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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-ne6x7tg7.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-scene nx-es-scene\" data-scene=\"text\" data-ground=\"none\" data-es-org=\"gcri\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scene-title\"><div class=\"nx-scene-intro nx-es-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><abbr title=\"The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation\">GCRI<\/abbr> \u00b7 Systems Science and Modelling<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><h1 id=\"nx-scene-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">The shared mathematical and engineering foundation for every Nexus field: how coupled <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> are modelled, tested, validated and explained, so that a flood model, a grid model and a contagion model can be compared and combined honestly. Systems Science and Modelling is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/about\/\">Open Mandate and publisher <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/about\/\">About GCRI<\/a><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-scene-stats nx-es-stats\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM methods<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Canonical methods this field applies<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Subject pages in the field<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Counterparts<\/dt><dd>6<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Platforms in shared fields across the network<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Report series<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-scene-stat-note\">Reports series it contributes to<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-1-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contents<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Systems Science and Modelling in seven parts.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-es-fig\" data-es-layout=\"protocol\"><div class=\"nx-hero-panel\"><div class=\"nx-lv-steps\"><div class=\"nx-register-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Reading order<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">6 steps<\/span><\/div><ol><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\"><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-n\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-t\">What the platform does<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-d\">A methods commons for modelling coupled systems honestly<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-cycle\"><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-n\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-t\">Cycle<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-d\">How work moves in this field<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-overview\"><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-n\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-t\">Overview<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-d\">What Systems Science and Modelling does<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-mandate\"><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-n\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-t\">Mandate and boundaries<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-d\">What Systems Science and Modelling provides, and who owns each model<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\"><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-n\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-t\">Across the domains<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-d\">Coupled models are how the domains are joined<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\"><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-n\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-t\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><span class=\"nx-lv-steps-d\">Where modelling evidence goes<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-1\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-label=\"What the platform does, Monitor, Topics\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"What the platform does, Monitor, Topics\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">What the platform does<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-3-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Monitor<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-4-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Topics<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-what-the-platform-does\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What the platform does<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">A methods commons for modelling coupled systems honestly.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform is designed as the community that owns the methods themselves: how models are compared, validated, coupled and reproduced across fields.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"18\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M6 21V9a9 9 0 0 0 9 9\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Comparison<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Model intercomparison<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Structured comparison of models of the same system, and what their disagreement reveals. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/model-intercomparison\/\">model intercomparison<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3.85 8.62a4 4 0 0 1 4.78-4.77 4 4 0 0 1 6.74 0 4 4 0 0 1 4.78 4.78 4 4 0 0 1 0 6.74 4 4 0 0 1-4.77 4.78 4 4 0 0 1-6.75 0 4 4 0 0 1-4.78-4.77 4 4 0 0 1 0-6.76Z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Validation<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Validation protocols<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Methods for testing models against observations and stating uncertainty. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/uncertainty-and-validation\/\">uncertainty and validation<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Coupling<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Coupled systems<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Linking water, energy, food, health and infrastructure models without hiding assumptions. See <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/coupled-systems-modelling\/\">coupled systems modelling<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Signature outputs are designed to include model intercomparison studies, validation protocols, method notes in the Reports Methods and Technical series, and open teaching material.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Monitor<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coupled model runner.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The screen a team would use to follow this field: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-fk nx-cx\" data-fk=\"cx-systems-coupled\" data-cx=\"systems.coupled\" data-variant=\"section\" aria-label=\"Coupled model runner: illustrative console with example names and values\"><div class=\"nx-fk-head\"><div class=\"nx-fk-heading\"><h3 class=\"nx-fk-title\">Coupled model runner<\/h3><p class=\"nx-fk-sub\">Coupled model A \u00b7 Scenario set 3<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-fk-btn\" data-fk-act=\"menu\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\" hidden><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 4v11\"\/><path d=\"m7 10 5 5 5-5\"\/><path d=\"M5 20h14\"\/><\/svg>Export<\/button><ul class=\"nx-fk-menu\" data-fk-menu=\"true\" hidden><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-png\">Image<small>PNG of the map or chart<\/small><\/button><\/li><li><button type=\"button\" data-fk-act=\"export-csv\">Data<small>CSV of the figure&#8217;s values<\/small><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-status\"><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"info\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Ensemble running<\/span><span class=\"nx-cx-prod\">GCRI \u00b7 Systems Science and Modelling<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-grid\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Model coupling graph<\/h4><p class=\"nx-fk-panel-sub\">nodes: models \u00b7 edges: exchanged variables<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cx-map\"><svg class=\"nx-cx-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Model coupling graph: schematic on example geography. Illustrative.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"3\" data-t=\"table\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Coupled components<\/h4><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tablewrap\" data-fk-view=\"table:cx-systems-coupled-t1\"><table class=\"nx-fk-table\" data-fk-table=\"cx-systems-coupled-t1\" aria-label=\"Coupled components\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c0\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c0\">Component<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c1\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c1\">Time step<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c2\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c2\">Exchanges<\/button><\/th><th scope=\"col\" data-col=\"c3\" aria-sort=\"none\"><button type=\"button\" data-fk-sort=\"c3\">Validated<\/button><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-systems-coupled:r1-0\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Hydrology<\/td><td>1 day<\/td><td>runoff<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-systems-coupled:r1-1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Power system<\/td><td>1 h<\/td><td>demand, outages<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-systems-coupled:r1-2\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Economy<\/td><td>1 quarter<\/td><td>output, prices<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"near\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Partial<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr data-fk-key=\"cx-systems-coupled:r1-3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"row\" aria-selected=\"false\"><td>Population<\/td><td>1 year<\/td><td>exposure<\/td><td><span class=\"nx-fk-pill\" data-state=\"met\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-panel nx-cx-p\" data-w=\"6\" data-t=\"chart\"><div class=\"nx-fk-panel-head\"><div><h4 class=\"nx-fk-panel-title\">Ensemble output<\/h4><\/div><\/div><svg class=\"nx-fk-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 460 210\" width=\"460\" height=\"210\" role=\"img\" 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data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-fk-tip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-fk-cap\"><span>Coupled model runner: the screen&#8217;s structure, terms and states for Coupled model A.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Example names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-1-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The questions this field works on.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/model-intercomparison\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Model intercomparison<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Comparing models of the same system, and what disagreement tells you.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/uncertainty-and-validation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Uncertainty and validation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Quantifying uncertainty, validation against observations and the limits of calibration.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/coupled-systems-modelling\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Coupled systems modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Linking water, energy, food, health and infrastructure models without hiding assumptions.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/networks-and-cascades\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Networks and cascades<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Network science for dependency, contagion and cascading failure.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/agent-based-and-complexity\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Agent-based and complexity models<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Behaviour, adaptation and emergence in social-technical systems.