{"id":103,"date":"2026-10-17T10:44:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T10:44:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/?page_id=103"},"modified":"2026-10-21T13:33:06","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T13:33:06","slug":"marine-pollution","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/marine-pollution\/","title":{"rendered":"Marine pollution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/marine-pollution\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-water-data\" 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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n1znh5lk.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" data-layout=\"console\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G-P07 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 marine-pollution<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Oceans and Coasts<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In development<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Oceans and Coasts<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Marine pollution<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">Plastics, excess nutrients, oil, chemicals and untreated sewage reach the sea from rivers, coasts, ships and the air. They harm wildlife, degrade habitats, contaminate seafood and damage tourism and fisheries. This page sets out how marine pollution arises and spreads, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the authorities and industries responsible for reducing it.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">G-P07 \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">In brief<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Definition and scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Key terms<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">H3 field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Pipeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">Run graph<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">4<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-register-foot\">GCRI \u00b7 In development \u00b7 service level R0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-brief-answer\"><span>01<\/span>The short answer<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span>02<\/span>Ocean state in Pacific Island states<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span>03<\/span>Marine pollution: how the risk\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-terms\"><span>04<\/span>Terms used on this page<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span>05<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-pipeline\"><span>06<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span>07<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span>08<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">In brief<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The short answer.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energy into the sea, including plastics, excess nutrients, oil, chemicals and sewage. Most comes from land through rivers and coasts, with ships adding more. It harms wildlife and habitats, creates dead zones and contaminates seafood.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Ocean state in Pacific Island states.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine heat, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll and sea ice from satellite analyses, framed on Pacific Island states; each layer is a dated NASA product.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"pacific-islands:oceans\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-oceans\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-oceans\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"150,-24,190,0\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Ocean state, Pacific Island states: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ssta||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Marine heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"sst||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sea temperature<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"chl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Plankton (chlorophyll)<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ice||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sea ice<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">1<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Ocean state<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-name=\"Sea surface temperature anomaly\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-src=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"sst\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-name=\"Sea surface temperature\" data-wm-short=\"Sea temperature\" data-wm-src=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sst\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"sst\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"chl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-name=\"Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration\" data-wm-short=\"Chlorophyll-a\" data-wm-src=\"NASA OB.DAAC MODIS Aqua ocean colour\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA OB.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds and sun glint leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA OB.DAAC MODIS Aqua ocean colour \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"chl\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ice\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-name=\"Sea ice concentration\" data-wm-short=\"Sea ice\" data-wm-src=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea ice concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ice\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ice\" hidden><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-name=\"True colour\" data-wm-short=\"True colour\" data-wm-src=\"NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><div><dt><kbd>Arrows<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Move<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Shift and arrows<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Turn and tilt (3D)<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>+ and \u2212<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Zoom<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>0<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Reset the view<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>N and P<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Next and previous station<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Enter<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Pin the station<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>I<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Inspect a point<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>M<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Measure<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>C<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Compare dates<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><kbd>Escape<\/kbd><\/dt><dd>Close<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Marine heat, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll and sea ice from satellite analyses, framed on Pacific Island states.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.obdaac.ocean-color\">MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group; distributed by the NASA Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li>Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, \u00a9 MapLibre contributors.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sst\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration: MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA OB.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea ice concentration: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ice\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P07\/topics\/marine-pollution\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Oceans and Coasts live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Marine pollution: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Contaminants, plastics and ecosystem harm. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2.97 12.92A2 2 0 0 0 2 14.63v3.24a2 2 0 0 0 .97 1.71l3 1.8a2 2 0 0 0 2.06 0L12 19v-5.5l-5-3-4.03 2.42Z\"\/><path d=\"m7 16.5-4.74-2.85\"\/><path d=\"m7 16.5 5-3\"\/><path d=\"M7 16.5v5.17\"\/><path d=\"M12 13.5V19l3.97 2.38a2 2 0 0 0 2.06 0l3-1.8a2 2 0 0 0 .97-1.71v-3.24a2 2 0 0 0-.97-1.71L17 10.5l-5 3Z\"\/><path d=\"m17 16.5-5-3\"\/><path d=\"m17 16.5 4.74-2.85\"\/><path d=\"M17 16.5v5.17\"\/><path d=\"M7.97 4.42A2 2 0 0 0 7 6.13v4.37l5 3 5-3V6.13a2 2 0 0 0-.97-1.71l-3-1.8a2 2 0 0 0-2.06 0l-3 1.8Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 8 7.26 5.15\"\/><path d=\"m12 8 4.74-2.85\"\/><path d=\"M12 13.5V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Plastics leak from land<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mismanaged waste reaches rivers and coasts and drifts into the sea, where it breaks into microplastics. Fishing gear lost at sea continues to catch wildlife.