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\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offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nrp\"><div class=\"nrp-wrap\"><p class=\"nrj-draft\" data-nrj-shared=\"draft\" role=\"note\"><strong>Draft, not yet released.<\/strong> In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.<\/p><article class=\"nrp-flow\"><header class=\"nrp-hero\"><div class=\"nrp-hero-grid\"><div><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Baseline Edition 2026<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Complete edition<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 class=\"pp-hero-title nrp-hero-title-l\">Exponential Technology Report 2026: Advanced Energy Storage<\/h1><p class=\"nrp-lede\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-actions\"><button class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" type=\"button\" data-nrp-act=\"print\" hidden><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2\"\/><path d=\"M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/svg>Print or save as PDF<\/button><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19 12H5\"\/><path d=\"m12 19-7-7 7-7\"\/><\/svg>Edition home<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nrp-note nrp-noprint\">Choose A4 or Letter in the print dialog; running heads and page numbers are added in print. This is a review copy: the signed PDF with its DOI is issued at release.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nrp-cover\"><div class=\"nrp-cover-top\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">XT-16<\/span><\/div><span class=\"nrp-cover-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nrp-cover-k\">Exponential Technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-t\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cover-s\"><\/p><div class=\"nrp-cover-foot\"><span>Baseline Edition 2026<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><span><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> for the Nexus Consortium<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block nrp-imprint\" aria-label=\"Imprint\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Imprint<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor, the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto<\/dd><dt>Report number<\/dt><dd class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026, cut DC-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Draft under stewardship review; not yet released<\/dd><dt>DOI and UNI<\/dt><dd>Issued at deposit<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>CC BY 4.0 for Nexus-authored text, tables and figures; third-party material keeps its own licence<\/dd><dt>Cite as<\/dt><dd>Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Exponential Technology Report 2026: Advanced Energy Storage (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" aria-label=\"Contents\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Contents<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">\u00b7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-summary\">Executive summary<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-coupled-system\">Chapter 1. Storage is grid infrastructure and a supply chain<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-findings\">Chapter 2. Key findings<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-systems-and-sectors\">Chapter 3. Systems and sectors at baseline<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-risk-and-capability\">Chapter 4. Risks and capability<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-scenario\">Chapter 5. Grid dependence on batteries while supply is restricted<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-lenses-and-readings\">Chapter 6. Readings from the other desks<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">7<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-agenda\">Chapter 7. The 2027 agenda<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">8<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-systems-in-depth\">Chapter 8. Systems in depth<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">A<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-methodology\">Annex A. Methodology<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">B<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-data\">Annex B. Data appendix<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">C<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-part-references\">Annex C. References and record<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-summary\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Executive summary<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Executive summary<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The edition on a few pages: the abstract, the key messages, the headline finding and what each steward reads in it.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>8 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.1<\/span><span>Abstract<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Advanced energy storage matters to the Nexus programme in two ways. It is a new grid infrastructure that moves solar and wind output into the evening and gives power <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> flexibility. It is also a materials supply chain built on lithium, graphite, cobalt and a small number of cell makers. The deployment evidence is strong. The IEA counts 108 GW of new battery storage worldwide in 2025, 40% more than in 2024, and about 80% of it was utility-scale<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. IRENA reports that the installed cost of a four-hour utility-scale battery fell about 30% in 2025 to USD 140 per kWh, around 95% below 2010<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Lithium iron phosphate cells make up about 90% of deployments<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. In the United States, utility-scale battery capacity was 43.6 GW at the end of 2025 and nearly 52 GW by mid-2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The supply base is concentrated. The Democratic Republic of the Congo mined an estimated 73% of cobalt, China produced about 82% of natural graphite, and the IEA reports record refining concentration across energy minerals<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. China announced export controls on battery supply chains on 9 October 2025, and the IEA records that proposed controls on batteries were suspended until November 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. The European Union battery regulation requires a battery passport from 18 February 2027 for industrial batteries above 2 kWh<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup>. Evidence on long-duration storage volumes, fire incident rates, recycling capacity and workforce is thin. This baseline sets out what the evidence supports and where it is thin. It forecasts no price or deployment figure and ranks no country, vendor or chemistry.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.2<\/span><span>Key messages<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Six readings that frame the energy storage baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-km\"><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">108 GW was added worldwide in 2025, 40% more than in 2024.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How fast is storage growing?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">About USD 140 per kWh installed for four-hour utility-scale <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does it cost?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Lithium iron phosphate, about 90% to 94% of deployments depending on the source.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Which chemistry dominates?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, natural graphite in China, and refining across energy minerals.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>Where is the supply concentrated?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A battery passport from 18 February 2027 and safety documentation for stationary systems.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What does Europe require?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Pumped storage USD 153 per kWh installed; other options cost more in 2025.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What do long-duration options cost?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">Incident rates on a common basis are not bound; one 2025 fire is recorded in a secondary source.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>How safe is it?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">A grid that depends on batteries while supply stays concentrated. SCN-XT16-SUP-01<\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-m\"><span>What will 2027 test first?<\/span><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.3<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-002<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">IRENA reports that the installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage fell about 30% in 2025 to USD 140 per kWh, around 95% below the 2010 level.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure S.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-fig1-t\">Installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage (USD per kWh)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2010<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">2,634<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"5.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">140<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: IRENA Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The 2010 value is attributed there to BNEF.<\/p><\/figure><p class=\"nrp-p\">Cheaper storage makes it a routine part of new solar projects: about a quarter of utility-scale solar commissioned in 2025 was paired with a battery<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. IRENA also notes that the rebound in battery metal prices in early 2026 is a reminder that input cost volatility can slow the trend<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The IEA records that lithium prices almost doubled between January 2025 and April 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.4<\/span><span>At a glance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">108<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>added worldwide, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">140<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>installed cost, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224890<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>lithium iron phosphate share<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224852<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>US utility-scale capacity, mid-2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">73<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2027<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">date<\/span><p>EU battery passport, 18 February<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.5<\/span><span>What each steward reads in it<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading energy storage as grid infrastructure and as a materials supply chain.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people storage arrives as a headline about a battery plant, a fire or a cheaper bill.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr> \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Costs fell about 30% in one year while input prices rebounded, and investment totals are not bound.<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Storage is well described by deployment and cost series and thinly measured as a system.<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">S.6<\/span><span>What this edition is, and is not<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What this edition is<\/h3><p>A baseline: the 2026 state of advanced energy storage as infrastructure and the couplings through which it carries risk into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. It synthesises published evidence and ranks no country, company or asset.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What it is not<\/h3><p>Not a forecast of deployment or prices, a technology ranking, an endorsement of any vendor or chemistry, or an assessment of any project or programme. Safety codes, trade measures and subsidies are decisions of competent authorities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">What comes next<\/h3><p>National, regional and sector evidence feeds the 2027 energy storage edition through the federation. Each edition reports what changed against this baseline: observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cs-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-coupled-system\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 1<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Storage is grid infrastructure and a supply chain<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Part I describes systems and their couplings. It ranks no country or operator and assesses no authority.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>2 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>7 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.1<\/span><span>The questions this part answers<\/span><\/h2><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Key questions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Where is energy storage risk concentrated?<\/li><li>Which couplings carry energy storage shocks into other <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>?<\/li><li>Which energy storage capabilities hold under compound stress?<\/li><li>What must 2027 evidence measure first?<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">In this part<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Narrative<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Headline finding<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Lead figure<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Five footprint and governance chapters<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Twelve-domain reading<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Sector screens<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Dependency matrix<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Risk objects<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Capability ladder<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Scenario<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Three lenses<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Portfolio<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.2<\/span><span>The argument<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-prose\"><p>Energy storage is usually discussed as a cost curve. The 2026 evidence reads it as two things at once: a grid infrastructure that shifts solar and wind output across the day, and a materials supply chain that depends on a few minerals, a few countries and one dominant chemistry<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The deployment evidence is strong. The IEA counts 108 GW of new battery storage in 2025, 40% more than in 2024, and installed capacity is eleven times the 2021 level<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Costs fell about 30% in one year to USD 140 per kWh installed<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The supply evidence is concentrated. Lithium iron phosphate is in about 90% of deployments<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>. The Democratic Republic of the Congo mined an estimated 73% of cobalt and China produced about 82% of natural graphite<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. China announced export controls on battery supply chains in October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><p>The least measured parts are safety rates, long-duration volumes, recycling and workforce. One 2025 fire is recorded in a secondary source, and incident rates on a common basis are not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-fig1-t\">What do storage options cost installed? Total installed cost, USD per kWh<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Pumped storage and four-hour batteries have similar installed costs per kWh in 2025. Other long-duration options cost more per kWh and are shown as reported averages across few projects<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Four-hour utility-scale battery<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"17.4\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">140<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Pumped storage hydropower<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"19.1\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">153<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Thermal storage<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"30.5\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">245<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Compressed air<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"47.4\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">381<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Gravity storage<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">803<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: as cited in the note to this figure. Year 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Figure ID FIG-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-01-003<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">140<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>four-hour battery, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">153<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>pumped storage, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">245<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>thermal storage, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">803<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>gravity storage, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">1.3<\/span><span>Twenty couplings between five systems<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The energy storage-centred matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, read for their energy storage content. Strengths are Nexus estimates (ESTIMATED) from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the graph that 2027 evidence will test.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-fig2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-fig2-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 1.2<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-fig2-t\">Couplings between the five systems<\/span><p class=\"nrp-fig-what\">Each line is one coupling from one system to another, drawn by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.<\/p><\/figcaption><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-ring\" viewBox=\"0 0 340 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Coupling ring: 20 typed couplings between water, energy, food, health and biodiversity. The matrix in the next table carries every value.\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><ul class=\"nrp-legend\"><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"STRONG\"><\/span>Strong<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"MODERATE\"><\/span>Moderate<\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-key\" data-w=\"WEAK\"><\/span>Weak<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: this edition&#8217;s coupling matrix (Table 1.1); status Estimated.<\/p><\/figure><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 1.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling matrix: from the row system to the column system<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">From, to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">WAT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">ENE<\/th><th scope=\"col\">FOO<\/th><th scope=\"col\">HLT<\/th><th scope=\"col\">BIO<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><b>WAT<\/b> Water<\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">pumped storage water<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>ENE<\/b> Energy<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cooling and siting, not bound<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">cold-chain backup, undocumented<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">clinic backup, undocumented<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>FOO<\/b> Food<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>HLT<\/b> Health<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">workforce<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b>BIO<\/b> Biodiversity<\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td>WEAK<br><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">no documented link<\/span><\/td><td><span aria-label=\"same system\">\u00b7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Strength: strong, moderate or weak; a Nexus estimate (status Estimated) from cited evidence and analogue events. The scale is defined in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Transmission paths<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 MIN \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Export controls or price swings on battery materials slow storage build-out.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> China controls of October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">MIN \u2192 FIN \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Lithium and graphite prices change installed cost.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> lithium prices almost doubled, 2025 to 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Falling cost raises deployment and solar pairing.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> cost fall of about 30% in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">INF \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">A fire or siting dispute can halt a project or a market.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span> Moss Landing record<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 DAT<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">The battery passport sets data duties from 2027.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> EU regulation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c1-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-findings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 2<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Key findings<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Twelve findings carry the energy storage baseline. They are grouped by coupling and never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>1 figure<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>13 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.1<\/span><span>Headline finding<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-002\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-km-t\">IRENA reports that the installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage fell about 30% in 2025 to USD 140 per kWh, around 95% below the 2010 level.<\/p><figure class=\"nrp-fig\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-fig1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-fig1-t\"><figcaption class=\"nrp-figcap\"><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Figure 2.1<\/span><span class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-fig1-t\">Installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage (USD per kWh)<\/span><\/figcaption><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl nrp-bars\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"nrp-sr\">Bar, scaled to the largest value<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">2010<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100.0\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">2,634<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">2025<\/th><td class=\"nrp-barc\"><svg class=\"nrp-svg nrp-barsvg\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 8\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"nrp-track\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"100\" height=\"8\"\/><rect class=\"nrp-bar\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"5.3\" height=\"8\"\/><\/svg><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\">140<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nrp-fig-src\">Source: IRENA Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The 2010 value is attributed there to BNEF.<\/p><\/figure><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Implication<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Cheaper storage makes it a routine part of new solar projects: about a quarter of utility-scale solar commissioned in 2025 was paired with a battery<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. IRENA also notes that the rebound in battery metal prices in early 2026 is a reminder that input cost volatility can slow the trend<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The IEA records that lithium prices almost doubled between January 2025 and April 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">What would move it<\/h3><p class=\"nrp-p\">Installed cost in the next IRENA report, lithium and graphite prices, and trade measures would each move this finding.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.2<\/span><span>Infrastructure<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-001<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The IEA counts 108 GW of new battery storage capacity deployed worldwide in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; installed capacity is eleven times the 2021 level, and lithium iron phosphate is in about 90% of deployments.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-004\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-004\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-INF-004<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">US utility-scale battery capacity was 43.6 GW at the end of 2025 and nearly 52 GW by mid-2026; operators plan 14 GW more in the second half of 2026, 26 GW in 2027 and 14 GW in 2028.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.3<\/span><span>Finance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-002\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-002\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-002<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">IRENA reports that the installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage fell about 30% in 2025 to USD 140 per kWh, around 95% below the 2010 level of USD 2,634 per kWh.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-003\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-003\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-FIN-003<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Ember reports that battery costs fell 45% in 2025 after a fall of 20% in 2024, while deployment grew 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; this is a different measure from installed system cost.