east-1 event, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2027<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">year<\/span><p>EU switching charges end<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading cloud and distributed computing as shared infrastructure with a measurable physical footprint.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people the cloud arrives as an app that stops working or a headline about energy and water.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Revenue is concentrated, switching charges end in 2027, and recovery from large events falls on customers as well as providers.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Cloud is well described by single events and dated rules and thinly measured as a system.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of cloud, edge and distributed computing as infrastructure and the couplings through which it carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a forecast of demand or outages, a provider ranking, an endorsement of any vendor or an assessment of any programme. Competition, resilience and energy rules are decisions of competent authorities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 cloud edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cs-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Cloud is shared infrastructure with a physical footprint<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>14 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is cloud risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry cloud shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which cloud capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five footprint and governance chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Cloud computing is usually discussed as a service. The 2026 evidence reads it as shared infrastructure: facilities that draw electricity and reject heat, a few providers that carry much of the market, and a set of rules that are only now catching up<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The electricity evidence is clear in direction and uneven in method. Data centres used about 415 TWh in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>, 4.4% of US electricity in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup> and 22% of metered electricity in Ireland in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. Operators report efficient fleets, but their baselines differ<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The market evidence is concentrated. Three providers held 63% of cloud infrastructure revenue in the second quarter of 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>. Competition authorities in the UK and EU have opened cloud reviews<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>, and the Data Act removes switching charges in January 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The resilience evidence comes from operators. One regional fault disrupted AWS services for 14 hours 32 minutes in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; a policy data error and a configuration file fault caused two other large events<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Dependence of public services is not measured.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-fig1-t\">Who holds the cloud infrastructure market? Share of revenue, Q2 2026, percent<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Three providers hold about two thirds of cloud infrastructure revenue, and the analyst reports that the market grew 43% in a year. The shares cover infrastructure and platform services and hosted private cloud, not all cloud revenue<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Amazon<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"75.7\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Microsoft<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"54.1\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">20<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Google<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"40.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">15<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">All others (derived)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">37<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2026.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">28<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Amazon share, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Microsoft share, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">15<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Google share, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">143<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>quarterly revenue, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The cloud-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their cloud content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"tZbdbqMwEEZfZeRr4oD5CVSAlGqpuup2q1SVes1iK6ASHIHbNG+\/MpBCkm7SrOsbhGCS73g4ZgjXqcghK9OmiVBVryeMLhkCmop0sonQ\/cOP5HH+lCCgEbq3ZiY2DdvHJiyIM8OO4dnYBRK42DUsEmCCoBE1f2GTTUFFHiELExfFoShEyeLnVLAaBIekYvVyewWr\/t8xZJyXRbWELOdFxiCtKKz5htXhtPtpOJWccXia9jmZ331OahqW42IT5LlnkJmH\/SPUjws0bfK0rtNthGxwjvFvOKdXsEnmdxgqDpRnrytWCUahLKqX70C2vAA7hjz6EBDsqBLfsrQUuWZmYmHfsEwbz8Bx\/inEl5mvC06LN1Y3hdh+F\/m+ziNvYUEsH5Mef1jWSZ87jSVrCz32uZW31Xhn9kaW\/G+f90kDFxODWCaeKfk84OsR+qC9LajtYlfF6IF5X+mcNxI3by9Cw+q3ImONARUX8Ie\/VvRbFtF50W5OFcWHRehwfMQ+yNGxe\/0r5YTf59ilKiPjtSITx5ftDlxsn5wxX2XejR3tfTYN27SwpyL6jlnXm3ufmbSg7eZU8HrHrNfqoamwCOyPya7gdNdjjVaPkSWnY8ijqyT1AK1L60Nq0yAuUfyGGqj1zJwxs+Ngvx+TClIPxHq1HhBhERDsdZ\/WClaPcTW6PebuaP1ASqKg9iG5LsH30L1AjsduWyoIfsiuR\/MDWXZDUmHeHHJfOneWY+yKU4biMCvqrGSQvUeoNQNBJlNbmesIEQ9N41CwdwFDxTZCDpEn8vokrbKc1xFaFZSWDMXP86dwKu\/E4XR5NrR1sAvtRTxK7UtkhW3Lik9jk9\/JJbFSny62fxbHsV2JrPBNWfFp7M3DwwWx8uGfTu0qzoTe\/rqkxVLE0x3uKs40+PrneKV\/AQ==\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling choice and power<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>MODERATE<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">power and cooling water<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hosted health services, not bound<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Local grid share limits siting and growth of facilities.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> Ireland 22% of metered electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A fault in one provider control plane interrupts many dependent services.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> AWS and Google Cloud reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Revenue concentration funds capacity and raises dependence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> top three 63%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">WAT \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Cooling method trades water use against electricity use.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> operator reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Switching and sovereignty rules change where data and workloads sit.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> Data Act and CADA proposal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c1-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the cloud baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-011\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Three large cloud and network events in 2025 lasted from 3 hours 10 minutes to 14 hours 32 minutes, each traced by its operator to an internal fault.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-fig1-t\">Duration of three operator-reported events (hours)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">AWS us-east-1, 19 to 20 October 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">14.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Google Cloud, 12 June 2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"51.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">7.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cloudflare, 18 November 2025, to core traffic restored<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"21.8\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">3.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Sources: AWS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>; Google Cloud<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>; Cloudflare<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Durations are derived from stated times, method (3). The events differ in scope and are not comparable.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Each operator traced its event to an internal fault: a latent race condition in a DNS system for a regional database service at AWS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup>, blank fields in policy data that crashed a control service at Google Cloud<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup>, and a feature file that doubled in size at Cloudflare, which stated that no cyber attack was involved<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Services built on these platforms failed together. The reports do not say how many customers or public services were affected.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Further post-event reports, any regulator reporting of cloud incidents and provider dependence registers would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-001\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The IEA reports that data centres used about 415 TWh of electricity in 2024, 1.5% of global electricity, and shows 945 TWh in its 2030 base case, with the United States the largest share of growth.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-002\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">US data centres used about 176 TWh in 2023, 4.4% of US electricity, up from 58 TWh in 2014; the national laboratory projects 6.7 to 12% of US electricity in 2028.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Data centres used 22% of metered electricity in Ireland in 2024, up from 21% in 2023.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Google reports that its data centre electricity use grew 27% in 2024 while its data centre energy emissions fell 12%, and Microsoft reports company-wide electricity use of 29.8 TWh in fiscal 2024, up from 23.6 TWh.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-005\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Operators report fleet efficiency, with Google at a PUE of 1.09 and AWS at 1.15 in 2024, but each compares itself with a different industry average, from 1.25 to 1.56.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Water<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Microsoft reports water consumption of 5,807 megalitres in fiscal 2024, down from 7,844 after a change of estimation method, and 46% of its withdrawals in areas of water stress; Google reports water consumption up 28% in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A modelling preprint projects that global AI demand could need 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; it is a projection, not a measurement.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-008\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Three providers held 63% of cloud infrastructure revenue in the second quarter of 2026, which was USD 143.4 billion and 43% above the year before, according to an industry analyst.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Governance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The UK competition authority published its final cloud market decision on 31 July 2025 and recommended strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; the European Commission opened three DMA cloud market investigations on 18 November 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-010\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The EU Data Act has applied since 12 September 2025 and removes cloud switching and data egress charges from 12 January 2027.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-011\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Operator reports describe three large events: AWS us-east-1 for 14 hours 32 minutes in October 2025, Google Cloud for about 7 hours 27 minutes in June 2025, and Cloudflare for 3 hours 10 minutes until core traffic was largely restored in November 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a fault in a shared provider control plane while dependence is concentrated and sovereignty rules diverge. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Global Data Center Survey 2025 (average PUE 1.54; power the cause of 45% of outages), taken from search-result summaries; the survey page returned an access error. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>The Register (ed.), Brussels eyes AWS, Azure for gatekeeper tag in cloud clampdown (news article of 18 November 2025; possible obligations and fines up to 10% of worldwide turnover; trade press, secondary). Situation Publishing, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: trade press reports of mid-2026 that the Commission informed Amazon and Microsoft of a preliminary view that they should be designated as gatekeepers for cloud, taken from search-result summaries; the one article fetched returned an access error. