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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nbukfycd.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Space and Earth Observation<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Space and Earth Observation<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Space <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and the Earth-observation technologies used for risk intelligence and sustainable development. Space and Earth Observation is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/about\/\">Open Mandate and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/about\/\">About GCRI<\/a><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-scene-stats nx-es-stats\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM methods<\/dt><dd>7<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Canonical methods this field applies<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Subject pages in the field<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Counterparts<\/dt><dd>7<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Platforms in shared fields across the network<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Report series<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Reports series it contributes to<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the platform does<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Method, evidence and resilience for space-based services.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Space and Earth Observation is designed to publish Earth observation method guides, land and ocean observation cases and space-system risk briefs. Its methods combine satellite data science, Earth observation models and attention to uncertainty and rights. It is distinct from <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s7\">the Earth observation platform (EOP) in Foundry<\/a>, which renders shared Earth observation data across the Consortium; this platform is the research community behind the methods.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M13 7 9 3 5 7l4 4\"\/><path d=\"m17 11 4 4-4 4-4-4\"\/><path d=\"m8 12 4 4 6-6-4-4Z\"\/><path d=\"m16 8 3-3\"\/><path d=\"M9 21a6 6 0 0 0-6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Measure<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Sensors and products<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">How each sensor type sees the Earth, what it can and cannot measure, and how products are validated against ground observation.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.106 5.553a2 2 0 0 0 1.788 0l3.659-1.83A1 1 0 0 1 21 4.619v12.764a1 1 0 0 1-.553.894l-4.553 2.277a2 2 0 0 1-1.788 0l-4.212-2.106a2 2 0 0 0-1.788 0l-3.659 1.83A1 1 0 0 1 3 19.381V6.618a1 1 0 0 1 .553-.894l4.553-2.277a2 2 0 0 1 1.788 0z\"\/><path d=\"M15 5.76v15\"\/><path d=\"M9 3.24v15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Apply<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Evidence for decisions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Water, agriculture, ecosystems and disasters: how satellite evidence is used, where it adds most and where it is weakest.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Protect<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Space system resilience<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The vulnerabilities of satellites, ground segments, navigation and communications, and the stewardship of orbital space.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"signals\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P12\/home#signals\" data-nxf-title=\"Space and Earth Observation signals\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"alerts\" data-nxf-kind=\"alerts\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G-P12\/home#alerts\" data-nxf-title=\"Notices\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Monitor, Topics, Simulator, Overview\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Monitor, Topics, Simulator, Overview\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-2-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-3-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Topics<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-overview\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Overview<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-2-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">EO tasking and products.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-space-tasking\" data-cx=\"space.tasking\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"EO tasking and products: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">EO tasking and products<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Flood basin AOI \u00b7 Activation ACT-610<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Rapid mapping<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Space and Earth Observation<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Passes over the area<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">next 8 passes<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Passes over the area: schematic on example geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\"><rect class=\"cx-sea\" width=\"480\" height=\"250\" rx=\"4\"\/><path class=\"cx-land\" d=\"M0 250 L0 180 Q 240 125 480 180 L 480 250 Z\"\/><path class=\"cx-orbit\" d=\"M0 110 Q 240 12 480 110\"\/><path class=\"cx-orbit\" d=\"M0 75 Q 240 -2 480 75\"\/><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"91\" y=\"85\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1\" transform=\"rotate(45 96 90)\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"106\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"start\">SAT-1<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site-hot\" x=\"259\" y=\"50\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1\" transform=\"rotate(45 264 55)\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"274\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"start\">SAT-2<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"388.6\" y=\"95\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1\" transform=\"rotate(45 393.6 100)\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"403.6\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"start\">SAT-3<\/text><rect class=\"cx-site\" x=\"163\" y=\"32.5\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1\" transform=\"rotate(45 168 37.5)\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"178\" y=\"41.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">SAT-4<\/text><path class=\"cx-swath\" d=\"M234 165 L264 60 L294 165 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"240\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Swath over the area of interest<\/text><g class=\"cx-north\"><path d=\"M458 30 L463 18 L468 30 Z\"\/><text class=\"cx-lbl-s\" x=\"463\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\">N<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Acquisitions<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-space-tasking-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-space-tasking-t1\" aria-label=\"Acquisitions\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Pass<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Sensor<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" data-num=\"true\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Cloud (%)<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">State<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-space-tasking:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>P-1<\/td><td>Radar<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">n\/a<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Processed<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-space-tasking:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>P-2<\/td><td>Optical<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"91\">91<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Cloudy<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-space-tasking:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-current=\"true\" data-cur=\"true\"><td>P-3<\/td><td>Radar<\/td><td data-num=\"true\">n\/a<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Downlinking<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-space-tasking:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>P-4<\/td><td>Optical<\/td><td data-num=\"true\" data-sv=\"18\">18<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Scheduled<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"steps\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Product chain<\/h4><\/div><\/div><ol class=\"nx-cx-steps\" data-n=\"7\"><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Task<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">AOI<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Acquire<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">radar<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"done\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Downlink<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">station 2<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"now\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Process<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">ARD<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Map flood<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">change<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Validate<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">samples<\/span><\/li><li data-st=\"todo\"><span class=\"nx-cx-sn\">Deliver<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-snote\">user agency<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>EO tasking and products: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Flood basin AOI.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions this field works on.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/earth-observation-sensors\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Earth observation sensors<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Optical, radar, thermal and hyperspectral methods.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/spatial-temporal-evidence\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Spatial temporal evidence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ground truth, resolution and uncertainty.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/space-system-resilience\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Space system resilience<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Satellite infrastructure and ground segment risk.