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aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Oceans and Coasts<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Island resilience<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Small islands face <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a>, cyclones and droughts with limited land, freshwater, infrastructure and economies that depend on imports, tourism and fisheries. Some low-lying atolls face questions about long-term habitability. This page sets out how risks combine on islands, how island resilience is measured with scarce data, and what evidence serves island governments, communities and their partners.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/write-to-us\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Register<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Island resilience on the record.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"fieldmap\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-register\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Dossier<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Oceans and Coasts \u00b7 topic<\/span><\/div><ol class=\"nx-register-rows\"><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-question\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">The question<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">4 mechanisms<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-field\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\">hexagonal field plate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-indicators\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">6<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-sources\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-decisions\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Decision holders<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-methods\"><span class=\"nx-register-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-k\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-register-v\"><span class=\"nx-register-num\">5<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-question\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Island resilience: how the risk develops.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Island connectivity and energy, water, food <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Limited freshwater<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Islands rely on thin freshwater lenses, rainwater and desalination. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a>, overwash and drought salinise and deplete these supplies.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2v2\"\/><path d=\"m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M20 12h2\"\/><path d=\"m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41\"\/><path d=\"M15.947 12.65a4 4 0 0 0-5.925-4.128\"\/><path d=\"M3 20a5 5 0 1 1 8.9-4H13a3 3 0 0 1 2 5.24\"\/><path d=\"M11 20v2\"\/><path d=\"M7 19v2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Single events, national impacts<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">One <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">cyclone<\/a> can damage a large share of an island state&#8217;s housing and infrastructure and set its economy back years.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 21c.6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1 .6.5 1.2 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 2.5-2 5-2 1.3 0 1.9.5 2.5 1\"\/><path d=\"M19.38 20A11.6 11.6 0 0 0 21 14l-9-4-9 4c0 2.9.94 5.34 2.81 7.76\"\/><path d=\"M19 13V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6\"\/><path d=\"M12 10v4\"\/><path d=\"M12 2v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependence on imports and links<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Fuel, food and medicines arrive by sea and air through one or two ports and airports. Disruption isolates islands quickly.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M18.09 10.37A6 6 0 1 1 10.34 18\"\/><path d=\"M7 6h1v4\"\/><path d=\"m16.71 13.88.7.71-2.82 2.82\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Debt and costs constrain recovery<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">High costs of infrastructure and frequent disasters add to public debt, limiting investment in adaptation and recovery.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-field\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Ocean state in Pacific Island states.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine heat, chlorophyll and sea temperature over Pacific Island states, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"pacific-islands:oceans\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"oceans\" data-ml-plan=\"p-bab6008d\" data-ml-relief=\"1.2\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:oceans\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta gibs.biodiversity.chl gibs.biodiversity.sst gibs.energy.ntl gibs.water.true gibs.health.people ev.eonet r.pace r.dist r.hls f.marine gx.nhc r.labels f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-oceans\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-oceans\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"150,-24,190,0\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Ocean state, Pacific Island states: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ssta||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Marine heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"chl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Plankton (chlorophyll)<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"sst||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sea temperature<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Ocean state, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis of how far sea temperature departs from its usual value for the date shown; a marine heat indicator, not a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.coral-bleaching\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Corals expelling their algal partners under heat stress, turning white and often dying, with loss of reef fisheries and shore protection.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">coral bleaching<\/a> alert.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"chl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Chlorophyll-a\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA OB.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds and sun glint leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA OB.DAAC MODIS Aqua ocean colour \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"mg\/m\u00b3\">Observed (clouds and sun glint leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"chl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.chl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and sun glint leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Aqua ocean colour (NASA OB.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA OB.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds and sun glint leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate of chlorophyll-a near the sea surface on the day shown, an indicator of plankton and ocean productivity; not a measure of fish stocks or harmful blooms.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"sst\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Sea temperature\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sst\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"sst\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.sst\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Gap-filled satellite analysis of sea surface temperature for the date shown; not a reef or species condition report.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"5\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" 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aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Ocean state, framed on Pacific Island states.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 NASA PACE OCI \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.obdaac.ocean-color\">MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group; distributed by the NASA Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (10 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration: MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA OB.