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/optimization-under-uncertainty\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Optimisation under uncertainty<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Robust and adaptive decisions when futures are deeply uncertain.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/digital-twins-method\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Digital twins: method and limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">What a twin can and cannot represent, and how it is kept honest.<\/p><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/reproducible-modelling\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topic<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Reproducible modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Versioned models, data lineage and re-runnable results.<\/p><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-2\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-label=\"Simulator, Cycle, Twin and cascade simulator\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Simulator, Cycle, Twin and cascade simulator\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-instrument\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Simulator<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-cycle\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Cycle<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-twin\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-ns-layout=\"es-wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Two stocks, pressure and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 adaptive-capacity\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The ability of a system, institution or community to adjust to actual or expected change, take advantage of opportunities and moderate harm. Adaptive capacity works over longer time horizons than coping.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">adaptive capacity<\/a>, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows North America; the model itself is not tied to a place.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-in nx-fk\" id=\"nx-in-systems-modelling-0\" data-nxi=\"sd\" data-nxi-id=\"sd\" data-nxi-z=\"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\" aria-label=\"Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold\"><div class=\"nx-in-body\"><div class=\"nx-in-main\"><div class=\"nx-in-tabs\" data-nxi-tabs=\"true\" aria-label=\"Views of the model\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"result\">Result<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"loops\">Loops<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"fan\">Uncertainty<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-tab\" data-nxi-view=\"tornado\">Sensitivity<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-stage\" id=\"nx-in-systems-modelling-0-stage\" data-nxi-stage=\"true\" data-view=\"result\"><svg class=\"nx-in-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Stocks over time\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-in-tip\" data-nxi-tip=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"nx-in-bar\" data-nxi-bar=\"true\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Play over time\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-prev=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step back\">&#8249;<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-play=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Play<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-next=\"true\" aria-label=\"Step forward\">&#8250;<\/button><span class=\"nx-in-step\" data-nxi-step=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-in-side\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><div class=\"nx-in-ctl\" data-nxi-ctl=\"true\"><dl class=\"nx-in-pv\"><div><dt>Growth of pressure<\/dt><dd>6.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Efficacy of capacity in reducing pressure<\/dt><dd>4.0% a year<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Investment response to perceived pressure<\/dt><dd>20%<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Perception delay<\/dt><dd>4.0 years<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Tipping threshold of pressure<\/dt><dd>60 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Amplification past the threshold<\/dt><dd>2.0 times<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years simulated<\/dt><dd>50 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Readouts<\/p><dl class=\"nx-in-out\" data-nxi-out=\"true\" aria-live=\"polite\"><div><dt>Peak pressure<\/dt><dd>113 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Capacity at the end<\/dt><dd>186 index<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Years over the threshold<\/dt><dd>15.8 years<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><details class=\"nx-in-more\"><summary>Numbers, methods and sources<\/summary><div class=\"nx-in-more-in\"><div class=\"nx-in-tblw\" data-nxi-table=\"true\"><table class=\"nx-in-tbl\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Year<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pressure<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Capacity<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Perceived<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">0<\/th><td>20.0<\/td><td>50.0<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">4<\/th><td>23.3<\/td><td>44.9<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">8<\/th><td>27.2<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>24.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">12<\/th><td>31.7<\/td><td>42.3<\/td><td>27.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">16<\/th><td>36.8<\/td><td>45.5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">20<\/th><td>42.3<\/td><td>51.5<\/td><td>37.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">24<\/th><td>47.9<\/td><td>60.3<\/td><td>42.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">28<\/th><td>53.2<\/td><td>71.3<\/td><td>48.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">32<\/th><td>57.8<\/td><td>84.3<\/td><td>53.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">36<\/th><td>66.4<\/td><td>98.4<\/td><td>58.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">40<\/th><td>82.7<\/td><td>115.9<\/td><td>69.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">44<\/th><td>97.8<\/td><td>139.7<\/td><td>83.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">48<\/th><td>109.1<\/td><td>169.4<\/td><td>97.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-in-btn\" data-nxi-csv=\"true\" hidden>Download the numbers (CSV)<\/button><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods<\/h4><ol class=\"nx-in-meth\"><li>System dynamics <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics<\/span><\/li><li>Critical transitions and tipping points <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461<\/span><\/li><li>Causal loop diagram <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/li><li>Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333<\/span><\/li><li>One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) <span class=\"nx-in-cite\">Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h4 class=\"nx-h4\">Data<\/h4><p class=\"nx-p\">No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme&#8217;s own evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\">Stocks, flows, delays and a tipping threshold. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).<\/figcaption><div class=\"nx-in-pls\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium<\/p><ul class=\"nx-in-pl\" aria-label=\"Where this instrument connects across the pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Experiments<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Built in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/foundry\/\">Systems Science and Modelling in Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Tested at<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/universe\/\">Systems Science and Modelling in Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Codified in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/assurance\/\">Trust, Verification and Assurance in Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Published in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/reports\/\">Systems Science and Modelling in Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-in-plv\">Taught in<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/\">Faculty of Risk Science and Methods in Academy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><span class=\"nx-in-keep\" hidden><i data-c=\"c1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c4\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"c6\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l1\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l2\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"l5\"><\/i><i data-c=\"h3\"><\/i><i data-c=\"neg\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on0\"><\/i><i data-c=\"on1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"0\"><\/i><i data-l=\"1\"><\/i><i data-l=\"2\"><\/i><i data-l=\"3\"><\/i><i data-l=\"4\"><\/i><i data-l=\"5\"><\/i><i data-on=\"0\"><\/i><i data-on=\"1\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"p\"><\/i><i data-pol=\"n\"><\/i><i data-k=\"R\"><\/i><i data-k=\"B\"><\/i><i data-k=\"dash\"><\/i><i data-dash=\"true\"><\/i><i data-view=\"result\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"on\"><\/i><i data-nxi-live=\"off\"><\/i><i class=\"nx-in-svg nx-in-grid nx-in-ax nx-in-tk nx-in-at nx-in-ln nx-in-band nx-in-lbl nx-in-lk nx-in-ref nx-in-reft nx-in-mk nx-in-x nx-in-rect nx-in-val nx-in-rowl nx-in-cl nx-in-arrow nx-in-pol nx-in-cln nx-in-loop nx-in-edge nx-in-node nx-in-nl nx-in-reach nx-in-trib nx-in-agent nx-in-flow nx-in-legend nx-in-sw nx-in-note nx-in-loops nx-in-3d nx-in-cv nx-in-field nx-in-fl nx-in-fv nx-in-range nx-in-btn nx-in-err nx-in-tbl nx-in-cite\"><\/i><\/span><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-cycle\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Cycle<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How work moves in this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cycle-lanes\"><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Question<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/universe\">Universe<\/a><\/span> National, regional or institutional priority. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/programmes\/\">Question in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Evidence<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> STEM foundation of the platform. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/stem\/\">Evidence in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Build<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Foundry<\/span> Foundry. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/foundry\/\">Build in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Organise<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/organization\/architecture\/ii.-definitions\/i.-nexus-ecosystem\" data-tc=\"Nexus Ecosystem\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The whole of the institutions, pillars, systems and communities\">Nexus ecosystem<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/community\/\">Organise in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Test<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Universe (independent site). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/universe\/\">Test in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Publish<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/reports\">Reports<\/a><\/span> Reports. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/reports\/\">Publish in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Decide<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Competent authority<\/span> Competent authorities and institutions, through <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s18\" data-tc=\"NXS-RLS\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Participants, agreements and handoffs\" data-ts=\"NRS-S18\">NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs)<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/trust\/\">Decide in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><strong>Renew<\/strong> <span class=\"nx-pl-in\">Universe<\/span> Corrections and the next annual agenda. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/programmes\/\">Renew in Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-pl-legend\" aria-label=\"Pillars\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">Universe<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"authority\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Competent authority (outside the programme)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-twin\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-span=\"wide\" data-ns-layout=\"twin\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-2-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Twin and cascade simulator<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Model Systems Science and Modelling as a system. Run the cascade.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Assembled from the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> area profile <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a>: the hazards it names, the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/system-builder\/\">System Builder<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin\" data-ns-data=\"nx-twin-es-home-G-P19\" data-ns-credits=\"Nexus Standards registry and area profiles; Nexus Hazard Standard NHS-1 1.1.0\"><div class=\"nx-ns-twin-static\"><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h62\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.compound.natech\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Compound and multi-hazard events\" data-td=\"A technological accident, such as a toxic release, fire or explosion, triggered when a natural hazard damages a plant, pipeline or store.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H62\" data-tr=\"draft\">Natech event<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h32\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 poll.release.chemical-spill\" data-tk=\"Pollution and hazardous substances \u00b7 Hazardous releases and chemical agents\" data-td=\"Uncontrolled release of a hazardous liquid or gas from a tank, pipe, vehicle or process into the surroundings.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H32\" data-tr=\"draft\">Chemical spill or leak<\/a> (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Emergency-response overload (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Toxic gas release (set off downstream)<\/li><li>Industrial fire (set off downstream)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems and couplings<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards\/\">Compound and cascading hazard standards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/hydrometeorological-hazard-standards\/\">Hydrometeorological hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Compounding<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/geophysical-hazard-standards\/\">Geophysical hazard standards<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Triggering<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/energy-infrastructure\/critical-infrastructure-and-critical-entities\/\">Critical infrastructure and critical entities<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Cascade<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\">Global and systemic risk<\/a> <span class=\"nx-ns-sub\">Mechanism<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Controls<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><code>NS-0<\/code> Constitution and principles<\/li><li><code>NS-3<\/code> Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)<\/li><li><code>NS-9<\/code> Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)<\/li><li><code>NS-11<\/code> Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H61<\/code> Hazard family: Cascading failure (NHS-1 sys.cascade)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H62<\/code> Hazard family: Compound and multi-hazard events (NHS-1 sys.compound)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H60<\/code> Hazard family: Supply-chain and flow disruption (NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H94<\/code> Hazard family: Systemic cyber events (NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H107<\/code> Hazard family: Digital infrastructure concentration and monoculture (NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)<\/li><li><code>NRS-H7<\/code> Hazard family: Large-scale circulation anomalies (NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Observation<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Copernicus EMS rapid mapping activations (listed for reference)<\/li><li>OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)<\/li><li>ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)<\/li><li>Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP<\/li><li>Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Example geography<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Bangladesh: 134 hexagonal cells<\/li><li>Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day\/Night Band), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS<\/li><li>Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-3\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-label=\"Overview, Methods and evidence, Mandate and boundaries\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Overview, Methods and evidence, Mandate and boundaries\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-overview\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Overview<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-audience\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Methods and evidence<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Mandate and boundaries<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-overview\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Overview<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Systems Science and Modelling does.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> modelling is the practice of representing complex systems in mathematical and computational models to understand, predict and test decisions. Systems Science and Modelling covers intercomparison, uncertainty and validation, coupled systems, networks and cascades, agent-based models, optimisation under uncertainty, digital twins and reproducible modelling. Model owners and users decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Who it serves<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its community<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Systems scientists; modellers; statisticians; complexity scientists; operations researchers; data scientists; model validators.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M6 18h8\"\/><path d=\"M3 22h18\"\/><path d=\"M14 22a7 7 0 1 0 0-14h-1\"\/><path d=\"M9 14h2\"\/><path d=\"M9 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6h6v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Z\"\/><path d=\"M12 6V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H9a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its methods<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Systems engineering; uncertainty quantification; network and complex-systems modelling; optimisation; model validation and intercomparison.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M15 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7Z\"\/><path d=\"M14 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><path d=\"M10 9H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 13H8\"\/><path d=\"M16 17H8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">What it produces<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Its outputs<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Model intercomparison studies; validation protocols; method notes in Reports Methods and Technical; open teaching material.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-audience\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Systems Science and Modelling is modelled, measured and tested.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-au\" data-au-voice=\"science\" data-au-n=\"2\"><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"method-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Model, equations and assumptions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The model structure used for Systems Science and Modelling, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-eqs\"><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Risk of element i<\/span><code>R<sub>i<\/sub> = f(H<sub>i<\/sub>, E<sub>i<\/sub>, V<sub>i<\/sub>, C<sub>i<\/sub>)<\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">hazard, exposure, vulnerability and coping capacity<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Expected annual loss<\/span><code>EAL = &#8721;<sub>k<\/sub> p<sub>k<\/sub> &#183; L<sub>k<\/sub><\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">over events k with annual probability p<sub>k<\/sub><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-au-eq\"><span class=\"nx-au-k\">Coupled systems<\/span><code>x<sub>t+1<\/sub> = A x<sub>t<\/sub> + B u<sub>t<\/sub> + &#949;<sub>t<\/sub><\/code><span class=\"nx-au-n\">A carries the couplings, u the shock, &#949; the error<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Assumption<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Why it is made<\/th><th scope=\"col\">How it is tested<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Hazard and exposure are independent within an event<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Keeps the loss integral tractable<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Compare with a copula fit on joint records<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Couplings are linear near the operating point<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Lets shocks propagate through A<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Perturb beyond the linear range and compare<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Assumption\">Vulnerability curves transfer between places<\/td><td data-label=\"Why it is made\">Local curves are rarely available<\/td><td data-label=\"How it is tested\">Validate against observed losses where they exist<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><dl class=\"nx-au-kv\"><div><dt>Inputs<\/dt><dd>versioned datasets with provenance<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Outputs<\/dt><dd>distributions, never single numbers<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Code<\/dt><dd>released with the model card and tests<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Reproduction<\/dt><dd>same data, code, environment and seed<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Standard risk and state-space formulations; the assumptions listed are typical of the method, stated for review, not results.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"nx-au-c\" data-au-fig=\"system-model\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">System model<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-au-what\">The couplings between the systems in Systems Science and Modelling: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.<\/p><div class=\"nx-au-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-au-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Causal loop diagram of Methods, Risk management, Research, Communities, Economy\" focusable=\"false\"><line class=\"nx-au-ac\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"398.6\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"339.3\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"280\" y1=\"32\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"375.95\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ax\" x1=\"398.6\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"187.58\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"280\" y=\"183.58\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"187.58\" x2=\"161.4\" y2=\"91.42\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"184.05\" y=\"135.