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\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pGUu4gIhwBS7Z4ScqXYgNruqBS1CTxAbWxUamPOYEddEagU8RB26FFbGJWS6wRQWw1J4mRy0Y5ni9Fqwh2gtjYuRteJF7ohYIvRzHqhs4VsMVpQc2NSEx7F5DaJotDzPLbYQsXApHYsLrZRsQdqRJC6GO9YZ+twdeO13Pk7n2bgshximhv5phdRPxSn\/OrvH4MdwwYERgFeQZqC\/WMYBrsNzTsec3RRPPpuuN25NE8JS8LrerZPb\/bACPLsgmijv6XupsC45j7AWYc3kU0zleesAHGwf4TODgTUshoxIu9BFG4hXeoDFCKwf9zC7ZbmCErkoIrXNvJ85rrFPyCWaOe76y3\/g40pj+kIVWGS5El+wBPu+C6kJ\/wKEyPKiiJOCO+1Afyv6TVIIMglA8U\/nz7CPJPx4uhHfGolc4p\/fIvRMjgRapb\/zY8zvNoOdeNVPx1hJlkN0lyZ5eAIMUcM6cNKfs7KE7qjN2DDDhNgMWUdrj233YwXmKE0Z4RmA4pmVz9YhIV1hR8QTTO39FGqfiB3hbkRfiDXhem7Kkm3xPzklHAXbkIQhpxwF22iTbRmhTuehyTCHXSgTb1eCXcA+C7F8hDhLohCm5LNiHDH1YqFO8uztpYvCne27wW+OV64C7eW75kS4W4Ldh5wWOFuG6wtkxPuwq3vUFwREe6A7\/gBK9ytge+CgBXuTMvzqMukFu64pmvhbgcDAC1BuHPBbhs6gnBnW55HtVcLd67vgB0UhLsNsCJgS4W7cBdsI7lw57s7H8qFu23oRQGUCncecH3q1qGFO3ftmFtRuPO3mzXFSdfCXbjxXU8U7nZBsN4BUbiLdpAvdpHIvA63gSDcRSF0wEYQ7qIN2FFHsRbuIBI1IkG487c2cAJBuFtHlkfdxrVwF+zCAEaCcLdz\/ADagnC39nfrIBKEOzvyNpy8jUfpO4zgVAt33I5uhDtuVzfCHQygFwaicMft7ka443Z4Jdxxe7MS7nZ2sA4hL9xBGFmRywt3kQvWW0G4821ra\/sy4c5em3r9\/2H5zrI5+S6yIjtyOPkudNDW4eW7TbC1KVa4ku9c4EZrT5DvtmBn7rasfAc3cEtLvkS+w9R2I8p30IVruJHId7ZvBZTmo5Xv1ojHhBL5DmxdZx1J5DsYbOltTMl3PnS2gJfvIhvCwOflu8ALA4pNrOW7wPe9HS\/fOe4WuhEv35nhmlatVfIdBJEdeLx8B7yQXoVKvltvQeABXr6zna3p+bx8Z9kupLiFSr6L\/MgJ17x8F9lBSDH\/tXwX7bbujpfvfM8zbcDLd5utQ+sva\/ku8uAutAT5DnrBercR5btwt12HgnwHTM9zdoJ857lOYEW8fAcjGFK3eiXfBa4fUse+ku921nYbmLx8t47W5i7g5TvHta11JMp3URR5QSDKd1EYRtutKN9FW9+hJrWR76CzgfZOlO980\/VoPqGW7yI3WlPnqZHvwm0YUJdsI9\/5ru8Ha1G+2\/o7l5bCavnOM73dZiPId65prV1evnP8tb31BfnO2lnUxVTJd2sY7DxbIt9tbFG+swMHUlXU8p0TbSJ\/Lch32yiwKC1xI9+ZgUeNpJbvAnftOL4o33mBS91ttXwHoy2thanlu3C3pg9DLd8B0wqsQJDv1oEJTCCR7yzf8x0gynfA2wLPlcl3nBDUyHe7ILAYZr6R75xoG+0iQb6D3i4yTVG+C9dryJTX8l0QbHYUY1HJd3AHYeRI5LtgG9i+K5HvdpEfBDL5LrJDewNU5DtuFVr5Dji2bXXKdx50geN2ynfCQGn5zjQ3tm93yHfCnFLynWnu4MaRynfbwAsdSyrfCavByncb34v8Lvluh\/8R5DvohkEQSuS7KIxMioK08l3kBbudL5Hv4HZHX7ytfBes18DxJfIdklZtZ2lIVwl4618y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4F8y4I8iA6okOkIL+\/blIQdvHHSRAO\/prBl4z0rgWzElWDBcrSbAY0zocwlzJKcM9ZuDJSUyKdttLJB+VrcJdeoCiqII2JTKMYXrrRs\/MalqQiT7KyfPTKkeU9reyvETU6quiHVv5dUzU6pHFL+3bvTAlIrxndFbM35iStXk2umtmzwypfI4gL01x2NDqthqyd3XWzN5ZNKpxIxKT+XkAQHGZ23+NLU1a6g1a8nW7KHW7CVbc4Zac5ZszR1qzV2otZrP6mmvfmQ1vXpruHprRvX2cPX2jOqd4eqdGdW7w9W7U6pH7FsvbUEPfAKLkL5\/efDf7rPH6rrvscHquu+xu+q677G16rrvsa9Q3eCY320tUd33WktU973WEtV9r7VEdd9rLYkVoKdy8sDkqq2hqq3JVdtDVduTq3aGqnYmV+0OVT2J1FPqin4xrH1uKW6FUoUMN109uGTbWM8y3DJ+bMl2sQpnuF382JLtIu3QcLPoqSVb9eMRc+zHi87wEY5o8wiXXVWiKRuxruTBJdvGarjhlvFjS7WLfAP6m0RPTCFJ2B2ht2r8xCTtB\/KA4KruwSVuvSZW2no9BZmYaZ34TSg2T15aaQ6HjMxw3yEoTjDUpG9O6OjvvRf779MEut97r\/Tfp4lxv\/de5r9PE95+773Gf58msv3ee4H\/Pu32Ju4wXL0YKbzZHQhDgZfOGkeacW3e6gQRxvteC5L40npWkfwFaBeDvFCB8ZRle6ChpnG2rbEg1QoQmCDHiZnjJKkmCkmmL3CvVUll\/gEdx6qwSRL9vK5LUDcChLmD55ou\/S1DsNy4WAEhAqCEARDsH01ouVZlQkGFFUKEaTu215YGJY7Ytd0dXWacwW8ZcuDyPau23aNf8gwgfzE7aMzHuBQgy1RkRnZtxEalfhIi9ylg15GUVaGBrYdrsA49h2oTJglyzdhGO6p3lX\/ZJvKdkO5gdk1LZELz7TpwGhVfsuQDx3uv6ZrhK4I\/f4Tmdlc7HOA6ksIAJC55DdhiEqi4XQdscbB\/3AH0xxaj0DOwjfxoZvRXs3DQhUHk8AsX2ZEFQ3bhgl2wqX0B2IUDO7DZRfzCOZHruIBfOCuwoG1zC+fBjVUboJmF83e+z7SJF24DNnC7FhbOjryI7ka1cMDx1lbIL1ywDYJQXDh\/6wJbXDgn2jQh3tTCge3Wq73WqIWjYwaphSP9+wS3zr8W909b3PGUPEWpJ5r08Ur5RKpXUebyGh+3Rsrzalz7sfj8lhSd33S7UIgVcq7Xfb3kEIMzNXcjSvQiyy1DMumiIbQpnXB2rPGa2t7cDEPYgGozZ0ug+TswphtEZCY7wyWHhxL4NTiT6pwukihE4RpJc+MlLgdzry+S0bIeZlZMz6Xu9qcb2m3V0g2R3twt3xCu\/uvPt2kZhvDbVYqhJr+JqZTcZCHoTK472slpKZxmklMzjBqO4cI1a315\/5v17HBHsQBpodyZl9dxO8lC0ybbT16V6psiXFyiDvUuaWF5I8Ndo+HiXCl\/s563UtojodLb3lQwS9Hvqqthu5CDAPWNxEUA10H68XaCOVRtNonTl+ImyZBFqkX\/blNj1b3Dt4jJ5izjM5tN6ogGpqUdcpi0Qyab7U8B2nZ8fhsbIw9Kc3BNHPmInFl1T1RbOGXZCyM7K9K9a2kU0hzZ\/GLhpDR1BjWPSlDc7h4jb0tEPWPfotGZZl5hXsYBSOqEnji\/ovqgmiQaJUQ2lBw+fGvGKaXV7IZYfq2EThHtTdsp0mJ1zohST72FmySFlbi7FbnlPJ9+s6K3jeJ67suD5oMCok1WpTpj7gl05D0WUX3jBSdmTK6EmVyUk8KDSKnbBmmo\/mZJb5oRhKYCHjXS6xnmcbDXSuBfkUN+ej0X4zuWh0QIGsd49zaKvEVRYmHlDhTZNQ8YnNSKfjLTcKwPN5++ZtpYB7Kj4ZudyVTn9Sb166RMR5zsfMWPRS0\/aR6SrD43KvukchoWDrD2iFOwPHxr+VWcr9Icj4g\/onIZSHC7evbY5SNalctxzzsk7xh\/ZGiA5vPFCJL4jDhLsFpRT\/jUE3lcvBj+amSCcW0fF094PAFMIV5WnXxtP1Oo3Vqd6B7\/EJ3IPujIaKuQPLcwrmlshFnwwmV741ielscZC\/6\/Ul51Fm\/\/q5CCmtONWErH9ZIYYVbe5EwEugAqBXydM53iJ7YtP0Hn2Nt2MBWSJaG3EiG\/YVygIxiuZOyFuVbhLy6JkcAjTMORnDXJt9ew1\/Ywez1fkbKM8NKMVKMz+Q5ZY5Sqj5t8ivuBObnbaai6wYyxV8T15BIuWliXFlXIUqsn45jQd+rE0SR6o3hi4\/SmrP1cZKfJ7IHNPG7QGbJrzWzbtIrFFI0vaG5LMjuOqzQ92KdelmMTV4YYDIwiz9AsxoyJTwzeKmib\/GHEaYjIoK3ah2qCdJXXUBQNkjHA5QJBjq73Okd5y9YjlV9DhG2Xlbq9xVP9zlSEHijNj93Ni1\/zAtVSmaonTjUR36dMeCX494sEy4qabM8ZLfekEXyanpw5qtRn4xyn377u06x8ase3aon1eL1MXwOi\/wFDLMx5LQRJVsDw25ROcydYQoASGJUVI9DcMjZNYrz2WG8lyrQRBq3tMumm23H8eorDEKaTZ6TiYRFXT+b5dP6mNzMeXrPmW2Ek4CO7otwv1zgJkQcYOgfGKTtDA75fkiwnZ5uUROD3VXv3rBUzrC\/crdUIEawn8S1O5KJgpPmkSUUGTM38PnNWRzZHZsql9n3DirnbfhuXZZqT5u\/XOPx\/vjyQ74iAv4LgwyATNL2eEubnYnYtCTyCxKD1Bo49aYd3jJGVKZcZ8ZJ11uNn61S0krpMQrYtn5AN77WJCdlGTLFAEpaZ5YWrrSe6n4CZd5kUxZTuo2dlgXql0yJmmpLI9CPBDDpSXz1W7aO3QQnfwIeQgEzjVGB0Irt9FOfIWecUJ5J0hhW5xL4mmEmoNCuz8xAu2Ov9HkQlfdKnsxv1emLyEZSIJrdl6Ct\/97iyu8edoKcd2fzSZ25ss1jLrZWhfucGTuz87iTTu1OZ3eAUX+ZmrER13DqlXfzzSlGE8BMIw2\/01\/BbbUNoBWb0kPHGJLUngj1ZciIbcI8nK85ga\/KCelNAtBmz5R8sYdF0omq48k8ji1Z9ea8h55Qlu2OCXs3heCapGL\/45HG\/VFC8hLAojWM23u\/ht2tRxtGH0djhq3LMVxAF+Du6IzDn1igW31njgcmJePZdVTdUVMoYy6dctYh9kiQ+GLjkrRrY2jS5S\/Egs3VzKh+5H8cBd7u6xtrhEB0M8mI6F20XISjgSqe1NPInun+atIkVtU5kKyu\/5JfK6q1qW9dOLR16PPzrwsotMsZfkaES+XAWBQy\/PJT5tTPwrmrB8I+dPaEf6fptvMGXX8Np+rdqLae+jNb089R2zxdk4r1AAwSIXO3riuOqoDXFke8rhB16gUaRReLDuJR\/AxfWr2Up9VKW6hLdcfVknL7uLfIROVMab3sbea1SJae9xYYaKXrJmiO11K5JnFj+Zj2vpaRvSBk+TL9RhrhrUvbS7dYvHMVxTeTV0XprP+vjH60dnJReIdy6\/Lob38099pt8Otn6ydFPrn7Rs0S\/JnqY6GGoR\/HxmsOV1ACp3AaueHWb6Cp5gVrxenyObxWHUOdARlc3MpnTBdKYNSGmbWr4GmWcV56DyjAF9Di9XEv91xL4WAP9bTWWHDVUZB494jNq5zABZfwKJx\/05hQVzor6sl5JFD3tLqIf7PrSAjKRhcZ2wzHHfBl3czRXqJoLtn8wu8\/kZ4udCEuhCVHDIfHYs1l2zzNNlXCQivtrSRwxMBAi15bCJIkvRVyM73txRdLex42i5K6Ukvd4\/1XOb8NueJ87Js2\/jWDZKf57fAsAC\/ZF7xlsDeL08RonGBF8bx+WbxCmB3HvKvf0K+HcQFB+eUDde\/h2o9yUWH8kfMyJvDq+nd\/QWlZ1WppFpN2+Q4enRxg4djMidIbfFwp9ya55Cj8KuWTKjPud7R9yXlyIGxnieWgHzsbFRn2MtT\/JaCFcoHN4lehrmLaiNhqS9g275dfMw4BOSE2Wlrs\/OJgc2VLGkpeGJfRl8pTOsuGK1Y3zleiVNqcPZbxISUc8Dvl1tKos7BuEndlNfGz4A6MEkYcHcM5yOdPo8kyjq3RszjC9yrwMiHdTVTEhgAFIgidEEbRfmAOzkrhCmbQ7goSxQIdcoIb2uvb8Z4rPcfrkIjObjhonuk96xJ75euKDYCVMmTVGrprhydRsE3ojtM3jAnyNJ+BjpbhC9dnT1V5b6uRSdfGOzOJ1IZl6GYlkL9dWMqCp4n2pKcXcuVJqKkjMEx3MuClUUsDx77KS1YA2bgk1HL+XMOkMTjB4oUinAl+JGH3JFmAVda1gOL6XfpkupHpnNi7PDThS0kWHLUp4BHd1Zy5q5B3FsxGjmIgJKvWm2vCaGxEoytUkFXm1rKNUz2o1IjHgtfv8VKyBYqV12IH8ODRBCZ2LWMmN9fynGaI+SfY2OjCQ9KNebsnoKIWLTD9O\/cyXZ+lqUid61i6ubltR\/0suYcUGi\/NNelb7OPfxLcQ\/MnmxZeRl1EW6nEQyjpTMIhr64sQlHktdlrpK47sQn3gq9WEWfA7ZCeMiWFLmHr\/hzR9lc6tN1qeKv6hBwrjB9wtIw7Gc2\/gWlMRThgw0LuZLnmvUHfmAq05Sju15huLzq3w5Y9socrnQTA+dHzkD1VTpdpFlzrgAZLrBQvTTGkm4MrXNTBhGcknqijeqrkSCdKUNqU\/V3kyTnATmADvqCTct9tRTMHUAn8dcEYnbCLlgYXPQgUbxxAqRpuCj2XtFkGdJ4oO8Nh6WpzhVG7r2a54l8MtDCVDyJSn9F1meLggYYXG6582R0H9qBuXahDrCuX3OwGdU5Y6gTDvV\/eCOZn5mKWOF2R5zgcyonlDPAiYwKEcL+vxKzBfqMXLhXP0VrkTYnVgZeUmQYUnci6xe0uzdjNYywn2l06K2liXVTQ0aHsdPzAWkMBEIo6lYwdzluQAKiI2xtvdapBtrfGslVPJqQZ69l9MEyDwtSMD58oRhG3Tbe33Tna17eV8xtz15Zu2hZzb260nfoI8Ka1OU4AhlBlWBh+AFqQ6fovap+IzSPGpoC4KkBegI4jxIoN61c9HmplHJkQ0fj7qtuLX2E5N\/TQGPOfAPZXYNTpX9da9dQGp8HBrPELUdg+fmOS7Q\/kM4Nje6IT9Oj+OrestyJsiBjfM2q2hL89AwjEaWxzVU0eEtThIjOIEUzWfziGLraCDHJEb7\/zaCM06QboTljEnZ+GYTkMKRRh\/BNVwGQV8bT65+mfRgI8IEvgJ8f\/Z5raE41PJjrz1vxg8I4bXko0dEm6vwCGnGw2Si9Ue66imyb8IRrlgEgr1bqB4HtJy8D1T\/DPRyrJVWinNU6BfG+RmU8XjyqerYS81c8YH\/guWb3IfdyI58fPOz6XXh9VIagDGeORNWCHmypLflXXzaBjgnH0qlO929B4ZHWHRuLrQ72r5XpqmZWxq1KEPu71JqiV6QrzAos9yAUQSDEtdiFAFI0BYmDzNaiIrqMJRWUD+S93qfURthBUr+cYFfHo5oCtMK56saDjobIM\/RQfU0d3rdGDwddlWNfNsUK0dXVpbe2FWhthq7HLZ65WGWwpt80VWZ3KbK+HxrLxeFAdNpJGY7cuDKqumjq5wiHMEE+DCRMi8tIcQfETf7ZKzNn3T0r5WGTgJ8alqO09fVio4iGiXciMakUYb6eWZLu8cZU0az55GhFGEQSuZXggUWxnkV3qgRsaFbEdTpYMx8sVesPrGZdBLdwF667I+nz3J1GbpFRQ8KspRxeoJ5XPbah0aRZCZMa9iAdE9DNdorI5B\/lSFJq6pFEuapVdDh9Fbtkx7XfKkZGcfotBsa+4YxG9lAW281+ge7\/kFtUNrzKeyDmh1td7VraJwes48cWrwn\/8PUtdaei5JTTMgUVay5YcvbG1AB5dy7eA+RKeU23AfVitPsNsJzfiG9J2nyJbx1yw+z1Lak\/mNy63QpZ1cRC0\/MDNojVrHhg9U7hhdx0KeP6REqUIxKUu1XWTLIv54EIEM1fKQZo\/EG\/Ze4xJHU9WdcOVbZ7e0D9QBS9uAgxwpFVJTcO8D7ea96htQ8e\/CsOiNndkYcyYysFxFqu2TRKZFiVd+jBqeSUUPg3T+FdjfwD3RtEucA9oEeTqjSW1FuoU6PqmFhQopkCxImIlO7jF6eBchUnPWY8GzajR0xs7K1GkG4KT45KfMZuyrOJBeQLSOfyiGUY4O\/4\/zLQ14mCBSE6tY4+\/T+lBXlE1XHil0J6i7C0tr\/eDKs1eGaxjiblR+H8V6LUd7gUnnmEIEaqSo0MGQg498vnDfnBxIdOXVXnSumR2hUVByqzvUly8uRc43wrZndzHNTFFQ2u0juKMyPDoGvC1ab0nJPGfRznN5k+8ZYq7OEuL7sWt7EQBP16ohi7CVOwy8PCGeqEYIm5eKQVIoH2tbKeLlXNKZdsB4n+HlcLd0jSJKB89b5qjNO25n2t3ousqufwOkthzCIizhL+eaZ2RA6QH5dqgugBAUsHxSCZ4QVxVkv+pfUmbMPz1kIyTWCyMUiwFKyZkBewggEs+YiR4EAaDtRrmsokeQxS59MzdTbKDED374rzcRxW\/hL9ck0f9JN\/J85m\/od5kFciMuyxIIUJUDcXDhnpoIEXOnuyQ7elB7iAP5vNWgGncSp20KDTPKIVJJ\/jbsvxsSjNJZSw1oQo6Ada5U7KcS5k7BaZHESWTURp\/+cZ0ekHWtXbLb7Um8r4nAWaeINxGWcHkn9+vR60N0YDvSST8+bw\/AawNA4Z3WkkHFpjE8KrqqD84ZZf5CirDHEnQSJPnEqekoYZ\/C+0kguGi1OoziNS\/j9+9+9wI8oB2dY1K\/eykzmFVxe83Sl4BD6R5adh\/g9yJwQ5ATaz2C7q4Oaa73JRtN\/UuhZQwsctelq42ukkfeiO952nDveAhco7l52LS\/XMfpY0Zl42yiV3YHMBSMCEhbJI4ac4+M0nrlFZT8zSEa8GnPn\/Rn7ULAvTffgQJMm0TdIlaOsOlWxjeezkXYYm+vZmVDjQhZnpj5so+d6OslCX9f6yvePGJlGehlYwy4fCihJcTpWbOcstn2E3F7JgQmGQvnuckx4uqTuaDyJ4uO8y31Ot3n2JqByCS7KchSBTwXSwpb2mHbm6kKeoD2ZFRwGXPXOfP35NkWhWr2NDnXxBi6tjdlUn44hE\/5MKzvxb7gthlVW592mjSvb+eYmFc895MMjeLg49\/NyVCXPiAW\/jsos3U3TOo0FlD1LgP9daIYvWdFjfhXIoHMHoDclrLbbJ+W6bQ9t0\/J9jKTT+oNiOAme\/dSwn5aqZRcoGSSxdkuGh61CgkvrvJYlw0G0Sy2mlVQgWkS5HTOl0hm9upHTXcAkYhDrZLYKrB40LO1nZgArOeRex8MKvYMluAlm3TtGVCHmZVxI0U5MLDnJaq3WNy1UUAmRF5rgLNKxPkv7QPwDbWfvcWRwlYckXp\/e7OvT7b8+OQUELxHbyusSDsRW9vgGcL4n41t+eVUKf0NbVkfeLJXOeaVZUa7SmtLuQ4\/37D1L2EeKPbl9zuoijZMy86RW\/XjgDdEfdwT8JZMblHUDsRcNfZ2eaGIMAzcG1Upt3pW8fZcD88iCYjn5J4nTl0JXaRxncZZDOio2q4HbUCDaGKwAEmra4QUiBy+bTDmqfquFcUn97uaAGFe9IPuP9EUY5zUNIU7xQnrVfG0Q1p9tFW+WZuBjMV5ms1PXhNpwKF\/35EVD7HgKXtX9xK3VodNx8U5OiAqSYgMvrUA7KneMmxSksxuwkAnSHOO8NRC7P0dkya+p2nXaQUaGgnFc1RW8g44xv6Yah1RuLwfaVOYgeJFBDLSw5cSSw66lZDLVRoTzRfxahSai2PmHbxKzSgUG2EXY5cB5dW4PBRER5C\/dsa1UlLhgHnMl7nnzws1wX7RxxjmTNbnZ3b6CnP8dj3kzU+C9prWBdBFDp9yGSvOto12NVUgphOGo\/itcmNlxPJVV9VRXMe44qukruNVgDpmnQKkJ4XovgU\/8o6MsK6fq8th3O66UIdvaj0DR0UBQRntViXAe1a1bvQOCfAKPMA27h1Oxu4Jt68BJ9ia7lgKAmRStjE0i2MV19kfAqA5VHYsd+Nl1NogVaZww+2OA1roiNCaYB+um77R3tOfibSgTlj3Hw105pmDKCBZ3K5dX3eNcjh1K+ZmZapWUNi73IyftEjft+QAJ8pZ7\/cg\/pQO1F\/liPuAdU7ykV7O8CaQjHvRxrc9QDeExpdkkHTjWpvw+RslgpftYlTltO9KJtNITdzDxvLKN0dArfTEOZanSFr5RhpSAAzeskGdlYwcnFaXKBf0mRKUuaJvGDWj+rSeVMGFj7+U5kGYlk8eum8VQ96mAl+JrEt+m4IcpNlO7t9zbv4QiHp1WG3c10YxCRhLCEsRJcbu3ag03VqcCHGUiQ4H7GEQC2cQIxzou152AfLulgBNrYwWfZ\/TQY5KdOMz9vnaEqCYZayNgPpVfZStfNoMHU3eDGEHv7\/tZ+Lm2a6SCO3iGcS29jBtk9xFecPjP2GWEivo12TOOHTfwkfiFHIpfNJvx4nBWAxpiR3JBbU2VC6qMzxC9LDu\/6HwaVW7kyveyKeat3raJU49Jk8OKYiprFphhN34Dr3BQ4yEDwB2yTDhyLYg9JFWpdf1r69vYOyWWYr1CGjI2p9yQxs35QRIxdQFjeW1OMmfZpBPU5N0JpYpqgagp5rtWqpz24IV3sxhIIyu3Sc25RQ5LeUqpc3olAgC6dSVvRYucgEsBMb3Dn6Yb4HBTWnnSVd8IbyOOp3gypriY1b6odU1ldlEfIIJTLU9\/gm+22pBrpdcQ6rLyBITPwa3L8tIjjqm2U1F0gEJ\/rsjMJbC\/aukFp7VfEcVuP4qJ1bIJGxvA8x68veqZxlFDSfcCz5fyowNOv9OirwQK2btvl9uDaDVeY\/g2TvzK4QWC8onwdXGS6BXzhu3XmHlbzQmvQSEQo9UtPTg5A7lPpwfmoQ5WmhLCRDiEVClcYex5WsiymsAQ3qSapuUURTDPs3xKBgm7DWBHXazjCE3becYJHW6KqSQ69qYV5QfRyUIxYq4b2gHteZJqmtGtrtvLn91upqrNuSEJw2mN24hAV218HdYx2fpsvM205aFnZ2O+nhQjpmfpQRiBmV8QhbBUCEJ9SmIVae4pFe66TOCNM57mZ5AsA6uokIoYWWxvAmPfBp2opj7nvHyIEC8QLMRKfx9EuyDfx+9L7Wd9iUwhKKqyYlbM4kCBYjBH6JKjkGa1I6OruAEpiQMKLsckY4zCC6KLxRRztz7VGIP2omoGJWIwAj6y78JLQedSU8QQYPTkX58loV3fZ8AT0s6IiNcj+RT1hWpEfVepkQNgnNO5nqraXskxGaf4yulTEEhGv1T1Pv\/ygB3b8G5iQDdnoEh2wFZWLtZVy8ds+tTLq5o79fgC01WicBEvrPSCruIaqKuaQXUlo6VyjJ+uGjA\/LQnn5JyfWKGoK6NI68ooy7o6ei97mi4JQEqL9\/GcyD4unvYJSI9PIF\/p5NM1X61urO53z0pyIAf+6sBKdrJHxncDNxyBgXYjMNBqBFazhh4BehI09EhjS9CZXEc6jeCu0ykBdBbsVqfDX9tQRNpCrsssbrqoDdQbZfNKwIzHllle2Teeu9f8ML7NBPi9gPDrRSGcC\/MJt5muIFUtQwJ9I8vFKSVrq0lymF3apxm6ghqeCfOqD99WN2lGFPyKcdIRZ0+nXmvS4hLPUsOHJ\/AaoxGgXxQ5OOOdUw9Nx0Co6vv6XJzJGOHZh2EIw283CQwOjz0lw9LBGgIm1HyJ3mjPxZlAB9CdIPKTkFF0KUVL\/\/rz7Qp7AKfgVNAsIe0zBzOIyzTbNs+FFlz9ODB8+EcM86dnWzd1U7dWmp+VJw5hkNQU5RmVwMWUpmn6n09oRr6XWfugdeCIzPdFEmqJSFpUbpn5KbxS+F6OzhB2ENOSuZo3GzH0RiutsKivmZqBvEXNmZCbzQhlTr6HJfFDtWfUTgmO0yHbOZv7SMB25aC\/xZN9LYnbfi+oUma7s6QC0X+UJbcYwh9FDyL8UeoQ1MYfwza\/KwYyHfuzONwBG1S1g1TQ1TjIT6eFj1wA1ZPvREdmrHnbWEZ50J9FAyhM9rDpyxuMb4ildZXiXah4Eb2doDxXYWcmBBFJEZUPpDZsLRBeGw063i1IydeHz2c86hTxOca6\/Hx6N5cszPTAMxYcCB+iQwhsT3HJyK2apd8ofmT53UV2h7CLx8tOBUxgUN5qIwO4XCDIkY\/\/HqkfkP\/sgSojbKqYEh3PI1VMzMr4ciAfpcAwBE69Pe5Tstlkb1LzCocogTD3F8pkxYEu2fPRhLBtplI9gjj5dhOcI5uCjwYyQwjra7DXOLEMVYLsPSBOp3epdXJu2p1qJeCrZrRWokRNYEf4sMiFmqtdaKikY7MCHeWNYai3loAXSAvyIWE0zRFJ09vDYmwxN75lrsUJmWd+KyDIg1NXB7kE6M0tYUmy3cminlkgEMGJVc5Q2z+ItynliOlK\/BrJjYMXJf4DD6L2EMjelRdgrMMTbjy4FqK\/k6Xi7\/QbzoYxG4+IVKMe2vsbOmxzQ3t\/O9YJ8jgGxaT5dYkJn3VZtX404Fg8ObcBLoz3Q+1tWqJC3HhbJQ0S0uPe+nHuiI6MXFk9yDGil6+j7FJBDR7FSXxXtVBNB0WqzOodvhQwDZWr+soh1Tx8k8Puqgi01E10iYOXb9UVZ2oWy1FMAGnlq2Yv8JaeNyTc7AKom9smvlg7Lh2OjXBwnuJuivCjxDdMZ4e7p2g+6NoSvSDKAvh+AWko5NEWgimmCvjIRUb7Nc8S+OWhBP6DqPt3TVUINCMea0EtzviF8U9jTMA2hKqC8G+RQr+PrelmGMW50jQ2dsW4KtCbaa1UkR35MA+4EpQ8QqgCl\/L1kDwTgrPoiDtiVN6WivPypMrMivcaZJiXONPyo0PHWoxep9Gua+jR\/d6HUZZDpVdIdrNZTGlx1vZYhn062frJ0U+uftGviZ4lehQfrzlcyZgTU7l2XOXqxgfpKtdT+UgAHQOk6USlof9aAh8LK99WY3nr5gjNCSYozoRXUsTaY0F+BkKwRuLyMVHj62mhVEuBvqBpITJHi5JHbmUJQvMyMK3FWc4tzs6JPicf+Pi+06zqVEyyKr7kUzus+bdRabko4InxbaDQluLTDTULJfqt+9\/PoQzkaaOUI+ay0NDC\/dtq2xeMqZVOQhVFNsAcLwGDIG2eMKfk4vj3YMpClC3LkuJegK72j3VxROB8JyR4xLF3IsFPg9V27LHH90+Gfr\/X6aYh3hc6sahKztocgQSjfUlHGsYF8j5sI4KnYFNV7WrP6QyIViXdH7pDYTJnM86EOrmXUpMMrDI26grvYNNE3wn74Q0HnQfsu+o0UOjSO1um5LK3Wzk73ZnFS21fSmuWRXxN2BSjKrdtV0UME4N4RiknNGwGfsLCiW57r2+6g70tGadR8swah0lvvNeTvkWKCoVFxa6VEs\/UiQ6wdY2zbCpoRUpwhDJsc8Fjdkj3Ut8fxxz4hzK7BqdK4b3XLiA1Pg6NGD6hhwtI9IaSSI9b1cjY+Exow6ltx7eD3fWLnrBls8OJZfK2kToXlRlOh53ACDcpkx\/f4iQxghPCoa94D3SbKLQ7d6smzzBtFFGG42J7uFl78aADvteQbxOjpOp221yQE5vnvel0KzzVJgc5uuFzItWyU0dDDSdEMtRKbazUv+T1Ri2UiZfq8BmYMdTAh2hYx75RGeYxv4n78TOhcZShIRDfWyYzM50LKB4un8x3HEPbOJzYSr03+px5zc\/UEKlLu7FfpuNTkwma4q5sT1Le8D++rgnN5ihpdBH4yeIshXsXcNlRQR3jEVxzNE\/\/gJo\/kEzu+Ern0rQ\/r+sSVHOANjIeC136W4buQlKsjFhfnJHcHIzfesM58MbrQsyxZ+vH2Vlosj5Vb4ka7DCjL7N3cQtL5ysozj9ystuqd\/JpraaCuoHzDIVJPVlbM4TH1q+q2jvI0xbkxWgH7oo86Urroytpr\/QlLROuK7tDUOl3Ban8HrcbyWIlhL\/0kx\/3h9IWrfvdTJfMw0lWYWEdrV+mcyU6v0zrWblJhQwulG6kPBMbWapL2HuFwX1WFM5foTczQm\/qdfqE0JtmS0wNvUHuEAhYap6UJf48lMvLnmPmFnMGu+pQv9Mz\/RVnI82OY48hc1T6ZVNntQwA9ggU0HlXxXclP8Re7TKNut4F\/tiaWikgpBr4XUhMJkVN\/FQ7MRr0159vUyQf7Oh5ui3meFTB\/TB+5tv5rkdKzjg3PkSAa3w9KEAtEzI3XTeNZhFpMbMLTJtRcdr3qa7sxRlX2yGXKGrsJyXk\/tG1gMnrbRrYOX5X8\/mVWmhnX0AFLj6pY1Fn4JMsJ+aflKa66efX2glwMLONLLv71NYWzWkjqZ34KDcy3cMvD90m6kHY9GXcE0gXf0UU4Vt3R\/+XbVv2gwK7chsGhV6m\/2EWFBrozypGSUgzpUfS2lLQ7830a9dkuRu4qjKJlVwAdt7lXXe8n1ayoLbaw7SHtPugwNlzDtMCzOh+P1+yQp\/wWgqP02BQ+Vq6HHnZbCzSled\/ahP2XZVu6HykO5TV7ZvHOZUI3tTOlAzP40dwzJbL0KAy4f0RVeTx5u3GKeLZhmeVsclJQJdiRqnmT47ZyBMSiEUIwl6ztb9p7iyBd8puKfLgpkSzJ9KZRNTBSnxZbHdU4lG7I+0obYlRFcnqbKAROH95qCWJ5fKOMtWfsjz+A0FkdDRQW+BaLKVFmw\/yrCiWS3OKLBqgzON3DPkuuG0NawDclWpLNyFbUgEvIEchhTXZaWA9p1+MpC2tTqAqJjxaJoec0JJEyMPYpjXE8KH6r1HEIVRJmdS2VKOk7qM4L0pkuEnCm0xnZU5yiDgXQXaBiwQLNApqxiXGGQlHQFGEOdipzZBaf4nx6uwJi6MrvxLepmTfYjVo416avNfUEV9GGBUYEzHaBnxCMT8ry+wsV1NPHgqJcJdfaG95XCKicM7Q4Wy6kyeHTrOuqJixp9z6MyLpqSEiJ+ae1RJy1AzplzvJZp\/JQOb\/yTCnrkoMX3tIRF8kuYeS4Mgkpleb0PzCBlBuxWruX74tRd92BExwmIPSIJy1cxyGKsKW9FSJHv54ARaOHg2zcgxDyu+FbQMwRbNnUqo5RdkYZiXNJsYwR4EYH12RgfOboBnd6fbvaaOTMMG1AWs92oOdrZPjbCdxs7nc3EdvSN43SbY9EQIg1hxXoZhPyNz+XQ2oYwIvPZRKbS3PRazWMWRnmi1xk4pcxazcjPsWa1Kd6jGN+iHNV780P4RbqvXrMpiYSQ7Lk90J6YGPUIQeOrKIOxySxHRDSZaVY80knbyDq2onuUf0sJDXalwIsWx5FZYTZ8PqbrO6s0UzOoeSxoU3CtigAhBoeYpTZtWRE9wsVpQMRc5kKyhjp5jlq6aRvkrwqFatRRGlEBFRlKFsrlMbSXPWu6pjK3vDuv0B13KbU1PtNYTbTxTvC7iVEOVLr51peWm\/J1WpCmLCNR\/lb4U9ihmK+ou2tlEEKJv1kNF\/NHKyMw4PS0wuQtmYuqnpSAAHZ6Xq57qE79KYVKdq6zX38KE6jPT2uWFlit0rmdPkjfbTUT+9uDm\/31fFWi2RPLY+bt2pfRX9JCeuPwpk4y\/6\/hQf35UqbzzaZ12wyHV6fC4FHmRGCqDIPiQYA1vkoiUSDNWx9j2JnPlcR6oR6ROTENeekItkdG54UzRXdIc8pQ611hlFoEi+WTwPC51WhQzJNfjQPUExdTUxZYFszSKk0njACNnFbSviGzHGZ0v7m2ZY4xgJkmDhydaZPq1mQyJJfCcGEbUpHlQVZKechVAr8fRQ7cA8EaNGCloGaqUGRZkBrYI389eqvsqumEVG+XGBtzmT1VNv3esWqEZ14BjnRnYSuvNCTAM4EaFcHMTh6579etLXLoZ7kZiT12obu0xuFWoH5vYJOkVXSJuoG5Djvv\/p+hSa7WmX2jwoEgzVWAbu8uNQT5R9v1v3wNEkfkLljRObZFNP901SfX85jmNNcxxLhVJpPwthVIeJCbOK8w+RFbg4f35WYPnQZVmBa38WvaLieg3IoteQJXorO+uiA\/fCGXyL8+wMvjXSr66KVav0gq6qJtNVw4V0Vc3BrBzaTAb5egtMzmYvAfUxEMuCMW8U4DP+fSYkQ35I57Pxm7qSGb0G3+Ny2pu0kkztzSDJCjhTv0ZsvfH5DPMifoXfKPVqFL\/DsAUta9SjLoXuLYdPe33j8dPC19NgaOrkIDN+DBLoQNLPPky2yeoNaesEG7CnvQWqX3jlO3hrbCankQCnN1BfXRQzU\/MpK7FNKbvYMNQWYuSxe7NmmS7jLzBv9epOIq2EXisvV0vOMTrwJJF3tYAr2Uahsnl2QREIZg+MHioDKPgfTwScgDmo5zh98pCVXMfmEnxuNQNDbigAK1TOIsW32zgqIOgIhshCZ173DvuLes9V8rnP22d1Yx3QoRNr6zi0IsIKSpyzjLZ4qAMbtNbfZVnLLNOe0BI8+zAMYfiNHBzuWK2o0qioWBlhQYmWwN3SOz58PWkG8dxb6RuEBau68yf0bFRkv4K8JG2Y5RImg8kiFZ2CKreYErrfSYOxSrvVVleqC71RSDND7Kei60WAgvQ1RhEeAc3SbUY9hys5VIqzJlgpekPB27J5Nw6bzUZRK15ruyqLNfE4lhmxJc7n2BYqu76qH7jbyO26jah730Q3PrrwsXYcJU9V0lV3zs\/XetNhIUBvs92sZmluOttjEsRIEiDPbIFP1GMrJFns4lv4TDzWZm6VeK4b\/HCpQ\/VcXgsZhEbtTOKcKM09iPbm1hb2pov4LXpzevW2RB\/mppfsGxFr4+F965dsQHserwMZqK6AyVfWA20JXhrVjo5ulZmgtUKs7jo3DKI\/SsppeWabK5lP+7nkiveDuOquOgsjOZRInXGrLszdbl59jRGFFlVwFq9+wYY+l\/gm6kEFZ07e1GTj3f2nQInnZULtagJxhDIqhfEP5XJeB\/ESCBdOfdB\/qdqmIEBPxoKSi5918z9pv9StU8hxsxDF+Akl30+gQk6nJphXd7fYckIP5muAWtZbtq6uKV1BHK5NSf59icUw2Zl9QWIIfnpPY0cj4xy\/P8WpVuRHX5eyuJpn\/qRT+381txvJa9fRIl4ENTuN028xCB4TkrjJ90wcJoPCx+p2331L+tAK1bXmDVe9iKNQt4QgoSh2F\/\/O0yW6XG7qb7Yt5tnvwI2u78YsYoIoUOENz0L2Dl90DhACAeQco1o40Ti2ZUEOTHq7C\/umKqJucDwpHZ4UC97X+wQ04fhLjrq5sBnPEGbZiQKR02Kv19gU0qtgEL43KVG4e\/V\/Plnm+qfVHS8q+c7HtzkeCZKCTN6vvt0Dd7IVtNoAxEuQ6wBfqct7Niylm5qBMjsflrnjqun83l4Jot7lvo0SEkyz9fdtD6dJuUdr0lRcw1bHAauXqYK7VVyTsqBzzuGA10oJOpiheSE8XRYX475pV6ohz404qaohn1MqUfp87GT1TlwTaaZ2ET1SMTRyoiMfPTfH7NYvnwg4ez9I2lR3EAd9agQwOz01OsWI+I7JTYzEWMPjC67FPIg1KZGrCc200yY3XsnSF46OwpvZdmMIQAZEvXYFmGcF6DHRsdcsQ2vNLtLrrsRYBZYy94gSM9RjfcOgDQ6mquN4T8WinKdyTfdUXNtepkY9jDL\/0nPzA6Bg9M0z5rwGw9vtYcbAXXVvzLk9lXPfq9uU9OYKwcs0DMAEDNNuZOQJ4Q84mp6IBeMN85fsYvg3cS0V031xKHHOXFyCeiwYAE4hI9A9sOLovijEcvpHnBT3Feoi8tRQRpUOzoCN51YLDvbncr+X7CK7fafs1EvWop\/z\/OqkWpZGNb9kHF74bdSKLJYOTmifpCujdVbdmcuUzv6l1zlmK1Pl0iYbV1DxNAG4Q\/gyEjg4kxYSPjH1+2j\/HMW5bSJAJXOhFG7W1oYtvX1MnCRjNbN1p5gmufb7xZfJdJZtZKGIS1RpCl9hPimNxxBHg3jxadkiBBifpXCm+xjbNvpUfqUKeIA7eyGWGoXJzcD7j9NQdveMzjXYSh+2LU10aCl5QeEOVRkkO1Fn2F277VriRXJn4f5QZhyRCMhtT4IGieu1Yy6z\/v0xF\/V6LtEScaDmXZ6XqBlbdvouS5e+LPuSlAnAJBLfDI92KvtJMzTepewTc12Od1\/lXEX4HICC9wcS2TvyB2LNVZzg12vQgJ48grRvbF3UVqGZBSqeuQ2QjMk7keikAOcYwxwbtVkoNxLew0TmVsIMuVLcqY75Tr7hNH3td6bu4hc5zK2t3DTY+WifPrk\/+\/Rnxs+PmdSZYtgAgTJON1n042ahe5yz6XOwZJRNuCcdY0fSQebaLsoclsFpBvBK\/yCM462jG4M0cKEeTNJuTDH31ZGks2Cs+nSYCMKL9ehALphy\/wBmI4hemwuc2fauWjoBbR97i8y51O0Ak8s3nXoepkdwhOG3FZGcqImjstgu0A8CmNRDn52BJRk8vFIP+LXArOBILhrHtlla8zDXT3Zg\/PsTKJ4aLASMDqo3WJ0rNrxydVvElr0Ib7XU+DEcbtVle8lKmyz1cuPukmmplzFbXPPbKPxP1xXxPz11h5ao6DD13DoDVadZJweaawWuZePmka3jHlEMRAvJTj\/xnFs+sbcaWh2m0KJ\/1jKBsqP2ijz87s7WZcZgx6m38CEy72EKpfozrS0VEyaNwTUPWXC8wqAoQRkHEk\/QHjFRJhFKRUfu5jHZKI29fBkFQJTDkjKJqrTM6GeXlWOFRagV6CQ1NEzDRhPWcxKq6OtFfO0HN+vis4F1qHKfv\/US9XdeD4pAgUg+0WZEA46RXhnXbF4QzLO32e7nytJnnr0tJgAITI+3kBaXYqmkHgCit7+JXa+XOhQ1NOUUKIGhunvhOZdyWaLOILZFmNulFgaNgPyWf3lI4CtEqX5Ee443v8GK+8Tehb9fY1jSt3q\/GnQRLfBndn8uSobcF1xl7hYLmrwn06o+LHY6lVAQ+dZ1DkOFuNaX2TU4Yf8b9QzorzF8K7Rf8yyBXx5K4D98I14\/hDLMc\/uhOS5MLsklhGXi7gy7XN4mBes3hgPDE4Q\/fnm4JCB9+MahTElcxAXNqEKjCUhxgloWLHgQMolPj8Oq8\/vBoJbCum\/6LodHnSfo1nV3YpUpzDGSEzm3ElYvB95r7kVt5XgzbUfQIgEwPcfJx17qKc8m3CZfc7TSCrltLz5A92WMcqzPCwC5BFmewlzMtNmhGW2cmOSuTazHNzU4a3Cfju8ykYg7O2zLO9w574NdO9w1I9sFqb1GDGf0VNtjx3OnlLsXtbQK8vErHXiFxpJXmRkAXz7xH5j01IudvU+H10SdYs2BJhdtJPPF6QJJ71bHWCPS9lbxOQO5qsTcsiqZCL4rLQArKI2ZmaGMe1ziRTFHQ28eJMkMUWlHm5hzoiAD6cfbCeaURqh2sEU7hvpsZHmMVrFOb9r8hg8dRtbb2xzefoN1oXTjJdVNgO8f5HD7AntWmjzQsAItf\/zsrlUafQ7jcyvBPJtbpZdPWXlju0pNOdfFZ+8wwRpoXNLb5Ki0S6oFcR6gMJrOS7ZjqhtXdX4UrlLzqC46hZeFtq5043I9ZDtxQeDYRqXOIj0S+01dDWynUbRCVYJ27W9ZjDUy1zSc6ZZ3SYnBt5plBQKePseFcYrLen1GbiIV5go3gYU22SYQmpiTC+2ScsfIUUjwmL1d1NJ72n3BNky07JDRV4kXOigmTlSbgkWy5V2kCVgY55M2w2RtS7A7jbvs8KezEaRvWsyLHgJwLZeCpDePNm23o97TrK15rjw\/FjcvNgOZBupApEZgWR\/\/9uWhKLOL0aTKKB6+DbSgnkniFNf5I\/y0\/nRuskuksP70W5Nn4o9T\/eklqz+Vpx8290TrFl2HIt8r1kVw10LGWvSajoNaOvxmXIwcuTNf34YDTxYATB5vpqOxiSmt3qrDfCfYBShfiz5nZu0Xlrn9WbNXy6K7SRDVB7yXCH6ni\/unqu\/BDabwy0OCVHUPNI7aqHi+H3mNicKJNfDNWGVFTRfpUwryPHv71khY9IWLYqIloofTL1bK5RKlUBDi+9eBtjAhfxlb1X4PohLmt0ZYfnjoTVZBUbPa3YpHfKDuyJncbYdy+askI3Pj\/NBYX4cs7s7qsESGWRReqjUR\/RzjmGdvBmYezWkVfvVpi\/pO6rhrdonWE5tsrlkOUkHWsmgAxFb\/Wf1J341LgPwBv\/rXsszSquAcjw0676jg\/dahnqKoIXY0RN\/rBMq4gPnC5lceNaZx\/f75VgR5liQ+yOvulKc4PbSl\/dRd3df15zaquWnkVjVNj5v3vlykIcSGBS+3O9R7up79W69AMZSunCD9zOhDZQ2Y54l8gUYJ\/ELcFgpUtKpDttBT5Lz03QghvKCDgywn9e1WZhcuYsbPyjI7KwFfN3UPCOOM6O2DAqIT2WLyM93AHcPgxNVak4JOSfsE4hxVt1KejxOH1tVhuyI4XTxfwdhf16YpiiTPlg3PPTnm5yN\/NUNBwF8j1CHNXI8CCVPuBGCYL3dY20EmJ4RBlle5H69pCPFq8j91EdJ69RsCgd9rqmmAqyQ6jGm0gx5vFfO+BFYXXasiSlfrU1CxcHNgu9rT8XJbcIMa73I\/QKc+SdTJWrLZIpeJ97UcRd2XnfBJSOMTlE\/EI8NczTABJfBmGAmsVqnJ+xlXBZJlVE\/CMnjiKEw7D1uE1lLF+lD040IBMBPVgwnUftbHP7rf+zDKcqj0ChGx5Ozn+G7uMRf9dLL1k6Nf9CzRr4mexHqY6GGph6EexTAJC1jqJCppJcVvVG4Pt7OaCqOTQK3u1q0N0ZqcRDyB2ixFdTssIhvoQI\/Ty7XUqyQedWrXX0vgY0H322osCW1O4xySmUBpyqQxSGjrVdeX0dEGCTSgP3pnG8dk\/LOn8Y\/CBCh0Iny5DVqmMdc1eg5aBTZs1NZRo7aGRf0pbBTYcVl\/ujSf0qRWW5NZrSaMzAXpuKiPbhk6ngN8Nj14VllG9sZtN+f4OgT8Q4xswsq\/z7bgPHhYgoVJoELSZDSzKAJQYBkF9cTODE4KPShBeS3m2QYbAWUUO9vYm2f2HB0hAVyhQkVpfAPVMXJHCs5D2HMDblVzuCI88iooDCuxvjwUKbgUp6xE\/rT1MPAtFoLiBEOF7ZDfEUhz3qhP2dvglVHxzIwmegLyAWlNy5Jxaf1IxuwnpEA0orjUKw4TJ4XDXOZqMgZD1ZMkHtcT7AXLMrgDZ5fgnf3pEdz1ueApCEeJ3fVSlPeUCrQDT+wlAQEUUi8yafO4\/U8K2CGjNFviUCnuiRtFbGSpLpmPWv7wGkztWbe+wejExpB6h2W42L2DQv4kO4d\/h3YD+UwomQSijKlDQPwz2HTjmNyG5MdZJA\/dNIp38zTs+aqt22gsuBFYtx6bTIvZH+a9buVBOXwYwZ5hYCY5BVazWSM8LgFnWlWpYUGOQ6bb8hcyq7EkJMfoYJXnDhEUT7hP2BK+D04weIHhajV4LuaxKb1tE0bm7TbBWxVVnd4mhgol0EgIEhF7YQQnMbeFMz63RYfn9fhUp2g2JPnQuw\/oMidykcNYTZo75K5uFMEJnuFew14jWgjyl\/GzE4ISKotACtWXk+mqtVKTqRQ4gTId36uuaAPplhJRt7wh1PMfZ7etm902JnXJvNvdL1P0n9i\/8ZNjMqu+VdGs+WWKMFW5K8LjrwhPsc6F7zJUYxgXwE9gKL8q6l+HYNxHM43N2lVvqBDPo\/SoKNXQHDoeZGRSLfsozhsQ8+aIgLys\/i09H+QxmIbdD03rDAWozvQFNTXQk65HpMYvw7pMm3SFhAOjUgiwDwk7c4qkwoL7jrZfadhD78lBGBG6Y76+6Q72lR3f8BnEaW\/DFNRWh4vU+MZelQVQPjPPqOsJE2TDh+UbhOmIjCp3jNpEG\/GUvaW3UYENEzTIXBK8BtYbFBcYoENextles7W\/aZYkeHxIH8M4YU43P5JuEp3lOQvhl4djkvnoENZU+ZgD\/8ACDlxAanwoNrGAIctQsmThVjUyXXzohSSLwDRIbXxML+rVH64F2rDY7FctYe0jRf+iZFtEPanoK5BEvKmFaFPVHXNQ9gYnTj1+dQOJJA6eF7AokdFWaOGFqRcJkSuFyDlrjqLh\/PIVi79YpxmXxPYGkmx1e4VBmeUGjKJ69Y0iAAniM0n7Ko1UvvkncIFfHvI4PT58+0oC3jpa71xJMjti55S6o1UNVs3QKQrr1lSrJBxu12T2x2+qtIMCBjH8ErtjlC2XTU2f1uVF94DyeFGVY2rkgzkv74clTwIyOvZG0fad++4IWyFmdhAbRDBJz4hDwNTRh0nRm01Xii01nSVIZI1h31XkGxqVDdQVhW5tWK4sDYdjm5Myo1K75hMVyw7vDYtWT6JJEK2qHTAL4+f8jyw798bvSQFRmLnsS8Jhr4byHqt1lRKauwP70HwkQJFnLsc7txlpVsLpgOD2ECC4LfGEYGDAtZ9ZycXQcGTdCKSLH0axRm19xWWqLh308ctDkoEQ3zsiPKMAlV\/N8xpHPIvzj8oF6rJW4Mj3YZw\/5WWyGuwr1YxyK5KKYZ5n+cM3MS5MjAVbqxyKOIRj9QCshwErUfIyJp09jV2CxSDMkY4dZywc9A8h2oNWT9Dl\/ODM0A8MaiSVRaTTbRkUBMygpaVq1MF3FT\/FYYAecVWWa79M+FzGvAeJo+jLNzPQD3Uq6chcKDAFgrOLQiP5OOXhLjgN+QepNKqF5XJ7E1UX3u68GkUejLd7CTkahNNCcZD8qRL2WXekjYLr32sxjUjLHV9Y0i0N5J6QX5r0syJdCwDEI2EhLsobnxjtFeYk1M\/w4Qm8xmhZEG0HcSqOTqHv50v5cRtxK9zJNIv24A0gEfOKGJcuxLlR5x2RwEGHQEmiQ272UHYPZT366Cyek5VfaKZqbw+Z66fS0Yp9u4tQzzF5oD4ubD1FVY43adXxUkaRReVIPF3n8o7jtyara1juuKfDQtPG7LbJlH+2ISAuBb+hIW9WZ31v3kMhuqC4CU5K7hQnJSWV002ICl6IhjYe8pWDfJlprzCPow8kj3UG0WphVpZK7vJvFIz+Ydjn4jBkJyBl7UVX7V+VHknUtJTedHxNOYrRUiPo6nIbaqRBFhmWHfrvJZP1O+addUaoKboO71qFEqAxGf748DazO6btsHC0T5LTQRTD0ANdXmkj5Df1M0sS7w36k8\/hOBrZnFdKLYF8XntxLJh9qtbL0Hu+AwZeqmIxD\/c+wJgx53HeMSabNMnPerdTnVMFiOgqwmEZkUMMDTSVQlxJANGym4FxnxntJKRwBM+1u7BCcGqp8mzjjiwIHZP9dXvlnyhXgLrinHUZIUDRyanP33UBtxnWuwdhkFqKVqBeO4\/Vb+exVhOmhTHoSLNfiq7zW05L5qmewCS+dSbEsCbyKboiJ6BPugHl1GthuFUE3SCgoB4awFSl1DIVvOA7LqHNE1H8DkMJup5tuRt363iuJ2ggXt94X6bXE18Svp468mpI0XpUlEeLaO7Z+dijfxdBDmF6GzPa8cgt0UXNmR+fXCSLTHdeb1rFruadEhAfKYmx6hfI\/Ec1j1LcfXLA8sg5gtnNMGD2F3rNbPQamI1Gr0GPKqLXkFcWQK+BWRd6zSyQmrbaeSA1MJuHKtP2g0eVmQ4n0xyPOXAyMLsLnMwkm+\/4Lo\/GoIHZeAwaNBXjH1XAoIEZUtYvC0IDs6VBaMi0VjNGJqPq+b1QaHCLrMmy3dPj6\/gzUWjwBJ0VNuPiKDTVVhzCcjH\/oyG5VOO+B5KLtGokQSYJDB++6TNqgUWJpANUDd9DFeU5Op2fB+hCWvsRAF2qnvwF6LIooAua1T8B0IXiX\/4MQBeY\/RXG\/SeHcZMlWNK+X9X47yM6GjEP86KjSQ3NXp4YHc3W8idHR3Od+QGjo9ke\/ujR0aiXf0p0NMyUo6OJclHqZjzZiQhmk+Kmx2bH\/LxY6GoglWYUBOWXhxwWEPG60h2N5lJhR3dFQrPLJ+MHWGtKe7fn+lb7m+as\/qzA6XpUtAWoKEHwIlqAPGQCMmUR1Ac6xFqx4SqwGX13Qi4HVF+o2L0CoWFmRAkoB9Nr4zbqcQd5VhQI9358I58cDYdaVIuGMzXDss2fZiGdDrP3y8e+2bJMELPYL5VgLpgNB3PZnxrM9R88iqten7sHMMEMJQf34SDco2qwz2gnZv6KWHtKszQu+uoHC7zCfGTw4wckkH5+xWqCJbyD1PTswyihCtfEZ8VBVBr\/4ePCruFiA8VBEB3u+PcKRFDrHaFpWdovMVEs4ZCb\/QTLAeVm39mrIQ\/7KQaL4m1SoJ+gaLInQ5\/gTlRwqJ0OCBOQUWmV3tSOxeXk2eFyDyrGKg7FG4wfQg7OHWjA1GSPZzHVGtZ81kVGWEYl47CCbau48bzqSHX1FAp35m4iNlsySj32C8sqqpEnfNsVuvo7EQqkvlvXcO38LC9kAkB1t5zmtfjygEqQpUrZJ0RSV5ClBUzLtjIqn+z\/sr2\/NzXtQa2vexJpOM0bw8gu4zRiIu+lrYPTSH1Rv\/2NSv47cqMc7gGDh8lGeoS3fj2D7X4K9c8uWnYt8b3EuUtIw6mmYTojVpBWvHPxiguvmkKnjhOD3Z3FDIHJkbGujr+AlZqI1dwe73JXom5UxnlESCiWb47jQHLU\/KkQ6Ogk3j1srGrkP1TYWDWmHzFsDPkn+clbI3Ua76qa+dJPbq2tKAGXAmnFqk\/3uhFKP9ECcEG\/32gay\/hHdGr5FuPyUDeQc1p50stwdRut7VOyvxzEAb7CvIwDkNSlZXZR63QZ0pZL7pYaTP+rpLZ7FfX54v0laI5d7rDZI\/LnCufA3aqcg3\/vEYq1JXXBoLFad\/mDRiiKKrM6onqJ6MTa9XgZleKcgMPWwW3ZtV0qlk3BkqkQy8ZxArriXatPOvifEpiFohKWCsx6Tt9PRhQfZVEIVN74UTnj51iYFHrLOvRjvm4A5L1beN1jXafFZbshMllDfLKyzM6jZkBhFCg4atASLl5JrskJEISeNoNplP5TICKqfmnoZqQRP6xOAVWGdquYXbxt8rm89MLnTqlSRBGZ1LHzjWPdRUP1gj3HAQvoS6KT\/9jkvyAIyAcktpFPCMOj\/dQ+4YM0JJ+K31fqEB+k8fHPosZvXajs9fFoLNEcxLlKn+zBVuZUj+a1Axub7Gq+7vo7ehHkOTrLjuYotIgWTG2a0StCH3FFQu+e1wo9QTtGZewqozxliSQdQONd0I9GPmtUYVYO4PqrVYZnn62QzL3KEf\/9pjhiW6n2zj4eRm4bleZe0ix4GbO4itTHz951pafJ4VXZZcuTp6YbIllwlQ4Mqkhcxd7hLEIC8tsiN7oP8iUOSgAuMpUXrarHGIYmw7XaVUm1vNhPbgz3OqCEXsq6h89oHgj8lRB+3YOops5ifXbqbinOQkd8v0pwPxFWmMVWkXSKLMluAle99sYL03UXmg2954P1R1VUuTlb1se\/IUdnEKKQDbzuIyPw+irQsDdu8XrUETf5sx5kIdQvOdRf\/FAvwPmiV24nN0ZV999hHoIU6A9\/X77EaZGl2v\/xcYF5Ao9IhnjQ\/xWcsjPQ\/z6PQaKjYBmjQLB52v8Wny9ZXoK0VB96+FEk8D0Gk4fOVTBx6A\/\/1wWm\/5lUFTzo9UwsOtSavmDUPczjX\/Qk1sNQD0u9DPXypOPz9\/s1K6EexcdKQ62fLP3\/b+\/aexy3kfxXETxYYJyTOrLa9njsm8Emk2x2L5cHkhzuFnO9B9qibXXLkleSe7pj5HPd\/\/fJDkVSEilRtkqiuztAMtjtbj1YRYpkFevxK44asB3b24m9nYJi74TUp+wX+kiXSfzJZnHJecb9kNe9NUJEbdj6bHgEuJ58T4LescG3Rx2mvrTJVgblFLM5awB4IG3S3Ed5NaW7IpKWcQcP2aPhsNfnU1PB+35BUhne4bGaas75z1d24qj3bffKndBdvy5xuwhEkFe6c2IylB0cKoZ\/aMUAM9w6058d3o4BhhLN1OzAD2umFzvbYLNlBYy5LTgVPNV4GTZDapSTiWkVEswMrJIdSe6UNVLD3Ri3lJINfIdBdAdsk8txCGa7ExCuZsafAZjA8LNfbGMt1TFRrs0Pj6ExYGmrYgoSW6C+FGgvSRzSdwN+dXCT\/52R5eBmKPJhlSnAwxDMdbJVz45qo\/NX67VPWtoHVRWEJHfM9JyQFPLV1Nje+SuX\/beonOAq19XTyDzZLMlrbzKx8\/+5V5PJcFGzFQDX8N9CcyJR7wmsKdHLSmX01jXRK8IbpsKJnsv05Z4r13U9d23272qq7bI8cNUuy\/fyLsOV1UpXDB7f5zSL907ha4HF+5ltohFUFOL5xjhmVcUnJK+aqv9IvldLGGBhgv02Dp86wY5sCrkV7Db2Plhlh4Ta94FPoSglbH9ByGps8vOmQZofWcTTZ+8GpSeK31SC8\/ml2oi0Il4iFpWYRCVOUYldpMMpSg75b1n5nC+wi3K1Q6tbDo\/bx\/2W5sGcRQ3X\/Cq7yP8An28Y7AKI2yBJOremrY3VF+ubpL5IPdmR6EDCKsT9MqHkzvkUJz6X8eIqCUm0os\/bDSEAs20hA4VW39iFzvwqfAzz+CH5IAi\/3wWrO5pwvVR\/vnCv3HFLLKuCBUbtn4qSy36kLMzZHX094D8\/iJ9fiJ+zAYIOBCGfouO6X3z5357r\/YU37v3lv133yy8rlL8aIAe4nAbKxz\/PyoD97MxA\/k2xdMqhRnZUM3tPfNGyO\/mX5D\/fDhA6VrhloUXz0dVkssivgBsfJiKAl7Fr3JlaXJ\/mUlxc59b5edt4U95FkgzbeRE+wuM3uJfEdCUdSLR9iT996NKLQzI8qtg288HfvvzO+jGkD9bPJEqtLxKyBGuXenlgD76Ps7jyyM90E1PrP\/5WWAEH31D6K7F+TOKBZCBblBRzw\/2TEgWb+ZNRLKf1TDOrxxPttJ7op\/WkCFh8jLItTYO0CC5g0T2VexLEJ791DzgtUeZEhx1NghWotxE4i6PDLuXSUsTIgOEe5EB7GZSvCWZRfPU\/Ladit9eK1dGFGPa1Yp10ISa9VhetiyqiZHvnZzluQfqaWa8LyzWYse9JYoOSyyQ7uw2\/HKKA\/YwOO7uAloa7N\/mfh92N\/XEVkjT97N2A3RrIFw5RoPwdHXaDm7bj8fyMWsjdvpwvfwwydpBby7tynfwxyNhBVoV3Rap9F0dxVZwVIuwQsMeZM9Ye\/PwXeNj5iW4OIUkG9oc4SuOQpHbxTD1u\/hAFwKyzDPxgbgXwfNZl86pbybkdUEjCmy5r1Wibh5Z8qiGEhTlSFez2xHWHasxA8WSpF9igFww7DObS5ooCHDH9Elc7pBsa+V1G0lyDhzYcnh5D8SYMYYexOW0f6TA25ho8tOHw2DhrQL20R1ezLqNytSWpU7qgcv3PLgxhsntK3IQNSXNbussuvBsUVzorai+bw8OzjGE9Fw2hof+67XBI\/HVbPyR+Tx8OqfUjILz9\/KEmZ+qXBvbgxyDa\/IVEG373r0FCNkEkzlbffDmwB98FALQWrzPr7+SvNFAOXx\/+7Vv+3s\/xIVlR668kKkmdPlq+fFa56H7RfJbH2De6YyzSOHO5UyzHfQcDKiyOJFhlIrXxkMVF7FmyIyFu0XTZHqTXLnD4g9b\/UJmxKrO6lbVRmWExvAB1WXxuQ2rotK0aOuzqRFHZNqD2TZFqn6DcU6l604Xm70khuO1imL4l56zG\/\/ajRlop8kn++1tyd7C+ibNtsAIj6vcDe\/D3\/MLA\/o4GyWNclVxAAWNSfkaOdPbm52GnixR\/Dlt0aym+AAt1\/iSrtrHfJlCTp6dLNZ\/mXeS+9NoF5P7tH\/bIDnJf3bHayH1YPi9A7t+SZzE\/6eR+01rr0J1nMAPdkqfXB27J704fuIs76AN38Tl94NufNOLui\/0+pNbPX+WS7XsKy\/A7Em4OUSHcKlINGsKI\/csT1kn3i1L9HQtxeQe5o3TvkDA0Iqrv4k6iWnrtAqIaWv9DVGNFtbqZtBHVsEhegKgWn\/sliOoObD+DSBaUn1QkC5q\/J5G8DTqI5G1wTiR\/Re9JRDYkCU5GPSmPfRtvgyiOE\/Xq9wEcxQiLiMLI5ifkQCekn4a8JK0nLzoADDcju0hb6bULSFto\/Q9pi5W26j7RRtrKM\/8FSF3x2V92fIZg8hlkrKDcV8a27C6nuYw6CKxlpHEyF5vwlzTakFC3URc78pck2oQEJY4u1L5w5xpvvJsoGetFyfhliJJl1EmUSK9dQJRA63+IEqwoUVewXpRoFsULkCHiexuSIePLyBDBpAEZMkbKEEH5iWQIT1aD3O7qXGWTM5+28Jfobm0rysgSZg\/bi9D7Ek\/V8\/lKCbOkJAnz62Z47DPdOGajQ5I8BW+1pffsFz+QKO0CqHB3Y1+FhxUkqLLnOcpE5RogahSXoLEkjioP5leVR3fxPdU2eNjzy8OiMtQxXRHY+51RW5izPHWXpewKLJ0ijzdYJ2THv20Yb2Lpi8Zlv3dkHwbLhG5CZ0f27OF1sIHX+aCRJGO\/7ci+zihiu4fvAdC8UNTRgQzfhK5Zw\/nv5OM2oet\/vBu8WkcJXcOZviBXrW7EAVqxoyX6nzh3QSaS4zk2rrPz5wAiKl96SOfj\/BLHBXbWJM3mI8\/dpfwyJSnDxoZUd3++OiyDlbOkvwY0ee1eeSxlfiQS5ldJwCHeIUJszjPfd8HD6yCy0mSzLEEV8geH1sj7k80k654krMoJu\/\/PA4myw64PypUYAP7HNk7zXzNIxOfjEuS5+lUyC\/ku70zlEXaxeK6pgWXTjVXTDaFMNdyNo\/KOwCVwguiuw7BYn3GoJgUCZMhy0v0k3jvrIMwAgJnpZ3l2d\/Uuu8mhEEQ5t9YrpWBmf1ier1N3DkT\/BPY\/6Lwqyt5Ug7LXGq8w2Vfxk3vy3p6wRWpFG\/PZUQGfccD1cxfRNOWAeux2gUdTQJa0L5rKqDfBxXh1lEMOUVNh014dEljiH6ATw6EWRaeC5e3hOLyK1s4hgALyxxocDwYIVG2LT1WhE7wbiHU3uKl9DfSKPEeqmCUaYp2Qnk9S28Am2USpy4RlLgRe7ZHhz82tAtv8YVEUjBCA4\/nf3syVa2JxeAkJJZ1VIPizqCVKEwuIvYbKDgWy4wyB7JgzKRG4ZuCOJyhwFvuQADj13xDjqMfRzNnZPyyKnUxBlC9G0WlE1YQiAKvstcvg5109pmaOxe8iOA6OOXdTmT34QypSVQKEF7iy8h5RR5XNr8C+sQL3FNt35au3MXSYXUawC2fB47kCMotLnA0Y+S1N4nJ+jGcMSnbsYjY\/1oYDaLU67Fo2p09Nadcb46Z0Se5sdY+rCWBraEotQz1qtUpCe0+WbuCmYz5wM9zqoo80iavVY+H\/hAuULYLGcm3wsUaesmXxTUpeiFDwRbZ4obmzwsD6FysMNIUe\/+9\/B3l1okQss8a6QzgE35I6OZ5obtFT1hZEBEabIUnnJIeQVpU1Md9Z3cV8V3LrVTlkEGeNeoMrTpxPVOtqL9YNL6sjS73ZaithF5sagZKYE8rkvHHrElPQDEBMyq9PXYlbmOoM+FpWsWc6FducJuyQFbt3Zs3m67Pkle+sGEG2JqssbVfVNKF7SrLXLJBxHWS22PFGAPPMdr1hwch1R7RwLOPv\/eBeha3m0OUcrfyCpWZyBiw\/O8qra4ySaaIJXyoTVC0jaGqpsDoUWOz2i44fcKQV6Cdnn2crgnZoVFUuWTrNxLjKRJduq3OXbTNs7vINp0uLbAPeUYgc1Jf349LctaaGJ1bRn\/k6SPIChjI3Ded6LBkwOlZ71qqWJVovYORgRusqeBVi9DK0U7qqKsvofdSoLqwwxJXQ33D94dXF5PoEnqwQgEY5Q+2ceZtskqV0xa1CQu0QNSxyGWRqphc093UaVfubOVUg3YdB9jRnHk6qTTVD3WkHeyxJ4k+pdnXVThMX1CKAifdy7epTIgjOc9qei61brfF3af0DWHeCokQiG5zrfFM6e8w\/V8FVHH3OmwSwHGcNys5UV\/3N2FGJUW465hUFovoe9HIyDQe9Bmu2BKWOpfXAVyufoXPLWyAVyU47EqO8a6I8lndEQ9MQwdyKhmHqeDb2jWv0G+N2dV9P7NDTMdLO+gI616SGm5VEgu0zTFxXmTDdyz56PlBQ1Xvky9YW+9ms7fioKvozPNX98Sn2EEbq\/HFlxI0vJg\/CQNk5HJ9xe+KljduZdlTTq1bdNMgcSfxUp2oy4dx3t0Ofxjk7Jvehket2YEG48t8Nrgc32B0JOfrdNwyS+Nb2+lhZODN8I3vFnjWrnHLH6AbL+JR3gyw5sMIAXOk1tqK3wb6VqXSqW0pmvBhpVgtuYnw0ulWmWE0dXJx6sPmz0SMap2fbrjFXuh9nIrQojui7AXfV3qslHuQwAXF\/2IdIEK3jJgJwr1fjK3KAp5vaF7d7keC6fhMFpP1LRyCihywhYROFju6wf4ZH9Kw0JHzYkUmziv0g4faducW32wUu4uKaBVyQdE9XmcNOXHPLG7nW55b39k25\/JnvxGMG2DJQp82ZvShwW4ntKZ4vghOHjbFURflZY3sijCbYBCojKjItncK9ynYFZ0mzT5RGQtp7uE2ekTrhjLz26i4q5kA27oXkrNxVNdh+W+zIo7tagsRhv6fJCnBzDM5+yTYy0ngdr8c6E0nFDelOal1w3Cv3uklMFLaPCqgAiR4\/bWlC0X0obXqjsUZb1ZQAHpv0nHImVA27VGRLDYDPOjn4SpgXx5WJadZoV7IHKy\/CbbauXgXwmr6tsOH1+rJEYhsqDVbXuNZk1mIr7EadG9ZkgWFYl4QqebIYKqdOxf\/DrN1GzxqCdMMBw2N+l4YgI5TZnQRh2T+m5prthtI+nyRlcF+aBau7xwVfWWV4VErDtYiOYqJbLT3ruvdby2FyZCiF+amRk0XIAS+zBrXSRR+ybRAhBiiLV86uMkK41ytGGBaM08K9AekmpvebLF5ZYVAKROSrpJ1j5LrZMVJ2HJ6BAZmqVg3RbRbC2TAQUvrEOVlyfVaW9Dbys3FpE8rVqO2xd7FfkXwEL4wj4kffDfasyJ7drxH1QA7jfnonPaNDVJUT5KqLjJ49VLmO02mBm\/SwLNaNl1tT2L5vyGYgiMiLTGyXhfNfLJmx5E2cX8z8xze+ostjJYTL8EkIy9Z7kbZZOc7ozCtnjjgg3PL9YqzuzMJ1f0hSGM19zEo61bfrqlX8Yl5LpefzeZ6l5NOMBGHKyuvKukqH6Ve2fvncFyxrH+M9jW6KD39RXzojqJffPKgQxz\/oJ0dJi3LragrKvkn2PIBG0UC9WSUoe1ZK0MuMUsHIiUhfCL1d4EJw5AW1Cslu\/xoGyb6+\/2TDAu3IYRHYKy\/XNzjLBrS2oxlpaVzm+0fR+enzesL3SZzSaswV9n1rj9AwVNdBLULuTV1dm5o8+jPhWbAwdpXzgCMf+2fI1BOvMgEKM5kqgJYkpdBB2fo4diuBbtVh8aYtrDqe1qjjnTPqYPpY+o6EiY71T\/5+b1sweq1ldGSS0bEyy6qTbHJJgRwddkc5vQuzsK+rjI2bGBPqa83Sg3JHQbi3nNIwq8ZbupWBMxu1yCJ1m+I9tW5sc\/GzoLCdjDWVY\/XEYRPpbgUSyrla4yqdGB1QP2x3FFdP4ScTf3rGEaP9+X7YaNxiMe9qJAFqbCANowy+LELpXTMeAHf2BB4A6ISvi4fl57CR20m7Q4fwmP3gDd+Fezcuq6zy8VSJu7h4jDBs3EZ4kkYl4Fd2aoltpd6ldiYiGtJ7gg7fUcK3pppNdoLa5e52LeOzV\/GBVT9OKDvs8Xcv6EW527WO2Wb5ExrT5LQesz3rOCmL7gfRKqE7ZnPgXGK7VM9+FU2\/5o\/YPl0FOxI6IcfEcn6lSVwxdI0Nh4Cj+tAY3a1LmDSmlt3t6uHIbU9s473eitTDhWxsMHen85IxBokg8p891wKYgHXbP0vCwJkOmJHdPH2nCTrYjjEQ+GZN3npvbG\/XvsqxuSnpqHr6VEkSPwNpNDW2fawj2UbkXr2Bc7VCzV3c04QDf+WQ5Ic9Tc5uDegRjiyiR\/ZRrNSoeQYnsVQe5plikTDky2BUrNZCucGXPVJgJTrL4zM+wvMuwv7bCxsPrEPLmCSWeQANE7\/J6Ceh4rGdogbEjwP8YPSPSVoHG2XuK+BL3Ba\/UHOwO6AWLHgFliBKA5\/OLXIfB74REQVYoafDmMTRfoxt2Pm0JdmTZHoAsTRZNaTMYmZDu2WMT7e+3zQELrJI0pwgizYpg0+EpwyD6fFwzEGgzjpQK8BQEpAUgiADMjhH0hAtCOvB7zKcVF9zH1keUfiI1w2UO03vexLi9zUd9U7QC8mx0lQXYIUktTLfxr4BIMVWtj1WNaNd4PuodaE2l8cMj\/9Us5bj2lzlTU0gHLy0Yr3FyS3g7n5zLLYd3BZ+iADx1LdyJ3YltgATthdEiiQbe3UYQcx6TZhaoE6e5aZDxoC\/oUcNzp32eKJFt0MS4zkQn94Nfv7lpx++\/2ZwU9\/i8Isgin1qrYJkFVLNoORIp\/q+Fba8ykaKJQ+NPdtWwtHQu\/m53fOZVBcyOHGulWNH2+QrjCWGPjYgVxfoZgra2pm0ho7mIPpYn\/klJac\/wo5M4bsfvvr6py9++VqlUQJydmz2P7\/+4tumJqVhy2eOT9It9VGqgK+J3j6T4j1iYcUcUgXnBGTUrKCqPRaywkwekdeJKT7mcVTGeDZmiZXOCLOx9Nky\/KSAAPLELDm8sDzhPQgNu\/+xKVuGR5li2auQ7FPKssjYb\/pAvkvgn2bL0BJlH47ip8PPilm8r+BKefnpW+hTcNjuRopnmKiTs2NLIgWRPtIlQIlWAjA6N8ovONnxySI4gH62rfokvR4+yWLZ4k8\/tVgarOe5Ok9qZkreDVPxwTB2mIMCeyFX7A0O+fB8x2FdmbNhKB1BnTXHuoACbbmlC4bWs+9W4EAjP2AFP\/qcDtd1TbKUuMw\/YsCpKhMHFVMbyEiCpWUNCZgQZNQS4djH9pLeSKowlk1jAfRl8OPvKJReHgLjkfRK4y8qkF6eoDye3nqSeHqgy8pYadFkFC+PBNqLUyX2iRack7c3lr0HuW75RCtUhs7rY98+EyChwnrsE8qO6k0+k8UhBRlEQ7oCY3YYYr+mihN9ErQIZyDrCkyfB5JpppLhL400+AW+mvtRPQLVClWwz1pepWEY7NMg1RarMONQ7LCDQs\/UOSCbWvJ0T0wJjWWtKbZH7EOQNuoHz5NLXMnQUq1BUP\/mct7oma\/8kKrrWX71nLe4u1E3WIo80oaTd9NRw9Q3DZYvS1wFy2p1FU+uruKhbe97EtGQhew7S5IGacUIMa1aLkvh8XK1uaJfH\/n2cdNZbylaOhM1ijSLBff0KKuGIyVR7bmCE\/0QzhfzkOT45McesFiiPXJRuzNkeCddov65liUNuqi44zZMQ\/187p0ggIY35R3GAv4h269jGuQRFWokMA\/mPlP7ri+WgOAolwKm8AJEsx8TGgJQ2APgkMkmE1ZHB9veU5rpOEG622eP52onYsRLmh60p37vDJjLWywICqfUlO0ydhvgMlx9vShMMMuWhmsshKda2CUMT1V2MRUwuE+CKHPiKHzsLL72JJGyS4p8z1oCKC6aK1eyMPNqx3pTSxbpLkNXIeTu1opAaNEWRVHGpUYv7FawkVOv2vxPtb2IwbaZPfLoWTwlTQ2HMqF82iahvFdP943Fn1rRk3s\/m3QY57Lgk9WiKufJWcD4aWJ2uWn08fWcKW16cKrYp8K+yqJ8wMBGwHL2+pQ6XW6Gpom2HQfsZ6iW8jodwqGEDxVYL2dDOFDRu9Ky+O3PO+oHxHq9T+iaJqmTUP+wor6oyQ0yCP5GyFjrsyM7pAdSfLJwHi\/pltwHMLAsKiqnzTdpfPFmVeGYv1qz\/xaVI1ztep7CV7vBji7zV+vxeryeLBQlr\/KsKpnmyWZJXrusILl7NRoPFyfkl\/rwtXhW1sfmr1z230Jj1Ji\/GhH4t6gcuOavxgT+LSQTADw7XhPRTrlw1PalmV10UsE2vJrsszoyJL7W9ntW9xtmyJD9lt5vhp1VDACzs5EwMja6zJ+NVIxtTGQZm\/U23s5nd7AP28gty0ZaFTprihplExsOwWocS3pCJSunB8ZkBfTLxQINdXoT0HvsjiXARuN9hiZWwQyyDcAOqSgq2aLydVoyWFM+1bzVDAcUox6RM5EaQtYZGFRYZggOlEUVqj3b6wDpY+PKqNq4bGEbnS\/YQmYs4mS\/JQyXEhwH8Sf4DTtKaM5sfCE5uwegC3IHXAcbXNzHJxuZu26jE4FtHLSBjas7gaydYyMxnO2uUSL1VDF0+BpAwRXSIyPLkLLpRBMHzoV7bHtJf6Y+HftkRkHEprSuZ7Csu4C+2UjbEe82h1yYW6BaKbYiV4EKd5GWKbkUqo2T6O\/VbsktVXhGZn1wyGzZH+25u50qU2AYOkaYcNVbBJgMu6ta2rAqt2vAk+yKcmU44gxgsFAzDUJO9FEX8vQFKS3ZaDplUpOP24Su\/\/FusM2y\/eBmPmdfp8QFGVj\/OrBIliWv4bmhNXg\/QB3Q3zDR2RQrYiYJ+dLVFlm2fFPeA6q0yjIr46SbHHkNwXGSe2+mhsRdyz4lV\/EqtwlR0HmR4QPOJy5v7PORNvq0Em0K8HvuhO6UYBIRS8LH7jwykRIMwYMd8og+yQRTvsBNdyV33MbjrEmaDcurlKSU6zUk8Ye2bPVDvtrhHez0aIiTMBQmgQhsKBjygxQkf2vZUlgjGQJ4\/naRHpIb61xWjoN\/5CgGj2EYf2qfhIOxXp9wYbQwDPcx1Z7jkvtjmTQrxnl4knXuoj3DIc6Pe5ZJsB7dUwyX\/I2+HMgGbH2He7rUztNt+ECnmCmyqzTjg\/axN3C4gTJ3hVm\/b+LBaSL6IWi7pRvvuk+iDU2qM4L9v7MLHl4HkZUmm2W5Ma6SgGVsDK3x5E+2JGJqe0DxpCEW26\/unLKTxusMTf49JI5zRZt534VewAGAAUUWo+\/wRom\/oagNH2ojtlVtQIeZXo1VLYYVQyu1mJlOiUFmNOpiL0vNBow6dd2GK7AV3UafH1UF5tSnjui1m7qS9Bt6tCvsMDtxlXFFVz+dQySFwJnZUEiRRA+FBG9yzEH0tNK0UZxPBgMRsivNewl+VkyEt2\/fqjFWspbUZ4noq1X26KFS9LIq3TuVu6zxWdSk7MVmWdmyuol2qWlZZ1JsiH25LJo5mtnrq3zy6qG9eBQFSCv84UuP1njLK4P24q4oL1rhr0th0RqHRWnRXiyWBUqb9+F+fP7zQKLssOvJZ9FKlU9xY\/hbt9a5sp0fsPAssnPaPqFpKh3T9CqurkZTvxhMzgZUpG5QGouKpa21geF5AweuHm5wH\/hF7sRcifMzmM2mBMGVasoIlJQrr52aMpp2U1NQPErOy3OKhQjZ1eSc52UlZKfa6Go0MTepGJt8hYT0HgKUeSUzyQPgzZD2kHqbwqOrNDvq3yysCLXNST3BW1S8QJFiVWbY7Bq7HATi89HVWDu7jO2mUSRFIZw6FChZdnlNJOPHgEqajBYN\/YwivChH8JqN4PVEZyPtME4N1cPbnnWF8lU76vblpNSj+h+7e\/IiV4VvyUuhOZvl5QYO3orTjHMSRFuaBJmpr99Apa\/G3fyNzxLsqDs3f8lzFLsefaoUha7ddt4wJdz0\/OU8nOsxXv\/3pUrUGvCwkwdkgC4sjsHazRG\/+2tCqBDqQin5eKU2SLKwr6\/GUKsNqoNUFAd3rBOO15NcHWJ+xyUJSbSqwpRHcbIj4WL7uN\/SKJ3vSHQgIacf74VVLvgVmmS5\/bwjlGSHhDopzbIg2qTzwR1NooEVR\/YgTV1vYMV52GkV5kkCdhKdfIyyLYWcUTb4OWQEv7eLY6gqvJmTKAtIGJCU+gtnF\/\/qxOlD9ZlNQh7TFQn7BaS1MhaJ8nn8o3jwUSBxqZXSN6trffVv1L4HO5olweoE61WXtDerJJS11U7137MnateeY94AuCwNEb2oATtpeiHOA+pge83ngwv2r13P6ssqTd0RX1ZQgYT\/lkWHHfx2KX4hSqtMbygy20aqCfFsVqu5o2HO0\/vPmg7JuBTFvL3iF4eEWXPjXUoE8XgvLvbAjZTbFVQq1sXIqKFMmEpJmLiQOCkLF41qOf5SlSbDRY1NZvlDJ5y7apC4tt7c0+fSr8kOn\/nOD2fWRJxvT5xtjcDOk129mtJgsDgJ5CopY1ZdG7NGTRnhnUeRL5E12b0bfPPvP3z5xb8PSl+KTOnV6u3KW3udG\/\/p62\/+9sP3zc3T2Wrqzzo3\/+GH\/\/j+l5\/+3tT6cuJfU9q59Z+\/\/vDLDz81Nr6mb33SvfFfAOf2m799aByatX+99Du3\/1+\/fP3hr41tr\/z1co0JbNztOwNCtA+gvD22wCI8gYDYnhDPqlnGD7kubxWwZA8LFTZWilmd1aHPZeg5VsZjfCalH1nMUHAqUWHFQ6YAedS+uxYRyWkwosluWPwVQnxTUywj1wwPkU8TBVsHk1IOpJUQNrv9m6z7EOT9BGBBfcCPb5377ZGbJCCalCzTODxkdCFhTBdpIhI8XAHDtQoDwKSnq+y1yySsO1z0wYi5dXYkzY7dEWWNqROck\/o8LpiSsbQEcLmLGnloX1ZXmDZwBkhSp8yU+sHnTHNr4V55mgKtoovZyRLnXq3M4XUN1XKqAfpFegwKZrqFWDfoQHKcvDfGf\/2swLGpUS32LmybaxSWuwAwyXT4JQVqKetbOffQHFl++1SvW56Tj3slzQj2lbt7KLQrrZ\/RS10\/a8v38cNX1q7UVQ4fVxcd2816FDoeuTBHMMqB2BskrhiWj8LVeIrSFViNV8RQkSRj2UI1RByOvlaWQJvidvbtqBh8jiLGy46UPb2uYZdezxCbnmRktHBWRsadd3pDrvHm6XjDELw+WfT9TY3euB+96Ni8W+e1krxiQ3MSTqMiTsEZyrTi1mdu9OpGJf\/eOmSZIp7en4RWqhUH9abn179aPw+nZpJl6ohqZ\/IENwN+dstjAc4pR7P2m\/uY7gx9ZIaa3lQSPef0+cA0ZeDlRtmA+9Sr5LBbti6LpKIRN0BpavYHM19HwWjwlOqprStZasqvoGC5b1nsWlugaMOocoK4BpZTr+HKyaAPpsr1NEW3n9ZW9Iq6qR1FDItZmMlbgXLYUM7beAHxWyeJP6VH01MGwvpaHTLA1mON1sKg7eUzRt3uLtx9J+CgkgmYLUbW56zEj+XVZP34orIeGGkqHjvVbXDItncNbV+3V\/TRfaqAp3U5bU7Onja9Wqm8QkhcbtoA0kHHVPxbQLSy4tD4ooNmSUVIlLUhmvdpXjTM6Hbawbsk+Of1tSqK2YXV7CxenXBtXkzjKub+6OS5eYTDya3MzVNrzps2YebOcKp7kjFQN8lOnELt4sdFoesIJ2ZKw7UA4GXH53x+rUi4ej1y3fut5bCj11CyJKPwOOSvKYyuM5yJQEFeKcqcVE82z1UN47ZHKb7aksZRLart1auO1WuHvYijFUf2sZEvSNaeWWP\/dLXRLiduCoiivFbaU5skzxwPsV1Ryr7Jx\/2uNaXBwov4zuF9w2nmEtO2w9kizfrHWajGK03kBQTCaj9r7iLtWYVcWN176X+eq9H\/+piZGEvv\/eAeMVsgQSV9HwYKWOPLrWZSeDtKC\/+4wcJvTnm7V4Aja9IGomcXFzPusQ\/Ub57NTs4zU5YUkvgVb+e4YuuemrZ1390fu\/jl7u5hkRwVY84lD1TgbbuERwqhxW6Mn8jI5r1cRv3UvJxMZUPIuG4IcS\/8AchGKlikjvykp72XbCQbPOs\/7\/bc8lCtOMGxapPxLut\/YYHqp3xhelu4yUMx2TQZXmvOqXKy7B9kUBHdTMkTqdpaWmWFc3ZRhbPL\/p+wKnfaKjTj0yFreLd0TuxckOD1OhmWf3nrZIg5he4eMGWh+fNbpR4RjxRGkswV887F0qEZJ4yPxs4LuwdmNTiaWdHRqvXxyQzBfRCGJEmPNfuBGQkjmrcU5fTSokIQdaKqvOimoeTN3TeIH7OKKq9\/VYm+mNZ8jKPq\/umTdEufJqNhUfEGY3snC3KNinlpkcV5KH\/NY3guofnXaEUnNwrTBVNu8QVTXq\/jBEgyNtO5JeADjyiVwEaOkI0MR6grDh9Y1tUv9CHrUPqFx7+bqkwihdwaKB2RBxRXwIUXtQjjzEwqlS6uzXPrg+F1CVzth\/7L4tLUY3yNrdEEF0hmsHQDixPr9X4Wr+zOYSrYs18fD6FaGcRDVQaRohb7DZYWgX6Bhw6\/7YdFf2sYoF+0l3QwANqXtTNit2pJ+etTbEB1L9h9NH3sGkEkzFwW+PwpYy3Lwm+XLLkC+5duWrBqV33Lt8HEZjK98w4namhVtlfkJgen1aN0mMfsSQldH9t6e\/rOrYSuTWZxcE03Xar1xTs0wEy8rcyTbzzZPKkYm7yOxDXZFY1xHs+UXVGy6p84m17SKO0nZJ2dCk5xWwSntLX1tTqbdjxJovVk7UFdMcw\/5Zk2otnvxvsH5qRT9ib2T5QqNZwAgFFxtySh\/mlDDHODTJ8cWUKEPHS3wrDE0Ijcy8HbckgSLnpzHWxqPghMQPFuU0W8aEgCn0A8WBFDwMKennqWdzMtsD7K2ewsLkqjEv\/2\/w==\"><style>#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nr-gcri-editions-xt-09-full.