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sst\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P07\/topics\/island-resilience\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Oceans and Coasts live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Monitor, Indicators, Simulator\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Monitor, Indicators, Simulator\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Across the domains<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-5-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-indicators\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Indicators<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Simulator<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-across-the-nexus\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Small islands experience every domain&#8217;s risk in concentrated form.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/groundwater-and-aquifers\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Water<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Thin freshwater lenses are vulnerable to drought and salinisation.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Freshwater lens thickness<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/topics\/energy-security\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Many islands depend on imported diesel for power.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Fuel import dependence<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/topics\/food-trade-and-markets\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Food<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Coupling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Islands import much of their food.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What to watch<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Food import dependence<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"nx-p\">Island analyses are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/regional-systems\/\">Regional Systems series<\/a>. The Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States (2024) sets the decade&#8217;s priorities; island governments decide.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Island-scale data on water, power and food.<\/li><li>Lessons from recovery after cyclones.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coastal adaptation pathways.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-oceans-pathways\" data-cx=\"oceans.pathways\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Coastal adaptation pathways: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Coastal adaptation pathways<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Island resilience \u00b7 Coastal zone A \u00b7 Sea level scenario set<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Tipping point in 19 years<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Oceans and Coasts<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Flood extent by scenario<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">illustrative coastline<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Flood extent by scenario: schematic on example geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M0 250 L0 87.5 C 96 70, 168 125, 240 105 S 384 50, 480 75 L480 250 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-flood0\" d=\"M0 107.5 C 96 90, 168 145, 240 125 S 384 70, 480 95 L480 75 S 384 50, 240 105 S 96 70, 0 87.5 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-flood1\" d=\"M0 127.5 C 96 110, 168 165, 240 145 S 384 90, 480 115 L480 75 S 384 50, 240 105 S 96 70, 0 87.5 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-flood2\" d=\"M0 147.5 C 96 130, 168 185, 240 165 S 384 110, 480 135 L480 75 S 384 50, 240 105 S 96 70, 0 87.5 Z\"\/><rect class=\"cx-site-hot\" x=\"100.6\" y=\"115\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"114.6\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"start\">Port<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"259\" y=\"145\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"273\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"start\">Town<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"379\" y=\"115\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"393\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"start\">Plant<\/text><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"16\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"start\">Sea<\/text><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"464\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"end\">Bands: 1-in-10 \u00b7 1-in-100 \u00b7 1-in-1000<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Relative sea level<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Relative sea level\" focusable=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" data-fk-chart=\"cx-oceans-pathways-c1\" data-fk-xs=\"lin,0,23,36,446\" data-fk-ys=\"lin,0,100,180,20\" data-fk-series=\"Observed|ink|l||0:40.9;1:43.7;2:40.4;3:40.8;4:42.1;5:46.6;6:49.6;7:51.7;8:54.5;9:54;10:60.2;11:66.8;12:66.8;13:69~Central scenario|acc|l||13:69;14:70.1;15:71.2;16:72.3;17:73.4;18:74.5;19:75.6;20:76.7;21:77.8;22:78.9;23:80~Scenario range, upper|s3|l||13:69;14:72.3;15:75.60000000000001;16:78.89999999999999;17:82.2;18:85.5;19:88.8;20:92.10000000000001;21:95.4;22:98.7;23:99~Scenario range, lower|s3|l||13:69;14:68.1;15:67.2;16:66.3;17:65.4;18:64.5;19:63.599999999999994;20:62.7;21:61.8;22:60.900000000000006;23:60\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Adaptation pathways<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-oceans-pathways-t2\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-oceans-pathways-t2\" aria-label=\"Adaptation pathways\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Measure<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Works until (sea level, m)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Lead time (yr)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Next measure<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c4\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c4\">Signal to switch<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-oceans-pathways:r2-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Dune nourishment<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.3\">0.3<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"3\">3<\/td><td>Raise seawall<\/td><td>Overtopping twice in 5 yr<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-oceans-pathways:r2-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Raise seawall<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"0.7\">0.7<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"6\">6<\/td><td>Managed realignment<\/td><td>Seawall at design limit<\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-oceans-pathways:r2-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Managed realignment<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"1.5\">1.5<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"20\">20<\/td><td>Relocate assets<\/td><td>Community decision<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Coastal adaptation pathways: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Island resilience.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-indicators\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Land below a stated elevation<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of land area<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per assessment<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Elevation data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Freshwater lens thickness<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">metres<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per survey<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Groundwater surveys<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Disaster losses relative to economy<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of GDP<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per event<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Post-disaster assessments<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Food import dependence<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of food supply imported<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Food balance data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">ESTIMATED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Public debt<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of GDP<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Public finance statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Published statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">International connectivity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">count of shipping and air services<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">annual<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Transport data<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">REPORTED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P07\/topics\/island-resilience\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"water\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Two stocks, pressure and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 adaptive-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a system, institution or community to adjust to actual or expected change, take advantage of opportunities and moderate harm. Adaptive capacity works over longer time horizons than coping.