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><line class=\"nx-au-ln\" x1=\"161.4\" y1=\"91.42\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"32\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-sign\" x=\"220.7\" y=\"57.71\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"32.0\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Methods<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd nx-au-nd-ac\" cx=\"398.6\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"410.6\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"start\">Risk management<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"365.3\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"start\">Research<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"187.6\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"205.58\" text-anchor=\"end\">Communities<\/text><circle class=\"nx-au-nd\" cx=\"161.4\" cy=\"91.4\" r=\"6\"\/><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"149.4\" y=\"95.42\" text-anchor=\"end\">Economy<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t nx-au-lb\" x=\"280\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\">R  reinforcing<\/text><text class=\"nx-au-t\" x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B  balancing<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Causal loop diagram from the page&#8217;s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"nx-chips nx-au-fw\" aria-label=\"Frameworks cited\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">FAIR guiding principles \u00b7 GO FAIR and FORCE11<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">W3C PROV \u00b7 World Wide Web Consortium<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Guidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties \u00b7 IPCC<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">CEOS Analysis Ready Data \u00b7 Committee on Earth Observation Satellites<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-mandate\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-3-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mandate and boundaries<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What Systems Science and Modelling provides, and who owns each model.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling, is the shared methods foundation: how coupled models are built, tested, validated, compared and explained across the network. Model owners and the institutions that use models decide how to use them; the platform vouches for no model and publishes the evidence on each.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Model diagrams and outputs here are illustrations. Validation results are published with the conditions they hold under.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geography<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazards and exposure in North America.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Population density, flood water and night lights over North America, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"north-america:risk\" data-ml-points=\"on\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"risk\" data-ml-plan=\"p-e9b3bd50\" data-ml-relief=\"1.3\" data-ml-view=\"3d\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:risk\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.people gibs.water.flood gibs.energy.ntl gibs.water.true gibs.energy.fires gibs.food.cover ev.eonet ev.usgs r.dist r.hls r.dswxs1 f.flood r.imerg f.ens\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-risk\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-risk\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-170,7,-52,72\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Hazards and exposure, North America: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">People and floods<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood,ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Floods and lights<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lights and people<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Population<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Hazards and exposure, for this page<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"4\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"fires\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-breaks=\"10,50,200\" data-wm-short=\"Fires and flares\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Active fires and thermal anomalies<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"MW\">Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"fires\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.fires\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE FIRMS<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"cover\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-op=\"0.7\" data-wm-short=\"Land cover\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LP DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land cover type (IGBP), yearly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LP DAAC MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"modelled\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"class\">Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"cover\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.food.cover\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LP DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2024-01-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" 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stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Hazards and exposure, framed on North America.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 U.S. Geological Survey \u00b7 NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.firms\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.land\">MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li><\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (11 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"cover\">2024<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-4\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Reports, standards and contributions, The problem, Foundations and counterparts\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Across the domains, Reports, standards and contributions, The problem, Foundations and counterparts\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Across the domains<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">The problem<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-foundations-and-counterparts\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Foundations and counterparts<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-nexus-couplings\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Across the domains<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Coupled models are how the domains are joined.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"2\" aria-label=\"Domain\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Water<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Hydrological models supply inflows to power and irrigation models.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/energy-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Energy<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Grid models need weather, water and demand inputs from other models.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/food-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Food<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Crop models couple weather, soil and management.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/health-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Health<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Epidemic models couple behaviour, mobility and health system capacity.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/biodiversity-nexus\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Biodiversity<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">How this field couples to it<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Ecosystem models link land use, climate and species.<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-reports-and-contributions\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports, standards and contributions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where modelling evidence goes.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Intercomparisons and validation studies are designed for the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/methods-technical\/\">Methods and Technical series<\/a>. Models would carry cards and versioned code under NS-12 of the proposed <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/ecosystem\/standards\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a>.<\/p><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Modellers can join intercomparison exercises.<\/li><li>Researchers can contribute validation datasets.<\/li><li>Reviewers can audit model documentation.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-the-problem\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The problem<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Models of connected systems are built in isolation.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Every field in the Nexus Consortium relies on models. Hydrologists model river flows, power engineers model grids, epidemiologists model transmission, economists model markets and catastrophe modellers model losses. Each discipline has developed its own methods, data conventions and standards of evidence, and many of these models are excellent within their scope.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">The difficulty begins when <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> interact. A <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h5\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 atmo.thermal.heatwave\" data-tk=\"Atmosphere and weather \u00b7 Thermal extremes\" data-td=\"A spell of abnormally high temperature, often with warm nights, that overloads bodies, power grids and crops.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H5\" data-tr=\"draft\">heatwave<\/a> raises electricity demand, lowers the efficiency of power plants, reduces river flows used for cooling, increases hospital admissions and strains supply chains, all at once. Understanding that event requires linking models that were never designed to work together. Their time steps, spatial scales, units and assumptions differ. Uncertainty in one model propagates into the next, often unrecorded. When outputs are passed between disciplines, assumptions can be lost and confidence can be overstated.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">The consequences are practical. Decisions on infrastructure, public health and finance increasingly rest on integrated models and digital twins. If those models hide assumptions, cannot be reproduced, or report false precision, decision-makers may be confident about the wrong things. Cascading failures are precisely the phenomena that isolated models miss and poorly coupled models misrepresent.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-foundations-and-counterparts\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-4-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">15<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Foundations and counterparts<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the platform anchors the STEM Commons and connects across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">The platform is the steward of six STEM methods in the GCRI STEM Commons: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/systems-engineering\/\">systems engineering<\/a>, probability and statistics, uncertainty quantification and model validation, network science and contagion, complex <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and agent-based modelling and optimisation and operations research. It also applies <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/decision-analysis\/\">decision analysis under uncertainty<\/a> and high-performance, cloud and edge computing. Its <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/stem\/\">STEM applications<\/a> show how they combine.