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act (policy page; applicable from 12 September 2025; entered into force in January 2024). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Energy<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Global data centre electricity use<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">415<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">TWh<\/span><p>1.5% of global electricity; 945 TWh in the 2030 base case.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Energy<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">US data centre share of electricity<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>176 TWh in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2023<\/span><span>LBNL, DOE<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ENE \u00b7 Grid<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Data centre share of metered electricity, Ireland<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">22<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>21% in 2023.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2024<\/span><span>CSO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Market<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Top three providers share of cloud revenue<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Amazon 28, Microsoft 20, Google 15; sum is method (2).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>Synergy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Resilience<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Duration of the AWS us-east-1 event<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">14.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hours<\/span><p>fault in a regional database service DNS.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>AWS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GOV \u00b7 Governance<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EU switching charges removed from<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">2027<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">January<\/span><p>Data Act, 12 January 2027.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through cloud, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries cloud risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Operators report water use on different methods; cooling choice trades water against power.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2194 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Data centres used about 415 TWh in 2024; shares are high in some grids, such as Ireland at 22%.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; platform use in agrifood is not evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>Health records and services run on cloud platforms; no figure bound here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 HLT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Operator emissions and electricity growth are reported; no sector total is bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>The core system: shared facilities and platforms, with large operator-reported events in 2025.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Three providers held 63% of cloud infrastructure revenue in Q2 2026.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Data location, switching and sovereignty rules are changing in the EU.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GOV \u2192 DAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>AI demand is a stated driver of data centre electricity growth; shares are not split here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Hardware and mineral dependence of data centres is not bound here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Sovereignty and procurement rules shape where workloads may run.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on cloud, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>cloud couples to energy, water, finance and cyber <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td>shared control-plane fault<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>operator water figures on different methods<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>cooling in water-stressed areas<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>data centre electricity reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>local grid load<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>health services run on cloud; no figure bound<\/td><td>service outage<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>market concentration reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>provider dependence<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>access to capacity and skills<\/td><td>widening gaps<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>operator emissions reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>electricity growth<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>facilities, grids and networks<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>single-region dependence<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>siting near load centres; not bound<\/td><td>grid competition<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>platform use not evidenced here<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>incident reports and authorisation rules<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>shared-platform faults<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>competition and data rules<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>outcomes pending<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>definitions and surveys<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>common metrics<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>US General Services Administration (ed.), FedRAMP 20x (programme page; announced March 2025; phase 1 26 submissions; first pilot authorisations 6 March 2026; phase 3 wide-scale adoption active; new Rev5 submissions stop 11 June 2027, a future date that may change). FedRAMP, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST SP 800-145 (publication page; September 2011; five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Armbrust, M. et al., Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing, Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2009-28, 10 February 2009 (report page and abstract). University of California, Berkeley. Observation year 2009. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Cloud Native Computing Foundation (ed.), CNCF Annual Survey 2024 (report page; tenth annual survey; 750 respondents in fall 2024; Kubernetes percentage not on the page). CNCF, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c3-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four cloud risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>8 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>28 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT08-INF-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Shared control-plane failure<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>internal faults at large providers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>services that depend on one provider or region<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>hidden dependencies; single-region designs<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>operator post-event reports; DORA oversight<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>INF \u2192 DAT \u2192 FIN, HLT<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT08-ENE-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Local grid constraint<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>rising data centre load<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>regions with high data centre share<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>slow grid connection; local opposition<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>permitting proposals; efficiency reporting<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 INF<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT08-WAT-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Water stress at cooling sites<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>cooling demand and warm climates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>facilities in water-stressed areas<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>non-comparable water metrics<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>operator replenishment and air-cooling choices<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>WAT \u2192 ENE \u2192 INF<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT08-GOV-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Fragmented sovereignty and concentration<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>competition reviews and sovereignty rules<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>cross-border workloads; public procurement<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>diverging rules; lock-in before switching charges end<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>Data Act switching rights; sovereign offerings<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>GOV \u2192 INF, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for cloud at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>operator efficiency programmes and EU reporting rules<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>operators publish reports; no common cross-provider record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no consolidated early warning of provider faults<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>DORA and FedRAMP programmes<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>multi-region designs exist; 2025 events show shared dependencies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>operators restored services within hours in three reported events<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no consolidated evidence of tested failover or exit<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>full recovery was reported in each of the three events<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>post-event changes reported by operators; not reviewed here<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not applicable at baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>competition authorities and EU institutions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>large installed base and standards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no figure bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong literature on cloud and edge<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>European Securities and Markets Authority (ed.), Digital Operational Resilience Act (page; applies from 17 January 2025; lists materials on critical ICT third-party provider designation; no designations on the page). ESMA, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Energy Efficiency Directive (policy page; states a data centre energy efficiency package planned for the third quarter of 2026 and links to reporting of data centre energy consumption; no threshold or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Energy, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Opening the AWS European Sovereign Cloud (blog announcement of 14 January 2026; Brandenburg region; investment of EUR 7.8 billion stated; vendor announcement, weak evidence). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2023\/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12 on data centre reporting, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; the page returned no content. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>US General Services Administration (ed.), FedRAMP 20x (programme page; announced March 2025; phase 1 26 submissions; first pilot authorisations 6 March 2026; phase 3 wide-scale adoption active; new Rev5 submissions stop 11 June 2027, a future date that may change). FedRAMP, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Microsoft (ed.), Azure Front Door incident reports of October 2025, cited from memory; the page returned an error and no figure is used. Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST SP 800-145 (publication page; September 2011; five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Multi-access Edge Computing (technology page; industry specification group; news item of 31 October 2025 on Phase 4 specifications and a white paper; no counts on the page). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Armbrust, M. et al., Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing, Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2009-28, 10 February 2009 (report page and abstract). University of California, Berkeley. Observation year 2009. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Masanet, E., Shehabi, A., Lei, N., Smith, S. and Koomey, J., Recalibrating global data centre energy-use estimates, Science 367, 984 to 986, 2020, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Satyanarayanan, M., The emergence of edge computing, Computer 50(1), 30 to 39, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y. and Xu, L., Edge computing: vision and challenges, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3(5), 637 to 646, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Barroso, L.A., Clidaras, J. and H\u00f6lzle, U., The Datacenter as a Computer: Designing Warehouse-Scale Machines, third edition, Morgan and Claypool, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c4-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Shared control-plane fault with diverging sovereignty rules<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a fault in a shared provider control plane lasts many hours while public services depend on it and sovereignty rules limit failover<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the 2025 events at AWS, Google Cloud and Cloudflare<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">a control-plane fault interrupts dependent services in one region<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">DAT \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">payment and business services stall until recovery<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">DAT \u2192 HLT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">hosted records and booking services become unavailable<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">sovereignty rules limit moves between providers or regions<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">recovery load meets local grid limits at the host region<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">customers re-weigh dependence as switching charges end<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01 would travel through Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Infrastructure to dat<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A control-plane fault interrupts dependent services in one region. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-08, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 DAT to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Payment and business services stall until recovery. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-08, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 DAT to health<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Hosted records and booking services become unavailable. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-08, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Governance to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Sovereignty rules limit moves between providers or regions. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-08, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Energy to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Recovery load meets local grid limits at the host region. Analogue or source: 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-08, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Finance to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Customers re-weigh dependence as switching charges end. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-08, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026, scenario SCN-XT08-DEP-01<\/a> (2026); Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c5-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The cloud baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>16 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>38 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading cloud and distributed computing as shared infrastructure with a measurable physical footprint. Electricity use is reported and rising, the market is concentrated, and large events have been traced to internal faults. Evidence is strongest for single events and dated rules, and weakest for dependence, water and edge.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">ENE-001 \u00b7 ENE-002 \u00b7 INF-011 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people the cloud arrives as an app that stops working or a headline about energy and water. The baseline asks that public debate separate measured use from projections and company claims, and keep the dependence of public services in view.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">ENE-003 \u00b7 INF-011 \u00b7 WAT-007<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Revenue is concentrated, switching charges end in 2027, and recovery from large events falls on customers as well as providers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-008 \u00b7 GOV-010<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Cloud is well described by single events and dated rules and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should map dependence of public services, put operator metrics on a common basis and test exit before the next large event.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 C-01 \u00b7 C-03<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for cloud. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards and Academy<\/td><td>technology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>technology editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Cloud services run on facilities owned by a few companies and used by almost every sector. That makes them infrastructure in effect, and the evidence on dependence is the thinnest part of the picture.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Shared infrastructure, private operators<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Operators report PUE and water use, and each picks its own baseline. A common basis would show whether growth is limited by grids, water or money.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Footprints need a common basis<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The Data Act, DORA, the DMA reviews and the Cloud and AI Development Act proposal address different parts of one market. Their order and overlap will shape 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Rules arrive in sequence<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Edge computing is defined in specifications and papers, but sites, devices and energy use are not counted in the sources read here.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>The edge is the blind spot<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 cloud readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 cloud readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Cloud risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PROPOSAL<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>NIST SP 800-145, 800-146 and 500-292<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>US, used globally<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2011 AND 2012<\/td><td>cloud definition and architecture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO\/IEC 22123-1<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO and IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>cloud vocabulary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO\/IEC 30134-2<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO and IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>PUE definition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU Data Act<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE \u00b7 APPLIES FROM 2025<\/td><td>switching and data access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DORA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU financial sector<\/td><td>IN FORCE \u00b7 APPLIES FROM 2025<\/td><td>ICT third-party oversight<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy Efficiency Directive data centre reporting<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>energy and water reporting<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FedRAMP 20x<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>US GSA<\/td><td>US federal<\/td><td>PROGRAMME ACTIVE<\/td><td>cloud authorisation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ETSI MEC specifications<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ETSI<\/td><td>Europe<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>edge computing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud and AI Development Act<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>PROPOSAL 2026<\/td><td>capacity, permits, sovereignty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Green Data Centre Roadmap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Singapore IMDA<\/td><td>Singapore<\/td><td>PUBLISHED<\/td><td>data centre growth and efficiency<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The Commission proposed the Cloud and AI Development Act in June 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>FedRAMP 20x entered its wide-scale adoption phase in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The Commission opened DMA cloud market investigations on 18 November 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The EU data centre energy efficiency package planned for the third quarter of 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The end of EU switching charges on 12 January 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Designation of critical ICT third-party providers under DORA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers cloud assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about cloud, edge and distributed computing as infrastructure and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>foundational papers and standards; regulators and institutions; operator reports; national laboratories and statistics offices<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Foundational papers and definitions<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Armbrust et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>technical report<\/td><td>2009<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>cloud economics and obstacles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST SP 800-145<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>2011<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>definition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST SP 800-146<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>2012<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>synopsis and recommendations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NIST SP 500-292<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NIST<\/td><td>2011<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>reference architecture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Barroso, Clidaras and H\u00f6lzle<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>book<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>warehouse-scale computers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Masanet et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>energy estimates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Li et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>water projection<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Edge and systems literature<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Satyanarayanan<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>edge computing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shi et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>edge vision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CNCF annual survey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>foundation survey<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cloud native adoption<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ETSI MEC<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ETSI<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>edge specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISO\/IEC 22123-1<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ISO and IEC<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>vocabulary<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards, policy and regulation<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>EU Data Act pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>switching rules<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DORA page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ESMA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>oversight timing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CMA market investigation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UK CMA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>competition review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DMA cloud investigations<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>competition review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FedRAMP 20x<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>US GSA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>authorisation reform<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Operator, market and energy reports<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Energy and AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>global electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US data centre report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>LBNL and DOE<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>US electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metered electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Irish CSO<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>grid share<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Environmental reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Google \u00b7 Microsoft \u00b7 Amazon<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>company-reported<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud market release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Synergy Research<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>market shares<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Data Center Survey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Uptime Institute<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>PUE and outages<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Data centre electricity use is rising and is a visible share of some grids<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Cloud markets are concentrated and under regulatory review<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Large events trace to internal faults at operators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How fast data centre electricity use will grow, and how much is AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How operator PUE and water figures compare on a common basis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How far public services depend on a few providers<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">PREPRINTS<\/p><p>Three sources<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup> are preprints and are labelled as not peer-reviewed. They contextualise findings; none binds a finding on its own.