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Exponential Technology Report 2026: 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">XT-09<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Exponential Technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Exponential Technology Report 2026: 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Connectivity is radio, compute and electricity<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Compute-heavy radio networks built ahead of Release 21<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>10 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Next-generation connectivity matters to the Nexus programme as physical infrastructure. Mobile networks are radio sites, backhaul, compute, spectrum and electricity, and they carry the traffic of every other system. The standards path is now dated. ITU-R set the IMT-2030 framework in November 2023, with research-target examples of 50, 100 and 200 Gbit\/s peak data rate against 20 Gbit\/s for IMT-2020<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. 3GPP agreed in June 2026 that Release 21 is the first normative 6G release, with a Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> in December 2028<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. ITU expects candidate technology proposals between February 2027 and February 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Today\u2019s base is 5G. Ericsson counts close to 3.3 billion 5G subscriptions after the second quarter of 2026 and forecasts 6.4 billion by the end of 2031<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. The RAN equipment market was stable in 2025 after losing about a fifth of its value from 2022 to 2024, and supplier concentration reached a ten-year high<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>. AI-RAN is the newest link between radio and compute. The evidence for it is a company announcement of October 2025, in which NVIDIA stated a USD 1 billion investment in Nokia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>, and a survey that finds the energy cost of AI in radio networks often overlooked<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Energy, chips, minerals and workforce are thinly measured. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It forecasts no launch date and orders no country or vendor.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the 6G baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">IMT-2030 is the ITU framework, with research targets; 3GPP Release 21 is the first normative 6G release.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What is 6G?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">The Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> is planned for December 2028; ITU proposals run to February 2029.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>When do the standards settle?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Close to 3.3 billion subscriptions after Q2 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How far has 5G come?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Stable in 2025 and concentrated; 1% a year growth forecast.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does the equipment market look like?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A company announcement and a survey; no independent measurement was found.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What is AI-RAN evidence?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Not published for AI-RAN platforms; the energy cost of AI is often overlooked.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What is the energy footprint?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A Digital Networks Act and EUR 900 million of public funding for 6G research.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does Europe propose?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Compute-heavy radio built ahead of the standards, with energy cost unmeasured. SCN-XT09-CMP-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">3GPP agreed in June 2026 that Release 21 is the first normative 6G release, with a Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> in December 2028.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-fig1-t\">Release 21 milestones, months after the Stage-1 freeze of March 2027<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stage-2 80% checkpoint (March 2028)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"50.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stage-2 freeze (June 2028)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"62.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">15<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stage-3 freeze (December 2028)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"87.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">21<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ASN.1 and OpenAPI freeze (March 2029)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">24<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: 3GPP Release 21 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Month counts are editor derivations, method (3).<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">The first 6G protocol text freezes in late 2028, so 6G radio equipment cannot be specified before then. Release 20 carries 6G studies, and its Stage-3 work for 5G-Advanced is targeted for March 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. ITU runs a parallel process with candidate proposals to February 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Gbit\/s<\/span><p>peak rate example<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2028<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">December<\/span><p>Release 21 Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>5G subscriptions, Q2 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">90<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">providers<\/span><p>more than, with 5G standalone<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">% a year<\/span><p>RAN market forecast<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">900<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EUR million<\/span><p>EU 6G joint undertaking<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading next-generation connectivity as physical infrastructure on a dated standards path.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people the story arrives as a headline about speed or a phone label.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. The equipment market is stable and concentrated, public research funding is modest and operator investment plans are not bound.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Connectivity is well described by standards timetables and thinly measured as a physical system.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of 6G and next-generation connectivity as infrastructure and the couplings through which it carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a forecast of when 6G will launch, a technology or vendor comparison, an endorsement of any company or an assessment of any programme. Standards, spectrum and supplier rules are decisions of competent bodies.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 6G edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cs-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Connectivity is radio, compute and electricity<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>9 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is 6G risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry 6G shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which 6G capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five footprint and governance chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Next-generation connectivity is usually discussed as a speed race. The 2026 evidence reads it as physical infrastructure: radio sites, spectrum, compute platforms and electricity that every other system depends on<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The standards path is dated. ITU set research-target examples of up to 200 Gbit\/s peak rate in 2023<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. 3GPP planned its first normative 6G release for a Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> in December 2028<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>, and ITU expects candidate proposals between February 2027 and February 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. These are targets and plans, not deployed networks.<\/p><p>Deployment is still 5G. Close to 3.3 billion subscriptions existed after the second quarter of 2026, and more than 90 providers had launched standalone 5G<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>. The equipment market was stable in 2025, and supplier concentration reached a ten-year high<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>AI-RAN and energy are the least measured parts. The evidence for AI-RAN is a company announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>. A survey finds that the energy cost of AI in radio networks is often overlooked<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>, and no common measure of energy per bit for such platforms was found.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-fig1-t\">How far do IMT-2030 research targets go beyond IMT-2020? User experienced data rate, Mbit\/s<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">ITU gives 300 and 500 Mbit\/s as possible research targets for user experienced data rate, against 100 Mbit\/s in the earlier framework. The values are examples for research and apply to some usage scenarios only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">IMT-2020 reference<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"20.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">100<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">IMT-2030 example<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"60.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">300<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">IMT-2030 example<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">500<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2023.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">500<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mbit\/s<\/span><p>highest example, user experienced rate<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">100<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mbit\/s<\/span><p>IMT-2020 reference<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">50<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mbit\/s\/m\u00b2<\/span><p>highest area traffic capacity example<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Mbit\/s\/m\u00b2<\/span><p>IMT-2020 reference<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The 6G-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their 6G content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">site cooling<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling load<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">connectivity of care sites<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Supplier concentration and rules shape which radio and compute platforms operators can buy.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> RAN concentration<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>; EU proposal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">AIC \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Compute-heavy radio sites raise power demand if AI load is added.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> survey on the energy cost of AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Sensing and positioning turn base stations into data sources.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> ITU targets<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>; sensing survey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Operator investment in 5G sets the base for 6G.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> RAN market<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>; Ericsson forecast<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Spectrum and standards decisions set timing.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> ITU process<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>; 3GPP<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T.X., Eldar, Y.C. and Buzzi, S., Integrated Sensing and Communications: Towards Dual-functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond, arXiv:2108.07165, submitted 16 August 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c1-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the 6G baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">3GPP agreed in June 2026 that Release 21 is the first normative 6G release, with a Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> in December 2028.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-fig1-t\">Release 21 milestones, months after the Stage-1 freeze of March 2027<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stage-2 80% checkpoint (March 2028)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"50.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">12<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stage-2 freeze (June 2028)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"62.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">15<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Stage-3 freeze (December 2028)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"87.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">21<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">ASN.1 and OpenAPI freeze (March 2029)<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">24<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: 3GPP Release 21 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Month counts are editor derivations, method (3).<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The first 6G protocol text freezes in late 2028, so 6G radio equipment cannot be specified before then. Release 20 carries 6G studies, and its Stage-3 work for 5G-Advanced is targeted for March 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>. ITU runs a parallel process with candidate proposals to February 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">The Release 21 package approval in March 2027, the ITU evaluation reports and the WRC-27 outcomes would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">ITU-R M.2160 sets research-target examples for IMT-2030 of 50, 100 and 200 Gbit\/s peak data rate, 300 and 500 Mbit\/s user experienced data rate, 0.1 to 1 ms air-interface latency and 1 to 10 cm positioning accuracy.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">3GPP agreed in June 2026 that Release 21 is the first normative 6G release, with a Stage-1 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> in March 2027, a Stage-3 freeze in December 2028 and an ASN.1 freeze in March 2029.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-003\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">ITU expects candidate IMT-2030 radio interface proposals between February 2027 and February 2029, and WP 5D completed draft technical performance requirements, with 20 minimum requirements, in February 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-004\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Ericsson reports close to 3.3 billion 5G subscriptions after the second quarter of 2026 and forecasts 6.4 billion, two thirds of mobile subscriptions, by the end of 2031.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-005\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">More than 90 of about 390 service providers with commercial 5G had launched 5G standalone by mid-2026, and Ericsson cut its 2031 standalone forecast to about 3.9 billion subscriptions.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The RAN market was stable in 2025 after losing about a fifth of its value from 2022 to 2024, supplier concentration reached a ten-year high, and Dell\u2019Oro forecasts growth of 1% a year from 2025 to 2030.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>AIC<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-AIC-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-AIC-007\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-AIC-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">NVIDIA and Nokia announced on 28 October 2025 a USD 1 billion NVIDIA investment and AI-RAN products, with T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026, in a company announcement.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-008\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A peer-reviewed survey finds that the energy cost of AI techniques in radio networks is often overlooked and that real-world power data is hard to obtain.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">GSMA Intelligence is reported to put the radio access network at about 73% of an operator\u2019s energy use, while another figure of 87% circulates, from search summaries.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Governance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-010\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The European Commission proposed the Digital Networks Act on 21 January 2026, with a single passport for spectrum authorisation, an EU satellite authorisation and national copper phase-out plans.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-011\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The EU contributes EUR 900 million to the Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking for 2021 to 2027, and in March 2026 announced 20 6G research projects receiving EUR 116 million.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is compute-heavy radio networks built before the first normative 6G specifications settle, with energy cost unmeasured. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c2-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>7 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>18 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Standards<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Release 21 Stage-3 freeze, first normative 6G release<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">2028<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">December<\/span><p>ASN.1 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> follows in March 2029.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>3GPP<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Targets<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">IMT-2030 peak data rate, highest research example<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Gbit\/s<\/span><p>IMT-2020 reference is 20 Gbit\/s.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2023<\/span><span>ITU-R<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Deployment<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">5G subscriptions after the second quarter of 2026<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">3.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">billion<\/span><p>close to one third of mobile subscriptions at the end of 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>Ericsson<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Market<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RAN market growth forecast, 2025 to 2030<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">% a year<\/span><p>after losing about a fifth of value from 2022 to 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GOV \u00b7 Public funding<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EU contribution to the 6G joint undertaking, 2021 to 2027<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">900<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EUR million<\/span><p>private members are expected to at least match it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SYS \u00b7 Cross-system<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">ITU window for candidate IMT-2030 proposals closes<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">2029<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">February<\/span><p>the window opens in February 2027.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>ITU<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through 6G, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries 6G risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; cooling-water use of radio and compute sites is not published.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>Networks are large electricity users; AI-RAN energy per bit is unpublished and the energy cost of AI is often overlooked<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; precision-agriculture claims are not evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; remote-care claims are not evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Network energy matters for emissions; ITU names sustainability a design aim; no figure bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>The core system: dated ITU and 3GPP paths, 5G at close to 3.3 billion subscriptions, no 6G network yet<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>A stable RAN market growing 1% a year; EUR 900 million of EU public research funding<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>Sensing and positioning make base stations data sources; privacy and security work is at study stage<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2192 DAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>AI-RAN couples radio networks to compute platforms; evidence is a company announcement and a survey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>No figure bound for the minerals and chips behind radio equipment.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Supplier concentration at a ten-year high; spectrum and supplier rules shape access<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF \u2194 TRD<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on 6G, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>connectivity couples to energy, compute, spectrum and supply<\/td><td>compute and energy lock-in<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>cooling-water use not published<\/td><td>facility siting<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>network energy per bit unpublished<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>power demand of radio and compute sites<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>RAN market growing 1% a year<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>return on 6G investment<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>2.2 billion people offline in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>coverage gaps persist<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>footprint at scale not bound<\/td><td>energy demand<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>resilience is an ITU design aim<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>outage cascades<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>radio sites and compute platforms<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>single-supplier dependence<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>sensing and positioning in urban networks<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>privacy exposure<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>non-terrestrial links in 3GPP releases<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>orbital spectrum sharing<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>security study items in Release 20<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>supply-chain and AI-model security<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>EU proposal and joint undertaking<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national divergence on spectrum and suppliers<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>peer-reviewed surveys on sensing and open interfaces<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>few measured deployments<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Industry Specification Group on Integrated Sensing and Communications, technology page (pre-standards coordination; reports ETSI GR ISC 003 announced 26 February 2026 and ETSI GR ISC 004 announced 2 March 2026). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>ITU (ed.), Facts and Figures 2025 (almost three quarters of the world online; 2.2 billion offline; 5G coverage above half of the population; page read, no absolute online count stated). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T.X., Eldar, Y.C. and Buzzi, S., Integrated Sensing and Communications: Towards Dual-functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond, arXiv:2108.07165, submitted 16 August 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Non-terrestrial networks overview (first normative requirements in Release 17; Release 19 core completed September 2025 and performance March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Polese, M., Bonati, L., D\u2019Oro, S., Basagni, S. and Melodia, T., Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges, arXiv:2202.01032, submitted 2 February 2022 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Liu, A. et al., A Survey on Fundamental Limits of Integrated Sensing and Communication, arXiv:2104.09954, submitted 16 April 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Zhang, D. et al., Integrated Sensing and Communications Over the Years: An Evolution Perspective, arXiv:2504.06830, submitted 9 April 2025, version 4 of 19 January 2026 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c3-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four 6G risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>20 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT09-SPC-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Spectrum timetable and fragmentation<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>WRC-27 decisions on candidate bands are pending and the ITU window runs to 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>timing and cost of 6G launch<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>regional differences in band choice<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>ITU process and 3GPP timetable<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>GOV \u2192 INF, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT09-CMP-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Compute-heavy radio before standards settle<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>AI-RAN platforms announced for current networks while the first 6G release freezes in 2028<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>operator capital and site power<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>platform lock-in; unmeasured energy cost<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>open interfaces and common benchmarks<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>AIC \u2192 ENE, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT09-ENE-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Network energy and AI load<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>traffic growth of about 2.2 times to 2031 and added AI load<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>operator energy cost; site power supply<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>no common measure of energy per bit<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>energy-saving methods surveyed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>ENE \u2192 INF, CLI<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 10 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT09-SUP-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Supplier concentration<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>concentration at a ten-year high<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>national networks; procurement choices<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>few suppliers; chip and mineral inputs not mapped<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>open interfaces, the EU proposal and the 2020 toolbox<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>TRD \u2192 INF, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for 6G at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>ITU security and resilience aims and 3GPP security study items<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no common tracker of AI-RAN claims or network energy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>spectrum and standards watching by agencies is not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>ITU and 3GPP timetables; EU proposal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>site power and supplier redundancy are not documented<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no tested response to a sudden supplier or spectrum change<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>network resilience is an ITU design aim; tests not reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not applicable at baseline; no event to recover from<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>open interfaces and software upgrades are stated aims<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not applicable at baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>operator capital and EU research funding<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>ITU, 3GPP, ETSI and the EU<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>large 5G base and growing standalone share<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>skills gaps not bound; no figure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong peer-reviewed base on sensing and open interfaces<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU (ed.), World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 final acts and Resolution 256 on agenda item 1.7 (IMT in 4400 to 4800 MHz, 7125 to 8400 MHz and 14.8 to 15.35 GHz), taken from conference slides and national briefs in search results. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>O-RAN Alliance (ed.), About page (founded February 2018 by AT&amp;T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange; German entity since August 2018; no member count or AI statement on the page). O-RAN Alliance, Alfter. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Polese, M., Bonati, L., D\u2019Oro, S., Basagni, S. and Melodia, T., Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges, arXiv:2202.01032, submitted 2 February 2022 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile traffic forecast (company forecast; 146 EB per month excluding FWA at the end of 2025; 328 EB per month in 2031; 22 GB per active smartphone per month in 2025). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026, which returned an access error when fetched; no figure taken from it. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and NIS Cooperation Group (eds.), Cybersecurity of 5G networks, EU toolbox of risk mitigating measures, January 2020, cited from memory; the policy page returned not-found. Brussels. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Industry Specification Group on Integrated Sensing and Communications, technology page (pre-standards coordination; reports ETSI GR ISC 003 announced 26 February 2026 and ETSI GR ISC 004 announced 2 March 2026). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T.X., Eldar, Y.C. and Buzzi, S., Integrated Sensing and Communications: Towards Dual-functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond, arXiv:2108.07165, submitted 16 August 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Liu, A. et al., A Survey on Fundamental Limits of Integrated Sensing and Communication, arXiv:2104.09954, submitted 16 April 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c4-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Compute-heavy radio networks built ahead of Release 21<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>2 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>operators add AI compute to radio sites for 5G-Advanced while the first normative 6G specifications <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> only in 2028<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the vendor announcement of 2025 and the Release 21 timetable<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">AIC \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">operators begin field evaluations of AI-RAN platforms<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">site power rises where compute is added; energy per bit is not measured<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">capital commits to platforms before 6G text freezes<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">supplier concentration limits the platform choices<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">spectrum decisions and national rules diverge<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 CLI<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">network energy enters emissions reporting<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2024<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01 would travel through 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 AI compute to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Operators begin field evaluations of AI-RAN platforms. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-09, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Infrastructure to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Site power rises where compute is added; energy per bit is not measured. Analogue or source: 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-09, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Finance to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Capital commits to platforms before 6G text freezes. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-09, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Trade to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Supplier concentration limits the platform choices. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-09, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Governance to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Spectrum decisions and national rules diverge. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-09, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Energy to climate<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Network energy enters emissions reporting. Analogue or source: 2024.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-09, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026, scenario SCN-XT09-CMP-01<\/a> (2026); 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c5-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The 6G baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>33 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading next-generation connectivity as physical infrastructure on a dated standards path. Targets and timetables are published, deployment is still 5G, and the footprint of AI-RAN is unmeasured. Evidence is strongest for standards texts and subscription counts, and weakest for energy, supply chains and AI-RAN performance.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-001 \u00b7 INF-002 \u00b7 INF-004 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people the story arrives as a headline about speed or a phone label. The baseline asks that public debate separate targets from deployed networks and company announcements, and keep coverage gaps in view: 2.2 billion people were offline in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-001 \u00b7 INF-004 \u00b7 AIC-007<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. The equipment market is stable and concentrated, public research funding is modest and operator investment plans are not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-006 \u00b7 GOV-011<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Connectivity is well described by standards timetables and thinly measured as a physical system. The 2027 programme should publish a comparable energy footprint, bind the WRC-27 outcomes and test the compute-ahead-of-standards pathway.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 Q-01 \u00b7 Q-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for 6G. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards and Academy<\/td><td>technology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>technology editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">ITU and 3GPP publish targets and timetables for 6G. Deployed networks are 5G. Keeping the two apart avoids both hype and complacency.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Targets are not networks<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">A standards text, a market release and a company announcement carry different weight. This edition labels each, and asks for a common basis before AI-RAN claims are compared.