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.4<\/span><span>Minerals<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-005\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-005\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-005<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">World lithium mine production rose 31% to about 290,000 tons in 2025, excluding the United States, and batteries account for 88% of lithium end use.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-006\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-006\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-006<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for an estimated 73% of mined cobalt in 2025 and set export quotas of up to 96,600 tons a year for 2026 and 2027.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-007\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-007\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-MIN-007<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">China produced an estimated 82% of natural graphite in 2025, and the IEA reports that the average share of the top refined supplier across energy minerals reached about 72%.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.5<\/span><span>Governance<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-008\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-008\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-008<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 requires a battery passport from 18 February 2027 for industrial batteries above 2 kWh, sets safety requirements for stationary storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, and sets recycled content targets for cobalt, lead, lithium and nickel to be met by 2031.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-GOV-009<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">China announced export controls on lithium-ion battery supply chains on 9 October 2025; the IEA records that proposed controls on batteries were suspended until November 2026.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.6<\/span><span>Energy<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-010\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-010\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-ENE-010<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">IRENA reports total installed cost of USD 153 per kWh for pumped storage, USD 245 for thermal storage, USD 381 for compressed air and USD 803 for gravity storage; one vendor states that its iron-air system can discharge for up to 100 hours.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.7<\/span><span>Safety<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SAF-011\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SAF-011\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SAF-011<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">A fire at a 300 MW, 1,200 MWh battery plant at Moss Landing, California, began on 16 January 2025 and about 1,200 residents were evacuated, according to a secondary summary.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">2.8<\/span><span>Systemic<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li id=\"nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\"><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><a class=\"nrp-find-id\" href=\"#nx-NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012\">NRF-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012<\/a><\/p><p class=\"nrp-find-t\">The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a grid that depends on batteries while cell, cathode and graphite supply stays concentrated and trade measures change. \u00a7 scenario<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo production share quoted at different values from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Batteries (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 in force 17 August 2023, applies from 18 February 2024; Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025\/606 of 4 July 2025 on recycling efficiency). Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c2-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-systems-and-sectors\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 3<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems and sectors at baseline<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>2 tables<\/span><span>11 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.1<\/span><span>Where each system stood at evidence close<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Deployment<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Battery storage added worldwide<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">108<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIN \u00b7 Cost<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Installed cost, four-hour utility-scale battery<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">140<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>about 30% lower than in 2024.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>IRENA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 Chemistry<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Lithium iron phosphate share of deployments<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224890<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>IRENA gives about 94% of new installations.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MIN \u00b7 Supply<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">World lithium mine production<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">290<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">thousand tons<\/span><p>31% more than in 2024, excluding the United States.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MIN \u00b7 Supply<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Share of mined cobalt from the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">73<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>export quotas set for 2026 and 2027.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2025<\/span><span>USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nrp-cell\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">INF \u00b7 National<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">US utility-scale battery capacity, mid-2026<\/h3><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224852<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>43.6 GW at the end of 2025.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-cell-foot\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><span>2026<\/span><span>EIA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.2<\/span><span>Domain posture<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each of the twelve coupled domains is read through energy storage, in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries energy storage risk into each domain.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Each domain read in words, not scored<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Domain<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Posture at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coupling<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT<\/span><\/td><td>Water use of pumped storage and thermal <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> is not bound in this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">WAT \u2194 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE<\/span><\/td><td>The core system: 108 GW added in 2025; solar and storage pairing is now routine.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">the core system<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 5<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FOO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; cold-chain backup is not evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HLT<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline; backup power for clinics is not evidenced here.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">BIO<\/span><\/td><td>No documented coupling at baseline.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">none documented<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CLI<\/span><\/td><td>Storage lets solar output reach evening hours; installed batteries shifted about 14% of new solar generation in 2025.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 CLI<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INF<\/span><\/td><td>Grid infrastructure: 80% of 2025 additions were utility-scale; one 2025 fire is recorded.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2194 INF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN<\/span><\/td><td>Installed cost fell about 30% in 2025; investment totals are not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIN \u2194 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DAT<\/span><\/td><td>The EU battery passport brings a data record for each industrial battery above 2 kWh from 2027.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">ENE \u2192 DAT<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC<\/span><\/td><td>Battery-based backup power for data centres rose 30% to 45 GW in 2025; the share tied to compute load is not bound.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">AIC \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN<\/span><\/td><td>Lithium, cobalt and graphite supply is concentrated; lithium prices almost doubled from January 2025 to April 2026.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MIN \u2192 ENE<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD<\/span><\/td><td>Export controls on battery supply chains were announced in October 2025; some were suspended until November 2026.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">TRD \u2192 MIN<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span> <span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">3.3<\/span><span>Sector screens<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">All sixteen sectors are screened for their dependence on energy storage, on the same grammar as every national edition. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 3.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Sectors: baseline evidence and the exposure to watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sector<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Exposure to watch<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-00<\/span><\/td><td>Cross-system<\/td><td>storage couples to power, minerals and trade<\/td><td>supply shock during rapid grid dependence<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-01<\/span><\/td><td>Water<\/td><td>water use of storage not bound<\/td><td>pumped storage siting<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-02<\/span><\/td><td>Energy<\/td><td>108 GW added in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>evening peak reliance<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Food<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-04<\/span><\/td><td>Health<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-05<\/span><\/td><td>Finance<\/td><td>installed cost USD 140 per kWh<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>investment totals not bound<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-06<\/span><\/td><td>Development<\/td><td>access to storage in lower-income markets not bound<\/td><td>widening gaps<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-07<\/span><\/td><td>Climate<\/td><td>solar shifting 14% of new generation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>avoided curtailment<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-08<\/span><\/td><td>Disaster<\/td><td>backup power evidence not bound<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-09<\/span><\/td><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>utility-scale share about 80%<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>fire and siting<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-10<\/span><\/td><td>Cities<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-11<\/span><\/td><td>Biodiversity<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-12<\/span><\/td><td>Earth observation<\/td><td>no documented coupling<\/td><td>none documented<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-13<\/span><\/td><td>Cyber and digital<\/td><td>battery passport data from 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>data governance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-14<\/span><\/td><td>Policy<\/td><td>EU regulation and trade measures<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>export controls and subsidies<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">GS-15<\/span><\/td><td>Science<\/td><td>peer-reviewed base on cost and technology<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>common cost basis<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Dunn, B., Kamath, H. and Tarascon, J.-M., Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices, Science 334, 928 to 935, 2011, cited from memory. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Schmidt, O. et al., Projecting the future levelized cost of electricity storage technologies, Joule 3, 81 to 100, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Albertus, P., Manser, J.S. and Litzelman, S., Long-duration electricity storage applications, economics, and technologies, Joule 4, 21 to 32, 2020, cited from memory. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c3-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-risk-and-capability\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 4<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Risks and capability<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Four energy storage risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>6 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>22 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.1<\/span><span>Risk objects<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-find\"><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT16-MIN-001<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Concentrated cell and materials supply<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>concentrated mining and refining; export controls<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>grid projects and manufacturers that rely on one cell chemistry<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>few suppliers of cathode, anode and equipment<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>diversification projects; recycling targets<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>MIN \u2192 ENE \u2192 INF<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT16-SAF-002<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Fire and thermal events at large sites<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>rapid growth in utility-scale capacity<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>neighbouring residents and local grids<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>older chemistries and dense sites; incident rates not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>safety codes and large-scale fire testing<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>INF \u2192 ENE<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT16-FIN-003<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Cost rebound from input prices<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>lithium price rise since early 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>project economics and procurement schedules<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>fixed-price contracts and thin margins<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>chemistry diversification; sodium-ion options<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>FIN \u2192 ENE<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><li><p class=\"nrp-find-m\"><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><span class=\"nrp-eql\" title=\"Evidence-quality level, 1 to 5\">EQL 3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-find-id\">RSK-XT16-GOV-004<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h4\">Fragmented trade and safety rules<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Driver<\/dt><dd>tariffs, export controls and divergent codes<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Exposure<\/dt><dd>developers and manufacturers selling in several markets<\/dd><dt>Vulnerability<\/dt><dd>uneven compliance capacity and testing capacity<\/dd><dt>Capacity<\/dt><dd>regulation and standards bodies<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Cascade<\/dt><dd>GOV \u2192 MIN, FIN<\/dd><dt>Horizon<\/dt><dd>1 to 5 years<\/dd><\/dl><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">4.2<\/span><span>Capability ladder<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence for energy storage at the global level.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 4.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Capabilities on the ladder of evidence: listed, exists, demonstrated, tested<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rung<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Level<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Strongest public evidence at baseline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Prevention and mitigation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>safety standards and EU safety documentation for stationary <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and observation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no common tracker of incidents or field degradation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 early-warning\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Timely, actionable information about an impending hazard that lets people and institutions act to reduce harm before it occurs.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Early warning<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>supply and price watching is not consolidated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparedness and planning<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>EU regulation and national procurement programmes<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redundancy and reserves<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>strategic stocks of battery materials are not documented here<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Response<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>no tested response to a large site fire documented here<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuity of critical services<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>storage as backup for critical services is not evidenced here<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>one plant clean-up and recycling record in a secondary source<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adaptation<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>chemistry diversification is under way<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 social-protection\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Public policies and programmes that help people manage risk and reduce poverty and vulnerability across their lives.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Social protection<\/a><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>not applicable at baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finance and insurance<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>investment and insurance data are not bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Institutional coordination<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>standards bodies and regulators<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Technical infrastructure<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>EXISTS<\/td><td>large and growing installed base<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>LISTED<\/td><td>skills gaps reported; no figure bound<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research capacity<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-ladder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/td><td>ADEQUATE<\/td><td>strong peer-reviewed base<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"4\">A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: EPRI (ed.), Battery Energy Storage System Failure Incident Database (the page returned no data; incident rate figures seen only in a secondary summary). Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, third edition 2023, cited from memory; the catalogue page showed no document text. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540A, Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems, cited from memory. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Fire Protection Association (ed.), NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems, 2023 edition, cited from memory; the page showed only the title. NFPA, Quincy. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Sodium-ion battery (energy density figures; producer announcements of 2025; cost claims marked as needing update). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CATL (ed.), announcement of the Naxtra sodium-ion battery brand, April 2025, known only from a secondary summary; the company news page was fetched but no article was read. Contemporary Amperex Technology, Ningde. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 62619:2022, Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 62933-5-2, Electrical energy storage systems, safety requirements for grid-integrated systems, electrochemical-based systems, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Lithium iron phosphate battery (energy density, cycle life, market share reports). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Energy (ed.), Long Duration Storage Shot, launched 2021, cited from memory; the page address returned not found. US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (ed.), Order No. 841, Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators, February 2018, cited from memory. FERC, Washington. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Dunn, B., Kamath, H. and Tarascon, J.-M., Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices, Science 334, 928 to 935, 2011, cited from memory. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Schmidt, O. et al., Projecting the future levelized cost of electricity storage technologies, Joule 3, 81 to 100, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Albertus, P., Manser, J.S. and Litzelman, S., Long-duration electricity storage applications, economics, and technologies, Joule 4, 21 to 32, 2020, cited from memory. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Sepulveda, N.A. et al., Design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonised power systems, Nature Energy 6, 506 to 516, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c4-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-scenario\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 5<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Grid dependence on batteries while supply is restricted<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>2 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>0 tables<\/span><span>1 note<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.1<\/span><span>Assumptions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Baseline<\/dt><dd>the 2026 reference state in this edition<\/dd><dt>Drivers<\/dt><dd>a trade measure on cells, cathode or graphite takes effect while grids rely on batteries for evening peaks<\/dd><dt>Analogues<\/dt><dd>the October 2025 export controls and the 2025 to 2026 lithium price rise<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Interventions<\/dt><dd>none modelled: the specification describes the unmitigated case<\/dd><dt>Run state<\/dt><dd>narrative specification; quantified run scheduled for 2027<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.2<\/span><span>The cascade, step by step<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">1<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">TRD \u2192 MIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">a control on battery materials or equipment takes effect<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">2<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">MIN \u2192 FIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cell and cathode prices rise and project schedules slip<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">3<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 ENE<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">fewer batteries are installed before evening peaks<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">4<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">ENE \u2192 INF<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">operators lean on gas plants and demand response in peak hours<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">5<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">GOV \u2192 MIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">regulators and states press for local processing and recycling<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2025<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">6<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">FIN \u2192 MIN<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">investment shifts to other chemistries and recycling<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">2026<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">5.3<\/span><span>The scenario as a table of steps<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">How the shock in scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01 would travel through Advanced Energy Storage&#8217;s coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Trade to minerals<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A control on battery materials or equipment takes effect. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-16, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01, step 1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 Minerals to finance<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Cell and cathode prices rise and project schedules slip. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-16, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01, step 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 Finance to energy<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Fewer batteries are installed before evening peaks. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-16, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01, step 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 Energy to infrastructure<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Operators lean on gas plants and demand response in peak hours. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-16, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01, step 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 Governance to minerals<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Regulators and states press for local processing and recycling. Analogue or source: 2025.