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">adaptive capacity<\/a>, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Pacific Island states; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-oceans-coasts-topics-island-resilience-0\" data-nxi=\"sd\" data-nxi-id=\"sd\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-oceans-coasts-topics-island-resilience-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Stocks over time\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Growth of pressure<\/dt><dd>6.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Efficacy of capacity in reducing pressure<\/dt><dd>4.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Investment response to perceived pressure<\/dt><dd>20%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Perception delay<\/dt><dd>4.0 years<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Tipping threshold of pressure<\/dt><dd>60 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification past the threshold<\/dt><dd>2.0 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years simulated<\/dt><dd>50 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak pressure<\/dt><dd>113 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Capacity at the end<\/dt><dd>186 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years over the threshold<\/dt><dd>15.8 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pressure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Capacity<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Perceived<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>20.0<\/td><td>50.0<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>23.3<\/td><td>44.9<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>27.2<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>24.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>31.7<\/td><td>42.3<\/td><td>27.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>36.8<\/td><td>45.5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>42.3<\/td><td>51.5<\/td><td>37.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">24<\/th><td>47.9<\/td><td>60.3<\/td><td>42.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">28<\/th><td>53.2<\/td><td>71.3<\/td><td>48.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">32<\/th><td>57.8<\/td><td>84.3<\/td><td>53.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">36<\/th><td>66.4<\/td><td>98.4<\/td><td>58.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40<\/th><td>82.7<\/td><td>115.9<\/td><td>69.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">44<\/th><td>97.8<\/td><td>139.7<\/td><td>83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">48<\/th><td>109.1<\/td><td>169.4<\/td><td>97.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>System dynamics <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics<\/span><\/li><li>Critical transitions and tipping points <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461<\/span><\/li><li>Causal loop diagram <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme&#8217;s own evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/foundry\/\">Oceans and Coasts in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/universe\/\">Oceans and Coasts in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Climate and Earth Systems in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/reports\/\">Oceans and Coasts in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Sources, Twin and cascade simulator, Decisions, Methods and evidence\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Twin and cascade simulator, Decisions, Methods and evidence\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-decisions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Decisions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods and evidence<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"stack\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS and UN-OHRLLS data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">SIDS priorities and development statistics<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, UN terms of use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Pacific Data Hub (Pacific Community)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Statistics and geospatial data for Pacific island countries<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Open, licence per dataset<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Post-Disaster Needs Assessments for island states<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Damage and loss after major events<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per publisher<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Copernicus DEM and lidar where available<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Island elevation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Licence per product (to check)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IMF and World Bank <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 debt-sustainability\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a borrower to meet current and future debt obligations without exceptional financing or a major correction.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">debt sustainability<\/a> analyses<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Public debt and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 fiscal-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The possibility of deviations of public finances from expectations, from shocks, hidden liabilities or policy.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">fiscal risk<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public, terms per institution<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P07\/topics\/island-resilience\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model Island resilience as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/oceans-and-coasts-risk-standards\/\">Oceans and coasts risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-topics-island-resilience-G-P07\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Storm surge<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h21\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.surface.coastal-erosion\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Erosion and sediment movement\" data-td=\"Retreat of the shoreline and cliffs under waves, currents and storms, removing land and exposing buildings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H21\" data-tr=\"draft\">Coastal erosion<\/a><\/li><li>Heatwave<\/li><li>Ocean acidification<\/li><li>Harmful algal bloom<\/li><li>Extreme fire weather (set off downstream)<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards\/\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.wildfire.wildfire\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Vegetation and peat fire\" data-td=\"An uncontrolled fire in forest, scrub or grass that burns structures, crops and habitat and fills the air with smoke.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H24\" data-tr=\"draft\">Wildfire<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Heat-driven grid stress (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Agricultural drought (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Flash drought (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Snow drought (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Ground-level ozone episode (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Meteorological drought (set off downstream)<\/li><li>River flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Estuary flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/oceans-and-coasts-risk-standards\/\">Oceans and coasts risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/industry-trade\/supply-chain-and-trade-risk\/\">Supply chain and trade risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/water-food\/food-risk-standards\/\">Food and agriculture risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver and feedback<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/cities\/cities-and-urban-systems-risk-standards\/\">Cities and urban systems risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Exposure<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-5<\/code> Figure, map and visualisation standard (with the UI\/UX kit)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-X3<\/code> Oceans and coasts risk<\/li><li><code>NRS-H11<\/code> Hazard family: Coastal and sea-level hazards (NHS-1 water.coastal)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H79<\/code> Hazard