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/communications-and-navigation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Communications and navigation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">GNSS, satcom and dependency.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/eo-in-water-and-agriculture\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">EO in water and agriculture<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Water, crop and ecosystem applications.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/disaster-monitoring\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Disaster monitoring<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Flood, heat and wildfire evidence.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/space-debris-and-sustainability\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Space debris and sustainability<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Orbital congestion and stewardship.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/geospatial-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Geospatial governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Licensing, privacy and data quality.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Two stocks, pressure and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 adaptive-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a system, institution or community to adjust to actual or expected change, take advantage of opportunities and moderate harm. Adaptive capacity works over longer time horizons than coping.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">adaptive capacity<\/a>, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Arctic; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-space-earth-observation-0\" data-nxi=\"sd\" data-nxi-id=\"sd\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-space-earth-observation-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Stocks over time\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Growth of pressure<\/dt><dd>6.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Efficacy of capacity in reducing pressure<\/dt><dd>4.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Investment response to perceived pressure<\/dt><dd>20%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Perception delay<\/dt><dd>4.0 years<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Tipping threshold of pressure<\/dt><dd>60 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification past the threshold<\/dt><dd>2.0 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years simulated<\/dt><dd>50 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak pressure<\/dt><dd>113 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Capacity at the end<\/dt><dd>186 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years over the threshold<\/dt><dd>15.8 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pressure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Capacity<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Perceived<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>20.0<\/td><td>50.0<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>23.3<\/td><td>44.9<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>27.2<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>24.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>31.7<\/td><td>42.3<\/td><td>27.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>36.8<\/td><td>45.5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>42.3<\/td><td>51.5<\/td><td>37.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">24<\/th><td>47.9<\/td><td>60.3<\/td><td>42.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">28<\/th><td>53.2<\/td><td>71.3<\/td><td>48.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">32<\/th><td>57.8<\/td><td>84.3<\/td><td>53.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">36<\/th><td>66.4<\/td><td>98.4<\/td><td>58.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40<\/th><td>82.7<\/td><td>115.9<\/td><td>69.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">44<\/th><td>97.8<\/td><td>139.7<\/td><td>83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">48<\/th><td>109.1<\/td><td>169.4<\/td><td>97.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>System dynamics <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics<\/span><\/li><li>Critical transitions and tipping points <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461<\/span><\/li><li>Causal loop diagram <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme&#8217;s own evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/foundry\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/universe\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/space\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/reports\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-overview\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Overview<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Space and Earth Observation does.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Earth observation is the gathering of information about the planet&#8217;s surface, water and atmosphere from satellites and aircraft. Space and Earth Observation covers sensors, analysis-ready evidence, space system resilience, communications and navigation, water and agriculture, disaster monitoring, debris and geospatial governance. Space agencies, operators and mapping authorities decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Who it serves<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its community<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Remote-sensing scientists; space engineers; geospatial analysts; disaster scientists.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its methods<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Satellite data science; EO models; uncertainty and rights.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7Z\"\/><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 9H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 13H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 17H8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What it produces<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its outputs<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">EO method guides; land\/ocean observation cases; space-system risk briefs.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Twin and cascade simulator, Mandate and boundaries, Methods and evidence, Across the domains\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Twin and cascade simulator, Mandate and boundaries, Methods and evidence, Across the domains\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Mandate and boundaries<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Across the domains<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model Space and Earth Observation as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-home-G-P12\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Sea-level rise<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.coastal-flood\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Seawater overtopping or breaching the shoreline and flooding land, from surge, waves, high tides or a raised sea level.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">Coastal flood<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Storm surge (set off downstream)<\/li><li>High-tide flooding (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal erosion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Estuary flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Wetland loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mangrove loss (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Groundwater flood (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Mass displacement (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\">Climate risk standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Common driver<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/finance\/financial-and-economic-risk-standards\/\">Financial and economic risk standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-adaptation-and-transition-risk\/\">Climate adaptation and transition risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Feedback<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-1<\/code> The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a> and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-3b<\/code> Dataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NS-14<\/code> Conformance and crosswalk to external standards<\/li><li><code>NRS-H65<\/code> Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H62<\/code> Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H71<\/code> Hazard family: Deep-time and cosmic catastrophes (NHS-1 planet.deep-time)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H79<\/code> Hazard family: Mental health crises (NHS-1 health.mental)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H75<\/code> Hazard family: Climate-sensitive illness (NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H7<\/code> Hazard family: Large-scale circulation anomalies (NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>CMIP6 climate projections (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)<\/li><li>INFORM Risk Index (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population<\/li><li>Total greenhouse gas emissions per year<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mandate and boundaries<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Space and Earth Observation studies, and who governs space.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Space and Earth Observation, studies the satellites and ground <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> that observe the planet and position and connect people, and the risks to those systems in orbit. Space agencies, operators, spectrum regulators and mapping authorities decide; GCRI operates no satellite and orders no acquisition as an authority.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Imagery and orbit illustrations here are examples; imagery products keep their providers&#8217; licences.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Space and Earth Observation is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"2\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"eo-chain\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Earth observation chain<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on Space and Earth Observation, and where each step adds uncertainty.