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-16, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01, step 5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Finance to minerals<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Investment shifts to other chemistries and recycling. Analogue or source: 2026.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\">Edition XT-16, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01, step 6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition&#8217;s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/scenario\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026, scenario SCN-XT16-SUP-01<\/a> (2026); Advanced Energy Storage 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c5-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-lenses-and-readings\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 6<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Readings from the other desks<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The energy storage baseline is read through each steward\u2019s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks&#8217; own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>15 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>39 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.1<\/span><span>The other desks&#8217; editions of this subject<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Desk<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-host=\"true\"><th scope=\"row\">GCRI Systems Evidence<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRF Public Deliberation<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">GRA Capital Readiness<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Standards Progress<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Academy Capability<\/th><td>No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in this cycle<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Index Measurement<\/th><td>Outside this desk&#8217;s remit<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Not in remit<\/span><\/td><td class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.2<\/span><span>Three lenses<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\" data-n=\"3\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\" data-host=\"true\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 KEY T<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Technical Truth<\/h3><p>The evidence supports reading energy storage as grid infrastructure and as a materials supply chain. Deployment is large and cost has fallen sharply, and supply is concentrated. Evidence is strongest for deployment and cost, and weakest for safety rates, long-duration volumes and recycling.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">INF-001 \u00b7 FIN-002 \u00b7 MIN-006 \u00b7 SYS-012<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRF \u00b7 KEY M<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Public Meaning<\/h3><p>For most people storage arrives as a headline about a battery plant, a fire or a cheaper bill. The baseline asks that public debate separate cost series, vendor claims and incident reports, and keep local safety questions in view.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-002 \u00b7 SAF-011 \u00b7 INF-004<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">GRA \u00b7 KEY F<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Capital Meaning<\/h3><p>Readiness implications only. Costs fell about 30% in one year while input prices rebounded, and investment totals are not bound<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">FIN-002 \u00b7 FIN-003<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NEXUS<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">Synthesis<\/h3><p>Storage is well described by deployment and cost series and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should bind incident rates, publish a cost bridge and test the supply-shock pathway before the next trade measure.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">SYS-012 \u00b7 Q-01 \u00b7 Q-02<\/p><\/article><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.3<\/span><span>Standards, Academy and steward contributions<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">How the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for energy storage. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The quarterly rhythm every edition follows<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Quarter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Boundary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Q1<\/td><td>State and Agenda<\/td><td>What matters this year, and what is the starting position?<\/td><td>observed baseline stays distinct from planned work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q2<\/td><td>Evidence and Build<\/td><td>What new evidence and capability exist?<\/td><td>a configured capability is not a validated result<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q3<\/td><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 stress-test\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An assessment of how a system, portfolio or institution would perform under severe but plausible adverse scenarios, to find weaknesses before they are revealed by events.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Stress Test<\/a> and Readiness<\/td><td>What do scenarios and tests show?<\/td><td>simulated loss or performance is not observed impact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Q4<\/td><td>Annual Synthesis and Renewal<\/td><td>What changed in the year, and what renews?<\/td><td>release follows review, not event publicity deadlines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Who contributes what each quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Steward or body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contribution route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>GCRI Canada<\/td><td>Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)<\/td><td>science and practice communities \u00b7 GCRI gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/td><td>leadership, dialogue and the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a> programme; public meaning (key M)<\/td><td>policy, Universe and national adoption \u00b7 GRF gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/td><td>finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)<\/td><td>finance and insurance \u00b7 GRA gateway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards<\/td><td>preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods<\/td><td>Standards site \u00b7 working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Academy<\/td><td>learning pathways tied to the agenda questions<\/td><td>Academy gateway \u00b7 learning by review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nexus Standards and Academy<\/td><td>technology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capability<\/td><td>technology editorial board<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards drafts used in this edition<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary<\/li><li>Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects<\/li><li>Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Standards calendar to watch<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026<\/li><li>Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027<\/li><li>Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Nothing here certifies. A Nexus attestation records an evaluation under a mandate; it confers no certification, endorsement or approval. Adoption of any standard is a decision of the competent standards body.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.4<\/span><span>GCRI reading: the model card<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-p\">GCRI&#8217;s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/methodology\/\">Annex A, methodology<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.5<\/span><span>Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Four signed essays by the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Storage is a grid build-out and a supply chain. The first is fast and falling in cost; the second is concentrated and exposed to trade measures. Keeping them apart avoids both hype and complacency.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 01<\/h3><p>Two stories, one technology<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">An installed system cost, a turnkey price and a battery cost index measure different things. This edition labels each and asks for a common basis before they are compared.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 02<\/h3><p>Separate measures of cost<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">One large fire can shape a local market. Incident rates on a common basis would show whether risk falls with scale, chemistry and standards.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 03<\/h3><p>Safety is the blind spot<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Cells are cheap while materials are concentrated. Recycled content targets and the battery passport start in Europe, and recycling volumes are not yet measured.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EDITORIAL ESSAY \u00b7 04<\/h3><p>Supply and recycling decide the next decade<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Essays are signed views of the editorial team. Contributed articles from regional consortia, national pathways and invited experts begin with the 2027 global edition, each with its own review route and disclosures.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.6<\/span><span>Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 energy storage readiness pack<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">2027 energy storage readiness pack<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Register<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State at baseline<\/th><th scope=\"col\">First 2027 entry<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>E1<\/td><td>Energy storage risk state delta<\/td><td>baseline set by this edition<\/td><td>changes against the baseline<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E2<\/td><td>WEFH+B state delta<\/td><td>five global system readings set<\/td><td>indicator updates and freshness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E3<\/td><td>Agenda and Portfolio movement<\/td><td>eight agenda items \u00b7 6 proposed objects<\/td><td>admission decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E4<\/td><td>Federation delivery register<\/td><td>national chapters in preparation<\/td><td>national chapters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E5<\/td><td>Consortium capability register<\/td><td>national consortia forming<\/td><td>first contributions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E6<\/td><td>Leadership questions and challenges<\/td><td>none yet<\/td><td>first challenge log<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E7<\/td><td>Foundry technical state<\/td><td>national environments prepared<\/td><td>first federation cut<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E8<\/td><td>Publication candidates<\/td><td>twelve findings carried forward<\/td><td>PUBLISH \u00b7 HOLD dispositions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E9<\/td><td>Universe readiness<\/td><td>one candidate mission<\/td><td>admission and role spine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E10<\/td><td>Correction register<\/td><td>none<\/td><td>first federation-wide cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication dispositions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Publish<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Hold<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Needs evidence<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Restricted<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">Superseded<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Programme progress is not real-world risk improvement. These registers record the work of the Nexus programme; they report on no state or organisation.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.7<\/span><span>Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Instruments and published guidance that shape the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one\u2019s compliance.<\/p><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">IN FORCE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PROGRAMME<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards and regulatory watch<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Instrument<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Scope<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>batteries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UL 9540<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UL Standards<\/td><td>US and Canada<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>energy storage systems<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UL 9540A<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UL Standards<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>thermal runaway fire propagation test<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NFPA 855<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NFPA<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>installation of stationary systems<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 62619<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n33\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>safety of industrial lithium cells<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 63056<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n34\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>safety of lithium systems for storage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, 38.3<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n35\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>global transport<\/td><td>PUBLISHED<\/td><td>transport testing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 62933-5-2<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n36\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEC<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>PUBLISHED \u00b7 VOLUNTARY<\/td><td>grid system safety<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FERC Order 841<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n48\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FERC<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>IN FORCE<\/td><td>wholesale market access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DOE Long Duration Storage Shot<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>US Department of Energy<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>PROGRAMME<\/td><td>cost target<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Changed since 2024<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>EU rules on carbon footprint declaration and battery passport phase in from 2026 and 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025\/606 set the method for recycling efficiency, published 4 July 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>China announced battery supply chain export controls on 9 October 2025, with some suspended until November 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">To watch in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>The EU battery passport from 18 February 2027<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Delegated acts on recycled content and carbon footprint under the EU regulation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Revisions to the installation code and fire test standards<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Status is read from the issuing body on the retrieval date. Instruments open for signature or awaiting ratification are labelled as such; a change in status opens a review task for every finding that relies on the instrument.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">6.8<\/span><span>Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The review behind this edition covers energy storage assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Review protocol<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Question<\/dt><dd>What does the published evidence establish about advanced energy storage as infrastructure and its couplings?<\/dd><dt>Sources searched<\/dt><dd>peer-reviewed journals; agencies and institutions; standards bodies and regulations; supply and market analyses<\/dd><dt>Window<\/dt><dd>releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Selection<\/dt><dd>sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition<\/dd><dt>Next step<\/dt><dd>systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Peer-reviewed science and reviews<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Dunn, Kamath and Tarascon<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n38\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Note 38\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2011<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>grid storage options<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Schmidt et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n39\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Note 39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2019<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>cost projections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Albertus, Manser and Litzelman<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n40\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Note 40\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>long-duration economics<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sepulveda et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n41\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Note 41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>long-duration design space<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hunter et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n42\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Note 42\">42<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>long-duration costs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Armand and Tarascon<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n43\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Note 43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2008<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>battery research<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Goodenough and Park<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n44\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Note 44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2013<\/td><td>framework<\/td><td>lithium-ion perspective<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Larcher and Tarascon<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n45\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Note 45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2015<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>sustainable batteries<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Agency and institutional flagships<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IEA Global Energy Review 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IRENA cost report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IRENA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EIA Today in Energy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EIA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>US capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ember Global Electricity Review<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ember<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>cost and solar shifting<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA batteries slides<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>outlook to 2030<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Global EV Outlook 2026 slides<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>battery demand context<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BNEF cost survey<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>BNEF<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cost series cited by IRENA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lazard LCOE+<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n29\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Note 29\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Lazard<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>storage cost comparison<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NREL Storage Futures Study<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n27\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Note 27\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NREL<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>deployment scenarios<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Standards, policy and strategies<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Union<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>battery rules<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>European Commission batteries page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>implementation dates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UL 9540 and 9540A<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>UL Standards<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>system safety and fire testing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NFPA 855<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NFPA<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>installation code<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 62619<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n33\" aria-label=\"Note 33\">33<\/a><\/sup> and IEC 63056<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n34\" aria-label=\"Note 34\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEC<\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cell and system safety<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UN Manual 38.3<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n35\" aria-label=\"Note 35\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>United Nations<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>transport testing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 62933-5-2<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n36\" aria-label=\"Note 36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEC<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>grid system safety<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FERC Order 841<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n48\" aria-label=\"Note 48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>FERC<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>market access<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DOE Long Duration Storage Shot<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>US Department of Energy<\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>cost target<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 6.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Supply, vendor and field overviews<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Reference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Issuer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Used for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>USGS lithium<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>USGS<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>lithium supply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USGS cobalt<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>USGS<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>cobalt supply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USGS graphite<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>USGS<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>graphite supply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Critical Minerals Outlook 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>supports<\/td><td>concentration and controls<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Form Energy page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>vendor claim<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EPRI incident database<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EPRI<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>incident data, not read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IHA hydropower outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>IHA<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>pumped storage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CATL announcement<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>sodium-ion claim<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Feng et al.<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n46\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Note 46\">46<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>journal article<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>context<\/td><td>thermal runaway<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where the evidence agrees<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Battery storage deployment and cost series moved sharply in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Lithium iron phosphate dominates new stationary deployments<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>Materials supply is concentrated<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Where it is unsettled<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>How cost measures from different sources compare<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How large incident rates are on a common basis<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>How much long-duration storage will be built and at what cost<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">PREPRINTS<\/p><p>Three sources<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup> are preprints and are labelled as not peer-reviewed. They contextualise findings; none binds a finding on its own.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Batteries (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 in force 17 August 2023, applies from 18 February 2024; Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025\/606 of 4 July 2025 on recycling efficiency). Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, third edition 2023, cited from memory; the catalogue page showed no document text. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540A, Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems, cited from memory. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Fire Protection Association (ed.), NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems, 2023 edition, cited from memory; the page showed only the title. NFPA, Quincy. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 62619:2022, Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r33\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 33\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 63056:2020, Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in electrical energy storage systems, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r34\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 34\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations (ed.), Manual of Tests and Criteria, section 38.3, lithium metal and lithium ion batteries, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. United Nations, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r35\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 35\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 62933-5-2, Electrical energy storage systems, safety requirements for grid-integrated systems, electrochemical-based systems, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r36\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 36\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (ed.), Order No. 841, Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators, February 2018, cited from memory. FERC, Washington. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r48\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 48\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Energy (ed.), Long Duration Storage Shot, launched 2021, cited from memory; the page address returned not found. US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Dunn, B., Kamath, H. and Tarascon, J.-M., Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices, Science 334, 928 to 935, 2011, cited from memory. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r38\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 38\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Schmidt, O. et al., Projecting the future levelized cost of electricity storage technologies, Joule 3, 81 to 100, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r39\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 39\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Albertus, P., Manser, J.S. and Litzelman, S., Long-duration electricity storage applications, economics, and technologies, Joule 4, 21 to 32, 2020, cited from memory. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r40\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 40\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Sepulveda, N.A. et al., Design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonised power systems, Nature Energy 6, 506 to 516, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r41\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 41\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hunter, C.A. et al., Techno-economic analysis of long-duration energy storage and flexible power generation technologies to support high-variable renewable energy grids, Joule 5, 2077 to 2101, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r42\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 42\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Armand, M. and Tarascon, J.-M., Building better batteries, Nature 451, 652 to 657, 2008, cited from memory. Observation year 2008. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r43\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 43\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Goodenough, J.B. and Park, K.-S., The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective, Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, 1167 to 1176, 2013, cited from memory. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r44\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 44\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Larcher, D. and Tarascon, J.-M., Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage, Nature Chemistry 7, 19 to 29, 2015, cited from memory. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r45\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 45\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Wanner, B. (IEA), Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions, presentation slides, Energy Storage Summit, London, 18 February 2025 (slides summarising the IEA special report of 2024; storage capacity needed for tripled renewables; stated policies battery additions to 2030; lithium demand measures). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global EV Outlook 2026, launch webinar slides, 20 May 2026 (electric cars 25% of sales in 2025, 28% forecast for 2026; battery pack price declines in China). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: BloombergNEF (ed.), Energy Storage System Cost Survey 2025, cited only as the source of the series reported by IRENA; not opened. BloombergNEF, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Lazard (ed.), Levelized Cost of Energy Plus, 2025 edition, cited from memory. Lazard, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r29\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 29\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (ed.), Storage Futures Study, 2021, cited from memory; the host was not reachable. NREL, Golden. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r27\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 27\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: EPRI (ed.), Battery Energy Storage System Failure Incident Database (the page returned no data; incident rate figures seen only in a secondary summary). Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Hydropower Association (ed.), World Hydropower Outlook 2025 (the page loaded but the report was not read; the 2025 pumped storage figure appears only in a secondary summary). IHA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CATL (ed.), announcement of the Naxtra sodium-ion battery brand, April 2025, known only from a secondary summary; the company news page was fetched but no article was read. Contemporary Amperex Technology, Ningde. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Feng, X. et al., Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: a review, Energy Storage Materials 10, 246 to 267, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r46\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 46\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo production share quoted at different values from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c6-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-agenda\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 7<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">The 2027 agenda<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Eight bounded questions open the 2027 energy storage agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due in the 2027 energy storage edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>5 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>6 tables<\/span><span>3 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.1<\/span><span>Questions for the operational series<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How many battery fires and thermal events occur per unit of capacity, and how do rates differ by chemistry and age?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT16-SAF-01 \u00b7 safety incident data; first output: incident register on a common basis.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which cell, cathode, anode and equipment steps are single points of failure, and how do export controls change them?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT16-SUP-02 \u00b7 cell and materials supply; first output: dependence map.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How much long-duration storage is operating and under construction, by technology and duration?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT16-LDS-03 \u00b7 long-duration evidence; first output: deployment table by technology.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What recycling capacity exists, and what recovered volumes meet the recycled content targets?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT16-REC-04 \u00b7 recycling and passport; first output: capacity and passport readiness map.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">How can installed cost, turnkey price and pack price be compared on one basis?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">INI-XT16-CST-05 \u00b7 costs on a common basis; first output: cost bridge table.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which national markets set storage targets or procurement rules, and how do they differ?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: policy overlay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">What workforce exists for installation, operation and fire response?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">To be admitted in 2027; first output: scoping note.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">Q-08<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Which readiness capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only planned?<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">Readiness capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.2<\/span><span>Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 storage portfolio. They are programme objects: no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Objects proposed for the first operational quarter<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Object<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT16-SAF-01<\/span><\/td><td>Safety incident data<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-01<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT16-SUP-02<\/span><\/td><td>Cell and materials supply<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-02<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT16-LDS-03<\/span><\/td><td>Long-duration evidence<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-03<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT16-REC-04<\/span><\/td><td>Recycling and passport<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-04<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">INI-XT16-CST-05<\/span><\/td><td>Costs on a common basis<\/td><td>Initiative<\/td><td>Q-05<\/td><td>PROPOSED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">MSN-XT16-2027-01<\/span><\/td><td>Evening peak Universe mission<\/td><td>Mission<\/td><td>Q-02<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.3<\/span><span>The pathway<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The energy storage edition reads national readiness chapters, the coupled sector reports on energy, minerals and infrastructure, and the global edition through one governed evidence graph. At baseline the federation is designed; the global energy and lifeline editions are drafted. This page states what exists today and what comes next.<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">National readiness chapters<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">storage and grid-flexibility readiness in each national edition<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">IN PREPARATION \u00b7 national baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Sector couplings<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">GS-02 energy \u00b7 SR-04 minerals \u00b7 XT-12 materials<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">GS-02 DRAFTED \u00b7 sector baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Technology system model<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">cells, long-duration options, minerals, safety, governance<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">v0 SPECIFIED \u00b7 v1 with federation evidence<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Strategic links<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">SR-02 lifeline <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> \u00b7 SR-13 strategic technology<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">PLANNED \u00b7 strategic baselines<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Universe<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">annual proving environment<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">CANDIDATE MISSION \u00b7 mandate in 2027<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">XT-16 report<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">this series<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">BASELINE DRAFT \u00b7 2027 annual edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">07<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-t\">Evidence and correction<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">one graph, many projections<\/p><p class=\"nrp-rows-m\">OPEN \u00b7 first correction cycle in 2027<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.4<\/span><span>Universe 2027: evidence pack for the energy storage candidate mission<\/span><\/h2><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Mandate<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Core Build \u00b7 1 month<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Action \u00b7 1 week<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Evidence seal<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Portfolio correction<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">06<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">Next mandate<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Universe 2027: evidence pack for the energy storage candidate mission<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Record<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Timing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>F1<\/td><td>Annual mandate record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>after the Q2 2027 alignment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F2<\/td><td>Core Build record<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>one month before the exercise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F3<\/td><td>Exercise evidence<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>during the Action week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F4<\/td><td>Decision packets<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>exercise state only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F5<\/td><td>Proof receipts<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>scoped to each recorded check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F6<\/td><td>After-action report<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>within one quarter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F7<\/td><td>Upgrade docket<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>routed to the Portfolio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F8<\/td><td>Portfolio renewal<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>2027 global annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F9<\/td><td>Public synthesis<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><td>public-safe extracts only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Mission<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>ID<\/dt><dd>MSN-XT16-2027-01 \u00b7 Evening peak Universe mission<\/dd><dt>Role spine<\/dt><dd>Leadership sponsor \u00b7 Institutional anchor \u00b7 Mission lead: drawn from national pathways<\/dd><dt>Receiving actors<\/dt><dd>to be identified with the mandate<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Simulation success is not deployment approval; demonstration is not certification; finance readiness is not financing secured.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.5<\/span><span>Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Where the baseline\u2019s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Handoffs and routing<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Finding<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Routed to<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Purpose<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>INF-001 \u00b7 deployment<\/td><td>INI-XT16-CST-05<\/td><td>costs on a common basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FIN-002 \u00b7 cost<\/td><td>INI-XT16-CST-05<\/td><td>costs on a common basis<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>INF-004 \u00b7 US capacity<\/td><td>regional consortia<\/td><td>policy overlay<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIN-006 \u00b7 cobalt<\/td><td>INI-XT16-SUP-02<\/td><td>cell and materials supply<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIN-007 \u00b7 graphite<\/td><td>INI-XT16-SUP-02<\/td><td>cell and materials supply<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GOV-008 \u00b7 battery regulation<\/td><td>INI-XT16-REC-04<\/td><td>recycling and passport<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SAF-011 \u00b7 fire record<\/td><td>INI-XT16-SAF-01 \u00b7 key F review<\/td><td>safety incident data<\/td><td>PUBLIC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SYS-012 \u00b7 compound pathway<\/td><td>MSN-XT16-2027-01<\/td><td>Universe candidate<\/td><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Routing rules by publication class<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Where it goes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Who can see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PUBLIC<\/td><td>the published edition and its evidence bundle<\/td><td>anyone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONSORTIUM<\/td><td>governed rooms of the federation<\/td><td>consortium members under agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONTROLLED<\/td><td>need-to-know channels<\/td><td>named competent actors only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">CODES ARE NOT JOINS<\/p><p>Series codes in this edition (XT-16 and its relatives) are Reports codes. Codes in other indices can look alike. This edition makes no join on a code alone: a join needs a registry record that names both subjects.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Handoffs carry findings to Nexus programme objects and steward reviews. States and organisations receive public editions as published; nothing here instructs them.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">7.6<\/span><span>Feeds and signal register<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Feeds watched from 2027<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Feed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Producer<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Latency<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Feeds into<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Agency capacity statistics<\/td><td>EIA and national agencies<\/td><td>monthly to annual<\/td><td>INF-004<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA and IRENA annual reports<\/td><td>IEA, IRENA<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>INF-001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electricity reviews<\/td><td>Ember<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>FIN-003<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/td><td>USGS<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>MIN-005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Critical minerals outlook<\/td><td>IEA<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>MIN-007<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU battery regulation pages<\/td><td>European Commission<\/td><td>per release<\/td><td>GOV-008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Incident databases<\/td><td>EPRI and agencies<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>SAF-011<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Escalation routes<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">none \u00b7 keep monitoring<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">research question<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">project<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">risk object<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">annual publication<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">signal report<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 7.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Signals at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">ID<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Signal<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Corroboration<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Route<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SIG-XT16-001<\/td><td>Installed cost fell about 30% in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>CORROBORATED<\/td><td>FIN \u00b7 ENE<\/td><td>research question Q-05<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT16-002<\/td><td>China battery export controls of October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>TRD \u00b7 MIN<\/td><td>initiative Q-02<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SIG-XT16-003<\/td><td>Moss Landing fire of January 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>INF<\/td><td>research question Q-01<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>A signal is not a warning. Signal records never substitute for official alerting or early-warning authorities, and they bypass no publication control.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c7-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-systems-in-depth\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Chapter 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Systems in depth<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>5 tables<\/span><span>24 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.1<\/span><span>Cells, chemistries and storage technologies<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Storage uses several technologies. Evidence is strongest for lithium-ion batteries and pumped storage, and weakest where claims rest on vendor announcements or secondary summaries.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">108<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>battery storage added worldwide, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224890<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>lithium iron phosphate share of deployments<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224880<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>utility-scale share of 2025 additions<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lithium iron phosphate batteries<\/td><td>about 90% of deployments, up from well below half five years ago<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n19\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Note 19\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pumped storage hydropower<\/td><td>installed cost USD 153 per kWh; round-trip efficiency of 70 to 80%; pumped storage was the largest storage type in 2023 by capacity<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n16\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Note 16\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sodium-ion batteries<\/td><td>a producer reported 175 Wh per kg for its 2025 line; field data not bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flow batteries and iron-air <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td>a 100 MW, 400 MWh vanadium system began operating in China in 2022; compressed air plants run in Germany, the United States and China; one vendor claims up to 100 hours<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n20\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Note 20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n21\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Note 21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2194 FIN deployment and cost<\/li><li>MIN \u2192 ENE materials<\/li><li>INF \u2192 ENE safety and siting<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>long-duration deployment by technology<\/li><li>field performance on a common basis<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Peer-reviewed or agency data on long-duration projects; sodium-ion field results; updated cost reports.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-14 Fusion and Frontier Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-17 Climate Technologies and Carbon Management<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes published results and plans. It endorses no vendor or technology and forecasts no price.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.2<\/span><span>Grid role, energy and water<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Batteries shift solar output into the evening and are moving from short ancillary services toward energy shifting. Water and cooling use is not published on a common basis.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224825<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>utility-scale solar paired with batteries, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>new solar generation shifted by installed batteries, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">45<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">GW<\/span><p>battery backup power additions for data centres, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Solar pairing<\/td><td>about a quarter of utility-scale solar commissioned in 2025 was paired with batteries<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Solar shifting<\/td><td>installed batteries could shift about 14% of new solar generation; Chile and Australia over 50%<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Duration<\/td><td>most projects cluster around two hours; more are four hours or longer<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water use<\/td><td>not published for pumped storage and thermal <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>ENE \u2192 CLI solar shifting<\/li><li>ENE \u2194 INF facility siting<\/li><li>AIC \u2192 ENE backup power<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>water use by technology<\/li><li>grid service performance data<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>System operator reports on evening peaks; durations of new projects; backup power growth.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-14 Fusion and Frontier Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-17 Climate Technologies and Carbon Management<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes physical roles of storage. It assesses no operator, market or project.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.3<\/span><span>Minerals, materials and supply chain<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Cells depend on lithium, graphite and cobalt, and on refining that is concentrated. Lithium prices almost doubled from January 2025 to April 2026.