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 22 16 8\"\/><path d=\"M3.47 12.53 5 11l1.53 1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 4.94L5 19l-1.53-1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-4.94Z\"\/><path d=\"M7.47 8.53 9 7l1.53 1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 4.94L9 15l-1.53-1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-4.94Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.47 4.53 13 3l1.53 1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 4.94L13 11l-1.53-1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-4.94Z\"\/><path d=\"M20 2h2v2a4 4 0 0 1-4 4h-2V6a4 4 0 0 1 4-4Z\"\/><path d=\"M11.47 17.47 13 19l-1.53 1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.94 0L5 19l1.53-1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.94 0Z\"\/><path d=\"M15.47 13.47 17 15l-1.53 1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.94 0L9 15l1.53-1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.94 0Z\"\/><path d=\"M19.47 9.47 21 11l-1.53 1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.94 0L13 11l1.53-1.53a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.94 0Z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Nutrients fuel dead zones<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fertiliser and sewage runoff deliver nitrogen and phosphorus that drive algal blooms. Their decay consumes oxygen and creates low-oxygen dead zones.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 21c.6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1 .6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1\"\/><path d=\"M19.38 20A11.6 11.6 0 0 0 21 14l-9-4-9 4c0 2.9.94 5.34 2.81 7.76\"\/><path d=\"M19 13V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6\"\/><path d=\"M12 10v4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Ships and spills<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Oil spills, ballast water, antifouling paints and garbage from ships pollute shipping lanes and ports, with large spills causing acute harm.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Contaminants build up in food webs<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mercury and persistent organic pollutants accumulate in organisms and concentrate up the food chain, affecting wildlife and people who eat seafood.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Key terms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Term<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Eutrophication<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Excess nutrients in water that cause algal growth and oxygen depletion.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Microplastics<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Plastic particles smaller than five millimetres, from fragmentation or manufactured small.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Term\">Ghost gear<\/td><td data-label=\"Definition\">Fishing gear lost or abandoned at sea that continues to catch marine life.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Index of coastal eutrophication<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">chlorophyll and nutrient indicators<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">SDG indicator 14.1.1 (a)<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Floating plastic debris density<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">items per square kilometre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Surface trawls and models<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Beach litter<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">items per hundred metres of beach<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Beach litter surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Oil spills from tankers<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count and tonnes<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Spill statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Hypoxic area<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">square kilometres<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Oxygen surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Wastewater safely treated<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of wastewater flows<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">SDG indicator 6.3.1<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P07\/topics\/marine-pollution\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pipeline\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Marine pollution as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 564\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"564\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g-p07-topics-marine-pollution-ipcc-risk-t nx-dag-g-p07-topics-marine-pollution-ipcc-risk-d\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g-p07-topics-marine-pollution-ipcc-risk-t\">Marine pollution: risk as hazard, exposure and vulnerability<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g-p07-topics-marine-pollution-ipcc-risk-d\">Risk arises from the interaction of hazard, exposure and vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity); responses act on each driver and leave a residual risk that is monitored. Design of the process, not a record of a run.<\/desc><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">UNEP SDG 14.1.1 data and Global Environment Monitoring System<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Coastal eutrophication and plastic debris indicators<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, UNEP terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">ITOPF oil tanker spill statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Tanker spills by size and year<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, ITOPF terms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">GESAMP reports<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Scientific assessments of marine pollution, including plastics<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per publication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus Marine Service biogeochemistry products<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Chlorophyll, nutrients and oxygen fields<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free, Copernicus Marine licence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National beach litter monitoring programmes<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Standardised beach litter surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open data where published<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P07\/topics\/marine-pollution\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Environment ministries and coastal agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which pollution sources to control first<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Source assessments; monitoring evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Wastewater and waste authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where treatment and collection most reduce marine pollution<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Pathway and treatment evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Maritime authorities<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to prevent and respond to ship pollution<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Spill statistics; MARPOL implementation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pollution source and pathway assessments<\/li><li>Eutrophication and hypoxia evidence summaries<\/li><li>Marine litter monitoring designs<\/li><li>Evidence notes on wastewater and waste interventions<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which pollutants reach the sea, from which sources, and by which pathways?<\/li><li>How do contaminants accumulate in sediments, organisms and food webs?<\/li><li>What harm do they cause to ecosystems and to human health through seafood?<\/li><li>How do pollution and climate stressors combine, for example in low-oxygen zones?<\/li><li>Which interventions upstream or at the coast reduce harm most effectively?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pathways and harm.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Excess nutrients from fertilizers and sewage fuel algal blooms; when the algae die and decompose, oxygen is consumed, creating hypoxic zones where many species cannot survive. Warming reduces oxygen solubility and strengthens stratification, so climate change and nutrient pollution reinforce each other. Some blooms produce toxins that close shellfish harvesting and affect human health.