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST SP 800-145 (publication page; September 2011; five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations, NIST SP 800-146 (publication page; May 2012). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture, NIST SP 500-292 (publication page; 8 September 2011). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), ISO\/IEC 22123-1 Cloud computing, part 1, vocabulary, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), ISO\/IEC 30134-2 Information technology, data centres, key performance indicators, part 2, power usage effectiveness (PUE), cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act (policy page; applicable from 12 September 2025; entered into force in January 2024). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854 (Data Act), Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; the page returned no content, and the policy pages [15] [16] were read instead. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>European Securities and Markets Authority (ed.), Digital Operational Resilience Act (page; applies from 17 January 2025; lists materials on critical ICT third-party provider designation; no designations on the page). ESMA, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2022\/2554 on digital operational resilience for the financial sector (DORA), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the ESMA page [17] was read instead. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Energy Efficiency Directive (policy page; states a data centre energy efficiency package planned for the third quarter of 2026 and links to reporting of data centre energy consumption; no threshold or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Energy, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2023\/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12 on data centre reporting, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; the page returned no content. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024\/1364 on the first phase of the establishment of a common Union rating scheme for data centres, 2024, cited from memory; the page returned no content. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>US General Services Administration (ed.), FedRAMP 20x (programme page; announced March 2025; phase 1 26 submissions; first pilot authorisations 6 March 2026; phase 3 wide-scale adoption active; new Rev5 submissions stop 11 June 2027, a future date that may change). FedRAMP, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Multi-access Edge Computing (technology page; industry specification group; news item of 31 October 2025 on Phase 4 specifications and a white paper; no counts on the page). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap, Singapore, cited from memory; the page returned no content and no figure is used. IMDA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Armbrust, M. et al., Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing, Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2009-28, 10 February 2009 (report page and abstract). University of California, Berkeley. Observation year 2009. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Barroso, L.A., Clidaras, J. and H\u00f6lzle, U., The Datacenter as a Computer: Designing Warehouse-Scale Machines, third edition, Morgan and Claypool, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Masanet, E., Shehabi, A., Lei, N., Smith, S. and Koomey, J., Recalibrating global data centre energy-use estimates, Science 367, 984 to 986, 2020, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Satyanarayanan, M., The emergence of edge computing, Computer 50(1), 30 to 39, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y. and Xu, L., Edge computing: vision and challenges, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3(5), 637 to 646, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Cloud Native Computing Foundation (ed.), CNCF Annual Survey 2024 (report page; tenth annual survey; 750 respondents in fall 2024; Kubernetes percentage not on the page). CNCF, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Global Data Center Survey 2025 (average PUE 1.54; power the cause of 45% of outages), taken from search-result summaries; the survey page returned an access error. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c6-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 cloud agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 cloud edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>6 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which public and critical services depend on one provider, region or control plane, and what happens when it fails?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT08-DEP-01 \u00b7 dependency map; first output: dependency register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What load do new facilities add to local grids, and how long do connections take?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT08-ENE-02 \u00b7 grid and load; first output: site and grid table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Can operator water and efficiency figures be put on a common basis?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT08-WAT-03 \u00b7 water and efficiency basis; first output: metric comparison.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How many organisations have tested an exit or a switch between providers?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT08-EXT-04 \u00b7 exit and switching tests; first output: test evidence table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How large is the edge layer in energy, sites and devices?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT08-EDG-05 \u00b7 edge footprint; first output: edge inventory note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which national rules on data location and sovereignty differ, and how?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: rule overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What workforce exists for data centres, cloud operations and resilience engineering?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which readiness capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Readiness capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 cloud portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT08-DEP-01<\/span><\/td><td>Dependency map<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT08-ENE-02<\/span><\/td><td>Grid and load<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT08-WAT-03<\/span><\/td><td>Water and efficiency basis<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT08-EXT-04<\/span><\/td><td>Exit and switching tests<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT08-EDG-05<\/span><\/td><td>Edge footprint<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>C-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-XT08-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Shared control-plane fault Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>C-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The cloud edition reads national readiness chapters, the coupled sector reports on energy, cyber and digital <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and infrastructure, and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed; the global energy and lifeline editions are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National readiness chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cloud dependence and data centre load in each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IN PREPARATION \u00b7 national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Sector couplings<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GS-02 energy \u00b7 GS-13 cyber and digital systems \u00b7 SR-10 digital public infrastructure<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">GS-02 DRAFTED \u00b7 sector baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Technology system model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">facilities, grid, water, market, resilience, governance<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">SR-02 lifeline systems \u00b7 XT-06 semiconductors and compute<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">XT-08 report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the cloud candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the cloud candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-XT08-2027-01 \u00b7 Shared control-plane fault Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ENE-001 \u00b7 global electricity<\/td><td>INI-XT08-ENE-02<\/td><td>grid and load<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-003 \u00b7 Irish grid share<\/td><td>INI-XT08-ENE-02<\/td><td>grid and load<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-005 \u00b7 PUE baselines<\/td><td>INI-XT08-WAT-03<\/td><td>water and efficiency basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WAT-006 \u00b7 water reports<\/td><td>INI-XT08-WAT-03 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>water and efficiency basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-008 \u00b7 market shares<\/td><td>INI-XT08-DEP-01<\/td><td>dependency map<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-010 \u00b7 switching rules<\/td><td>INI-XT08-EXT-04<\/td><td>exit and switching tests<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-011 \u00b7 outages<\/td><td>INI-XT08-DEP-01<\/td><td>dependency map<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-XT08-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (XT-08 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Operator status and post-event reports<\/td><td>AWS, Google Cloud, Cloudflare and others<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>INF-011<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global electricity and data centre reports<\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>ENE-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National data centre electricity statistics<\/td><td>statistics offices and laboratories<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operator sustainability reports<\/td><td>Google, Microsoft, Amazon<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>ENE-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud market releases<\/td><td>industry analysts<\/td><td>quarterly<\/td><td>FIN-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU competition and digital policy pages<\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>GOV-009<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UK competition case page<\/td><td>UK CMA<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>GOV-009<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-XT08-001<\/td><td>Three providers held 63% of cloud infrastructure revenue in Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>FIN \u00b7 INF<\/td><td>research question C-01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT08-002<\/td><td>Competition reviews of cloud opened in the UK and EU<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>GOV \u00b7 FIN<\/td><td>initiative C-04<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT08-003<\/td><td>Three large events in 2025 traced to internal faults<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>INF \u00b7 DAT<\/td><td>research question C-01<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c7-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>11 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>30 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Cloud, edge and distributed platforms<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Cloud services run on a small number of very large platforms, with an edge layer that is defined in specifications but not counted. Evidence is strongest for market revenue and weakest for the edge.