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">290<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">thousand tons<\/span><p>world lithium mine production, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">73<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">82<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>China share of natural graphite production<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lithium<\/td><td>production up 31% in 2025; batteries are 88% of end use<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cobalt<\/td><td>export quotas of up to 96,600 tons a year for 2026 and 2027<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n24\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Note 24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Graphite<\/td><td>preliminary antidumping duty of 93.50% on Chinese anode material in the United States<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Refining<\/td><td>top refined supplier share averaged about 72% across energy minerals in 2025<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>MIN \u2192 ENE materials<\/li><li>TRD \u2192 MIN export controls<\/li><li>FIN \u2192 MIN processing investment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>cell capacity by country<\/li><li>recycled volumes against targets<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>Export-control changes; lithium and graphite prices; processing projects outside China.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-14 Fusion and Frontier Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-17 Climate Technologies and Carbon Management<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes supply dependencies in public sources. It assesses no company, state or trade measure.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.4<\/span><span>Economy, investment and workforce<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Costs fell sharply in 2025 and deployment rose. Investment totals and workforce numbers are the thin parts of the evidence.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">140<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">USD per kWh<\/span><p>installed cost, four-hour battery, 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">45<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>fall in battery costs in 2025, Ember measure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">\u224830<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">%<\/span><p>fall in installed cost in 2025, IRENA measure<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Installed cost<\/td><td>fell about 30% in 2025 to USD 140 per kWh<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Battery cost index<\/td><td>Ember reports a fall of 45% in 2025 and 20% in 2024<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Outlook<\/td><td>the IEA stated policies scenario adds over 700 GW of battery storage from 2024 to 2030<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Workforce<\/td><td>skills gaps reported; no figure bound<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n26\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Note 26\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>FIN \u2192 ENE scale-up<\/li><li>MIN \u2192 FIN input prices<\/li><li>HLT \u2192 ENE workforce<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>investment totals<\/li><li>workforce size and skills gaps<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The next IRENA and IEA reports; lithium prices; national procurement programmes.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-14 Fusion and Frontier Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-17 Climate Technologies and Carbon Management<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes cost and investment as reported. It gives no investment advice and endorses no company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">8.5<\/span><span>Safety, regulation and governance watch<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The nearest governance questions for storage are fire safety, battery passports, recycled content and trade measures. Rules exist, and several dates fall in 2026 and 2027.<\/p><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2027<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">date<\/span><p>EU battery passport from 18 February<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">2031<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">date<\/span><p>recycled content targets for cobalt, lead, lithium, nickel<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">9 Oct 2025<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">date<\/span><p>China announced battery supply chain export controls<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table 8.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">State at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Component<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Battery regulation<\/td><td>Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 applies from 18 February 2024; safety documentation for stationary <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Safety standards<\/td><td>system safety, fire propagation testing and installation codes exist<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n30\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Note 30\">30<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n31\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Note 31\">31<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n32\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Note 32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Incident record<\/td><td>one 2025 fire at a 300 MW, 1,200 MWh plant, from a secondary summary<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trade measures<\/td><td>export controls announced in 2025; some suspended until November 2026<\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Couplings<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>INF \u2192 ENE safety and siting<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 DAT battery passport<\/li><li>GOV \u2192 TRD trade measures<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence to bind in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>incident rates on a common basis<\/li><li>status of delegated acts<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">WHAT TO WATCH<\/p><p>The passport date; delegated acts; the November 2026 trade review; revisions of fire test and installation standards.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Related editions<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GLB Global Systems<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">GS-02 Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">SR-04 Critical Minerals and Strategic Materials<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-12 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-14 Fusion and Frontier Energy<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">XT-17 Climate Technologies and Carbon Management<\/li><\/ul><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>This chapter describes standards and policy in public sources. It confers no approval on any product and assesses no government or company.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Lithium iron phosphate battery (energy density, cycle life, market share reports). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r19\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 19\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (round-trip efficiency of 70 to 80%; world capacity about 200 GW in 2025 attributed to the hydropower association). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Grid energy storage (pumped storage and battery capacity in 2023 from an IEA dataset). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r16\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 16\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Sodium-ion battery (energy density figures; producer announcements of 2025; cost claims marked as needing update). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CATL (ed.), announcement of the Naxtra sodium-ion battery brand, April 2025, known only from a secondary summary; the company news page was fetched but no article was read. Contemporary Amperex Technology, Ningde. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Flow battery (vanadium system of 100 MW and 400 MWh in Dalian, 2022). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r20\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 20\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Compressed-air energy storage (Huntorf, McIntosh and Zhangjiakou plants). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r21\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 21\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo production share quoted at different values from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r24\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 24\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Wanner, B. (IEA), Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions, presentation slides, Energy Storage Summit, London, 18 February 2025 (slides summarising the IEA special report of 2024; storage capacity needed for tripled renewables; stated policies battery additions to 2030; lithium demand measures). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Energy (ed.), Long Duration Storage Shot, launched 2021, cited from memory; the page address returned not found. US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r26\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 26\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Batteries (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 in force 17 August 2023, applies from 18 February 2024; Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025\/606 of 4 July 2025 on recycling efficiency). Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, third edition 2023, cited from memory; the catalogue page showed no document text. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r30\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 30\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540A, Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems, cited from memory. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r31\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 31\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Fire Protection Association (ed.), NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems, 2023 edition, cited from memory; the page showed only the title. NFPA, Quincy. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r32\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 32\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-c8-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-methodology\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex A<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Methodology<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">How the edition was made: methods, the model card, the evidence cut and its age, the acceptance record and the glossary.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>13 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>13 tables<\/span><span>16 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.1<\/span><span>Methods<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The global baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Methods<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">No.<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Derivation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Calculation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>(1)<\/td><td>Battery storage added in 2024 implied by 40% growth<\/td><td>108 \u00f7 1.40<\/td><td>\u2248 77 GW<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(2)<\/td><td>Fall in installed cost, 2010 to 2025<\/td><td>1 \u2212 140 \u00f7 2,634<\/td><td>about 95%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(3)<\/td><td>US utility-scale capacity at mid-2026<\/td><td>43.6 + 8.3<\/td><td>\u2248 51.9 GW<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>(4)<\/td><td>US additions planned from the second half of 2026 to 2028<\/td><td>14 + 26 + 14<\/td><td>54 GW<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab2\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.2<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coupling strength scale (matrix and model card)<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Strength<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>STRONG<\/td><td>a disruption in the source system has historically changed the target system\u2019s service or output within one season, in more than one region<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MODERATE<\/td><td>an effect is documented but buffered or slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEAK<\/td><td>an effect is plausible but not documented at global scale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Status grammar<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Rule<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>value as issued by its source, with year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>reasoned from cited evidence; never a measurement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus analytical value with stated method<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>conditional on stated assumptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>structured editorial judgement awaiting evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.2<\/span><span>Model card, Energy storage System Model v0<\/span><\/h2><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model ID<\/dt><dd>MDL-XT16-STORAGE \u00b7 v0.1<\/dd><dt>Purpose<\/dt><dd>represent advanced energy storage as infrastructure coupled to power <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, minerals, trade, finance, safety and recycling<\/dd><dt>Family<\/dt><dd>graph-based system of systems<\/dd><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG \u00b7 MODERATE \u00b7 WEAK) from assessments and analogue events<\/dd><dt>Validation<\/dt><dd>none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements<\/dd><dt>Domain of validity<\/dt><dd>global scale; not for asset-, site- or country-level use<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>strength table and sources published in this edition<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">couplings<\/span><p>typed in v0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strong<\/span><p>documented within one season<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">0<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">moderate<\/span><p>documented, buffered<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">weak<\/span><p>plausible, undocumented<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>framing the 2027 agenda; choosing which couplings to measure first; explaining the two readings of storage as grid infrastructure and as a materials supply chain.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOT SUITABLE FOR<\/p><p>quantitative loss estimates, country comparisons or rankings, operational decisions, or any claim about a specific asset.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">VERSIONING<\/p><p>Models are immutable by version. A change to any coupling, rule or weight produces v0.2 with its own card and correction note.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.3<\/span><span>The baseline evidence cut<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The global baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.<\/p><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Cut ID<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-B0<\/dd><dt>Type<\/dt><dd>baseline documentary cut<\/dd><dt>Resolution policy<\/dt><dd>pinned \u00b7 as of 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Sources pinned<\/dt><dd>48 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references<\/dd><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method<\/dd><dt>Digest<\/dt><dd>computed at <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.hard-freeze\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"Air temperature falling well below freezing for hours, killing crops, bursting pipes and stopping water flow.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tx=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\" data-txl=\"Atmosphere and weather\">freeze<\/a> and recorded in the publication record<\/dd><dt>Supersedes<\/dt><dd>nothing, first cut of the series<\/dd><dt>Superseded by<\/dt><dd>the 2027 energy storage annual cut<\/dd><\/dl><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Lineage<\/h3><ol class=\"nrp-rows\"><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">01<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">source edition<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">02<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">pinned citation<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">03<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">finding<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">04<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">page<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"nrp-rows-i\">05<\/span><p class=\"nrp-rows-x\">publication record<\/p><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">From the baseline cut to the federation cut<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Element<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline 2026<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2027 global annual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sources<\/td><td>cited global publications, pinned by edition<\/td><td>national, regional and sector cuts through one graph<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Analysis<\/td><td>stated methods and editorial estimates<\/td><td>typed analysis specifications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Models<\/td><td>Energy storage System Model v0 specification<\/td><td>model runs with receipts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Findings<\/td><td>twelve baseline findings<\/td><td>findings re-bound to federation evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Review<\/td><td>five passes scheduled<\/td><td>five passes on the exact digest<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.4<\/span><span>Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">A 2026 global edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Evidence age and coverage<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Observed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Released<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Next release<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Deployment<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Global Energy Review 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Installed cost<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>IRENA July 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next cost report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US capacity<\/td><td>2025 to 2026<\/td><td>EIA August 2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>next EIA note<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lithium and cobalt<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>USGS 2026 summaries<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next summaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Critical minerals outlook<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>IEA 2026<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>next outlook<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU regulation<\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>Regulation text<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>delegated acts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moss Landing record<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>secondary summary<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>agency report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Export controls<\/td><td>2025 to 2026<\/td><td>IEA 2026<\/td><td>per event<\/td><td>November 2026 review<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Coverage by system at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">System<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Thinnest dimension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Deployment<\/td><td>GOOD<\/td><td>regional data on a common basis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cost<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>common basis across sources<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supply<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>recycling volumes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Governance<\/td><td>PARTIAL<\/td><td>status of delegated acts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long duration<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>deployment by technology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Safety<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>incident rates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Skills<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>workforce numbers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recycling<\/td><td>THIN<\/td><td>capacity and recovered volumes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Designed empty states: what is not bound, what would fill it and why<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source that would fill it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Blocker<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Energy storage investment totals on a common basis<\/td><td>national agencies, market surveys, development banks<\/td><td>not retrieved; the cost survey behind the IRENA series was not opened<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n28\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Note 28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long-duration storage deployment by technology and duration<\/td><td>agencies, system operators, hydropower association<\/td><td>only unit costs read<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>; the hydropower outlook report was not opened<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n37\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r37\" aria-label=\"Note 37\">37<\/a><\/sup>; one vendor claim<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Battery fire and thermal event rates on a common basis<\/td><td>EPRI incident database and agency reports<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n25\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r25\" aria-label=\"Note 25\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the database page returned no data; the Moss Landing record comes from a secondary summary<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n14\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Note 14\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recycling capacity and recovered volumes<\/td><td>national agencies, recyclers, European Commission<\/td><td>not retrieved; only regulation targets read<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sodium-ion performance and output from primary data<\/td><td>peer-reviewed tests, producer data, national agencies<\/td><td>secondary summary and vendor announcement only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n18\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r18\" aria-label=\"Note 18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n47\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r47\" aria-label=\"Note 47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water use of pumped storage and thermal <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/td><td>operators, regulators, peer-reviewed studies<\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chinese storage capacity from national sources<\/td><td>national energy administration and industry bodies<\/td><td>not retrieved; the figure found is in a secondary source<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n15\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r15\" aria-label=\"Note 15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Status of EU battery due diligence obligations after August 2025<\/td><td>Official Journal and Commission notices<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the regulation text read states 18 August 2025; later changes were not checked<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Status of China battery export controls after November 2026<\/td><td>Chinese ministry notices and IEA updates<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the IEA outlook records a suspension to November 2026; no later source read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grid service performance of large batteries from system operator data<\/td><td>system operator reports<\/td><td>the operator page returned an access error; secondary summary only<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n22\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Note 22\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Field degradation and lifetime of installed systems<\/td><td>operators, peer-reviewed field studies<\/td><td>not retrieved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Storage workforce size and skills gaps<\/td><td>national statistics, industry surveys<\/td><td>not retrieved; capability rung stays LISTED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA batteries report text beyond the slide set<\/td><td>IEA Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>the report page returned an access error; slides read<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs beyond standards and planning<\/td><td>agencies, operators, laboratories<\/td><td>not reviewed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.5<\/span><span>Evidence cards, two anchor sources<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Published by IRENA in 2026. Annual report. Role: binds FIN-002 and the cost tiles. Coverage: global averages by technology; project mix varies.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT16-001<\/h3><p>Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Published by the IEA in 2026. Annual report. Role: binds INF-001 and the deployment tiles. Coverage: global and regional additions in 2025.