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Within GCRI, it works with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a> on experimental protocols and with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 systemic-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that the failure or disruption of parts of an interconnected system propagates through its dependencies to impair the functioning of the whole, often beyond the sector or place where it began. It arises from\u2026\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Systemic Risk<\/a> Management on systemic risk methods, and it wires into the Foundry systems <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s3\" data-tc=\"NXS-DSS\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Decision cases and deliberation\" data-ts=\"NRS-S3\">NXS-DSS (decision cases and deliberation)<\/a> and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s20\" data-tc=\"NXS-LAB\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Research, experiments and simulations\" data-ts=\"NRS-S20\">NXS-LAB (research, experiments and simulations)<\/a>. At The Global Risks Alliance (GRA), <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/\">Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<\/a> is its counterpart for quantitative methods in financial risk, and Financial Stability applies network methods to the financial system. At The Global Risks Forum (GRF), the <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/research\/\">Research Nexus<\/a> and Foresight Nexus convene dialogue on evidence and futures. See all <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/counterparts\/\">counterparts<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">Method notes are designed for the Reports <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/series\/methods-technical\/\">Methods and Technical series<\/a> and Scenario and Stress-Test series, and the platform designs a Universe exercise on cross-system model integration, described on its Universe page.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-5\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-label=\"Coverage, Grounding, Six pillars, Frameworks\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Coverage, Grounding, Six pillars, Frameworks\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-areas\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Coverage<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-grounding\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Grounding<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pillars\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Six pillars<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Frameworks<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-areas\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-16\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">16<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Coverage<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-16\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The areas of methods and modelling this platform takes on.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling is the shared methods foundation of the network: how coupled systems are modelled, tested, validated and explained, so that a flood model, a grid model and a contagion model can be compared and combined honestly. Its pages cover model intercomparison, uncertainty and validation, coupled systems, networks and cascades, agent-based and complexity models, optimisation under uncertainty, digital twins and reproducible modelling, with every value labelled by its evidence and every limit stated. Model owners and the institutions that use models decide.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Model intercomparison<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Running different models on common experiments to see where they agree, differ and why.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3.85 8.62a4 4 0 0 1 4.78-4.77 4 4 0 0 1 6.74 0 4 4 0 0 1 4.78 4.78 4 4 0 0 1 0 6.74 4 4 0 0 1-4.77 4.78 4 4 0 0 1-6.75 0 4 4 0 0 1-4.78-4.77 4 4 0 0 1 0-6.76Z\"\/><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Uncertainty and validation<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Stating how far model results can be trusted, and testing them against independent evidence.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Coupled systems modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Linking models of water, energy, food, health, economy and infrastructure so their interactions show.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"16\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"2\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M5 16v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3\"\/><path d=\"M12 12V8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Networks and cascades<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Representing dependencies as networks and simulating how failures spread across them.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M16 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M22 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\"\/><path d=\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Agent-based and complexity<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Models built from interacting agents whose behaviour produces system-level patterns.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"6\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Optimisation under uncertainty<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Choosing plans and designs that perform acceptably across many possible futures.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect width=\"8\" height=\"8\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 11v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4\"\/><rect width=\"8\" height=\"8\" x=\"13\" y=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Digital twins<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Models continuously updated with data from a real system to support monitoring and decisions.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m16 6 4 14\"\/><path d=\"M12 6v14\"\/><path d=\"M8 8v12\"\/><path d=\"M4 4v16\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Area<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Reproducible modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Versioned code, data and documentation so that models can be rerun, checked and reused.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-grounding\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-17\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">17<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Grounding<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Every claim on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Systems engineering<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Probability and statistics<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Uncertainty quantification and model validation<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Network science and contagion<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Complex systems and agent-based modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Optimisation and operations research<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Decision analysis under uncertainty<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">High-performance, cloud and edge computing<\/span><\/div><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-3\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/stem\/\">See the STEM foundation of Systems Science and Modelling<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pillars\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-18\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">18<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Six pillars<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-18\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How this works across the six pillars.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">Labs<\/a>, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a>, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-pl-ring nx-canvas-wrap\" data-pl-hex=\"true\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig nx-phex\" data-nx-phex=\"012345\" data-phex-ctx=\"whole\" data-phex=\"{&quot;S&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;labs&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;L&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Labs&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Experiments&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Turns open questions into designed experiments&quot;,&quot;Prototypes new methods, data pipelines and tools&quot;,&quot;Records failures and limits alongside results&quot;,&quot;Hands reproducible prototypes to the Foundry&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;foundry&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;F&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Foundry&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Builds&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/foundry\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Builds the cycle's software, data and environments&quot;,&quot;Simulates scenarios and runs benchmarks&quot;,&quot;Monitors hazards, systems and evidence&quot;,&quot;Develops and tracks the National Portfolio&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;universe&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;U&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Universe&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Convenes and tests&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/universe\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/universe.nexus\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Sets the annual mandate and admits missions&quot;,&quot;Runs readiness, the controlled build and Action Week&quot;,&quot;Stands down temporary capacity and seals evidence&quot;,&quot;Reviews the year and renews the mandate&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;standards&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;S&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Standards&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Nexus Standards&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Codify and correct&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/assurance\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Identifies every artefact with a UNI&quot;,&quot;Routes work to the standards that apply&quot;,&quot;Validates and monitors conformance evidence&quot;,&quot;Takes cycle findings as change proposals&quot;,&quot;Records national adoption&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;reports&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;R&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Reports&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Publishes&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/reports\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes four editions a year, with Q4 as the annual flagship&quot;,&quot;Maintains country and regional profiles&quot;,&quot;Publishes exponential technology streams&quot;,&quot;Records corrections and method changes&quot;]},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;academy&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Academy&quot;,&quot;full&quot;:&quot;Risk Academy&quot;,&quot;verb&quot;:&quot;Teaches&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/&quot;,&quot;home&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/&quot;,&quot;does&quot;:[&quot;Publishes a course for every system, standard and programme role&quot;,&quot;Assesses learning on real cycle tasks&quot;,&quot;Issues microcredentials and achievements through accountable issuers&quot;,&quot;Feeds qualified people into the next cycle&quot;]}],&quot;H&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F01&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F02&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F03&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F04&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F05&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;National Portfolio movement for chapter 11&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F06&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Method and correction findings as change proposals&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F07&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Docket items that need a standard or a profile&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F08&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Composed mission profiles and national adoption records&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F09&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each adopted standard or profile becomes a course