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Separate results, plans and claims<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Radio sites, compute, spectrum and electricity are rarely counted together. A published energy footprint would show whether scale is limited by power, supply or money.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>The footprint is the blind spot<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Spectrum decisions, supplier rules and public funding shape timing as much as technology. The EU proposal and WRC-27 are the nearest tests.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Governance sets the pace<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 6G readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 6G readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>6G risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DRAFT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ITU-R M.2160 IMT-2030 framework<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2023<\/td><td>research targets and usage scenarios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU-R M.2516 technology trends<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2022<\/td><td>technology trends<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU-R M.2541 bands above 100 GHz<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2024<\/td><td>feasibility<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP Release 20 6G studies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>3GPP<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>STUDY PHASE<\/td><td>requirements and scenarios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP Release 21<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>3GPP<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PLANNED 2027 TO 2029<\/td><td>first normative 6G release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ETSI ISAC group<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ETSI<\/td><td>Europe<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>sensing reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O-RAN specifications<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>O-RAN Alliance<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>open interfaces<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital Networks Act proposal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>PROPOSED 2026<\/td><td>spectrum and networks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WRC-27 agenda item 1.7<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PENDING 2027<\/td><td>bands for IMT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU 5G toolbox<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission and Member States<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>PUBLISHED 2020 \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>supplier security<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>3GPP agreed the Release 21 timetable at its June 2026 plenaries<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>ITU WP 5D completed draft requirements and evaluation guidelines in 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The European Commission proposed the Digital Networks Act in January 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>SG 5 approval of the IMT-2030 reports in December 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The Release 21 package approval in March 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Council and Parliament work on the Digital Networks Act<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers 6G assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about 6G and next-generation connectivity as infrastructure and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed journals and preprints; standards bodies; policy pages; market and company releases<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and preprints<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sthankiya et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>energy cost of AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saad, Bennis and Chen<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>early 6G vision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Polese et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>open RAN architecture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Liu et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>sensing and communication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Liu et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>sensing limits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zhang et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>preprint<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>sensing evolution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rappaport et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>bands above 100 GHz<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards texts and committees<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ITU-R M.2160<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>IMT-2030 framework<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU-R M.2516<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>technology trends<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU-R M.2541<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>bands above 100 GHz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP TR 22.870<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>3GPP<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>use cases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP TR 38.914<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>3GPP<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>radio scenarios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ETSI ISAC pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ETSI<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>sensing reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP NTN pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>3GPP<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>satellite links<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Policy, spectrum and strategies<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Digital Networks Act page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>proposal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Joint undertaking page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>public funding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WRC-23 and item 1.7<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ITU<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>spectrum<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National Spectrum Strategy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>US government<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>spectrum policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 Promotion Group<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>China<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>national programme<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Market, supply and company statements<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ericsson Mobility Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ericsson<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>subscriptions and traffic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dell\u2019Oro RAN release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Dell\u2019Oro<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>market<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Omdia RAN market<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Omdia<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>market<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Omdia AI-RAN projection<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Omdia<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>weak projection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NVIDIA and Nokia announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NVIDIA and Nokia<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>company claim<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ABI Research on GPUs<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>ABI Research<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>performance doubts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Next G Alliance roadmap<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Next G Alliance<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>industry roadmap<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Release 21 is the first normative 6G release and the ITU window runs to 2029<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The 5G base is large and still growing<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The energy cost of AI in radio networks is often overlooked<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Whether AI-RAN platforms save or add energy over conventional radio<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Which bands WRC-27 will identify for 6G<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How large the market for AI-RAN will be<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">PREPRINTS<\/p><p>Three sources<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup> are preprints and are labelled as not peer-reviewed. They contextualise findings; none binds a finding on its own.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>ITU (ed.), Facts and Figures 2025 (almost three quarters of the world online; 2.2 billion offline; 5G coverage above half of the population; page read, no absolute online count stated). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU-R (ed.), Report ITU-R M.2516, Future technology trends of terrestrial IMT <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> towards 2030 and beyond, December 2022, named in Recommendation M.2160 and the ITU process page. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU-R (ed.), Report ITU-R M.2541, technical feasibility of IMT in bands above 100 GHz, 2024, named on the ITU process page. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: 3GPP (ed.), TR 22.870, Study on 6G use cases and service requirements, named on the Release 20 and 21 pages as completed in Release 20. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: 3GPP (ed.), TR 38.914, 6G scenarios and requirements, named on the Release 20 and 21 pages. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Industry Specification Group on Integrated Sensing and Communications, technology page (pre-standards coordination; reports ETSI GR ISC 003 announced 26 February 2026 and ETSI GR ISC 004 announced 2 March 2026). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>O-RAN Alliance (ed.), About page (founded February 2018 by AT&amp;T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange; German entity since August 2018; no member count or AI statement on the page). O-RAN Alliance, Alfter. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU (ed.), World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 final acts and Resolution 256 on agenda item 1.7 (IMT in 4400 to 4800 MHz, 7125 to 8400 MHz and 14.8 to 15.35 GHz), taken from conference slides and national briefs in search results. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and NIS Cooperation Group (eds.), Cybersecurity of 5G networks, EU toolbox of risk mitigating measures, January 2020, cited from memory; the policy page returned not-found. Brussels. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Saad, W., Bennis, M. and Chen, M., A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems, IEEE Network, 2019 (arXiv:1902.10265, submitted 26 February 2019; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Polese, M., Bonati, L., D\u2019Oro, S., Basagni, S. and Melodia, T., Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges, arXiv:2202.01032, submitted 2 February 2022 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T.X., Eldar, Y.C. and Buzzi, S., Integrated Sensing and Communications: Towards Dual-functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond, arXiv:2108.07165, submitted 16 August 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Liu, A. et al., A Survey on Fundamental Limits of Integrated Sensing and Communication, arXiv:2104.09954, submitted 16 April 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Zhang, D. et al., Integrated Sensing and Communications Over the Years: An Evolution Perspective, arXiv:2504.06830, submitted 9 April 2025, version 4 of 19 January 2026 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rappaport, T.S. et al., Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond, IEEE Access 7, 78729 to 78757, 2019, cited from memory. IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Non-terrestrial networks overview (first normative requirements in Release 17; Release 19 core completed September 2025 and performance March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US National Telecommunications and Information Administration (ed.), National Spectrum Strategy, November 2023, cited from memory; the page fetched did not carry it. NTIA, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group (ed.), white papers on 6G vision and candidate technologies, 2021 to 2023, cited from memory. China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile traffic forecast (company forecast; 146 EB per month excluding FWA at the end of 2025; 328 EB per month in 2031; 22 GB per active smartphone per month in 2025). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), RAN market estimate of about USD 35 billion for 2025, taken from a trade summary of an analyst release. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), projection that the AI-RAN market could exceed USD 200 billion by 2030, taken from coverage of the NVIDIA and Nokia announcement; analyst projection, weak evidence. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ABI Research (ed.), Are GPUs worth considering for 5G RAN? (analyst commentary on GPU-based RAN efficiency and vendor trial claims), taken from a search-result summary. ABI Research, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Next G Alliance (ed.), Roadmap to 6G, 2022, cited from memory. ATIS, Washington. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 6G agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 6G edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What do radio sites with AI compute use in energy per bit of traffic, and how does that compare with conventional radio sites?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT09-ENE-01 \u00b7 network energy per bit; first output: footprint estimates by platform.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How can AI-RAN performance and energy claims be compared on a common basis?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT09-CMP-02 \u00b7 AI-RAN claims on a common basis; first output: benchmark table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which candidate 6G bands did WRC-27 identify, and how do regional positions differ?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT09-SPC-03 \u00b7 spectrum outcomes; first output: band overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which chips and materials are single points of failure for radio equipment?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT09-SUP-04 \u00b7 radio supply chain; first output: dependence map.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which operators have committed to 5G-Advanced and 6G investment, and on what timetable?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT09-DEP-05 \u00b7 deployment and readiness; first output: commitment register.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which national spectrum and supplier rules differ most from the EU proposal?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: rules overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What workforce exists for radio, compute and network engineering?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which readiness capabilities have been tested in real outages, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Readiness capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 connectivity portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT09-ENE-01<\/span><\/td><td>Network energy per bit<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT09-CMP-02<\/span><\/td><td>AI-RAN claims on a common basis<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT09-SPC-03<\/span><\/td><td>Spectrum outcomes after WRC-27<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT09-SUP-04<\/span><\/td><td>Radio supply chain<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT09-DEP-05<\/span><\/td><td>Deployment and readiness<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-XT09-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Compute-ahead-of-standards Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>Q-01<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The connectivity edition reads national readiness chapters, the coupled sector reports on energy, semiconductors and cyber, and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed; the global energy and semiconductor editions are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National readiness chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">connectivity and spectrum readiness in each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IN PREPARATION \u00b7 national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Sector couplings<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GS-02 energy \u00b7 XT-06 semiconductors \u00b7 XT-08 cloud and edge<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">GS-02 AND XT-06 DRAFTED \u00b7 sector baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Technology system model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">radio, compute, spectrum, energy, supply chain, governance<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">SR-02 lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> \u00b7 SR-13 strategic technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">XT-09 report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the 6G candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the 6G candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-XT09-2027-01 \u00b7 Compute-ahead-of-standards Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>INF-001 \u00b7 ITU targets<\/td><td>INI-XT09-DEP-05<\/td><td>deployment and readiness<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-002 \u00b7 Release 21<\/td><td>INI-XT09-DEP-05<\/td><td>deployment and readiness<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-003 \u00b7 ITU window<\/td><td>INI-XT09-SPC-03<\/td><td>spectrum outcomes<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-006 \u00b7 RAN market<\/td><td>INI-XT09-SUP-04<\/td><td>radio supply chain<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AIC-007 \u00b7 AI-RAN<\/td><td>INI-XT09-CMP-02<\/td><td>AI-RAN claims on a common basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ENE-008 \u00b7 energy of AI<\/td><td>INI-XT09-ENE-01 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>network energy per bit<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-010 \u00b7 EU proposal<\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>rules overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-XT09-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (XT-09 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>3GPP release pages<\/td><td>3GPP<\/td><td>per plenary<\/td><td>INF-002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU IMT-2030 process page<\/td><td>ITU<\/td><td>per meeting<\/td><td>INF-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ericsson Mobility Report<\/td><td>Ericsson<\/td><td>half-yearly<\/td><td>INF-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN market releases<\/td><td>Dell\u2019Oro<\/td><td>quarterly<\/td><td>FIN-006<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital Networks Act and joint undertaking pages<\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>GOV-010<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preprint servers and journals on network energy<\/td><td>peer review and preprints<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>ENE-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vendor announcements<\/td><td>companies<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>AIC-007<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-XT09-001<\/td><td>Release 21 timetable agreed in June 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>INF<\/td><td>research question Q-05<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT09-002<\/td><td>RAN supplier concentration at a ten-year high<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>TRD \u00b7 FIN<\/td><td>initiative Q-04<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT09-003<\/td><td>AI-RAN investment announcement in October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>AIC<\/td><td>research question Q-02<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c7-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>24 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Radio and compute platforms<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Mobile networks run on radio sites and baseband compute. Evidence is strongest for standards and subscription counts, and weakest where claims rest on company announcements.