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-au-chain\"><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">01 \u00b7 Acquire<\/span><span>orbit, sensor and revisit<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: gaps from cloud and orbit<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">02 \u00b7 Calibrate<\/span><span>radiometric and geometric<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: sensor drift<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">03 \u00b7 Correct<\/span><span>atmosphere and terrain<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: aerosol and slope assumptions<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">04 \u00b7 Retrieve or classify<\/span><span>the variable or the class<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: model and training error<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">05 \u00b7 Validate<\/span><span>against ground truth<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: sample design and size<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-au-k\">06 \u00b7 Publish<\/span><span>with error bars and lineage<\/span><span class=\"nx-au-n\">Uncertainty: stated, never hidden<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Processing chain in the CEOS Analysis Ready Data sense; each step records its uncertainty before a figure is drawn. A generic structure, not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"datasets\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Datasets and provenance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The data classes behind Space and Earth Observation and what is recorded about each before it is used.<\/p><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Data class<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Provenance recorded<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Resolution stated<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence checked<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Data class\">Satellite imagery, optical and radar<\/td><td data-label=\"Provenance recorded\">sensor, processing level, acquisition date<\/td><td data-label=\"Resolution stated\">pixel size and revisit<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence checked\">per scene<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data class\">Reanalysis and climate model output<\/td><td data-label=\"Provenance recorded\">model, experiment, member, version<\/td><td data-label=\"Resolution stated\">grid and time step<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence checked\">per release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data class\">In-situ sensors and gauges<\/td><td data-label=\"Provenance recorded\">station, instrument, calibration record<\/td><td data-label=\"Resolution stated\">point and sampling rate<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence checked\">per network<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data class\">Population and asset exposure<\/td><td data-label=\"Provenance recorded\">method, vintage, input sources<\/td><td data-label=\"Resolution stated\">cell size and unit<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence checked\">per release<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Data class\">Boundaries and reference geography<\/td><td data-label=\"Provenance recorded\">producer, edition, date<\/td><td data-label=\"Resolution stated\">scale<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence checked\">per edition<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Lineage<\/dt><dd>W3C PROV record from source to figure<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Principles<\/dt><dd>FAIR: findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Gaps<\/dt><dd>shown as missing, never filled silently<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Data classes and the provenance fields recorded for each; a dataset is listed by name only once its licence admits the use.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Observation from space serves every domain.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Water<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Radar and optical missions map floods, reservoirs and river levels.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Satellite timing and communications underpin grid and market operations.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Food<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Crop monitoring relies on optical and radar time series.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Air quality and heat are observed from orbit to support health studies.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Biodiversity<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Forest, wetland and reef change are tracked from satellite records.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Earth observation in the Arctic.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Land cover and vegetation over the Arctic, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"arctic:earth\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"earth\" data-ml-plan=\"p-24f6d414\" data-ml-view=\"2d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:earth\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.water.true gibs.food.cover gibs.biodiversity.evi gibs.health.people gibs.food.ndvi gibs.energy.ntl ev.eonet ev.usgs r.dist r.hls r.dswxs1 r.goese f.power f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-earth\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-earth\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-180,58,180,90\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Earth observation, the Arctic: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"true||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">True colour<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"cover||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Land cover<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"evi||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Vegetation<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">2<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Earth observation, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"1\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"evi\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Vegetation (EVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra EVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"EVI\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"evi\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.evi\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra EVI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite vegetation index for the 8 days to the date shown, a habitat condition indicator; not a measure of species or biodiversity.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ndvi\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Greenness (NDVI)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite index; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE MODIS Terra NDVI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"NDVI\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ndvi\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.ndvi\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra NDVI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite greenness index over the 8 days to the date shown; an indicator of crop and pasture condition, not a yield estimate or a food security warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span 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aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Earth observation, framed on the Arctic.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 U.S. Geological Survey \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (11 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><li>Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"evi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ndvi\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Reports, standards and contributions, The problem, Foundations and counterparts, Coverage\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Reports, standards and contributions, The problem, Foundations and counterparts, Coverage\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">The problem<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-foundations-and-counterparts\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Foundations and counterparts<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-areas\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Coverage<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where space evidence goes.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Earth-observation evidence is designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/observatory-signal\/\">Observatory Signal series<\/a>; space system resilience for the Strategic <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> series. Products would carry NS-3b metadata under the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Agencies can share validation data.<\/li><li>Field teams can contribute reference observations.<\/li><li>Researchers can contribute debris and space weather studies.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The problem<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A dependency in orbit, and evidence from above.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Satellites observe the whole planet repeatedly. Optical, radar, thermal and other sensors record floods through cloud, crop condition across continents, sea-surface temperature, forest loss, urban growth and the ground deformation that can precede landslides. For many places, satellite data is the only consistent record of environmental change, and it has become central to weather forecasting, climate monitoring, disaster response and resource management.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">That evidence is powerful and easily misread. A satellite measures radiation reflected or emitted from the surface, not the quantity a decision-maker cares about. Turning measurements into maps of flooded area, crop yield or damage requires models, calibration and ground truth, each with errors that vary by place, season and sensor. Products with very different accuracy can look equally authoritative on a screen. Without stated uncertainty and validation, satellite evidence can mislead the decisions it is meant to inform.