family: Mental health crises (NHS-1 health.mental)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H12<\/code> Hazard family: Ocean-state extremes (NHS-1 water.ocean-state)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H67<\/code> Hazard family: Ocean circulation and marine tipping (NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping)<\/li><li><code>NRS-K18<\/code> Domain pack profile: Oceans coastal (DOMAIN-018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)<\/li><li>PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)<\/li><li>GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Argo float profiles (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations<\/li><li>Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface air temperature, daytime (AIRS), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-decisions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Island governments<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Which adaptation measures and relocations to plan<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Exposure profiles; freshwater assessments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Regional organisations<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to share capacity and data across islands<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Connectivity and data inventories<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Development partners and lenders<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">How to support adaptation without adding unsustainable debt<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Fiscal and loss evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Island exposure profiles combining sea level, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h2\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.cyclone.tropical-cyclone\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Cyclonic storm systems\" data-td=\"A warm-core rotating storm over tropical oceans whose winds, rain and surge threaten coasts and inland river basins.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H2\" data-tr=\"draft\">cyclone<\/a> and drought<\/li><li>Freshwater security assessments<\/li><li>Connectivity and import dependence analyses<\/li><li>Evidence notes for island adaptation and finance planning<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Island resilience is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"1\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"eo-chain\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Earth observation chain<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on island resilience, and where each step adds uncertainty.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-au-chain\"><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">01 \u00b7 Acquire<\/span><span>orbit, sensor and revisit<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: gaps from cloud and orbit<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">02 \u00b7 Calibrate<\/span><span>radiometric and geometric<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: sensor drift<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">03 \u00b7 Correct<\/span><span>atmosphere and terrain<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: aerosol and slope assumptions<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">04 \u00b7 Retrieve or classify<\/span><span>the variable or the class<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: model and training error<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">05 \u00b7 Validate<\/span><span>against ground truth<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: sample design and size<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">06 \u00b7 Publish<\/span><span>with error bars and lineage<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: stated, never hidden<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Processing chain in the CEOS Analysis Ready Data sense; each step records its uncertainty before a figure is drawn. A generic structure, not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Core questions, Mechanisms, Methods and data, Methods\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Core questions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mechanisms<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and data<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Methods<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-core-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions experts ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Which island lifelines depend on a single asset, such as one port, airport, power station or desalination plant?<\/li><li>How long can an island sustain fuel, food and medicine supply when shipping stops?<\/li><li>How will <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a>, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.saltwater-intrusion\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater moving into coastal aquifers and estuaries, making water too salty to drink or irrigate.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">saltwater intrusion<\/a> and coral loss change habitability?<\/li><li>How do remittances, tourism and import dependence shape recovery after a disaster?<\/li><li>Which local and traditional knowledge improves preparedness?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-mechanisms\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Concentrated, compound exposure.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Island <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are tightly coupled. Diesel imported by sea runs power stations; power runs desalination and water pumping; water and power run hospitals, cold chains and communications. A port closure or <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h60\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.supply-chain.fuel-supply-shock\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Supply-chain and flow disruption\" data-td=\"Sudden loss of oil, gas, coal or electricity supply that raises prices and cuts activity.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H60\" data-tr=\"draft\">fuel shortage<\/a> can therefore cascade quickly through every service. Freshwater lenses on low islands float on seawater and are vulnerable to over-pumping, drought and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.saltwater-intrusion\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater moving into coastal aquifers and estuaries, making water too salty to drink or irrigate.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">saltwater intrusion<\/a> from storm overwash and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Coral reefs and mangroves protect many islands from waves and supply fisheries and tourism. Their decline from heat and local pressure reduces protection and income together. Recovery is shaped by economic structure: small markets, high import costs, distance from suppliers and fiscal constraints slow reconstruction, while diaspora remittances and community networks often sustain households.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Energy transition is a resilience question on islands. Replacing imported diesel with local renewables and storage can reduce dependence on shipping, but it introduces new dependencies on equipment, maintenance skills and spare parts that must also withstand storms.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods-and-data\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Methods and their limits.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Lifeline mapping<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mapping dependencies between energy, water, transport and communications to find single points of failure.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hydrology<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Freshwater lens studies<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Groundwater models and monitoring of salinity on low islands; data are often limited.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Community<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Participatory assessment<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Local and traditional knowledge of hazards, resources and recovery, recorded with consent.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Limits: national statistics often average across islands with very different exposure, and high-resolution elevation and bathymetry data are missing for many islands, which limits flood and wave modelling.