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">200<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Gbit\/s<\/span><p>peak data rate example, research target<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2028<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">December<\/span><p>Release 21 Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD billion<\/span><p>stated NVIDIA investment in Nokia, company announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Terrestrial radio<\/td><td>5G-Advanced under Release 20; first normative 6G work in Release 21<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI-RAN compute<\/td><td>AI-RAN products announced; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026, company announcement<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Open interfaces<\/td><td>O-RAN Alliance founded in 2018; architecture described in a tutorial survey<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-terrestrial links<\/td><td>first normative requirements in Release 17; Release 19 core completed September 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>AIC \u2194 INF compute and radio<\/li><li>INF \u2192 DAT sensing and positioning<\/li><li>TRD \u2192 INF suppliers<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>AI-RAN performance on a common basis<\/li><li>compute volumes in radio sites<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Independent trial results; Release 21 package approval; ITU evaluation reports.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-08 Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-18 Space and Orbital Infrastructure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes published standards and company statements. It endorses no vendor or platform and forecasts no launch date.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Energy and sustainability<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Networks run on electricity at every site. The energy footprint of AI-RAN is not published, and the energy cost of AI itself is often overlooked.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">146<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EB per month<\/span><p>mobile data traffic excluding FWA, end of 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">328<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EB per month<\/span><p>forecast for 2031 excluding FWA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">22<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GB per month<\/span><p>average per active smartphone, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Traffic growth<\/td><td>traffic grows about 2.2 times to 2031 excluding FWA<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy cost of AI<\/td><td>often overlooked; real-world power data hard to obtain<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN energy share<\/td><td>about 73% of operator energy in one summary; 87% in another figure<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Design aim<\/td><td>ITU names energy efficiency and sustainability as aims for IMT-2030<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2194 INF site power<\/li><li>AIC \u2192 ENE compute load<\/li><li>INF \u2192 CLI emissions<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>energy per bit of AI-RAN platforms<\/li><li>primary energy-share figure<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Published footprints; operator energy disclosures; GSMA primary reports.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-08 Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-18 Space and Orbital Infrastructure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical dependencies. It assesses no company or operator.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Chips, spectrum and materials<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Radio equipment depends on spectrum, chips and materials. Spectrum decisions are dated; chip and mineral dependence is not bound.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1.5 to 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">times<\/span><p>spectrum efficiency examples against IMT-2020<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">&gt;100<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GHz<\/span><p>range of the ITU feasibility report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7125 to 8400<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">MHz<\/span><p>candidate range under WRC-27 item 1.7<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Candidate spectrum<\/td><td>WRC-27 item 1.7 studies 4400 to 4800 MHz, 7125 to 8400 MHz and 14.8 to 15.35 GHz, or parts of them<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bands above 100 GHz<\/td><td>ITU technical feasibility report completed in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Compute chips<\/td><td>AI-RAN uses GPU-based platforms; efficiency claims are company and analyst statements<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Minerals and RF chips<\/td><td>dependence not bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>MIN \u2192 INF materials<\/li><li>TRD \u2192 INF export rules<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 INF spectrum<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>WRC-27 outcomes<\/li><li>chip and mineral dependence<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>WRC-27 outcomes; export-rule changes; chip supply notices.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-08 Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-18 Space and Orbital Infrastructure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes spectrum and supply dependencies in public sources. It assesses no company, state or spectrum decision.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Economy, investment and workforce<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The RAN market is stable and concentrated. Public research funding is modest, and operator investment and workforce numbers are the thin parts of the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">% a year<\/span><p>RAN market growth forecast, 2025 to 2030<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">900<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EUR million<\/span><p>EU contribution to the joint undertaking, 2021 to 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">116<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">EUR million<\/span><p>for 20 research projects, March 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>RAN market<\/td><td>stable in 2025 after losing about a fifth of value from 2022 to 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Public research funding<\/td><td>EUR 900 million from the EU, private members expected to match<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analyst projection<\/td><td>an AI-RAN market above USD 200 billion by 2030, cited in coverage of the announcement; weak evidence<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td>no figure bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>FIN \u2192 INF operator capital<\/li><li>FIN \u2192 AIC compute investment<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 INF workforce<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>operator 6G investment<\/li><li>workforce size and skills gaps<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The next market release; operator commitments; EU funding decisions.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-08 Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-18 Space and Orbital Infrastructure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes investment as reported. It gives no investment advice and endorses no company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Security, spectrum and governance watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Standards, spectrum and supplier rules set the pace of 6G. The EU proposal and the ITU process are the nearest dated steps.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">21<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">January 2026<\/span><p>date of the Digital Networks Act proposal<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">requirements<\/span><p>minimum technical performance requirements in the ITU draft<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">partners<\/span><p>organisational partners of 3GPP<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standards process<\/td><td>ITU window February 2027 to February 2029; Release 21 timetable to March 2029<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU framework<\/td><td>single passport, EU satellite authorisation and copper phase-out plans proposed<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6G security work<\/td><td>security, charging and lawful interception study items in Release 20<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supplier security<\/td><td>EU toolbox of 2020 sets measures on high-risk suppliers; an ENISA threat landscape of 2019 preceded it<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>GOV \u2192 INF timing<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 TRD supplier rules<\/li><li>INF \u2192 DAT sensing data<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>text of the draft ITU reports<\/li><li>national rules by country<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>SG 5 in December 2026; the Release 21 package in March 2027; the Digital Networks Act in Council and Parliament; WRC-27.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-06 Advanced Semiconductors and AI Compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-08 Cloud, Edge and Distributed Computing<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-18 Space and Orbital Infrastructure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-10 Cybersecurity and Advanced Cryptography<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes standards and policy in public sources. It confers no approval on any product and assesses no government or company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>O-RAN Alliance (ed.), About page (founded February 2018 by AT&amp;T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange; German entity since August 2018; no member count or AI statement on the page). O-RAN Alliance, Alfter. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Polese, M., Bonati, L., D\u2019Oro, S., Basagni, S. and Melodia, T., Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges, arXiv:2202.01032, submitted 2 February 2022 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Non-terrestrial networks overview (first normative requirements in Release 17; Release 19 core completed September 2025 and performance March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile traffic forecast (company forecast; 146 EB per month excluding FWA at the end of 2025; 328 EB per month in 2031; 22 GB per active smartphone per month in 2025). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU-R (ed.), Report ITU-R M.2541, technical feasibility of IMT in bands above 100 GHz, 2024, named on the ITU process page. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU (ed.), World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 final acts and Resolution 256 on agenda item 1.7 (IMT in 4400 to 4800 MHz, 7125 to 8400 MHz and 14.8 to 15.35 GHz), taken from conference slides and national briefs in search results. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rappaport, T.S. et al., Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond, IEEE Access 7, 78729 to 78757, 2019, cited from memory. IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ABI Research (ed.), Are GPUs worth considering for 5G RAN? (analyst commentary on GPU-based RAN efficiency and vendor trial claims), taken from a search-result summary. ABI Research, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026, which returned an access error when fetched; no figure taken from it. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), projection that the AI-RAN market could exceed USD 200 billion by 2030, taken from coverage of the NVIDIA and Nokia announcement; analyst projection, weak evidence. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA (ed.), The Mobile Economy 2026, which returned a not-found error when fetched; no figure taken from it. GSMA, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Introducing 3GPP (seven organisational partners: ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and NIS Cooperation Group (eds.), Cybersecurity of 5G networks, EU toolbox of risk mitigating measures, January 2020, cited from memory; the policy page returned not-found. Brussels. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ENISA (ed.), Threat Landscape for 5G Networks, 2019, cited from memory. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-c8-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>23 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Highest IMT-2030 peak rate example against the IMT-2020 reference<\/td><td>200 \u00f7 20<\/td><td>10 times<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Growth of 5G subscriptions from Q2 2026 to the 2031 forecast<\/td><td>6.4 \u00f7 3.3<\/td><td>about 1.9 times<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>Months from the Release 21 Stage-1 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> (March 2027) to later milestones<\/td><td>March 2028, June 2028, December 2028 and March 2029 minus March 2027<\/td><td>12, 15, 21 and 24 months<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>Share of 5G providers with standalone launched, lower bound<\/td><td>90 \u00f7 390<\/td><td>at least 23%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, 6G System Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-XT09-6G \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent next-generation connectivity as infrastructure coupled to energy, compute chips, spectrum, materials, finance, workforce and security<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the difference between 6G targets, 5G deployment and AI-RAN announcements.