module&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F10&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:2,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F11&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Qualified participants for the next cycle's roles&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F12&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:2,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F13&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:3,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Validation and monitoring evidence for conformance review&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;F14&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:1,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a learning-by-doing course&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R1&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:3,&quot;t&quot;:4,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Applied in editions&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R2&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:4,&quot;t&quot;:5,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Taught in the open&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R3&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:5,&quot;t&quot;:0,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Questions become experiments&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;R4&quot;,&quot;f&quot;:0,&quot;t&quot;:1,&quot;ph&quot;:null,&quot;art&quot;:&quot;Tested prototypes are built&quot;}],&quot;PH&quot;:[[&quot;PLANNING&quot;,&quot;Planning&quot;],[&quot;READINESS_PREPARATION&quot;,&quot;Readiness preparation&quot;],[&quot;CONTROLLED_BUILD&quot;,&quot;Controlled build&quot;],[&quot;CLOSEOUT&quot;,&quot;Closeout&quot;],[&quot;AFTER_ACTION_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;After-action review&quot;],[&quot;CORRECTION&quot;,&quot;Correction&quot;],[&quot;DOCKET_REVIEW&quot;,&quot;Docket review&quot;],[&quot;RENEWAL&quot;,&quot;Renewal&quot;]],&quot;L&quot;:[[1,3],[1,2],[2,5],[2,4],[1,5,2],[1,4,3],[1,4,2],[1,2,3],[2,3,5],[1,5,2,3],[1,4,2,3],[1,3,5,2],[1,2,4,3],[2,4,3,5],[1,5,2,4,3],[1,4,3,5,2],[0,1,2,3,4,5]],&quot;CTX&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;whole&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;The whole programme&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3,4,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year's feedback loops.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;practice&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;From prototype to practice&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[0,1,2,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;A Labs prototype is built in the Foundry, tested in a Universe mission and codified as a standard.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;build-test&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Build and test&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;The Foundry builds what a mission needs; Universe returns the go or no-go evidence.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;conformance&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Conformance&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Validation evidence goes to Standards for review; composed profiles come back for the next build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;correction&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;A finding becomes a correction&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,4,3],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Observations are published, a method finding becomes a change proposal, the corrected profile returns to the build.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mandate&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Setting the next mandate&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,4],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;After-action findings go into the editions; the Q4 synthesis informs next year's mandate.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;People for the next cycle&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Assessed cycle tasks become completion evidence; qualified participants take roles in the next cycle.&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;learning&quot;,&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Learning by doing&quot;,&quot;s&quot;:[1,2,5],&quot;t&quot;:&quot;Each system's rooms become a course; learners join missions, and missions return to the Foundry.&quot;}]}\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Routes through the programme\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select pillars \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">18 \/ 18 handoffs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six pillars of the Consortium's programme: 18 of 18 handoffs in play, 17 feedback loops closed.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><p class=\"nx-phex-legend\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k1\"><\/i>handoff in play<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k2\"><\/i>recorded handoff<\/span><span><i class=\"nx-phex-k3\"><\/i>no direct handoff<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-phase\" hidden><p class=\"nx-phex-phh\"><span class=\"nx-phex-phk\">Programme year<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-pn\">All phases<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-phex-steps\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Phases of the programme year\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"play\">Play the year<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"allph\">All phases<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Route<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">The whole programme<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year&#8217;s feedback loops.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>L<\/span> \u00b7 <span>F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>U<\/span> \u00b7 <span>S<\/span> \u00b7 <span>R<\/span> \u00b7 <span>A<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Pillars<\/dt><dd><strong>6<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Handoffs<\/dt><dd><strong>18<\/strong> <small>of 18<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Loops<\/dt><dd><strong>17<\/strong> <small>closed<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Handoffs in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel nx-phex-rel\"><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F01<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Foundry<\/b> \u00b7 Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision case<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Readiness preparation<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F02<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Universe<\/b> \u00b7 Core Build Report and go or no-go evidence<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Controlled build<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F03<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Foundry \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">Closeout<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-phex-h\"><span class=\"nx-phex-id\">F04<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Universe \u2192 Reports<\/b> \u00b7 After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13<\/span><span class=\"nx-phex-ph\">After-action review<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-nsig-hint\">and 14 more<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" data-phex-acts=\"true\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"all\">Whole ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-phex-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-phex-act=\"copy\">Copy route<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.<\/figcaption><\/figure><ol class=\"nx-pl-list\"><li data-pillar=\"labs\" data-hue=\"social\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Labs<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-labs\/\">Labs<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"foundry\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Foundry<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, data and models become reproducible builds, each run with its inputs, version and limits on record.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/foundry\/\">Systems Science and Modelling in Foundry<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/\">Foundry<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"universe\" data-hue=\"water\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Universe<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where a build is tested under controlled conditions with independent evaluators, so a method&#8217;s skill is measured, not assumed.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/universe\/\">Systems Science and Modelling in Universe<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/universe.nexus\/\">universe.nexus<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"standards\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods, identifiers and data schemas are codified in the open and corrected when a test finds a fault.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/assurance\/\">Trust, Verification and Assurance in Standards<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">nexustandards.com<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"reports\" data-hue=\"energy\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where findings are published with their method, uncertainty and evidence class, and corrected as new versions.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/reports\/\">Systems Science and Modelling in Reports<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/\">Reports<\/a><\/li><li data-pillar=\"academy\" data-hue=\"risk\"><span class=\"nx-pl-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-name\">Risk Academy<\/span><span class=\"nx-pl-role\">Where methods and systems are taught on real data and real places, by working the case, on Risk Academy.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/\">Faculty of Risk Science and Methods in Academy<\/a><a class=\"nx-link nx-pl-home\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">risksacademy.com<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-frameworks\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"split\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-19\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-5-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">19<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Frameworks<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-19\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the work is read against.