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Society also depends on space in a second way. Satellite navigation provides the timing signals used by telecommunications networks, power grids and financial <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>, as well as positioning for transport and agriculture. Satellite communications connect remote areas, ships, aircraft and disaster zones. These services can fail through space weather, interference, cyber attack, ground-segment faults or collisions in increasingly crowded orbits, and a failure can cascade into systems on the ground that have no obvious link to space.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-foundations-and-counterparts\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Foundations and counterparts<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Steward of four STEM methods, connected across three institutions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform stewards <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/stem\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/a>, space <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and satellite services, geospatial information systems and spatial statistics and geostatistics in the STEM Commons, which other platforms apply. It also draws on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/stem\/computing\/\">high-performance, cloud and edge computing<\/a>, communications and network technology and physics. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/stem\/\">the STEM foundation<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Counterpart\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What it adds<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Hazard science that relies on satellite records, including climate baselines.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and Nature Governance at <abbr title=\"The Global Risks Forum\">GRF<\/abbr><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What it adds<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Governance dialogue on climate and land and ocean use, where satellite evidence is used.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Diplomacy Nexus at GRF<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What it adds<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">International cooperation, including on shared observation and space.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe at <abbr title=\"The Global Risks Alliance\">GRA<\/abbr><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">What it adds<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">How catastrophe risk understanding uses Earth observation, as sector analysis.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-areas\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Coverage<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The areas of space and Earth observation this platform takes on.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Space and Earth Observation studies the satellites, ground <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and data that observe the planet and connect and position people on it, and the risks to those systems in orbit. Its pages set out how Earth observation sensors work, how space-based evidence is made reliable, how it serves water, agriculture and disaster monitoring, and how space systems, debris and geospatial data are governed, with every value labelled by its evidence and every limit stated. It prepares evidence; space agencies, operators and mapping authorities decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"columns\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M13 7 9 3 5 7l4 4\"\/><path d=\"m17 11 4 4-4 4-4-4\"\/><path d=\"m8 12 4 4 6-6-4-4Z\"\/><path d=\"m16 8 3-3\"\/><path d=\"M9 21a6 6 0 0 0-6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Earth observation sensors<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Optical, radar, thermal, lidar and atmospheric instruments, and what each can and cannot see.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Spatial and temporal evidence<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Turning images into consistent, analysis-ready records with known accuracy over space and time.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Space system resilience<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Threats to satellites and ground segments from space weather, failures, interference and attack.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M4.9 19.1C1 15.2 1 8.8 4.9 4.9\"\/><path d=\"M7.8 16.2c-2.3-2.3-2.3-6.1 0-8.5\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M16.2 7.8c2.3 2.3 2.3 6.1 0 8.5\"\/><path d=\"M19.1 4.9C23 8.8 23 15.1 19.1 19\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Communications and navigation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Satellite communications and navigation and timing services that society increasingly depends on.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M7 16.3c2.2 0 4-1.83 4-4.05 0-1.16-.57-2.26-1.71-3.19S7.29 6.75 7 5.3c-.29 1.45-1.14 2.84-2.29 3.76S3 11.1 3 12.25c0 2.22 1.8 4.05 4 4.05z\"\/><path d=\"M12.56 6.6A10.97 10.97 0 0 0 14 3.02c.5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5s3 3.5 3 5.5a6.98 6.98 0 0 1-11.91 4.97\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">EO for water and agriculture<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Satellite evidence on rainfall, soil moisture, crops, water bodies and irrigation.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19.07 4.93A10 10 0 0 0 6.99 3.34\"\/><path d=\"M4 6h.01\"\/><path d=\"M2.29 9.62A10 10 0 1 0 21.31 8.35\"\/><path d=\"M16.24 7.76A6 6 0 1 0 8.23 16.67\"\/><path d=\"M12 18h.01\"\/><path d=\"M17.99 11.66A6 6 0 0 1 15.77 16.67\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"m13.41 10.59 5.66-5.66\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Disaster monitoring<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mapping floods, fires, earthquakes and storms from space, and getting imagery to responders.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"19\" cy=\"5\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"19\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M10.4 21.9a10 10 0 0 0 9.941-15.416\"\/><path d=\"M13.5 2.1a10 10 0 0 0-9.841 15.416\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Space debris and sustainability<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Debris, congestion and collision risk in orbit, and the rules that aim to keep orbits usable.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.106 5.553a2 2 0 0 0 1.788 0l3.659-1.83A1 1 0 0 1 21 4.619v12.764a1 1 0 0 1-.553.894l-4.553 2.277a2 2 0 0 1-1.788 0l-4.212-2.106a2 2 0 0 0-1.788 0l-3.659 1.83A1 1 0 0 1 3 19.381V6.618a1 1 0 0 1 .553-.894l4.553-2.277a2 2 0 0 1 1.788 0z\"\/><path d=\"M15 5.76v15\"\/><path d=\"M9 3.24v15\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Geospatial governance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">National spatial data infrastructures, standards, licensing and the rights around geospatial data.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Grounding, Cycle, Six pillars, Frameworks\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Grounding, Cycle, Six pillars, Frameworks\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-grounding\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Grounding<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-cycle\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Cycle<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pillars\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Six pillars<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Frameworks<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-grounding\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Grounding<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Every claim on Space and Earth Observation rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Earth observation and remote sensing<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Space systems and satellite services<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Geospatial information systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Spatial statistics and geostatistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">High-performance, cloud and edge computing<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Communications and network technology<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Physics and quantum science<\/span><\/div><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-3\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/stem\/\">See the STEM foundation of Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-cycle\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cycle<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How work moves in this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cycle-lanes\"><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Question<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a><\/span> National, regional or institutional priority. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/programmes\/\">Question in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Evidence<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> STEM foundation of the platform. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/stem\/\">Evidence in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Build<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Foundry. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/foundry\/\">Build in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Organise<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/organization\/architecture\/ii.-definitions\/i.-nexus-ecosystem\" data-tc=\"Nexus Ecosystem\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The whole of the institutions, pillars, systems and communities\">Nexus ecosystem<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/community\/\">Organise in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Test<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Universe (independent site). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/universe\/\">Test in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Publish<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a><\/span> Reports. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/reports\/\">Publish in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Decide<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Competent authority<\/span> Competent authorities and institutions, through <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s18\" data-tc=\"NXS-RLS\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Participants, agreements and handoffs\" data-ts=\"NRS-S18\">NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs)<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/trust\/\">Decide in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Renew<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Corrections and the next annual agenda. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/programmes\/\">Renew in Space and Earth Observation<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Competent authority (outside the programme)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pillars\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Six pillars<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How this works across the six pillars.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Space and Earth Observation works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, the Global Risks Forum (GRF) and the Global Risks Alliance (GRA) each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">Labs<\/a>, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-pl-ring nx-canvas-wrap\" data-pl-hex=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex\" data-nx-phex=\"012345\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/space\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/reports\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action findings go into the editions; the Q4 synthesis informs next year's mandate.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;People for the next cycle&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence; qualified participants take roles in the next cycle.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;learning&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Learning by doing&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a course; learners join missions, and missions return to the Foundry.&quot;}]}\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Routes through the programme\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select pillars \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">18 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 18 of 18 handoffs in play, 17 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-phex-legend\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k1\"><\/i>handoff in play<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k2\"><\/i>recorded handoff<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k3\"><\/i>no direct handoff<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-phase\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">The whole programme<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year&#8217;s feedback loops.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span>S<\/span> \u00b7 <span>R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>18<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>17<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Handoffs in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel nx-phex-rel\"><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F01<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Foundry<\/b> \u00b7 Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Readiness preparation<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F02<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Universe<\/b> \u00b7 Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Controlled build<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F03<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Closeout<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F04<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">After-action review<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">and 14 more<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.<\/figcaption><\/figure><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Labs<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Foundry<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, data and models become reproducible builds, each run with its inputs, version and limits on record.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/foundry\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Foundry<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Universe<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where a build is tested under controlled conditions with independent evaluators, so a method&#8217;s skill is measured, not assumed.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/universe\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Universe<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">universe.nexus<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, identifiers and data schemas are codified in the open and corrected when a test finds a fault.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/space\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Standards<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">nexustandards.com<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where findings are published with their method, uncertainty and evidence class, and corrected as new versions.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/reports\/\">Space and Earth Observation in Reports<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Risk Academy<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are taught on real data and real places, by working the case, on Risk Academy.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">risksacademy.com<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Frameworks<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the work is read against.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"register\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Framework or standard<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it sets<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">United Nations (UNOOSA)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Foundational rules for state responsibility and peaceful use of outer space<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Voluntary guidelines on policy, safety, cooperation and research for sustainable space activity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">IADC <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h23\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 space.orbital.space-debris\" data-tk=\"Space and near-Earth \u00b7 Impacts and orbital hazards\" data-td=\"Defunct satellites, rocket stages and fragments in orbit that can strike working spacecraft and crewed stations.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H23\" data-tr=\"draft\">Space Debris<\/a> Mitigation Guidelines<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Measures to limit debris creation and to dispose of spacecraft after missions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Radio Regulations<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">International Telecommunication Union<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Allocation of radio spectrum and satellite orbits, and interference rules<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">United Nations General Assembly<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Principles for remote sensing activities and access by sensed states<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">Integrated Geospatial Information Framework<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A framework for national geospatial information management<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Specifications for satellite data processed to a minimum level for immediate analysis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">International Charter Space and Major Disasters<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Charter member space agencies<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A mechanism to provide satellite data to authorised users after major disasters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">OGC standards and the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog specification<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Open Geospatial Consortium and the STAC community<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Interoperable formats and catalogues for geospatial data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-5\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Consortium, Sources, Pages, Connected\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Consortium, Sources, Pages, Connected\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-consortium\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Consortium<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-21-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Pages<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-22-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Connected<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-consortium\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Consortium<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The same field, seen three ways.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Space and Earth Observation links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Platform\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/diplomacy\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Diplomacy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and Nature Governance<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/insurance-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Insurance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/banking-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Banking Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/asset-management-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Asset Management Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/reinsurance-catastrophe\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Reinsurance and Catastrophe<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/climate-nature-financial-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Climate and Nature Financial Risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Climate and hazards<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-20\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">20<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties\/outerspacetreaty.html\"><span>Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (1967)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/topics\/long-term-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities.html\"><span>Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (UN COPUOS, 2019)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/\"><span>Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (UN General Assembly resolution 41\/65, 1986)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Space_Safety\/Space_Debris\"><span>ESA Space Environment Report (European Space Agency, annual)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\"><span>Nexus Standards, the proposed NS series (nexustandards.com)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-21-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-21\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">21<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-21\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Space and Earth Observation.