<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">EVD-XT16-002<\/h3><p>Global Energy Review 2026, battery storage section<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/article><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Quality dimensions at baseline<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dimension<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT16-001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">EVD-XT16-002<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Completeness<\/td><td>global averages; few projects for emerging options<\/td><td>global and regional additions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Timeliness<\/td><td>published about six months after year end<\/td><td>published within the following year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Revision<\/td><td>annual edition<\/td><td>annual edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method transparency<\/td><td>cost definitions stated<\/td><td>definitions stated in the report<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External validation<\/td><td>attributed series from a market survey<\/td><td>agency review<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Evidence cards to follow in 2027<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>IRENA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>: cost survey series and definitions<\/li><li>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup>: regional data tables<\/li><li>EIA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>: generator inventory<\/li><li>USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup>: next lithium summary<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.6<\/span><span>Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab9\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.9<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Publication acceptance record<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Group<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Area<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Items<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pass<\/th><th scope=\"col\">N\/A<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pending<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D1<\/td><td>Identity and scope<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>Source and data<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td>Analysis and models<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D4<\/td><td>Findings and claims<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D5<\/td><td>Figures, tables, maps<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D6<\/td><td>Editorial and citations<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D7<\/td><td>Review and approval<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D8<\/td><td>Artefact and design<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D9<\/td><td>Registry and release<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication gate<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Conditions met<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close<\/dd><dt>Blocking problems<\/dt><dd>none recorded<\/dd><dt>Open conditions<\/dt><dd>reviews, approval of the exact digest, deposit, registry pointer<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Not applicable at baseline<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Model runs<\/dt><dd>first runs in Q1 2027<\/dd><dt>Maps<\/dt><dd>plates in Q2 2027<\/dd><dt>Waivers<\/dt><dd>none<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Dispositions are recorded item by item in the machine-readable checklist. A FAIL on any item blocks release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.7<\/span><span>Status words<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab10\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">The status every value carries<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"positive\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Observed<\/span><\/td><td>Measured directly and published by the source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td>Published statistics of an official or institutional source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Declared<\/span><\/td><td>Stated by the body concerned; not independently measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Estimated<\/span><\/td><td>A Nexus estimate from cited evidence, with its method in Annex A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Modelled<\/span><\/td><td>Produced by a stated model from cited inputs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Inferred<\/span><\/td><td>Reasoned from cited evidence; not measured.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Forecast<\/span><\/td><td>A projection by the cited source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Simulated<\/span><\/td><td>A simulation result under stated assumptions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td>A conditional statement under stated assumptions; never a prediction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"neutral\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Expert input<\/span><\/td><td>Expert judgement, recorded with its basis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Candidate<\/span><\/td><td>Proposed for a later edition; not yet evidence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Evidence-quality levels (EQL 1 to 5) grade the source behind a value; they are not a score of the subject.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s8\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s8-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s8-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.8<\/span><span>How the edition is made, released and corrected<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nx-p\">Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> as change proposals and feed the next cut.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">01 Evidence arrives from the pillars<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site&#8217;s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">02 The cut is sealed<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">On the cut date the evidence is pinned under one identifier, so anyone can rebuild the edition from exactly what it was built on.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">03 The edition is assembled<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The edition is drafted from its template and content pack. Agents may draft; they never publish and never decide.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">04 The keys turn<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">At the publisher of record the truth key comes first: every value is checked against its source or stated method before the meaning and capital keys turn. No edition moves on until every key has been turned by a named steward.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">05 The gate opens<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">A named approver releases one exact digest of the edition; any change after this point is a new version, never a silent edit.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">06 Signed and deposited<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">The PDF, the web edition and the data bundle are signed together with a manifest and an RO-Crate description, and deposited on Zenodo with a concept and a version DOI.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">07 Published on its desk&#8217;s site<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Only then does the edition show as published on its desk&#8217;s Reports site, and the Collection lists it as a part.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Step\">08 Corrections go to Standards<\/td><td data-label=\"What happens\">Method and correction findings go to Nexus Standards as change proposals; citations, corrections and new contributions feed the next evidence cut.<\/td><td data-label=\"Source\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/governance\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Reports governance at GCRI Canada<\/a> (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).<\/p><p class=\"nrp-note\">Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s9\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s9-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s9-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.9<\/span><span>Glossary and abbreviations<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab11\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.11<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Series terms<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Baseline Edition<\/td><td>the inaugural annual edition that fixes the reference state for the series<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WEFH+B<\/td><td>water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/governance-in-operation\/national-nexus\" data-tc=\"National Nexus\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The national model: the NNC, the NLC and the NWG as its three participation pillars, with the National Desk, Model and Portfolio and the NSC as the standards function of the NNC (OR-13)\">national nexus<\/a> core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coupling<\/td><td>a typed dependency through which one system transmits to another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 protection-gap\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The difference between total economic losses from hazards and the share covered by insurance or other pre-arranged protection, leaving households, firms and governments to absorb the rest.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\" data-tg=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/glossary\/protection-gap\/\" data-tgl=\"Global Risks Alliance glossary\">Protection gap<\/a><\/td><td>the share of losses not covered by insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability ladder<\/td><td>LISTED \u2192 EXISTS \u2192 ADEQUATE \u2192 TESTED \u2192 DEMONSTRATED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EQL<\/td><td>evidence-quality level, 1\u20135<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence cut<\/td><td>a frozen resolution of exact sources and versions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NNC \u00b7 NLC \u00b7 NWG<\/td><td>National Nexus Consortium \u00b7 National Leadership Council \u00b7 National Working Groups<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab12\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.12<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Abbreviations used in this edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Abbreviation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Expansion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>AAM<\/td><td>anode active material<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BESS<\/td><td>battery energy storage system<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CAES<\/td><td>compressed air energy storage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EIA<\/td><td>US Energy Information Administration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LCOE<\/td><td>levelised cost of electricity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LDES<\/td><td>long-duration energy storage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LFP<\/td><td>lithium iron phosphate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NMC<\/td><td>nickel manganese cobalt oxide<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PSH<\/td><td>pumped storage hydropower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>STEPS<\/td><td>Stated Policies Scenario<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TIC<\/td><td>total installed cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UPS<\/td><td>uninterruptible power supply<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s10\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s10-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-s10-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">A.10<\/span><span>Technical annex<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-tab13\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table A.13<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Technical annex<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annex<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contents<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A.1<\/td><td>Indicator definitions<\/td><td>the global indicator set, with units and sources<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.2<\/td><td>Coupling strengths<\/td><td>the twenty-cell matrix and its rationale<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.3<\/td><td>Scenario specification<\/td><td>SCN-XT16-SUP-01 assumptions and signposts<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.4<\/td><td>Capability placements<\/td><td>rung evidence for fifteen functions<\/td><td>IN THIS EDITION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.5<\/td><td>Model diagnostics<\/td><td>first runs and validation<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.6<\/td><td>Sensitivity analyses<\/td><td>influence of coupling strengths<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.7<\/td><td>Cluster notes<\/td><td>cards for the major storage and battery supply chain clusters<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A.8<\/td><td>Review statements<\/td><td>pass-by-pass review record<\/td><td>AT RELEASE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">A.1 \u00b7 indicator definition: installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Construct<\/dt><dd>fully installed cost per unit of energy capacity for a utility-scale battery with four hours of storage at rated power<\/dd><dt>Unit<\/dt><dd>US dollars per kWh<\/dd><dt>Method<\/dt><dd>weighted average of reported project costs, as defined by the publisher<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>IRENA Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>not stated as an interval in the pages read<\/dd><dt>Known limits<\/dt><dd>turnkey price and battery cost indices measure different scopes and are not interchangeable<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Annexes carry the same evidence, review and correction rules as the chapters and are versioned with the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: BloombergNEF (ed.), Energy Storage System Cost Survey 2025, cited only as the source of the series reported by IRENA; not opened. BloombergNEF, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r28\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 28\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Hydropower Association (ed.), World Hydropower Outlook 2025 (the page loaded but the report was not read; the 2025 pumped storage figure appears only in a secondary summary). IHA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r37\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 37\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: EPRI (ed.), Battery Energy Storage System Failure Incident Database (the page returned no data; incident rate figures seen only in a secondary summary). Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r25\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 25\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r14\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 14\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Sodium-ion battery (energy density figures; producer announcements of 2025; cost claims marked as needing update). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r18\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 18\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CATL (ed.), announcement of the Naxtra sodium-ion battery brand, April 2025, known only from a secondary summary; the company news page was fetched but no article was read. Contemporary Amperex Technology, Ningde. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r47\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 47\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Battery storage power station (national capacities, cost series, incident trend, as reported from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r15\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 15\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Hornsdale Power Reserve (150 MW and 193.5 MWh; grid service claims from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r22\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 22\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Wanner, B. (IEA), Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions, presentation slides, Energy Storage Summit, London, 18 February 2025 (slides summarising the IEA special report of 2024; storage capacity needed for tripled renewables; stated policies battery additions to 2030; lithium demand measures). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-ca-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-data\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex B<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">Data appendix<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>9 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>8 tables<\/span><span>15 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.1<\/span><span>The indicator set<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global baseline indicator set<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Value<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Battery storage added worldwide<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">108<\/span><\/td><td>GW<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Growth over 2024<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">40<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Utility-scale share of additions<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u224880<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lithium iron phosphate share of deployments<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u224890<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lithium iron phosphate share of new installations<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u224894<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Installed cost, four-hour utility-scale battery<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">140<\/span><\/td><td>USD per kWh<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Turnkey price, four-hour system<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">111<\/span><\/td><td>USD per kWh<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Total installed cost, pumped storage<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">153<\/span><\/td><td>USD per kWh<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US utility-scale battery capacity, end of 2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">43.6<\/span><\/td><td>GW<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n3\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>US utility-scale battery capacity, mid-2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">\u224852<\/span><\/td><td>GW<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>World lithium mine production<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">290<\/span><\/td><td>thousand tons<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n5\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of mined cobalt from the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">73<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n6\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>China share of natural graphite production<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">82<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n7\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Storage capacity needed for tripled renewables by 2030<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&gt;1,500<\/span><\/td><td>GW<\/td><td>2030 outlook<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n9\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Battery additions 2024 to 2030, stated policies<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">&gt;700<\/span><\/td><td>GW<\/td><td>2030 outlook<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"caution\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Scenario<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Round-trip efficiency of pumped storage<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">70 to 80<\/span><\/td><td>%<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-st\"><span class=\"nf-ui-dot\" data-tone=\"info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Reported<\/span><\/td><td><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n17\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Note 17\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-actions nrp-noprint\"><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:text\/csv;charset=utf-8,Indicator%2CValue%2CUnit%2CYear%2CState%2CSource%0ABattery%20storage%20added%20worldwide%2C108%2CGW%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AGrowth%20over%202024%2C40%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0AUtility-scale%20share%20of%20additions%2C%E2%89%8880%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ALithium%20iron%20phosphate%20share%20of%20deployments%2C%E2%89%8890%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B1%5D%0ALithium%20iron%20phosphate%20share%20of%20new%20installations%2C%E2%89%8894%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22Installed%20cost%2C%20four-hour%20utility-scale%20battery%22%2C140%2CUSD%20per%20kWh%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22Turnkey%20price%2C%20four-hour%20system%22%2C111%2CUSD%20per%20kWh%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22Total%20installed%20cost%2C%20pumped%20storage%22%2C153%2CUSD%20per%20kWh%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B2%5D%0A%22US%20utility-scale%20battery%20capacity%2C%20end%20of%202025%22%2C43.6%2CGW%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0A%22US%20utility-scale%20battery%20capacity%2C%20mid-2026%22%2C%E2%89%8852%2CGW%2C2026%2CREPORTED%2C%5B3%5D%0AWorld%20lithium%20mine%20production%2C290%2Cthousand%20tons%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B5%5D%0AShare%20of%20mined%20cobalt%20from%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%2C73%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B6%5D%0AChina%20share%20of%20natural%20graphite%20production%2C82%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B7%5D%0AStorage%20capacity%20needed%20for%20tripled%20renewables%20by%202030%2C%22%3E1%2C500%22%2CGW%2C2030%20outlook%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B9%5D%0A%22Battery%20additions%202024%20to%202030%2C%20stated%20policies%22%2C%3E700%2CGW%2C2030%20outlook%2CSCENARIO%2C%5B9%5D%0ARound-trip%20efficiency%20of%20pumped%20storage%2C70%20to%2080%2C%25%2C2025%2CREPORTED%2C%5B17%5D%0A\" download=\"NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.csv\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, CSV<\/a><a class=\"nf-ui-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"data:application\/json;charset=utf-8,%7B%0A%20%22edition%22%3A%20%22NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE%22%2C%0A%20%22title%22%3A%20%22Exponential%20Technology%20Report%202026%3A%20Advanced%20Energy%20Storage%22%2C%0A%20%22status%22%3A%20%22Draft%20under%20stewardship%20review%3B%20not%20yet%20released%22%2C%0A%20%22licence%22%3A%20%22CC-BY-4.0%20for%20the%20edition%20table%3B%20each%20value%20keeps%20its%20source's%20licence%22%2C%0A%20%22columns%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%22Indicator%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Value%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Unit%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Year%22%2C%0A%20%20%22State%22%2C%0A%20%20%22Source%22%0A%20%5D%2C%0A%20%22rows%22%3A%20%5B%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Battery%20storage%20added%20worldwide%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22108%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Growth%20over%202024%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2240%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Utility-scale%20share%20of%20additions%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%8880%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Lithium%20iron%20phosphate%20share%20of%20deployments%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%8890%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B1%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Lithium%20iron%20phosphate%20share%20of%20new%20installations%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%8894%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Installed%20cost%2C%20four-hour%20utility-scale%20battery%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22140%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20per%20kWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Turnkey%20price%2C%20four-hour%20system%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22111%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20per%20kWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Total%20installed%20cost%2C%20pumped%20storage%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22153%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22USD%20per%20kWh%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B2%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20utility-scale%20battery%20capacity%2C%20end%20of%202025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2243.6%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22US%20utility-scale%20battery%20capacity%2C%20mid-2026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%E2%89%8852%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222026%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B3%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22World%20lithium%20mine%20production%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22290%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22thousand%20tons%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B5%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Share%20of%20mined%20cobalt%20from%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2273%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B6%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22China%20share%20of%20natural%20graphite%20production%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2282%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B7%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Storage%20capacity%20needed%20for%20tripled%20renewables%20by%202030%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3E1%2C500%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222030%20outlook%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B9%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Battery%20additions%202024%20to%202030%2C%20stated%20policies%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%3E700%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22GW%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222030%20outlook%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22SCENARIO%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B9%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%2C%0A%20%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%22Round-trip%20efficiency%20of%20pumped%20storage%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%2270%20to%2080%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%25%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%222025%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22REPORTED%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%22%5B17%5D%22%0A%20%20%5D%0A%20%5D%0A%7D\" download=\"NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-indicators.json\"><svg class=\"nrp-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 15V3\"\/><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><\/svg>Indicators, JSON<\/a><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NOTES<\/p><p>Values are rounded as published. Plans and outlooks are labelled SCENARIO. Vendor and secondary-summary values are labelled in the text and listed in the notes. A machine-readable copy of this table is published with the evidence bundle at release.