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Plastics enter the ocean from rivers, coastlines and fishing gear. Large items entangle and are ingested by wildlife; they fragment into microplastics that are now found throughout the ocean. Persistent chemicals and heavy metals accumulate in sediments and biomagnify up food webs, reaching high concentrations in top predators and in seafood. Oil spills cause acute harm to coastal habitats, birds and fisheries, with effects that can persist for years.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Pollution also travels with hazards. Floods and storms flush contaminants, sewage and debris from land into coastal waters at once, so disaster events can produce pollution pulses that affect fisheries and health after the water recedes.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Monitoring and modelling.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sampling<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Water, sediment and biota<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Chemical analysis and biomonitoring measure concentrations; sampling is costly and patchy.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M13 7 9 3 5 7l4 4\"\/><path d=\"m17 11 4 4-4 4-4-4\"\/><path d=\"m8 12 4 4 6-6-4-4Z\"\/><path d=\"m16 8 3-3\"\/><path d=\"M9 21a6 6 0 0 0-6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sensing<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Remote detection<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Satellites detect algal blooms, oil slicks and large debris accumulations, with limits under cloud and at small scales.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect width=\"8\" height=\"8\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 11v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><rect width=\"8\" height=\"8\" x=\"13\" y=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Models<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Transport and fate<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Particle-tracking and biogeochemical models simulate where pollutants travel and how they transform.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Limits: microplastic measurement methods are not yet fully harmonized, so results are hard to compare. Source attribution is often uncertain, and long-term health effects of many contaminants remain under study.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/environmental-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Water and environmental engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Coastal defence options \u00b7 Coastal wastewater planning \u00b7 Adaptation pathways<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/environmental-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Water and environmental engineering: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/ocean-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ocean and coastal science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Regional sea-level budgets \u00b7 Marine heatwave analysis \u00b7 Wave climate assessment<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ocean-science\/\" aria-label=\"Ocean and coastal science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/earth-observation\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Ocean colour and blooms \u00b7 Shoreline change mapping \u00b7 Coastal habitat mapping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/earth-observation\/\" aria-label=\"Earth observation and remote sensing: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/ecology\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ecology and biodiversity science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Reef condition monitoring \u00b7 Stock assessment inputs \u00b7 Restoration monitoring<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ecology\/\" aria-label=\"Ecology and biodiversity science: canonical page on the STEM Commons\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Marine litter and microplastic measurements use different methods and are hard to compare. Nutrient source apportionment depends on models. Spill statistics capture reported large spills best. Contaminant data are patchy. Oceans and Coasts does not regulate pollution; environmental and maritime authorities decide.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Where does ocean plastic come from?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Mostly from land, through mismanaged waste reaching rivers and coasts, with a substantial share from fishing and shipping, according to scientific assessments such as those by GESAMP.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a dead zone?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">An area of water with too little oxygen to support most marine life, usually caused by nutrient pollution driving algal blooms whose decay consumes oxygen.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is MARPOL?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the main IMO treaty covering oil, chemicals, sewage, garbage and air pollution from ships.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is most marine pollution from ships?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Most comes from land-based sources through rivers, outfalls and run-off, although shipping and offshore activity contribute oil and other pollutants.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are microplastics harmful to people?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Exposure through seafood, water and air is documented; the health effects are an active research question, and the platform reports that evidence with its uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform monitor compliance?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Compliance monitoring and enforcement belong to regulators. The platform studies sources, pathways and harm.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-15\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Oceans and Coasts.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/sea-level-and-coastal-flood\/\">Sea level and coastal flood <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/marine-ecosystems\/\">Marine ecosystems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/fisheries-and-livelihoods\/\">Fisheries and livelihoods <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/ports-and-maritime-infrastructure\/\">Ports and maritime infrastructure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/ocean-observation\/\">Ocean observation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/blue-economy\/\">Blue economy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/\">Oceans and Coasts home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Oceans and Coasts<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Oceans%20and%20Coasts%3A%20Marine%20pollution\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/marine-pollution\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/marine-pollution\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Where does ocean plastic come from?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mostly from land, through mismanaged waste reaching rivers and coasts, with a substantial share from fishing and shipping, according to scientific assessments such as those by GESAMP.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a dead zone?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"An area of water with too little oxygen to support most marine life, usually caused by nutrient pollution driving algal blooms whose decay consumes oxygen.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is MARPOL?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the main IMO treaty covering oil, chemicals, sewage, garbage and air pollution from ships.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is most marine pollution from ships?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. Most comes from land-based sources through rivers, outfalls and run-off, although shipping and offshore activity contribute oil and other pollutants.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Are microplastics harmful to people?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Exposure through seafood, water and air is documented; the health effects are an active research question, and the platform reports that evidence with its uncertainty.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does the platform monitor compliance?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. Compliance monitoring and enforcement belong to regulators. 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