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/about\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Mandate and publisher<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/field\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Field overview<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/research\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and evidence<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Innovation and practical technology<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/programmes\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Programmes and projects<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/tools\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Data and technical methods<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/community\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Specialist community<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/learning\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning and professional development<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/events\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Events and technical dialogues<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/publications\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and publications<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/participate\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Participation paths<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Contact the specialist team<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/trust\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Trust, rights and status<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/stem\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">STEM foundation of Space and Earth Observation<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/cycle\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">How work moves in this field<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/foundry\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Build in Foundry<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/universe\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Test in Universe<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/reports\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Publish in Reports<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/counterparts\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">The same field across the Consortium<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/topics\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Topics<\/h3><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-22-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-22\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">22<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-22\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/climate\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Climate and hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-6\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-23-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-23-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-23\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">23<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-23\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Who publishes Space and Earth Observation?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Space and Earth Observation and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is Space and Earth Observation active?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Space and Earth Observation is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I contribute?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Start with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/participate\/\">the participation paths<\/a> or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where are findings published?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Reviewed outputs appear on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/publications\/\">the publications page<\/a>, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which values on this platform are real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I report an error?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Use <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/trust\/corrections\/\">corrections and concerns<\/a>, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does this platform differ from the Earth observation platform in Foundry?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s7\">the Earth observation platform (EOP) in Foundry<\/a> is a shared technical system that renders Earth observation data for many platforms. Space and Earth Observation is the research community that develops and reviews the methods, validation and uncertainty behind that data.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform provide satellite imagery?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. It works with data from public and commercial providers under their licences, and publishes methods, cases and briefs. Access to data follows each provider&#8217;s terms.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Space and Earth Observation<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Observatory Signal<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Exponential Technology<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/space-earth-observation#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scn-h-g-p12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-scn-h-g-p12\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">How Space and Earth Observation works.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform&#8217;s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><div class=\"nx-pe\" id=\"nx-pe-g-p12\" data-nx-pe=\"nx-pe-g-p12\" data-active=\"platforms\"><div class=\"nx-pe-shell\"><p class=\"nx-pe-eb\">Space and Earth Observation<\/p><h2 class=\"nx-pe-title\">How Space and Earth Observation works<\/h2><p class=\"nx-pe-others\"><span aria-current=\"true\">Platforms<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Programme year<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Standards<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Reports<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-pe-cap\">A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pe-steps\"><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">01 Scope<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Field and families<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Start \u00b7 The platform lead<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The home states the field, its families and who it serves.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Topic dossiers<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Platform authors<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Topics explain the subject with labelled evidence.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">02 Evidence<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Evidence labels<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Each value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Step \u00b7 Method owners<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Methods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">03 Work<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Scenarios on the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Model \u00b7 Foundry pillar<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Scenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Standards that apply<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">04 Publish<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Editions<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Findings are published through Reports with their limits.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Authority decides<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Outcome \u00b7 The competent authority<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Decisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-pe-foot\"><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Space and Earth Observation home<\/a> \u00b7 Platforms \u00b7 Shared methods<\/span><span>An outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation\" data-nx-takepart=\"GCRI\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Take part in Space and Earth Observation.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Space and Earth Observation platform.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"routes\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Ways to take part\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-routes\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-routes\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"routes\">Routes<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-calls\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-calls\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"calls\">Open calls<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-cell\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-cell\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"cell\">Cells and CERTs<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-index\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-index\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"index\">The Index<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-routes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-routes\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">National institutions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/national-chapters\/\">National chapters<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Sectors and professions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Space and Earth Observation. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/participate\/\">Participate<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/open-learning\/\">Open learning<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Standards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Communities and research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-calls\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-calls\" hidden><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-nx-calls=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Open call<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Seeks<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Closes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Founding call for experts to the working groups <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-01\"><td>Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-IND<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-01<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-REG<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1<\/span><\/td><td>contributor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CORE-SCIENCE<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-03-31\"><td>Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2027-03-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-11-30\"><td>Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2026-11-30<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\">Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/open-areas-and-calls\/\">open areas and calls<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-cell\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-cell\" hidden><div class=\"nx-panel-split\"><ol class=\"nx-terms\"><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Gather the cell<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Bring together three to seven people with complementary skills: data, field practice, policy and communication.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Register it<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Write to the team with the cell&#8217;s name, members, area and region. You receive a reference and a contact. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Choose a charter<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Pick one focus: research and evidence, data and maps, standards review, or community preparedness.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Learn together<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Follow shared study paths at Risk Academy, with practice and a record of every course completed. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/\">Hazards and resilience<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Lead and report<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Hold regular sessions. Publish what the cell learns through Reports. Bring findings to the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-callout nx-panel-aside\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-cert\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-cert\">Specialise as a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT prepares its neighbourhood for the hazards it faces. It builds a local hazard profile from this site&#8217;s map. It trains in household and street preparedness. It learns first aid and light search through recognised local providers, and it runs drills.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT works alongside the local emergency services and follows their direction. It never replaces them and is not an emergency service.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-panel-index\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-tab-index\" hidden><p class=\"nx-panel-lead\">What a national team or a local community can do on The Global Risks Index (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\" data-tc=\"NXS-GRX\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Canonical data, provenance and risk\" data-ts=\"NRS-S6\">NXS-GRX<\/a>) today.<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Your country&#8217;s profile<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Open risk profiles for 195 countries, with sources and licences on every value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Correct or reply<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Correct a value or reply for your country. The change is logged with its effect. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Offer data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Offer a dataset. It enters through the licence gate, with your credit. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Use the open data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Layers, profiles and tiles through the open API. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-space-earth-observation\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-nx-grix=\"earth:arctic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The Global Risks Index<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Every figure on this page is indexed: environment, hazards, climate, The Arctic.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Index is the Consortium&#8217;s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix\"><ol class=\"nx-grix-rail\" aria-label=\"The data pipeline\"><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">01 \u00b7 Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">205 registered sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Every value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/data\/\">Data and licences<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">02 \u00b7 Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">NIS-1 and NHS-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">03 \u00b7 The Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">54 series, 195 country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Computed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">The Global Risks Index<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">04 \u00b7 This page<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">Space and Earth Observation<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Maps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of environment, hazards, climate and The Arctic.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Public API<\/a><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nx-grix-kpis\"><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">205<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">registered, each with its licence<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">451<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">905<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Series<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">54<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">195<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">one site per country<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-grid\"><div class=\"nx-grix-col\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Series in this context <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">environment, hazards, climate<\/span><\/h3><ol class=\"nx-grix-ledger\"><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-12\/\">Global Earth observation<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">What Earth observation can and cannot see of risk: coverage, revisit, latency and the observing <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\" data-tc=\"NXS-GRX\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Canonical data, provenance and risk\" data-ts=\"NRS-S6\">NXS-GRX (canonical data, provenance and risk)<\/a> depends on.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000070<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Environment<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GLB<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/global\/\">Global Systems<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">The state of interdependent <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 global-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Nexus risk class: a risk whose hazard, consequences or causal chain crosses national borders and acts at continental or planetary scale, so that no single country can assess or manage it alone.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">global risk<\/a>: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap\u2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000002<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Environment<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-07\/\">Global Climate<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Chronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000065<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Climate \u00b7 Hazards \u00b7 Environment<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-01\/\">Global Water<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Access, scarcity, quality, floods and droughts, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h10\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.deficit.groundwater-depletion\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Water deficit\" data-td=\"Aquifers drawn down faster than they refill, lowering wells and driving land subsidence and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H10\" data-tr=\"draft\">groundwater depletion<\/a>, transboundary dependency and the couplings of water to energy, food, health and nature.