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\" data-lv=\"ledger\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Framework or standard<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Body<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it sets<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">ASME V&amp;V 10, V&amp;V 20 and V&amp;V 40<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">American Society of Mechanical Engineers<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Standards for verification and validation of computational models and assessing their credibility<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">NASA-STD-7009 Standard for Models and Simulations<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">US National Aeronautics and Space Administration<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Requirements for documenting and assessing the credibility of models and simulations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 15288 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> and software engineering: system life cycle processes<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">ISO, IEC and IEEE<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Processes for engineering systems across their life cycle<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">ODD protocol for describing individual- and agent-based models<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Grimm and colleagues, maintained by the modelling community<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A standard structure for documenting agent-based models<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">TRACE documentation framework<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Ecological modelling community<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Transparent and comprehensive documentation of model development, testing and analysis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">CMIP and ISIMIP intercomparison protocols<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">World Climate Research Programme; Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Common experiment designs and data standards for model intercomparison<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">IPCC guidance note on consistent treatment of uncertainties<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Intergovernmental Panel on <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Climate Change<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Calibrated language for confidence and likelihood in assessments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">FAIR principles for research software (FAIR4RS)<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">Research Data Alliance, FORCE11 and ReSA<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">Principles for making research software findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Framework or standard\">ISO 23247 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 digital-twin\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A computational representation of a physical system kept in sync with observations, used to test scenarios and decisions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Digital twin<\/a> framework for manufacturing<\/td><td data-label=\"Body\">International Organization for Standardization<\/td><td data-label=\"What it sets\">A reference framework for digital twins of manufacturing systems<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-6\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-label=\"Consortium, Sources, Pages, Connected\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Consortium, Sources, Pages, Connected\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-consortium\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Consortium<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-2\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p2\">Sources<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-3\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-22-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p3\">Pages<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-6-tab-4\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-23-sec\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"p4\">Connected<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-sec-consortium\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-20\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">20<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Consortium<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-20\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The same field, seen three ways.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><ul class=\"nx-dir\" data-cols=\"3\" aria-label=\"Platform\"><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/research\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Research Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Research and evidence<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/policy\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Policy Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Risk management and systemic risk<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/foresight\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Foresight Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Risk management and systemic risk<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/governance\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Governance Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRF<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Risk management and systemic risk<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/financial-stability\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Financial Stability<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Risk management and systemic risk<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dir-row\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dir-name\">Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Institution<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">GRA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-fact\"><span class=\"nx-dir-k\">Shared field<\/span><span class=\"nx-dir-v\">Methods and modelling<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pg-sources\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" data-variant=\"inset\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-21\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">21<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-21\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page&#8217;s references lead.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\" data-nav=\"true\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/codes-standards\/find-codes-standards\/assessing-credibility-of-computational-modeling-through-verification-and-validation-application-to-medical-devices\"><span>ASME V&amp;V 40-2018, assessing credibility of computational modelling through verification and validation (ASME)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/standards.nasa.gov\/\"><span>NASA-STD-7009, Standard for Models and Simulations (NASA)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.018\"><span>Grimm and others, Towards better modelling and decision support: documenting model development, testing and analysis using TRACE, Ecological Modelling 280 (2014)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/75066.html\"><span>ISO 23247-1:2021 Digital twin framework for manufacturing (ISO)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\"><span>Nexus Standards, the proposed NS series (nexustandards.com)<\/span><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-22-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-22\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">22<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Pages<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-22\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Pages in Systems Science and Modelling.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-cards\" data-cols=\"3\"><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/about\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Mandate and publisher<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/field\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Field overview<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/research\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and evidence<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/innovation\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Innovation and practical technology<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/programmes\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Programmes and projects<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/tools\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Data and technical methods<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/community\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Specialist community<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/learning\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning and professional development<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/events\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Events and technical dialogues<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/publications\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Research and publications<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/participate\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Participation paths<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Contact the specialist team<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/trust\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Trust, rights and status<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/stem\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">STEM foundation of Systems Science and Modelling<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/cycle\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">How work moves in this field<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/foundry\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Build in Foundry<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/universe\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Test in Universe<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/reports\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Publish in Reports<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/counterparts\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">The same field across the Consortium<\/h3><\/a><a class=\"nx-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/topics\/\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Page<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Topics<\/h3><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-23-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"project\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-23\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-6-tab-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">23<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-23\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/methods\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Methods and modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Risk management and systemic risk<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/research\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Field gateway<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Research and evidence<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-band=\"auto\" data-band-id=\"nx-band-7\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-hm-band nx-band\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"p1\"><div class=\"nx-tablist nx-hm-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Questions\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-band-7-tab-1\" aria-controls=\"nx-s-24-sec\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"p1\">Questions<\/button><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-24-sec\" class=\"nx-section nx-band-panel\" data-hue=\"risk\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-24\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-band-tab=\"nx-band-7-tab-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">24<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-24\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Who publishes Systems Science and Modelling?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Systems Science and Modelling and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is Systems Science and Modelling active?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Systems Science and Modelling is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I contribute?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Start with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/participate\/\">the participation paths<\/a> or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where are findings published?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Reviewed outputs appear on <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/publications\/\">the publications page<\/a>, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which values on this platform are real?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I report an error?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Use <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/trust\/corrections\/\">corrections and concerns<\/a>, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why does the Consortium need a modelling platform separate from the field platforms?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Because every field depends on modelling, but no field owns the methods for comparing, validating and coupling models across disciplines. This platform is that commons.