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.2<\/span><span>Global source register<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.<\/p><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Domains bound by the register<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">ENE<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">INF<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">FIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">MIN<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">TRD<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">CLI<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">DAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">AIC<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">WAT<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">HLT<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab3\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.3<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Global source register<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coverage<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>IEA Global Energy Review 2026<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IRENA cost report<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>cost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EIA Today in Energy<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national statistics agency<\/td><td>US<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>periodic<\/td><td>capacity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ember review<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n4\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>think tank<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>cost and solar shifting<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USGS lithium, cobalt, graphite<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>national geological survey<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>minerals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Critical Minerals Outlook<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n8\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>concentration and controls<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA batteries slides<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n9\" aria-label=\"Note 9\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2024<\/td><td>one-off<\/td><td>outlook<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EU regulation and Commission page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n10\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n11\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>EU institution<\/td><td>EU<\/td><td>2023 to 2025<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEA Global EV Outlook slides<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n12\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Note 12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>intergovernmental agency<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>annual<\/td><td>context<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Form Energy page<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n13\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Note 13\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>vendor<\/td><td>global<\/td><td>2026<\/td><td>continuous<\/td><td>vendor claim<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">FIXTURE PROHIBITION<\/p><p>No demonstration or reference-cartographic fixture is used as evidence in this edition. The publication gate checks every binding against this register.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.3<\/span><span>Regional reading, energy storage across ten clusters<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of storage deployment and supply in table form and ranks no region.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab4\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.4<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Regional reading, energy storage across ten clusters<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Region<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Principal hazards<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Systems most exposed<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Baseline evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>North America<\/td><td>utility-scale build-out; the largest battery plant by energy capacity is in California; trade measures on graphite<\/td><td>deployment, supply<\/td><td>EIA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n3\" aria-label=\"Note 3\">3<\/a><\/sup>; USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup>; plant list<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n23\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Note 23\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South America<\/td><td>solar shifting in Chile; lithium brine producers<\/td><td>deployment, supply<\/td><td>Ember<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n4\" aria-label=\"Note 4\">4<\/a><\/sup>; USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Europe<\/td><td>battery regulation and passport<\/td><td>regulation<\/td><td>EU regulation<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n10\" aria-label=\"Note 10\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n11\" aria-label=\"Note 11\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eurasia<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Middle East and North Africa<\/td><td>growing deployment in parts of the Middle East<\/td><td>deployment<\/td><td>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Africa<\/td><td>cobalt mining; lithium output in Zimbabwe and Mali<\/td><td>supply<\/td><td>USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Asia<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><td>not bound<\/td><td>regional evidence (not bound)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>East Asia<\/td><td>about 60% of 2025 additions in China; graphite and refining<\/td><td>deployment, supply<\/td><td>IEA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\" aria-label=\"Note 1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup>; USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ASEAN<\/td><td>nickel and cobalt processing; regional evidence otherwise not bound<\/td><td>supply<\/td><td>USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n6\" aria-label=\"Note 6\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceania-Pacific<\/td><td>nearly 8 GW added in Australia in 2025; lithium mining<\/td><td>deployment, supply<\/td><td>IRENA<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\" aria-label=\"Note 2\">2<\/a><\/sup>; USGS<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n5\" aria-label=\"Note 5\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">MAP PLATES WITH THE REGIONAL EDITIONS<\/p><p>Each plate will carry its boundary source and version, projection, resolution, classification, uncertainty encoding and public-safe transform, with text and table alternatives.<\/p><\/aside><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>Regional readings summarise the cited evidence. They are not risk ratings of any region or country.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.4<\/span><span>Cluster card: battery cell and graphite supply chain<\/span><\/h2><ul class=\"nrp-chips\"><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">supply chain<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">graphite<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">cells<\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-chip\">single point<\/li><\/ul><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Systems in view<\/dt><dd>mining, refining, anode and cathode materials, cell manufacturing, storage projects<\/dd><dt>Defining events<\/dt><dd>China export controls of 9 October 2025<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Couplings<\/dt><dd>MIN \u2192 ENE materials; TRD \u2192 MIN export controls<\/dd><dt>Capability evidence<\/dt><dd>processing projects outside China reported<sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n7\" aria-label=\"Note 7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"nrp-fn\"><a href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n8\" aria-label=\"Note 8\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/dd><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>cell capacity by country; recycling volumes; stocks<\/dd><dt>Agenda items<\/dt><dd>Q-02 \u00b7 Q-04<\/dd><\/dl><div class=\"nrp-cards\"><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">China produced an estimated 82% of natural graphite in 2025, and imports of graphite anode material into the United States rose in 2025 [7].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">SUPPLY<\/h3><p>Graphite concentration<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">China announced export controls on lithium-ion battery supply chains on 9 October 2025; the IEA records that proposed controls on batteries were suspended until November 2026 [8].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">CONTROLS<\/h3><p>A 2025 control package<\/p><\/article><article class=\"nf-ui-card nrp-card\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Companies are developing spherical graphite and cathode plants in several countries; none is documented at scale here [7] [8].<\/p><h3 class=\"nf-ui-title\" data-level=\"card\">RESPONSE<\/h3><p>Processing outside China<\/p><\/article><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">evidence<\/p><p>Cluster cards are generated for the major storage and supply chain clusters in 2027. The cell and graphite supply chain is shown first because its concentration is documented in agency sources.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.5<\/span><span>How countries appear in the energy storage edition<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Countries enter the storage edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.<\/p><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab5\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.5<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">How countries appear in the energy storage edition<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Card field<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WEFH+B state<\/td><td>each core system against peer distribution bands<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Couplings<\/td><td>the national dependency matrix<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk objects<\/td><td>the national risk portfolio<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capability rungs<\/td><td>the national capability ladder<\/td><td>national edition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence age<\/td><td>oldest and newest source dates<\/td><td>national source register<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme<\/h3><div class=\"pp-cells nrp-cells-3\"><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">26<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">national<\/span><p>countries and unions<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">10<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">regional<\/span><p>clusters<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">16<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">global<\/span><p>flagship and sector<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">14<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">strategic<\/span><p><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> reports<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nrp-cell\"><span class=\"pp-metric\">20<\/span><span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">frontier<\/span><p>technology reports<\/p><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">How to read a country card<\/h3><ul class=\"nrp-list\"><li>Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist<\/li><li>Couplings and risk objects come from the country\u2019s own national edition<\/li><li>Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions<\/li><li>Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab6\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.6<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Wave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Countries and unions<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>W0<\/td><td>Canada<\/td><td>ISSUED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1<\/td><td>United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W2<\/td><td>Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, T\u00fcrkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia<\/td><td>PLANNED<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">boundary<\/p><p>External rankings, where cited, keep their own method and source. Nexus never converts them into a rating, and each country\u2019s ownership of its national edition is unaffected by its appearance here.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s6\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s6-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s6-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.6<\/span><span>Licences<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab7\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.7<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Licences of each kind of material<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Material<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Text<\/td><td>CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data<\/td><td>on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td>Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maps<\/td><td>boundary source and licence printed on each plate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metadata<\/td><td>CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third-party data, figures and text<\/td><td>The source&#8217;s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s7\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s7-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-s7-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">B.7<\/span><span>Formats and provenance<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-tab8\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table B.8<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">This edition in every format<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Format<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Kind<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it is<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Identifier<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Web edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Print edition<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicator data<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">CSV \u00b7 JSON<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Figures<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">SVG \u00b7 PNG<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"here\">On this site<\/span><\/td><td>4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">FIG-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slides<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No slide deck is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Evidence brief<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">HTML \u00b7 PDF<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"none\">Not recorded<\/span><\/td><td>No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset with DOI<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\">DataCite<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"nx-nr-out-s\" data-state=\"release\">At release<\/span><\/td><td>Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.<\/td><td><span class=\"nrp-mono\"><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Provenance<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Edition pack<\/dt><dd>The edition&#8217;s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built<\/dd><dt>Evidence cut<\/dt><dd>DC-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Reproducibility<\/dt><dd>sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters<\/dd><dt>Self-check<\/dt><dd>14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release<\/dd><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)<\/dd><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>GCRI for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Corrections<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version<\/dd><\/dl><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-notes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-notes-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-notes-h\"><span>Notes<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-note\">Numbers are the edition&#8217;s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. <a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/references\/\">Annex C, references<\/a><\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r1\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 1\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r2\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 2\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r3\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 3\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r5\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 5\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r6\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 6\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r7\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 7\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Wanner, B. (IEA), Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions, presentation slides, Energy Storage Summit, London, 18 February 2025 (slides summarising the IEA special report of 2024; storage capacity needed for tripled renewables; stated policies battery additions to 2030; lithium demand measures). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r9\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 9\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (round-trip efficiency of 70 to 80%; world capacity about 200 GW in 2025 attributed to the hydropower association). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r17\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 17\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r4\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 4\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r8\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 8\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r10\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 10\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Batteries (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 in force 17 August 2023, applies from 18 February 2024; Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025\/606 of 4 July 2025 on recycling efficiency). Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r11\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 11\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global EV Outlook 2026, launch webinar slides, 20 May 2026 (electric cars 25% of sales in 2025, 28% forecast for 2026; battery pack price declines in China). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r12\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 12\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r13\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 13\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-n23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), List of energy storage power plants (largest battery plants by energy capacity). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<a class=\"nrp-notes-back\" href=\"#nx-nrp-xt-16-cb-r23\" aria-label=\"Back to the first call of note 23\">back<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><div class=\"nrp-part\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-part-references\"><header class=\"nrp-chap-head\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-top\"><ul class=\"nrp-eyerow\"><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\">Advanced Energy Storage 2026<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Annex C<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nrp-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h2 class=\"pp-hero-title\">References and record<\/h2><p class=\"nrp-lede\">Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.<\/p><p class=\"nrp-chap-meta\"><span>14 min read<\/span><span>0 figures<\/span><span>1 table<\/span><span>0 notes<\/span><span>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE<\/span><\/p><\/header><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s1\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s1-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s1-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.1<\/span><span>48 sources<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).<\/p><ol class=\"nrp-notes\"><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-1\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">1<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-2\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">2<\/span><span>IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-3\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">3<\/span><span>US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-4\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">4<\/span><span>Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-5\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">5<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-6\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">6<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-7\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">7<\/span><span>USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-8\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">8<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-9\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">9<\/span><span>Wanner, B. (IEA), Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions, presentation slides, Energy Storage Summit, London, 18 February 2025 (slides summarising the IEA special report of 2024; storage capacity needed for tripled renewables; stated policies battery additions to 2030; lithium demand measures). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-10\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">10<\/span><span>European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-11\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">11<\/span><span>European Commission (ed.), Batteries (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 in force 17 August 2023, applies from 18 February 2024; Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025\/606 of 4 July 2025 on recycling efficiency). Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-12\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">12<\/span><span>IEA (ed.), Global EV Outlook 2026, launch webinar slides, 20 May 2026 (electric cars 25% of sales in 2025, 28% forecast for 2026; battery pack price declines in China). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-13\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">13<\/span><span>Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-14\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">14<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Moss Landing Power Plant (fire of 16 January 2025; 300 MW and 1,200 MWh phase; about 1,200 residents evacuated). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-15\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">15<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Battery storage power station (national capacities, cost series, incident trend, as reported from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-16\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">16<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Grid energy storage (pumped storage and battery capacity in 2023 from an IEA dataset). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-17\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">17<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (round-trip efficiency of 70 to 80%; world capacity about 200 GW in 2025 attributed to the hydropower association). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-18\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">18<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Sodium-ion battery (energy density figures; producer announcements of 2025; cost claims marked as needing update). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-19\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">19<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Lithium iron phosphate battery (energy density, cycle life, market share reports). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-20\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">20<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Flow battery (vanadium system of 100 MW and 400 MWh in Dalian, 2022). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-21\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">21<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Compressed-air energy storage (Huntorf, McIntosh and Zhangjiakou plants). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-22\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">22<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Hornsdale Power Reserve (150 MW and 193.5 MWh; grid service claims from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-23\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">23<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), List of energy storage power plants (largest battery plants by energy capacity). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-24\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">24<\/span><span>Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo production share quoted at different values from cited sources). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-25\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">25<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: EPRI (ed.), Battery Energy Storage System Failure Incident Database (the page returned no data; incident rate figures seen only in a secondary summary). Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-26\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">26<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Energy (ed.), Long Duration Storage Shot, launched 2021, cited from memory; the page address returned not found. US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-27\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">27<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (ed.), Storage Futures Study, 2021, cited from memory; the host was not reachable. NREL, Golden. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-28\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">28<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: BloombergNEF (ed.), Energy Storage System Cost Survey 2025, cited only as the source of the series reported by IRENA; not opened. BloombergNEF, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-29\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">29<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Lazard (ed.), Levelized Cost of Energy Plus, 2025 edition, cited from memory. Lazard, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-30\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">30<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, third edition 2023, cited from memory; the catalogue page showed no document text. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-31\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">31<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: UL Standards and Engagement (ed.), UL 9540A, Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems, cited from memory. UL, Northbrook. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-32\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">32<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Fire Protection Association (ed.), NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems, 2023 edition, cited from memory; the page showed only the title. NFPA, Quincy. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-33\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">33<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 62619:2022, Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-34\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">34<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 63056:2020, Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in electrical energy storage systems, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-35\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">35<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations (ed.), Manual of Tests and Criteria, section 38.3, lithium metal and lithium ion batteries, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. United Nations, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-36\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">36<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Electrotechnical Commission (ed.), IEC 62933-5-2, Electrical energy storage systems, safety requirements for grid-integrated systems, electrochemical-based systems, cited from memory. IEC, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-37\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">37<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Hydropower Association (ed.), World Hydropower Outlook 2025 (the page loaded but the report was not read; the 2025 pumped storage figure appears only in a secondary summary). IHA, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-38\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">38<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Dunn, B., Kamath, H. and Tarascon, J.-M., Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices, Science 334, 928 to 935, 2011, cited from memory. Observation year 2011. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-39\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">39<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Schmidt, O. et al., Projecting the future levelized cost of electricity storage technologies, Joule 3, 81 to 100, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-40\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">40<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Albertus, P., Manser, J.S. and Litzelman, S., Long-duration electricity storage applications, economics, and technologies, Joule 4, 21 to 32, 2020, cited from memory. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-41\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">41<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Sepulveda, N.A. et al., Design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonised power systems, Nature Energy 6, 506 to 516, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-42\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">42<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hunter, C.A. et al., Techno-economic analysis of long-duration energy storage and flexible power generation technologies to support high-variable renewable energy grids, Joule 5, 2077 to 2101, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-43\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">43<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Armand, M. and Tarascon, J.-M., Building better batteries, Nature 451, 652 to 657, 2008, cited from memory. Observation year 2008. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-44\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">44<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Goodenough, J.B. and Park, K.-S., The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective, Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, 1167 to 1176, 2013, cited from memory. Observation year 2013. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-45\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">45<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Larcher, D. and Tarascon, J.-M., Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage, Nature Chemistry 7, 19 to 29, 2015, cited from memory. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-46\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">46<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: Feng, X. et al., Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: a review, Energy Storage Materials 10, 246 to 267, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-47\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">47<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: CATL (ed.), announcement of the Naxtra sodium-ion battery brand, April 2025, known only from a secondary summary; the company news page was fetched but no article was read. Contemporary Amperex Technology, Ningde. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/li><li id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-ref-48\"><span class=\"nrp-notes-n\">48<\/span><span>UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (ed.), Order No. 841, Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators, February 2018, cited from memory. FERC, Washington. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. <span class=\"nrp-cell-u\">Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s2\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s2-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s2-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.2<\/span><span>Publication record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publication<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Title<\/dt><dd>Exponential Technology Report 2026: Advanced Energy Storage, Baseline Edition<\/dd><dt>Series<\/dt><dd>Reports \u00b7 Exponential Technology Series XT-16<\/dd><dt>Edition<\/dt><dd>Baseline Edition 2026 \u00b7 inaugural annual<\/dd><dt>Version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 \u00b7 draft for stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Evidence close<\/dt><dd>30 September 2026<\/dd><dt>Publication date<\/dt><dd>October 2026<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>concept and version DOI at deposit<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Publisher<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Publisher of record<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Place<\/dt><dd>Toronto<\/dd><dt>Editor<\/dt><dd>Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor<\/dd><dt>Stewards<\/dt><dd>GCRI \u00b7 technical truth \u00b7 GRF \u00b7 public meaning \u00b7 GRA \u00b7 capital meaning<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd>text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source<\/dd><dt>Copyright<\/dt><dd>\u00a9 2026 GCRI \u00b7 Nexus Consortium<\/dd><dt>Language<\/dt><dd>English (en-GB) source edition<\/dd><dt>Correspondence<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway \u00b7 editorial office<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">DISCLAIMER<\/p><p>This edition is published for research, planning and public understanding. It is not a government assessment, an official warning, a rating, a certification, investment advice or an operational authorisation. Reasonable care has been taken with every source; consult the cited originals before relying on any value.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Colophon<\/h3><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Format<\/dt><dd>A4 portrait \u00b7 screen, print and archival PDF<\/dd><dt>Typefaces<\/dt><dd>Space Grotesk (display) \u00b7 Geist (text) \u00b7 IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) \u00b7 IBM Plex Mono (data)<\/dd><dt>Design standard<\/dt><dd>Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII<\/dd><dt>Accessibility<\/dt><dd>tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure<\/dd><dt>Production<\/dt><dd>Reports editorial team, GCRI<\/dd><\/dl><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">HOW TO CORRECT THIS EDITION<\/p><p>Report errors, omissions or objections through the Registry correction pathway. Each report is logged and answered; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version, and the original remains resolvable.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"nrp-h3\">Release path for this version<\/h3><div class=\"nrp-tblw\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-tab1\"><table class=\"nrp-tbl\"><caption><span class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">Table C.1<\/span><span class=\"nrp-tbl-t\">Release path for this version<\/span><\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Step<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What happens<\/th><th scope=\"col\">When<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Draft<\/td><td>editorial self-check complete at evidence close<\/td><td>October 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steward review<\/td><td>five passes on the exact draft (keys T \u00b7 M \u00b7 F \u00b7 N)<\/td><td>Q4 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>publication authority approves the exact digest<\/td><td>before release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposit<\/td><td>concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set<\/td><td>at release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession<\/td><td>the 2027 energy storage edition reports changes against this baseline<\/td><td>2027<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nrp-split\"><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Current version<\/dt><dd>v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review<\/dd><dt>Previous edition<\/dt><dd>none, first edition of the series<\/dd><dt>Next edition<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div><dl class=\"nrp-dl\"><dt>Latest version<\/dt><dd>resolve the concept DOI or the registry record<\/dd><dt>Correction route<\/dt><dd>Registry correction pathway<\/dd><dt>Notice types<\/dt><dd>erratum \u00b7 addendum \u00b7 supersession \u00b7 withdrawal<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nrp-call\"><p class=\"nf-ui-eyebrow\">NO CORRECTIONS \u2260 NO LIMITS<\/p><p>The absence of corrections does not mean the absence of limitations. Limitations and uncertainty are stated where they arise in the edition.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-16-corrections\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s3\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s3-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s3-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.3<\/span><span>Corrections log<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-corr\"><p class=\"nx-nr-corr-sum\"><span class=\"nx-nr-corr-n\">0<\/span><span>correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition&#8217;s current version.<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Edition<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Version<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Date<\/th><th scope=\"col\">State<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Change<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Notice<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Edition\"><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">XT-16<\/span><\/td><td data-label=\"Version\" class=\"nx-rd-mono\">NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/td><td data-label=\"Date\">October 2026<\/td><td data-label=\"State\">Draft<\/td><td data-label=\"Change\">Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,<\/td><td data-label=\"Notice\">None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-rd-source\">Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-16-outputs\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s4\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s4-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s4-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.4<\/span><span>Open record<\/span><\/h2><div class=\"nx-nr-os\"><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>This edition&#8217;s open record<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>Publication ID<\/dt><dd>NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0<\/dd><dt>Desk identifier and series alias<\/dt><dd>NR-XTC-XT-16-2026-BL<\/dd><dt>Collection<\/dt><dd>None<\/dd><dt>DOI<\/dt><dd>Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata<\/dd><dt>Versions<\/dt><dd>Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest<\/dd><dt>Bundle<\/dt><dd>RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Credit and identity<\/h3><dl class=\"nx-nr-os-kv\"><dt>ORCID<\/dt><dd>Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record<\/dd><dt>ROR<\/dt><dd>Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone<\/dd><dt>CRediT<\/dt><dd>Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing<\/dd><dt>Account<\/dt><dd>None needed to contribute; never a password<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Find and follow<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">Search the open indexes for Advanced Energy Storage; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-nr-os-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/openalex.org\/works?search=Nexus%20Reports%20Advanced%20Energy%20Storage\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAlex<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.openaire.eu\/search\/find?fv0=Nexus%20Reports%20Advanced%20Energy%20Storage&amp;f0=q\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenAIRE<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/search.crossref.org\/search\/works?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Advanced%20Energy%20Storage\" rel=\"noopener\">Crossref<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.datacite.org\/?query=Nexus%20Reports%20Advanced%20Energy%20Storage\" rel=\"noopener\">DataCite Commons<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/search?q=Nexus%20Reports%20Advanced%20Energy%20Storage\" rel=\"noopener\">Zenodo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Software Heritage<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/prereg\/\" rel=\"noopener\">OSF preregistration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/via.hypothes.is\/https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Annotate with Hypothesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-card\"><h3>Mirrors and harvest<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><figure class=\"nx-nr-code\"><figcaption class=\"nx-nr-code-cap\">InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Advanced Energy Storage, prefilled from this page<\/figcaption><pre class=\"nx-nr-pre\" tabindex=\"0\"><code>{&#10;  &quot;metadata&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;id&quot;: &quot;dataset&quot;&#10;    },&#10;    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Evidence on Advanced Energy Storage for Nexus Reports&quot;,&#10;    &quot;publication_date&quot;: &quot;YYYY-MM-DD&quot;,&#10;    &quot;creators&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;person_or_org&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;type&quot;: &quot;personal&quot;,&#10;          &quot;family_name&quot;: &quot;Your family name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;given_name&quot;: &quot;Your given name&quot;,&#10;          &quot;identifiers&quot;: [&#10;            {&#10;              &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;orcid&quot;,&#10;              &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;0000-0000-0000-0000&quot;&#10;            }&#10;          ]&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;affiliations&quot;: [&#10;          {&#10;            &quot;id&quot;: &quot;ROR identifier of your organisation&quot;&#10;          }&#10;        ]&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;description&quot;: &quot;What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Exponential Technology Report 2026: Advanced Energy Storage.&quot;,&#10;    &quot;rights&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;id&quot;: &quot;cc-by-4.0&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;subjects&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Nexus Reports&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Advanced Energy Storage&quot;&#10;      },&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;subject&quot;: &quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-16&quot;&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;related_identifiers&quot;: [&#10;      {&#10;        &quot;identifier&quot;: &quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/&quot;,&#10;        &quot;scheme&quot;: &quot;url&quot;,&#10;        &quot;relation_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;issupplementto&quot;&#10;        },&#10;        &quot;resource_type&quot;: {&#10;          &quot;id&quot;: &quot;publication-report&quot;&#10;        }&#10;      }&#10;    ],&#10;    &quot;version&quot;: &quot;1.0.0&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;custom_fields&quot;: {},&#10;  &quot;access&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;record&quot;: &quot;public&quot;,&#10;    &quot;files&quot;: &quot;public&quot;&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;files&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;enabled&quot;: true&#10;  },&#10;  &quot;parent&quot;: {&#10;    &quot;communities&quot;: {&#10;      &quot;default&quot;: &quot;nexusreports&quot;&#10;    }&#10;  }&#10;}<\/code><\/pre><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-nr-os-hook\" data-nx-research-hub=\"slot\" data-nx-research-context=\"{&quot;org&quot;:&quot;GCRI&quot;,&quot;site&quot;:&quot;gcri&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;edition&quot;,&quot;subject&quot;:&quot;Advanced Energy Storage&quot;,&quot;series&quot;:[&quot;Exponential Technology Report \u00b7 XT-16&quot;]}\" hidden><\/div><\/section><\/div><div id=\"nx-nr-xt-16-pillars\"><section class=\"nrp-block\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s5\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s5-h\"><h2 class=\"nrp-h2\" id=\"nx-nrp-xt-16-cc-s5-h\"><span class=\"nrp-num\">C.5<\/span><span>Where this edition sits among the six pillars<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"nrp-stand\">Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F03 Sealed observations and indicator series<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F04 After-action and scenario findings for<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Applied in editions<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>: applied in editions.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>XT-16 edition<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Reports<\/span> Advanced Energy Storage 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.<\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F06 Method and correction findings as change<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Standards<\/span> Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Taught in the open<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Academy<\/span> Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; XT-16 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table nx-rd-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Handoff<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Between<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What crosses, and when<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F03<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F04<\/span><\/td><td>Universe to Reports<\/td><td>After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"foundry\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F05<\/span><\/td><td>Foundry to Reports<\/td><td>National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Nexus Standards to Reports<\/td><td>Nexus Standards: applied in editions.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"standards\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F06<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Nexus Standards<\/td><td>Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"universe\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">F12<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Universe<\/td><td>Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).<\/td><\/tr><tr data-pillar=\"academy\"><td><span class=\"nx-rd-code\">Ring<\/span><\/td><td>Reports to Risk Academy<\/td><td>Risk Academy: taught in the open.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nrp-noprint\"><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Send evidence or a correction on Advanced Energy Storage.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI Systems Evidence desk<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Exponential Technology<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/#nx-sec-routing\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See which desk takes what you have<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/nexus-reports\/editions\/xt-16\/full#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\" data-nr-rights=\"true\"><a class=\"nx-link\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.<\/p><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-signature-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sector signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-signature-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The sectors behind Advanced Energy Storage.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A reading aid: the sectors the findings run through and how strongly they depend on each other.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIF\" data-sig-name=\"Energy and its partners\" data-sig-line=\"Energy gives power for transport and telecoms to infrastructure (0.8), pumping and treatment to water (0.5) and fertiliser, machinery and cold chains to food (0.5).\" data-sig-inst=\"Reports\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">6 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure and Food selected, 6 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.46. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"rZfLjqtGEIZfpdRSdq6evkADkvEiUm6LrLMmhrHRcBlBn8TOi2WfJ4uqwPbMsbExGs3CNHT\/Xf9XRdGzzovXfrPusrzMql\/op2g8lHkqmgM2fbnDnYDtIRWh+kHA9jhedKlw4Q9is+59+w7t62tf+FQoAdsq6\/sPi5V4+W6Svp6kadLL5xg265chtN3307uy2fUCsq7McF\/medGkwnffCrFZv7fVcdc2Vyt2cLrMs34v4L0tG9+nQq3QxRDGMlmhDYYLG4BauRjwNMLTc4pywQ7aBqC1W6GL+NdFoFZ0E8cRjk\/v6n+SNEqBjqw0K9TnS7pSK3qElxt4mUby27LbVsXD6Cnhaki34mSb0HB0md9\/v9iX2zcBeSp+N6EBVWkFqkatZQDGSQsByLDGWGowoXRgZSLjGrWSEZhARmBlDFqaGrWVFoyVAVgZgZauRh3SLC0TiGUEYY3Ggo6kBisNGBnUqBNazuoyASOjGo2WDrSjAd2kRdKAtjwkcVOjCWQIWksNIUnXaGIZAgWgOUa646SBcAiOguQ7EViQMZngYSKNDCHg6xiNdKBAKx5aRoDj41A6QoDntYGMmAFe1K0MmAFeQtAyYQY4Rkne0Vg8+yDnzADPbrVjAnjmQc6ZAV6oadIJZIgjV9qWEOAZfUiajheN+bEMAMcESsMAkNNraD9CwMln44yA\/NcUIgOwMkEZ12ybAVhaIU3Nrtm\/ZSKuZtNsPyb3tbGDd3JBDtgymzcyIe81eybvtFAmNRserLOuqdkvO2fb9eiXedPGNdsNh5gotnrwizKm0Gu2Kw3KEAMaxMAJR61qLnSyPTyjOo+lPq2jKud6P+tSkeux2oatqca52ofYuMiNhVPsXOFc6yd\/VOBUKCf\/Q31brqaREZU3F\/rAkF+vocwHyFTcXOWnPFgYSnzIExWLkwlQErlB72404+2+7fJebNZV2RTXD899pW0E5JnP8I1bykHzz1GngpqZgINJBbcqAUeTCu5X0PuufSvw7zL3+1QYGTmK44md9OOdbm4UBE9uZCY2UsMm5lk3F2U7oYz3Peg52sEMbXxO\/CadcNjnpKpPqo9TYaV5NhXuzmb30qHNHGTRHfWvSEk8U\/8r0pJc7TUDlJbJrLrValr9K0BpPU8fF2\/w+Z3+0hdP28faywMfX2tcjIY6\/a2jHh1Oh6OeomZRsRbwuROMUvhxzH\/\/kNrVN6N\/z7o3+mbc\/KLsSz\/5bFs0vuhun\/27Yuuv5r9XmS8EHMisDQQcU4FBIOD01rtYwL4od3ufijgW0B2oK75s1r44XKs1rKRYxomNW7\/QtInJ\/sNk48SmK6rMl23TQ9nAe5UdT6tvOm3avCAMNx+c3+a+qMa8l7TV1Pl+n1Xtp0P90Oo7LsTJ\/wpeu4k18fSavPUTi9QU1Sr78wMpNIESQPMwa+hwkYq6zPOqEJs\/Ml9095D77SehMJ4Sgv\/+BaUf8r+NWc\/APL5kTEA\/gfrmujm4by58iNwoI91AS1O7+0Sr91nnxeanpuh2xxnYP4glbkKLwZuF4M1z4BdyX4p9CXVtJqD\/1rx2We+7b1v\/rSuegq9tPKHJ8O1C+HZ+c1nQW5a0lmc7iwmnGsvPbZvP7ivGuSkZBhw8BHyBGsyAigtLGpfWNC4qarxX1UWTi82vRVb5\/QzOeK+YBykmHT5BOnySNC5FjYtZ4yLYNxo3I\/qxbPPyr6LrS398jvl19x4Embn7yPxlt\/kf\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Signature<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Energy and its partners<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Energy gives power for transport and telecoms to infrastructure (0.8), pumping and treatment to water (0.5) and fertiliser, machinery and cold chains to food (0.5).<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">H<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>4<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.46<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Energy \u2192 Infrastructure<\/b> \u00b7 power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Energy<\/b> \u00b7 cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Food<\/b> \u00b7 irrigation<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-16-full-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-16-full-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-nexus-reports-editions-xt-16-full-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/urban-flood\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Urban flood<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/risk-information-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Risk information standards and interoperability<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/identification-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Identification (the UNI)<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script><style>@media print { @page { margin: 20mm 17mm 20mm 17mm; @top-left { content: \"Nexus Reports\"; font: 500 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @top-right { content: \"Exponential Technology Report 2026: Advanced Energy Storage \\0000b7  Baseline Edition 2026\"; font: 400 7.5pt \"IBM Plex Sans\", sans-serif; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-left { content: \"NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE \\0000b7  Draft, not released\"; font: 400 7pt \"IBM Plex Mono\", monospace; color: #4a4a4a; } @bottom-center { content: \"CC BY 4.0. 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