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000059<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Environment<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\" data-nav=\"inline\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/\">All 54 series<\/a> \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/indices\/\">The 20 domain indices<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-col nx-grix-side\"><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Country profiles <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">The Arctic<\/span><\/h3><div class=\"nx-grix-chips\"><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/alb\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ALB<\/span>Albania<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/and\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">AND<\/span>Andorra<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/arg\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ARG<\/span>Argentina<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/atg\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ATG<\/span>Antigua and Barbuda<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/aut\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">AUT<\/span>Austria<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bel\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BEL<\/span>Belgium<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bgr\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BGR<\/span>Bulgaria<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bhs\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BHS<\/span>Bahamas<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bih\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BIH<\/span>Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/blr\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BLR<\/span>Belarus<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/blz\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BLZ<\/span>Belize<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bol\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BOL<\/span>Bolivia (Plurinational State of)<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bra\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BRA<\/span>Brazil<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/brb\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BRB<\/span>Barbados<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/can\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CAN<\/span>Canada<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/che\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CHE<\/span>Switzerland<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/chl\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CHL<\/span>Chile<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/col\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">COL<\/span>Colombia<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/cri\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CRI<\/span>Costa Rica<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/cub\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CUB<\/span>Cuba<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/cze\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CZE<\/span>Czechia<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/deu\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">DEU<\/span>Germany<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/dma\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">DMA<\/span>Dominica<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/dnk\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">DNK<\/span>Denmark<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/dom\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">DOM<\/span>Dominican Republic<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/ecu\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ECU<\/span>Ecuador<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/esp\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ESP<\/span>Spain<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/est\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">EST<\/span>Estonia<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/fin\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">FIN<\/span>Finland<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/fra\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">FRA<\/span>France<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/gbr\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GBR<\/span>United Kingdom<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/grc\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GRC<\/span>Greece<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/grd\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GRD<\/span>Grenada<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/gtm\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GTM<\/span>Guatemala<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/guy\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GUY<\/span>Guyana<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hnd\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">HND<\/span>Honduras<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/countries\/\">+ 43 more, all country profiles<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\">Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/contribute\/\">Correct a value or reply<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Hazard domains <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">NHS-1<\/span><\/h3><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\">Solid Earth<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000138<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/eco\/\">Land and ecosystems<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000140<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/planet\/\">Planetary boundaries and Earth-system tipping<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000141<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Geodata and API <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">open<\/span><\/h3><p class=\"nx-grix-m\">Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km\u00b2 or as symbols: <span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 GHSL 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 WorldPop 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Built-up area<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Ports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Airports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Roads<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Railways<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Rivers and lake centrelines<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/observatory\/\">Risk Observatory map<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">open<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-grix-m\"><code class=\"nx-grix-code\">\/api\/v1\/public\/grix<\/code> \u00b7 <code class=\"nx-grix-code\">https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/{uni}<\/code><br><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Developers<\/a> \u00b7 Data \u00b7 Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-note\">Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 \u00b7 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/institutions\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Institutions<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/earth-observation-system-data\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Earth observation and Earth system data<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/space\/space-industry\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Space industry<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"nx-deeper nx-hubs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-hubs-h\" data-nx-hubs=\"3\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-space-earth-observation-hubs-h\">The same subject across the Consortium<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/space\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Space and Earth Observation<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/earth-observation-system-data\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Learn:<\/span> Earth observation and Earth system data<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-12\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Index:<\/span> Global Earth observation series<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-24\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Space and Earth Observation<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-24\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/write-to-us\/research-collaboration\/\">Propose a method <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-legal-25\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Legal<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-legal-25\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Legal documents.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Legal documents\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Platform Terms of Use <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Platform Privacy Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Platform Cookie and Storage Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/legal-notice\/\">Legal Notice <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/acceptable-use\/\">Acceptable Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/participation-terms\/\">Participation and Events Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/contribution-terms\/\">Contribution Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/research-and-data-terms\/\">Research and Data Terms <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/ai-use\/\">AI-use Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/intellectual-property\/\">Intellectual Property and Licensing <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/trademark-policy\/\">Trademark and Name Use Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/disclaimer\/\">Disclaimers and Data Notices <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/corrections\/\">Corrections and Right of Reply Policy <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/complaints-and-integrity\/\">Complaints and integrity reporting <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/security\/\">Security and responsible disclosure <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/code-of-conduct\/\">Code of Conduct <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility Statement <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/legal\/third-party-notices\/\">Third-party notices and attributions <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.<\/p><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/space-earth-observation\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who publishes Space and Earth Observation?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Space and Earth Observation and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. 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