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">143<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>quarterly cloud infrastructure revenue, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">43<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>year-on-year growth, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">750<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">respondents<\/span><p>cloud native community survey, fall 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hyperscale cloud<\/td><td>three providers held 63% of infrastructure revenue; shares are an analyst estimate<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Definitions<\/td><td>five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Edge computing<\/td><td>specifications published; sites, devices and energy not bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud native software<\/td><td>tenth annual community survey, 750 respondents<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2194 FIN platforms and revenue<\/li><li>INF \u2192 DAT services and data<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 INF rules and platforms<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>edge sites, devices and energy<\/li><li>provider-reported revenue on a common basis<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Quarterly market releases; edge specification updates; any official count of edge sites.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-07 HPC and Advanced Computing<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes platforms and market data in public sources. It endorses no provider and forecasts no demand.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Electricity, cooling and water<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Data centres are a visible and growing share of electricity in some <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. Operators report efficient fleets and water figures, on methods that differ.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">415<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">TWh<\/span><p>global data centre electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">4.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>US share of electricity, 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">22<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Ireland share of metered electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Electricity<\/td><td>about 415 TWh in 2024; 945 TWh in the IEA 2030 base case<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Efficiency<\/td><td>PUE of 1.09 (Google) and 1.15 (AWS), against baselines of 1.25 to 1.56<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>Microsoft 5,807 ML in fiscal 2024 after a method change; Google up 28%; AWS 0.15 L per kWh<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Projection<\/td><td>modelling preprint: 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of withdrawal in 2027<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2194 INF facility power<\/li><li>WAT \u2194 ENE cooling choice<\/li><li>INF \u2192 CLI electricity growth<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>site-level load on a common basis<\/li><li>comparable water metrics<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The EU efficiency package; operator reports; national statistics; independent measurement of water use.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-07 HPC and Advanced Computing<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical dependencies as reported. It assesses no company or facility.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Grid, hardware and siting<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Growth depends on grid connection, permits and hardware. Public evidence on connection queues and hardware supply is thin in the sources read here.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">22<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>Ireland share of metered electricity, 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">months<\/span><p>proposed maximum permit procedure, as reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>proposed aim for EU data centre capacity within five to seven years, as reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Grid connection<\/td><td>high share in Ireland; queues not bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Siting and permits<\/td><td>EU proposal for acceleration zones and strategic projects<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regional growth rules<\/td><td>Singapore roadmap on growth and efficiency, cited without figures<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hardware and minerals<\/td><td>dependence not bound here<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 INF grid share<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 INF permits<\/li><li>MIN \u2192 INF hardware<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>grid connection queues<\/li><li>hardware and mineral dependence<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Passage of the EU proposal; grid operator forecasts; national siting rules.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-07 HPC and Advanced Computing<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes siting and supply dependencies in public sources. It assesses no company, state or permitting decision.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Economy, market structure and workforce<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The cloud market is concentrated and growing fast, and regulators now review it. Workforce numbers are the thin part of the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">63<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>top three share of cloud revenue, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2027<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">year<\/span><p>EU switching charges end<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EUR billion<\/span><p>investment stated by AWS for its EU sovereign cloud, a company announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Market structure<\/td><td>Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15% in Q2 2026<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Competition review<\/td><td>UK final decision on 31 July 2025; DMA investigations from 18 November 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Switching<\/td><td>charges removed from 12 January 2027<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td>no figure bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>FIN \u2192 INF capacity<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 FIN market rules<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 INF workforce<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>workforce size and skills gaps<\/li><li>revenue outside infrastructure services<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The outcome of the competition reviews; quarterly market releases; the end of switching charges.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-07 HPC and Advanced Computing<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes market structure as reported. It gives no investment advice and endorses no company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Resilience, security and governance watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The nearest risk of shared platforms is a fault that spreads. Rules on operational resilience, authorisation, switching and sovereignty are being set at the same time.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hours<\/span><p>AWS us-east-1 event, October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hours<\/span><p>Google Cloud incident, June 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">hours<\/span><p>Cloudflare event until core traffic restored, November 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Operator events<\/td><td>three large events in 2025, each traced to an internal fault by its operator<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Financial sector oversight<\/td><td>DORA applies from 17 January 2025; no designations on the page read<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Authorisation<\/td><td>FedRAMP 20x in its wide-scale adoption phase in 2026<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sovereignty<\/td><td>a company EU sovereign cloud and a proposed EU autonomy framework<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2192 DAT shared-platform faults<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 DAT switching and location rules<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 TRD sovereignty rules<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>dependence of public services<\/li><li>customer impact of events<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Post-event reports; DORA designations; the Cloud and AI Development Act; provider dependence registers.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-13 Cyber and Digital Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-10 Digital Public Infrastructure and Systemic Cyber Risk<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-07 HPC and Advanced Computing<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes incident reports and policy in public sources. It confers no certification on any provider and assesses no government or company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Cloud Native Computing Foundation (ed.), CNCF Annual Survey 2024 (report page; tenth annual survey; 750 respondents in fall 2024; Kubernetes percentage not on the page). CNCF, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST SP 800-145 (publication page; September 2011; five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations, NIST SP 800-146 (publication page; May 2012). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture, NIST SP 500-292 (publication page; 8 September 2011). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Multi-access Edge Computing (technology page; industry specification group; news item of 31 October 2025 on Phase 4 specifications and a white paper; no counts on the page). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Satyanarayanan, M., The emergence of edge computing, Computer 50(1), 30 to 39, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y. and Xu, L., Edge computing: vision and challenges, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3(5), 637 to 646, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Global Data Center Survey 2025 (average PUE 1.54; power the cause of 45% of outages), taken from search-result summaries; the survey page returned an access error. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap, Singapore, cited from memory; the page returned no content and no figure is used. IMDA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Opening the AWS European Sovereign Cloud (blog announcement of 14 January 2026; Brandenburg region; investment of EUR 7.8 billion stated; vendor announcement, weak evidence). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>The Register (ed.), Brussels eyes AWS, Azure for gatekeeper tag in cloud clampdown (news article of 18 November 2025; possible obligations and fines up to 10% of worldwide turnover; trade press, secondary). Situation Publishing, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Armbrust, M. et al., Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing, Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2009-28, 10 February 2009 (report page and abstract). University of California, Berkeley. Observation year 2009. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>European Securities and Markets Authority (ed.), Digital Operational Resilience Act (page; applies from 17 January 2025; lists materials on critical ICT third-party provider designation; no designations on the page). ESMA, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2022\/2554 on digital operational resilience for the financial sector (DORA), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the ESMA page [17] was read instead. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>US General Services Administration (ed.), FedRAMP 20x (programme page; announced March 2025; phase 1 26 submissions; first pilot authorisations 6 March 2026; phase 3 wide-scale adoption active; new Rev5 submissions stop 11 June 2027, a future date that may change). FedRAMP, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>15 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>22 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Growth of Microsoft electricity consumed within the organisation, FY2023 to FY2024<\/td><td>29,829,540 \u00f7 23,567,502 \u2212 1<\/td><td>26.6%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Share of the three largest providers, and the remainder, Q2 2026<\/td><td>28 + 20 + 15; 100 \u2212 63<\/td><td>63%; 37%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Duration of the AWS event, 11:48 PM to 2:20 PM PDT<\/td><td>14 h 32 min = 14.53 h<\/td><td>\u2248 14.5 hours<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Microsoft electricity consumed, FY2024 against FY2020<\/td><td>29,829,540 \u00f7 10,770,714<\/td><td>about 2.8 times<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Cloud System Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-XT08-CLOUD \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent cloud, edge and distributed computing as infrastructure coupled to electricity, cooling water, finance, workforce and cyber resilience<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">18<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the two readings of cloud as a physical footprint and as a shared dependency.