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>42 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 6G annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>6G System Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IMT-2030 framework<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>Nov 2023<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>IMT-2030 reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU requirements and evaluation reports<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>Feb and Jun 2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>SG 5 in Dec 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP Release 21 timetable<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>Jun 2026<\/td><td>per plenary<\/td><td>package approval Mar 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5G subscriptions<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>Jun 2026<\/td><td>half-yearly<\/td><td>next report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN market<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Feb 2026<\/td><td>quarterly<\/td><td>next release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI-RAN announcement<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Oct 2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>trial results<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU proposal and funding<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>Jan and Mar 2026<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>legislative steps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy survey<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>Nov 2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>new measurements<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standards<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>text of the draft ITU reports<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deployment<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>operator 6G plans<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Market<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>supplier shares<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Compute<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>independent AI-RAN data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>energy per bit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supply<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>chips and minerals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Skills<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>workforce numbers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensing and satellite links<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>deployment data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Energy per bit and total energy of AI-RAN platforms on a common basis<\/td><td>vendors, operators, peer-reviewed measurements<\/td><td>company announcements only; the survey notes real-world data is hard to obtain<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN share of operator energy from the primary GSMA material<\/td><td>GSMA Intelligence reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>search summaries only; two figures, 73% and 87%, circulate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WRC-23 outcomes and WRC-27 candidate bands from final texts<\/td><td>ITU Radio Regulations and final acts<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>conference material only; item 1.7 bands are still under study<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Release 21 content beyond the timetable<\/td><td>3GPP TR 21.921 and the 6G study reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the release description is published at the end of the release; reports not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Text of the 20 IMT-2030 minimum technical performance requirements<\/td><td>ITU draft report 5\/116<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>draft pending SG 5 approval; the page names it and the text was not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operator 6G deployment plans and capital expenditure<\/td><td>operators and GSMA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the GSMA page was not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN market shares by supplier<\/td><td>Dell\u2019Oro and Omdia full reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the release gives order and direction, not shares; Omdia figures come from a summary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI-RAN market size from the analyst report<\/td><td>Omdia report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>cited in coverage of the announcement only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GPU-based RAN performance against conventional RAN on a common basis<\/td><td>independent measurement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor trial claims; analyst commentary says software maturity differs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RF semiconductor and critical mineral dependence of radio equipment<\/td><td>IEA and trade statistics<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the page returned an access error; no figure used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity demand of data centres linked to AI load<\/td><td>IEA Energy and AI<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the page returned an access error; no figure used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Direct-to-device satellite deployment and spectrum use<\/td><td>FCC and operators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>framework cited from memory; no deployment data retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Funding for national 6G programmes outside the EU<\/td><td>national programmes and industry roadmaps<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>not retrieved; not opened<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Membership and working groups of the AI-RAN Alliance<\/td><td>AI-RAN Alliance publications<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the website returned only its title; nothing was bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce size and skills for radio and network engineering<\/td><td>national statistics, industry surveys<\/td><td>not retrieved; capability rung stays LISTED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Adopted by the ITU Radiocommunication Assembly in November 2023. One-off. Role: binds INF-001 and the standards tiles. Coverage: terrestrial component of IMT-2030.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT09-001<\/h3><p>IMT-2030 framework, Recommendation ITU-R M.2160<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Published by 3GPP; timetable agreed at the June 2026 plenaries. Continuous. Role: binds INF-002 and the milestone chart. Coverage: global specifications.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT09-002<\/h3><p>3GPP Release 21 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT09-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT09-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>research targets with examples and ranges<\/td><td>five milestone dates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>adopted in November 2023<\/td><td>agreed in June 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>first version; no revision seen<\/td><td>dates can move at plenaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>targets stated with scenario caveats<\/td><td>work plan stated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>adopted by member states<\/td><td>agreed by member companies<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ITU<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>: text of the draft requirements and evaluation reports<\/li><li>GSMA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup>: primary energy report<\/li><li>ITU<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup>: final texts on WRC-27 item 1.7<\/li><li>3GPP<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>: Release 21 description when published<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>3GPP<\/td><td>Third Generation Partnership Project<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI-RAN<\/td><td>radio access network that combines AI and radio compute<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DNA<\/td><td>Digital Networks Act<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FWA<\/td><td>fixed wireless access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT<\/td><td>International Mobile Telecommunications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ISAC<\/td><td>integrated sensing and communication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU-R<\/td><td>ITU Radiocommunication Sector<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NTN<\/td><td>non-terrestrial network<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>O-RAN<\/td><td>open radio access network<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN<\/td><td>radio access network<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SA<\/td><td>standalone 5G<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WRC<\/td><td>World Radiocommunication Conference<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-XT09-CMP-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Cluster notes<\/td><td>cards for the major radio and compute supply clusters<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: peak data rate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>maximum achievable data rate per device under ideal conditions<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>Gbit\/s<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>research-target example set by ITU-R for specific usage scenarios<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0 (2023)<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>examples of 50, 100 and 200 Gbit\/s; other values may be considered<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>values depend on frequency range, bandwidth and deployment scenario and may not be reached together<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU (ed.), World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 final acts and Resolution 256 on agenda item 1.7 (IMT in 4400 to 4800 MHz, 7125 to 8400 MHz and 14.8 to 15.35 GHz), taken from conference slides and national briefs in search results. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: 3GPP (ed.), TR 22.870, Study on 6G use cases and service requirements, named on the Release 20 and 21 pages as completed in Release 20. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: 3GPP (ed.), TR 38.914, 6G scenarios and requirements, named on the Release 20 and 21 pages. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU-R (ed.), Report ITU-R M.2516, Future technology trends of terrestrial IMT <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> towards 2030 and beyond, December 2022, named in Recommendation M.2160 and the ITU process page. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA (ed.), The Mobile Economy 2026, which returned a not-found error when fetched; no figure taken from it. GSMA, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), RAN market estimate of about USD 35 billion for 2025, taken from a trade summary of an analyst release. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), projection that the AI-RAN market could exceed USD 200 billion by 2030, taken from coverage of the NVIDIA and Nokia announcement; analyst projection, weak evidence. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ABI Research (ed.), Are GPUs worth considering for 5G RAN? (analyst commentary on GPU-based RAN efficiency and vendor trial claims), taken from a search-result summary. ABI Research, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026, which returned an access error when fetched; no figure taken from it. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI, 2025, which returned an access error when fetched; no figure taken from it. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Federal Communications Commission (ed.), framework for supplemental coverage from space, 2024, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. FCC, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Non-terrestrial networks overview (first normative requirements in Release 17; Release 19 core completed September 2025 and performance March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Next G Alliance (ed.), Roadmap to 6G, 2022, cited from memory. ATIS, Washington. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group (ed.), white papers on 6G vision and candidate technologies, 2021 to 2023, cited from memory. China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hexa-X project consortium (eds.), European 6G flagship project deliverables, 2021 to 2023, cited from memory; the project site could not be reached. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: AI-RAN Alliance (ed.), organisation website, which returned only its title when fetched; no figure taken from it. AI-RAN Alliance. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IMT-2020 peak data rate reference<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">20<\/span><\/td><td>Gbit\/s<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 peak data rate, highest example<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">200<\/span><\/td><td>Gbit\/s<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 user experienced data rate, highest example<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">500<\/span><\/td><td>Mbit\/s<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 area traffic capacity, highest example<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">50<\/span><\/td><td>Mbit\/s\/m\u00b2<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 air-interface latency target<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">0.1 to 1<\/span><\/td><td>ms<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 positioning accuracy target<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1 to 10<\/span><\/td><td>cm<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IMT-2030 mobility target<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">500 to 1000<\/span><\/td><td>km\/h<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Release 21 Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2028<\/span><\/td><td>December<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>End of ITU candidate proposal window<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2029<\/span><\/td><td>February<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5G subscriptions after Q2 2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">3.3<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5G subscriptions forecast for end of 2031<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">6.4<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Providers with 5G standalone launched<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&gt;90<\/span><\/td><td>providers<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mobile data traffic excluding FWA, end of 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">146<\/span><\/td><td>EB per month<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RAN market growth forecast, 2025 to 2030<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">1<\/span><\/td><td>% a year<\/td><td>2025 to 2030<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU contribution to the joint undertaking<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">900<\/span><\/td><td>EUR million<\/td><td>2021 to 2027<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>People offline<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">2.2<\/span><\/td><td>billion<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0AIMT-2020%20peak%20data%20rate%20reference%2C20%2CGbit%2Fs%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A%22IMT-2030%20peak%20data%20rate%2C%20highest%20example%22%2C200%2CGbit%2Fs%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A%22IMT-2030%20user%20experienced%20data%20rate%2C%20highest%20example%22%2C500%2CMbit%2Fs%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0A%22IMT-2030%20area%20traffic%20capacity%2C%20highest%20example%22%2C50%2CMbit%2Fs%2Fm%C2%B2%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AIMT-2030%20air-interface%20latency%20target%2C0.1%20to%201%2Cms%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AIMT-2030%20positioning%20accuracy%20target%2C1%20to%2010%2Ccm%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AIMT-2030%20mobility%20target%2C500%20to%201000%2Ckm%2Fh%2C2023%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ARelease%2021%20Stage-3%20freeze%2C2028%2CDecember%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AEnd%20of%20ITU%20candidate%20proposal%20window%2C2029%2CFebruary%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A5G%20subscriptions%20after%20Q2%202026%2C3.3%2Cbillion%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0A5G%20subscriptions%20forecast%20for%20end%20of%202031%2C6.4%2Cbillion%2C2031%20forecast%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B6%5D%0AProviders%20with%205G%20standalone%20launched%2C%3E90%2Cproviders%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0A%22Mobile%20data%20traffic%20excluding%20FWA%2C%20end%20of%202025%22%2C146%2CEB%20per%20month%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0A%22RAN%20market%20growth%20forecast%2C%202025%20to%202030%22%2C1%2C%25%20a%20year%2C2025%20to%202030%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B9%5D%0AEU%20contribution%20to%20the%20joint%20undertaking%2C900%2CEUR%20million%2C2021%20to%202027%2CREPORTED%2C%5B12%5D%0APeople%20offline%2C2.2%2Cbillion%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B8%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Exponential%20Technology%20Report%202026%3A%206G%2C%20AI-RAN%20and%20Next-Generation%20Connectivity%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2020%20peak%20data%20rate%20reference%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2220%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Gbit%2Fs%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2030%20peak%20data%20rate%2C%20highest%20example%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22200%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Gbit%2Fs%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2030%20user%20experienced%20data%20rate%2C%20highest%20example%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22500%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mbit%2Fs%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2030%20area%20traffic%20capacity%2C%20highest%20example%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2250%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22Mbit%2Fs%2Fm%C2%B2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2030%20air-interface%20latency%20target%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%220.1%20to%201%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22ms%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2030%20positioning%20accuracy%20target%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221%20to%2010%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22cm%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22IMT-2030%20mobility%20target%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22500%20to%201000%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22km%2Fh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222023%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Release%2021%20Stage-3%20freeze%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222028%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22December%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22End%20of%20ITU%20candidate%20proposal%20window%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222029%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22February%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%225G%20subscriptions%20after%20Q2%202026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%223.3%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%225G%20subscriptions%20forecast%20for%20end%20of%202031%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%226.4%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222031%20forecast%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Providers%20with%205G%20standalone%20launched%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3E90%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22providers%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Mobile%20data%20traffic%20excluding%20FWA%2C%20end%20of%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22146%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22EB%20per%20month%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22RAN%20market%20growth%20forecast%2C%202025%20to%202030%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%221%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%20a%20year%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%20to%202030%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B9%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22EU%20contribution%20to%20the%20joint%20undertaking%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22900%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22EUR%20million%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222021%20to%202027%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B12%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22People%20offline%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222.2%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22billion%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B8%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are rounded as published. Forecasts are labelled SCENARIO. Search-summary values carry an UNVERIFIED reference and are listed in the notes. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">AIC<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ITU-R M.2160<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental body<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>targets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU IMT-2030 page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental body<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>process<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3GPP release pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>standards partnership<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>per plenary<\/td><td>timetable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ericsson Mobility Report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>half-yearly<\/td><td>subscriptions, traffic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ITU Facts and Figures<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental body<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>connectivity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dell\u2019Oro release<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>analyst firm<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>quarterly<\/td><td>market<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NVIDIA and Nokia announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendors<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>AI-RAN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>European Commission pages<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU institution<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sthankiya et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>peer-reviewed journal<\/td><td>method<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>energy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GSMA Intelligence<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>industry association<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>energy share<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, 6G across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of connectivity infrastructure in table form and orders no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, 6G across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>5G was 79% of mobile subscriptions at the end of 2025; 92% forecast for 2031<\/td><td>deployment, compute<\/td><td>Ericsson<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; NVIDIA and Nokia<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>Western Europe 54% 5G at the end of 2025; 95% forecast for 2031; EU proposal and funding<\/td><td>policy, deployment<\/td><td>Ericsson<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup>; European Commission<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>spectrum, supply<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>GCC 53% 5G at the end of 2025<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><td>Ericsson<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>connectivity gaps and access<\/td><td>development<\/td><td>ITU Facts and Figures<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>North East Asia 60% 5G at the end of 2025<\/td><td>deployment, supply<\/td><td>Ericsson<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>regional evidence not bound<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Cluster card: radio access network supply chain<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">supply chain<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">RAN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">compute<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">open interfaces<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>radio equipment, baseband compute, operators, standards bodies<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>concentration at a ten-year high in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup>; AI-RAN announcement in October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>TRD \u2192 INF suppliers; AIC \u2192 ENE compute power<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>open interface work reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>supplier shares; chip and mineral inputs; compute volumes<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>Q-02 \u00b7 Q-04<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Dell\u2019Oro reports that market concentration reached a ten-year high in 2025 while total revenue was stable [9].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">MARKET<\/h3><p>Concentration at a ten-year high<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NVIDIA and Nokia stated a USD 1 billion investment and AI-RAN products in October 2025. This is a company announcement and weak evidence [10].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">COMPUTE<\/h3><p>An AI-RAN announcement<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">The O-RAN Alliance was founded in 2018 to open radio interfaces, and a tutorial survey describes the architecture [13] [18].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">OPENNESS<\/h3><p>Open interfaces<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Cluster cards are generated for the major radio, compute and spectrum clusters in 2027. The radio supply chain is shown first because its concentration is documented.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the 6G edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the connectivity edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ordered.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the 6G edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile traffic forecast (company forecast; 146 EB per month excluding FWA at the end of 2025; 328 EB per month in 2031; 22 GB per active smartphone per month in 2025). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>ITU (ed.), Facts and Figures 2025 (almost three quarters of the world online; 2.2 billion offline; 5G coverage above half of the population; page read, no absolute online count stated). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>O-RAN Alliance (ed.), About page (founded February 2018 by AT&amp;T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange; German entity since August 2018; no member count or AI statement on the page). O-RAN Alliance, Alfter. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Polese, M., Bonati, L., D\u2019Oro, S., Basagni, S. and Melodia, T., Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges, arXiv:2202.01032, submitted 2 February 2022 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-09-cb-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\">6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>42 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0, Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, November 2023 (PDF opened; capability research targets in section 4). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>ITU-R (ed.), IMT-2030 process page of Working Party 5D (timeline; candidate proposal window February 2027 to February 2029; draft reports 5\/116 and 5\/119 completed in 2026 and due for SG 5 approval in December 2026). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 21 page (timetable agreed at the June 2026 TSG#112 plenaries; first normative 6G release; Stage-3 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> December 2028; ASN.1 freeze March 2029). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Release 20 page (5G-Advanced timeline; early 6G studies listed, including TR 22.870 and TR 38.914; work plan of March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Introducing 3GPP (seven organisational partners: ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile subscriptions outlook (company report and forecast; 5G subscriptions close to 3.3 billion after Q2 2026; forecast 6.4 billion for 2031; over 90 providers with 5G standalone of about 390 with 5G; regional 5G penetration). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>Ericsson (ed.), Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2026, mobile traffic forecast (company forecast; 146 EB per month excluding FWA at the end of 2025; 328 EB per month in 2031; 22 GB per active smartphone per month in 2025). Ericsson, Stockholm. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>ITU (ed.), Facts and Figures 2025 (almost three quarters of the world online; 2.2 billion offline; 5G coverage above half of the population; page read, no absolute online count stated). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Dell\u2019Oro Group (ed.), RAN market stabilised in 2025 (press release of 17 February 2026; analyst release; stable 2025 revenue; Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE and Samsung in unchanged order; concentration at a ten-year high; 1% a year growth forecast 2025 to 2030; about a fifth of value lost 2022 to 2024). Dell\u2019Oro Group, Redwood City. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>NVIDIA and Nokia (eds.), NVIDIA to invest USD 1 billion in Nokia to accelerate AI-RAN innovation (joint company press release of 28 October 2025; USD 6.01 per share; ARC-Pro platform; T-Mobile field evaluations from 2026; company announcement, weak evidence). NVIDIA, Santa Clara, and Nokia, Espoo. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Digital Networks Act policy page (proposal adopted 21 January 2026; single passport; EU satellite spectrum authorisation; copper phase-out plans; preparedness plan). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking policy page (at least EUR 1.8 billion for 2021 to 2027; EUR 900 million public contribution; 20 6G research projects with EUR 116 million announced March 2026). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>O-RAN Alliance (ed.), About page (founded February 2018 by AT&amp;T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange; German entity since August 2018; no member count or AI statement on the page). O-RAN Alliance, Alfter. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>3GPP (ed.), Non-terrestrial networks overview (first normative requirements in Release 17; Release 19 core completed September 2025 and performance March 2026). 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>ETSI (ed.), Industry Specification Group on Integrated Sensing and Communications, technology page (pre-standards coordination; reports ETSI GR ISC 003 announced 26 February 2026 and ETSI GR ISC 004 announced 2 March 2026). European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Sthankiya, K., Saeed, N., McSorley, G., Jaber, M. and Clegg, R.G., A Survey on AI-driven Energy Optimisation in Terrestrial Next Generation Radio Access Networks, IEEE Access 12, 157540 to 157555, 2024 (arXiv:2411.02164, submitted 4 November 2024; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Saad, W., Bennis, M. and Chen, M., A Vision of 6G Wireless <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a>: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems, IEEE Network, 2019 (arXiv:1902.10265, submitted 26 February 2019; abstract page opened). IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Polese, M., Bonati, L., D\u2019Oro, S., Basagni, S. and Melodia, T., Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges, arXiv:2202.01032, submitted 2 February 2022 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T.X., Eldar, Y.C. and Buzzi, S., Integrated Sensing and Communications: Towards Dual-functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond, arXiv:2108.07165, submitted 16 August 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Liu, A. et al., A Survey on Fundamental Limits of Integrated Sensing and Communication, arXiv:2104.09954, submitted 16 April 2021 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Zhang, D. et al., Integrated Sensing and Communications Over the Years: An Evolution Perspective, arXiv:2504.06830, submitted 9 April 2025, version 4 of 19 January 2026 (abstract page opened). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA Intelligence (ed.), analysis of mobile network energy use (RAN about 73% of operator energy; energy 20% to 40% of operator operating cost), taken from search-result summaries; another figure of 87% circulates and the two are not reconciled. GSMA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), RAN market estimate of about USD 35 billion for 2025, taken from a trade summary of an analyst release. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Omdia (ed.), projection that the AI-RAN market could exceed USD 200 billion by 2030, taken from coverage of the NVIDIA and Nokia announcement; analyst projection, weak evidence. Omdia, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU (ed.), World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 final acts and Resolution 256 on agenda item 1.7 (IMT in 4400 to 4800 MHz, 7125 to 8400 MHz and 14.8 to 15.35 GHz), taken from conference slides and national briefs in search results. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU-R (ed.), Report ITU-R M.2516, Future technology trends of terrestrial IMT systems towards 2030 and beyond, December 2022, named in Recommendation M.2160 and the ITU process page. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ITU-R (ed.), Report ITU-R M.2541, technical feasibility of IMT in bands above 100 GHz, 2024, named on the ITU process page. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: 3GPP (ed.), TR 22.870, Study on 6G use cases and service requirements, named on the Release 20 and 21 pages as completed in Release 20. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: 3GPP (ed.), TR 38.914, 6G scenarios and requirements, named on the Release 20 and 21 pages. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia Antipolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: AI-RAN Alliance (ed.), organisation website, which returned only its title when fetched; no figure taken from it. AI-RAN Alliance. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ABI Research (ed.), Are GPUs worth considering for 5G RAN? (analyst commentary on GPU-based RAN efficiency and vendor trial claims), taken from a search-result summary. ABI Research, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: GSMA (ed.), The Mobile Economy 2026, which returned a not-found error when fetched; no figure taken from it. GSMA, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Energy and AI, 2025, which returned an access error when fetched; no figure taken from it. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026, which returned an access error when fetched; no figure taken from it. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and NIS Cooperation Group (eds.), Cybersecurity of 5G networks, EU toolbox of risk mitigating measures, January 2020, cited from memory; the policy page returned not-found. Brussels. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Federal Communications Commission (ed.), framework for supplemental coverage from space, 2024, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. FCC, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US National Telecommunications and Information Administration (ed.), National Spectrum Strategy, November 2023, cited from memory; the page fetched did not carry it. NTIA, Washington. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Next G Alliance (ed.), Roadmap to 6G, 2022, cited from memory. ATIS, Washington. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group (ed.), white papers on 6G vision and candidate technologies, 2021 to 2023, cited from memory. China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hexa-X project consortium (eds.), European 6G flagship project deliverables, 2021 to 2023, cited from memory; the project site could not be reached. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rappaport, T.S. et al., Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond, IEEE Access 7, 78729 to 78757, 2019, cited from memory. IEEE, Piscataway. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: ENISA (ed.), Threat Landscape for 5G Networks, 2019, cited from memory. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, Athens. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Exponential Technology Report 2026: 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Exponential Technology Series XT-09<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 6G edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-09-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">XT-09<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-09-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-XTC-XT-09-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%206G%2C%20AI-RAN%20and%20Next-Generation%20Connectivity\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%206G%2C%20AI-RAN%20and%20Next-Generation%20Connectivity&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%206G%2C%20AI-RAN%20and%20Next-Generation%20Connectivity\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%206G%2C%20AI-RAN%20and%20Next-Generation%20Connectivity\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%206G%2C%20AI-RAN%20and%20Next-Generation%20Connectivity\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Exponential Technology Report 2026: 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-09&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-09&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-09-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-09-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>XT-09 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; XT-09 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Exponential Technology<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-09\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-09-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-09-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-09-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Exponential Technology Report 2026: 6G, AI-RAN and Next-Generation Connectivity \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-XTECH-6G-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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