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-methods\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-methods\" data-limits=\"true\"><ol class=\"nx-mledger\" aria-label=\"Methods\"><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/ocean-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Ocean and coastal science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Regional sea-level budgets \u00b7 Marine heatwave analysis \u00b7 Wave climate assessment<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/ocean-science\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Ocean and coastal science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/geospatial\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Geospatial information systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Coastal exposure mapping \u00b7 Marine spatial planning layers \u00b7 Fishing effort mapping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/geospatial\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Geospatial information systems\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/extreme-value\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Extreme value theory and tail risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Extreme sea level return levels \u00b7 Amplification factors \u00b7 Extreme wave heights<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/extreme-value\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Extreme value theory and tail risk\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/environmental-engineering\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Water and environmental engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Coastal defence options \u00b7 Coastal wastewater planning \u00b7 Adaptation pathways<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/environmental-engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Water and environmental engineering\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-mledger-main\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/stem\/geoscience\/\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-body\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-name\">Earth and geophysical science<\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-role\">Delta subsidence \u00b7 Sediment budgets \u00b7 Tsunami source characterisation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-mledger-go\"><span class=\"nx-mledger-go-label\">Applied here<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><div class=\"nx-mledger-aside\"><a class=\"nx-mledger-canon\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/science\/geoscience\/\" aria-label=\"Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons: Earth and geophysical science\">Canonical \u00b7 STEM Commons <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-limits\" aria-label=\"What the methods cannot say\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the methods cannot say<\/span><p class=\"nx-limits-text\">Island data are sparse and many datasets are global products too coarse for small islands. Lidar elevation is not available everywhere. Projections of atoll habitability are highly uncertain and depend on sediment and ecosystem responses. Island governments and communities hold the evidence and the decisions; Oceans and Coasts supports them.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Sources, Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-17-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"water\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Where this page&#8217;s references<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/ohrlls\/\"><span>Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States (Fourth International Conference on SIDS, 2024)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srocc\/\"><span>IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (IPCC, 2019)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-17-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Why are small islands highly exposed?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because they have small land areas, low elevations, limited freshwater, economies concentrated in few sectors and dependence on imports, so single events have national effects.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a freshwater lens?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A layer of fresh groundwater floating on denser seawater beneath an island, recharged by rain and vulnerable to salinisation.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Will atolls become uninhabitable?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Some research suggests that sea-level rise and overwash threaten freshwater and land on low atolls, but outcomes depend on emissions, reef and sediment responses and adaptation, and remain uncertain.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do islands need a dedicated topic?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because exposure, economy and infrastructure are concentrated in ways that make compound and cascading failures more likely and recovery slower.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform work with island communities?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Participatory research opens with authorised projects and the consent of the communities involved.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is relocation part of the analysis?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Evidence can inform discussion of options, including relocation; the choice belongs to the communities and governments concerned.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a> is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Oceans and Coasts<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Global Sector Risk and Resilience<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Observatory Signal<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/island-resilience#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-sk-global-oceans-coasts-topics-island-resilience-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-sk-global-oceans-coasts-topics-island-resilience-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-sk-global-oceans-coasts-topics-island-resilience-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/drought#coupled-risk\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Drought<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/oceans-coasts\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Oceans and coasts<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-18\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Oceans and Coasts<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-19\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-19\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/island-resilience\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/topics\/island-resilience\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why are small islands highly exposed?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because they have small land areas, low elevations, limited freshwater, economies concentrated in few sectors and dependence on imports, so single events have national effects.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a freshwater lens?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A layer of fresh groundwater floating on denser seawater beneath an island, recharged by rain and vulnerable to salinisation.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Will atolls become uninhabitable?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Some research suggests that sea-level rise and overwash threaten freshwater and land on low atolls, but outcomes depend on emissions, reef and sediment responses and adaptation, and remain uncertain.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why do islands need a dedicated topic?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because exposure, economy and infrastructure are concentrated in ways that make compound and cascading failures more likely and recovery slower.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does the platform work with island communities?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Participatory research opens with authorised projects and the consent of the communities involved.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is relocation part of the analysis?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Evidence can inform discussion of options, including relocation; the choice belongs to the communities and governments concerned.\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n\n<!-- nx-rev:a163848fe7a2211e -->\n<!-- nx-shared:5f85d0eef7ac -->\n<!-- nx-path:\/topics\/island-resilience\/ -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Small islands face sea-level rise, cyclones and droughts with limited land, freshwater, infrastructure and economies that depend on imports, tourism and fisheries. 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