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>43 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 cloud annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Cloud System Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>US data centre report<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>Dec 2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next national update<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global electricity report<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next IEA update<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Irish metered electricity<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>June 2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next CSO release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operator environmental reports<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next annual reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud market release<\/td><td>Q2 2026<\/td><td>July 2026<\/td><td>quarterly<\/td><td>next quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UK competition decision<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>July 2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>strategic market status outcome<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU DMA investigations<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Nov 2025<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>designation decision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AWS event report<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Oct 2025<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>next post-event report<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Electricity<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>site-level load on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>comparable water metrics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Market and law<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>outcomes of reviews and proposals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resilience<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>dependence of public services<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Efficiency<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>common PUE baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Edge<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>deployment and energy data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Skills<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>workforce numbers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hardware and minerals<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>supply dependence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Site-level electricity, cooling and water use on a common basis<\/td><td>operators, regulators under EU reporting rules, national laboratories<\/td><td>operator reports use different boundaries and years; EU reported data not retrieved<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Energy and AI figures from the report itself<\/td><td>IEA Energy and AI report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report pages returned access errors; figures come from search summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uptime Institute survey figures from the report itself<\/td><td>Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the survey page returned an access error; PUE and outage shares come from search summaries and are not used in findings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Outcome of the UK strategic market status process for Microsoft and AWS<\/td><td>UK CMA and Digital Markets Unit publications<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the case page read gives a Q1 2026 decision point; the outcome was not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commission preliminary findings on AWS and Azure under the DMA<\/td><td>European Commission press release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>reported in trade press summaries; the Commission text was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Text of the proposed Cloud and AI Development Act<\/td><td>European Commission proposal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>proposal read through a press report; target years differ across secondary sources<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Designation of critical ICT third-party providers under DORA<\/td><td>European Supervisory Authorities<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the page read lists no designations; not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dependence of public services on a few providers<\/td><td>national audit bodies, regulators, operators<\/td><td>no consolidated series found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Customer impact of the 2025 events<\/td><td>operators, customers, regulators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>incident reports state causes and times, not customer counts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Edge computing sites, devices and energy use<\/td><td>telecom operators, industry bodies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>specifications read; no deployment figures retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grid connection queues and load forecasts for new facilities<\/td><td>grid operators and regulators<\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hardware, chip and mineral dependence of data centres<\/td><td>industry and trade statistics<\/td><td>not retrieved; see the semiconductors edition for the chip layer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud and data centre workforce size and skills gaps<\/td><td>national statistics, industry surveys<\/td><td>not retrieved; capability rung stays LISTED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of data centre electricity due to AI workloads<\/td><td>IEA, operators, national laboratories<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not split in the sources read here<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Published by Amazon Web Services. One-off post-event summary. Role: binds INF-011 and the resilience tiles. Coverage: one region, services listed with start and end times.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT08-001<\/h3><p>AWS summary of the us-east-1 event of 19 and 20 October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Published by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on 19 December 2024 and summarised by the US Department of Energy. Periodic. Role: binds ENE-002. Coverage: United States, 2014 to 2023 with a scenario range to 2028.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT08-002<\/h3><p>2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT08-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT08-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>services and times listed for one region<\/td><td>national total with a scenario range<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>about one week after the event<\/td><td>about one year after the data year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>later revisions not checked<\/td><td>single edition read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>cause described in prose<\/td><td>method in the full report, not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>operator-reported only<\/td><td>laboratory report; peer review not stated<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Synergy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>: provider definitions and method<\/li><li>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: report text and scenarios<\/li><li>European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup>: proposal text<\/li><li>Operator reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>: boundaries for PUE and water<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CADA<\/td><td>Cloud and AI Development Act<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CMA<\/td><td>Competition and Markets Authority<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DMA<\/td><td>Digital Markets Act<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DNS<\/td><td>Domain Name System<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DORA<\/td><td>Digital Operational Resilience Act<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EDGE<\/td><td>computing at or near the data source<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FY<\/td><td>fiscal year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MEC<\/td><td>Multi-access Edge Computing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML<\/td><td>megalitre<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PUE<\/td><td>power usage effectiveness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TWh<\/td><td>terawatt-hour<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WUE<\/td><td>water use effectiveness<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-XT08-DEP-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Cluster notes<\/td><td>cards for the major data centre and cloud region clusters<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: power usage effectiveness<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>ratio of total facility energy to the energy used by IT equipment<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>ratio, 1.0 or higher<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>continuous metering at the facility, as described by one operator<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>operator environmental reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>; definition in ISO\/IEC 30134-2<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>boundaries differ by operator; reported industry averages range from 1.25 to 1.56<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>says nothing about water, carbon or the useful work done<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Energy Efficiency Directive (policy page; states a data centre energy efficiency package planned for the third quarter of 2026 and links to reporting of data centre energy consumption; no threshold or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Energy, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2023\/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12 on data centre reporting, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; the page returned no content. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Global Data Center Survey 2025 (average PUE 1.54; power the cause of 45% of outages), taken from search-result summaries; the survey page returned an access error. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation final decision report, 31 July 2025 and 1 August 2025, cited from the case page [11]; the report documents were not opened. Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: trade press reports of mid-2026 that the Commission informed Amazon and Microsoft of a preliminary view that they should be designated as gatekeepers for cloud, taken from search-result summaries; the one article fetched returned an access error. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>European Securities and Markets Authority (ed.), Digital Operational Resilience Act (page; applies from 17 January 2025; lists materials on critical ICT third-party provider designation; no designations on the page). ESMA, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2022\/2554 on digital operational resilience for the financial sector (DORA), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the ESMA page [17] was read instead. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Multi-access Edge Computing (technology page; industry specification group; news item of 31 October 2025 on Phase 4 specifications and a white paper; no counts on the page). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), ISO\/IEC 30134-2 Information technology, data centres, key performance indicators, part 2, power usage effectiveness (PUE), cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-ca-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>11 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>19 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Global data centre electricity use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">415<\/span><\/td><td>TWh<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of global electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.5<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA base case for data centre electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">945<\/span><\/td><td>TWh<\/td><td>2030 base case<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US data centre electricity use<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">176<\/span><\/td><td>TWh<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US data centre share of electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">4.4<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US projected share, low to high<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">6.7 to 12<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ireland data centre share of metered electricity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">22<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Google data centre electricity growth<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">27<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Google fleet PUE<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.09<\/span><\/td><td>ratio<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AWS PUE<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1.15<\/span><\/td><td>ratio<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AWS water use effectiveness<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">0.15<\/span><\/td><td>L per kWh<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Microsoft electricity consumed within the organisation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">29.8<\/span><\/td><td>TWh<\/td><td>FY2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Microsoft water consumption<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">5,807<\/span><\/td><td>megalitres<\/td><td>FY2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud infrastructure revenue, quarter<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">143.4<\/span><\/td><td>USD billion<\/td><td>Q2 2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cloud revenue growth on the year<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">43<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>Q2 2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AWS us-east-1 event duration<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">14.5<\/span><\/td><td>hours<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0AGlobal%20data%20centre%20electricity%20use%2C415%2CTWh%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AShare%20of%20global%20electricity%2C1.5%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AIEA%20base%20case%20for%20data%20centre%20electricity%2C945%2CTWh%2C2030%20base%20case%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B1%5D%0AUS%20data%20centre%20electricity%20use%2C176%2CTWh%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0AUS%20data%20centre%20share%20of%20electricity%2C4.4%2C%25%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22US%20projected%20share%2C%20low%20to%20high%22%2C6.7%20to%2012%2C%25%2C2028%20scenario%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B3%5D%0AIreland%20data%20centre%20share%20of%20metered%20electricity%2C22%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B4%5D%0AGoogle%20data%20centre%20electricity%20growth%2C27%2C%25%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AGoogle%20fleet%20PUE%2C1.09%2Cratio%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AAWS%20PUE%2C1.15%2Cratio%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AAWS%20water%20use%20effectiveness%2C0.15%2CL%20per%20kWh%2C2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AMicrosoft%20electricity%20consumed%20within%20the%20organization%2C29.8%2CTWh%2CFY2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0AMicrosoft%20water%20consumption%2C%225%2C807%22%2Cmegalitres%2CFY2024%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0A%22Cloud%20infrastructure%20revenue%2C%20quarter%22%2C143.4%2CUSD%20billion%2CQ2%202026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0ACloud%20revenue%20growth%20on%20the%20year%2C43%2C%25%2CQ2%202026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B10%5D%0AAWS%20us-east-1%20event%20duration%2C14.5%2Chours%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B20%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Exponential%20Technology%20Report%202026%3A%20Cloud%2C%20Edge%20and%20Distributed%20Computing%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Global%20data%20centre%20electricity%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22415%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22TWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Share%20of%20global%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IEA%20base%20case%20for%20data%20centre%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22945%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22TWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222030%20base%20case%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20data%20centre%20electricity%20use%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22176%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22TWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20data%20centre%20share%20of%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%224.4%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20projected%20share%2C%20low%20to%20high%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%226.7%20to%2012%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222028%20scenario%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Ireland%20data%20centre%20share%20of%20metered%20electricity%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2222%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B4%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Google%20data%20centre%20electricity%20growth%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2227%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Google%20fleet%20PUE%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.09%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ratio%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22AWS%20PUE%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221.15%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ratio%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22AWS%20water%20use%20effectiveness%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%220.15%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22L%20per%20kWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Microsoft%20electricity%20consumed%20within%20the%20organization%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2229.8%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22TWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22FY2024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Microsoft%20water%20consumption%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%225%2C807%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22megalitres%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22FY2024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Cloud%20infrastructure%20revenue%2C%20quarter%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22143.4%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Q2%202026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Cloud%20revenue%20growth%20on%20the%20year%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2243%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Q2%202026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B10%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22AWS%20us-east-1%20event%20duration%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2214.5%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22hours%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B20%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are rounded as published. Scenarios are labelled SCENARIO. Values from search summaries and company reports carry a note in the register and are listed in the notes. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GOV<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">AIC<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IEA Energy and AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LBNL report and DOE summary<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national laboratory and ministry<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CSO metered electricity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national statistics office<\/td><td>Ireland<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>grid share<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Google environmental report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>operator report<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>electricity, PUE, water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Microsoft environmental fact sheet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>operator report<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>FY2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>electricity, water<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Amazon sustainability report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>operator report<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>PUE, WUE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Synergy Research release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>industry analyst<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>quarterly<\/td><td>market shares<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UK CMA case page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>competition authority<\/td><td>UK<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>competition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AWS, Google Cloud and Cloudflare reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>operators<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>resilience<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU Data Act pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU institution<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>switching<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, cloud across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of cloud and distributed computing in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, cloud across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>hyperscale hosting; federal authorisation reform<\/td><td>energy, resilience<\/td><td>LBNL<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>; FedRAMP<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>Data Act, DMA reviews, DORA and CADA proposal; high grid share in Ireland<\/td><td>regulation, grid<\/td><td>European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup>; CSO<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>data centre growth and efficiency roadmap in Singapore<\/td><td>energy, siting<\/td><td>IMDA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Cluster card: data centres in a national grid, Ireland<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">grid<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">electricity share<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">permits<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">efficiency rules<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>data centres, national grid, cloud regions<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>data centres at 22% of metered electricity in 2024<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 INF grid share; INF \u2192 ENE load<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>EU reporting rules and a planned efficiency package<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>site-level load; connection queues; water use<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>C-02 \u00b7 C-03<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Data centres used 22% of metered electricity in Ireland in 2024 and 21% in 2023 [4].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">GRID<\/h3><p>Share of metered electricity<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The Commission planned a data centre energy efficiency package for the third quarter of 2026 [19].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RULES<\/h3><p>Reporting and efficiency<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The proposed Cloud and AI Development Act sets a 12-month maximum permit procedure for projects under it, as reported [18].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">PERMITS<\/h3><p>Proposed permitting<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Cluster cards are generated for the major data centre clusters in 2027. Ireland is shown first because its national statistic is published and dated.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the cloud edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the cloud edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the cloud edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a><a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act (policy page; applicable from 12 September 2025; entered into force in January 2024). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>US General Services Administration (ed.), FedRAMP 20x (programme page; announced March 2025; phase 1 26 submissions; first pilot authorisations 6 March 2026; phase 3 wide-scale adoption active; new Rev5 submissions stop 11 June 2027, a future date that may change). FedRAMP, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap, Singapore, cited from memory; the page returned no content and no figure is used. IMDA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Energy Efficiency Directive (policy page; states a data centre energy efficiency package planned for the third quarter of 2026 and links to reporting of data centre energy consumption; no threshold or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Energy, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-08-cb-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\">Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>15 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>43 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (data centres about 415 TWh in 2024, about 1.5% of global electricity; about 945 TWh in the 2030 base case; about 1,200 TWh in 2035 with a range of 700 to 1,700), taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>Shehabi, A. et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, published 19 December 2024, DOI 10.71468\/P1WC7Q (publication page; the page gives authors and a scenario range to 2028 but no figures; figures read in the DOE summary [3]). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <a class=\"nrp-doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71468\/P1WC7Q\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.71468\/P1WC7Q<\/a> <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Department of Energy (ed.), DOE releases new report evaluating increase in electricity demand from data centres (20 December 2024; about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023; 6.7 to 12% projected for 2028; 58 TWh in 2014 and 176 TWh in 2023). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (statistical release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023; the GWh table was not in the content read). Central Statistics Office, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>Google (ed.), 2025 Environmental Report (PDF; fiscal year 2024; data centre electricity consumption up 27%, data centre energy emissions down 12%, fleet PUE 1.09 against a stated industry average of 1.56, water consumption up 28%; company-reported). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Microsoft (ed.), 2025 Environmental Data Fact Sheet (PDF; fiscal year ended 30 June 2024; Table 6 electricity consumed within the organisation 29,829,540 MWh in FY24 and 23,567,502 in FY23; Table 9 water consumption 5,807 ML in FY24 and 7,844 in FY23 after a new estimation approach; company-reported, section 1 reviewed by an external firm). Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Amazon (ed.), 2024 Amazon Sustainability Report (PDF; AWS global PUE 1.15 in 2024 against a stated public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises data centres, citing IDC; AWS water use effectiveness 0.15 L per kWh in 2024; company-reported). Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M.A. and Ren, S., Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models, arXiv:2304.03271, v1 April 2023, v5 March 2025 (abstract page; projection of 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water withdrawal in 2027; accepted by Communications of the ACM per the page). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Uptime Institute (ed.), Global Data Center Survey 2025 (average PUE 1.54; power the cause of 45% of outages), taken from search-result summaries; the survey page returned an access error. Uptime Institute, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>Synergy Research Group (ed.), Q2 Cloud Market Passes $143 Billion; Highest Growth Rate in Eight Years (release of 30 July 2026; Amazon 28%, Microsoft 20%, Google 15%; quarterly revenue USD 143.4 billion; growth 43%; definition IaaS, PaaS and hosted private cloud; industry analyst). Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation (case page; final decision published 31 July 2025; recommends prioritising strategic market status investigations of Microsoft and AWS; board decision expected in the first quarter of 2026; the decision documents were not opened). Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Commission opens market investigations into cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act (announcement of 18 November 2025; two investigations on whether AWS and Microsoft Azure should be designated and one on whether the DMA fits cloud). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>The Register (ed.), Brussels eyes AWS, Azure for gatekeeper tag in cloud clampdown (news article of 18 November 2025; possible obligations and fines up to 10% of worldwide turnover; trade press, secondary). Situation Publishing, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: trade press reports of mid-2026 that the Commission informed Amazon and Microsoft of a preliminary view that they should be designated as gatekeepers for cloud, taken from search-result summaries; the one article fetched returned an access error. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act (policy page; applicable from 12 September 2025; entered into force in January 2024). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Data Act explained (policy page; switching charges including data egress charges removed from 12 January 2027; transitional period 11 January 2024 to 12 January 2027; notice period not on the page). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>European Securities and Markets Authority (ed.), Digital Operational Resilience Act (page; applies from 17 January 2025; lists materials on critical ICT third-party provider designation; no designations on the page). ESMA, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Euronews (ed.), EU Cloud and AI Development Act gets mixed reception (news article of 22 June 2026; three pillars; aim to triple European data centre capacity in five to seven years; acceleration zones within six months; 12-month maximum permit procedure; four assurance levels; reactions; press report of the proposal, not the proposal text). Euronews, Lyon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Energy Efficiency Directive (policy page; states a data centre energy efficiency package planned for the third quarter of 2026 and links to reporting of data centre energy consumption; no threshold or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Energy, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Summary of the Amazon DynamoDB Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region (post-event summary; 19 October 11:48 PM to 20 October 2:20 PM PDT; latent race condition in the DNS management system for the regional endpoint; services and times listed; operator report). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Google Cloud (ed.), Incident report for the Service Control outage of 12 June 2025 (status page; 10:51 to 18:18 PDT by the incident header; mini report gives different times; policy data with blank fields caused a null pointer crash in Service Control; operator report). Google, Mountain View. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Cloudflare (ed.), Cloudflare outage on November 18, 2025 (blog post; start 11:20 UTC; core traffic largely restored 14:30 UTC; full recovery 17:06 UTC; Bot Management feature file doubled in size and exceeded a limit of 200 features; not caused by a cyber attack, per the operator). Cloudflare, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Amazon Web Services (ed.), Opening the AWS European Sovereign Cloud (blog announcement of 14 January 2026; Brandenburg region; investment of EUR 7.8 billion stated; vendor announcement, weak evidence). Amazon Web Services, Seattle. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>US General Services Administration (ed.), FedRAMP 20x (programme page; announced March 2025; phase 1 26 submissions; first pilot authorisations 6 March 2026; phase 3 wide-scale adoption active; new Rev5 submissions stop 11 June 2027, a future date that may change). FedRAMP, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST SP 800-145 (publication page; September 2011; five essential characteristics, three service models and four deployment models). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations, NIST SP 800-146 (publication page; May 2012). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>NIST (ed.), NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture, NIST SP 500-292 (publication page; 8 September 2011). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>Armbrust, M. et al., Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing, Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2009-28, 10 February 2009 (report page and abstract). University of California, Berkeley. Observation year 2009. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>Cloud Native Computing Foundation (ed.), CNCF Annual Survey 2024 (report page; tenth annual survey; 750 respondents in fall 2024; Kubernetes percentage not on the page). CNCF, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Multi-access Edge Computing (technology page; industry specification group; news item of 31 October 2025 on Phase 4 specifications and a white paper; no counts on the page). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Masanet, E., Shehabi, A., Lei, N., Smith, S. and Koomey, J., Recalibrating global data centre energy-use estimates, Science 367, 984 to 986, 2020, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Satyanarayanan, M., The emergence of edge computing, Computer 50(1), 30 to 39, 2017, cited from memory. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y. and Xu, L., Edge computing: vision and challenges, IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3(5), 637 to 646, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Barroso, L.A., Clidaras, J. and H\u00f6lzle, U., The Datacenter as a Computer: Designing Warehouse-Scale Machines, third edition, Morgan and Claypool, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2023\/1791 on energy efficiency, Article 12 on data centre reporting, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; the page returned no content. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024\/1364 on the first phase of the establishment of a common Union rating scheme for data centres, 2024, cited from memory; the page returned no content. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854 (Data Act), Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; the page returned no content, and the policy pages [15] [16] were read instead. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2022\/2554 on digital operational resilience for the financial sector (DORA), Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the ESMA page [17] was read instead. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Competition and Markets Authority (ed.), Cloud services market investigation final decision report, 31 July 2025 and 1 August 2025, cited from the case page [11]; the report documents were not opened. Competition and Markets Authority, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Microsoft (ed.), Azure Front Door incident reports of October 2025, cited from memory; the page returned an error and no figure is used. Microsoft, Redmond. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), ISO\/IEC 30134-2 Information technology, data centres, key performance indicators, part 2, power usage effectiveness (PUE), cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and IEC (eds.), ISO\/IEC 22123-1 Cloud computing, part 1, vocabulary, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap, Singapore, cited from memory; the page returned no content and no figure is used. IMDA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Exponential Technology Report 2026: Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Exponential Technology Series XT-08<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 cloud edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-08-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">XT-08<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-08-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-CLOUD-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-XTC-XT-08-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Cloud%2C%20Edge%20and%20Distributed%20Computing\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Cloud%2C%20Edge%20and%20Distributed%20Computing&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Cloud%2C%20Edge%20and%20Distributed%20Computing\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Cloud%2C%20Edge%20and%20Distributed%20Computing\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Cloud%2C%20Edge%20and%20Distributed%20Computing\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Exponential Technology Report 2026: Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-08&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-08&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-08-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-08-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>XT-08 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; XT-08 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Exponential Technology<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-08\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. 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