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform build models for other platforms?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It develops and documents methods, runs intercomparisons and publishes protocols. Field models remain with their field platforms and their authors.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"project\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Methods and Technical<\/span><span class=\"nx-chip\">Scenario and Stress-Test<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-dest\"><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/write-to-us\/contact\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Email<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Gateway GW-GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Send it from this page<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Evidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/open-science\/#nx-sec-zenodo\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">Open deposit<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">Deposit it and submit to the community<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">Publish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-dest-card\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/contribute\/\"><span class=\"nx-dest-top\"><span class=\"nx-dest-rel\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-host\">GCRI<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-title\">See every way to contribute<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-why\">The contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.<\/span><span class=\"nx-dest-go\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"contribute\" data-nxf-kind=\"workflow\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/systems-modelling#contribute\" data-nxf-title=\"Contribute evidence\" data-nxf-height=\"480\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-scn-h-g-p19\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">How it works<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-scn-h-g-p19\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">How Systems Science and Modelling works.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform&#8217;s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\"><div class=\"nx-pe\" id=\"nx-pe-g-p19\" data-nx-pe=\"nx-pe-g-p19\" data-active=\"platforms\"><div class=\"nx-pe-shell\"><p class=\"nx-pe-eb\"><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling<\/p><h2 class=\"nx-pe-title\">How Systems Science and Modelling works<\/h2><p class=\"nx-pe-others\"><span aria-current=\"true\">Platforms<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Programme year<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Standards<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Reports<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-pe-cap\">A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.<\/p><ol class=\"nx-pe-steps\"><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">01 Scope<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Field and families<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Start \u00b7 The platform lead<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The home states the field, its families and who it serves.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Topic dossiers<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Platform authors<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Topics explain the subject with labelled evidence.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">02 Evidence<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Evidence labels<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Each value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Methods<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Step \u00b7 Method owners<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Methods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">03 Work<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Scenarios on the systems<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Model \u00b7 Foundry pillar<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Scenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Standards that apply<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">The platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-lane\"><h3 class=\"nx-pe-lane-t\">04 Publish<\/h3><ol><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Editions<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Record \u00b7 Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Findings are published through Reports with their limits.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-pe-step\"><span class=\"nx-pe-n\" translate=\"no\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-st\">Authority decides<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-k\">Outcome \u00b7 The competent authority<\/span><span class=\"nx-pe-sm\">Decisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-pe-foot\"><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Systems Science and Modelling home<\/a> \u00b7 Platforms \u00b7 Shared methods<\/span><span>An outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling\" data-nx-takepart=\"GCRI\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Take part in Systems Science and Modelling.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede nx-mt-2\">Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> Science and Modelling platform.<\/p><div class=\"nx-mt-3\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"routes\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Ways to take part\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-routes\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-routes\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"routes\">Routes<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-calls\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-calls\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"calls\">Open calls<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-cell\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-cell\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"cell\">Cells and CERTs<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-index\" aria-controls=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-index\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"index\">The Index<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-routes\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-routes\"><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"3\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">National institutions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/national-chapters\/\">National chapters<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Sectors and professions<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Systems Science and Modelling. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/participate\/\">Participate<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Learning<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/open-learning\/\">Open learning<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Standards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Route<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Communities and research<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-calls\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-calls\" hidden><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-nx-calls=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Open call<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Seeks<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Closes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Founding call for experts to the working groups <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FOUNDING-EXPERTS<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-01\"><td>Open nomination for the three independent expert seats of the Global Standards Council <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-IND<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-01<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-12-15\"><td>Nominations of interim regional members (applies only if the transitional provision is decided) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-GSC-REG<\/span><\/td><td>council-member<\/td><td>2026-12-15<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Review of the wave-1 risk core outlines (C1, C2, C3, C4, C8, C10, C11) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-REVIEW-WAVE1<\/span><\/td><td>contributor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts for the core standards of risk science: uncertainty and evidence grading, scales, structured expert judgement, tolerability, extremes and compound events, catastrophic and existential risk, ethics and equity, units and measurement (NRS-C17 to NRS-C24) <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CORE-SCIENCE<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor, chair<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-03-31\"><td>Independent reviewers for the families of the hazard atlas, three from at least two regions for each family (NHS2-R19), priority families first <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-ATLAS-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2027-03-31<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2026-11-30\"><td>Members of the interim Frontier Safety Review Panel and red-team reviewers (biosafety and biosecurity, AI safety and security, critical-infrastructure security); applications treated in confidence <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-FRONTIER-SAFETY-REVIEW<\/span><\/td><td>expert<\/td><td>2026-11-30<\/td><\/tr><tr data-closes=\"2027-01-31\"><td>Experts in ontology, metrology, software verification and conformity assessment for the requirement register, the NHS-2 machine representation, the conformance test suites and the conformity assessment scheme <span class=\"nx-chip\">CALL-CONFORMANCE-ONTOLOGY<\/span><\/td><td>expert, editor<\/td><td>2027-01-31<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note\">Calls past their closing date are hidden automatically. Every call, proposal and route: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/open-areas-and-calls\/\">open areas and calls<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-cell\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-cell\" hidden><div class=\"nx-panel-split\"><ol class=\"nx-terms\"><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Gather the cell<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Bring together three to seven people with complementary skills: data, field practice, policy and communication.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Register it<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Write to the team with the cell&#8217;s name, members, area and region. You receive a reference and a contact. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/systems-modelling\/contact\/\">Write to the team<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Choose a charter<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Pick one focus: research and evidence, data and maps, standards review, or community preparedness.<\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Learn together<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Follow shared study paths at Risk Academy, with practice and a record of every course completed. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/hazards-resilience\/\">Hazards and resilience<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h3 class=\"nx-terms-t\">Lead and report<\/h3><p class=\"nx-terms-d\">Hold regular sessions. Publish what the cell learns through Reports. Bring findings to the working groups. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/communities\/working-groups\/\">Working groups<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol><aside class=\"nx-callout nx-panel-aside\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-cert\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-cert\">Specialise as a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT prepares its neighbourhood for the hazards it faces. It builds a local hazard profile from this site&#8217;s map. It trains in household and street preparedness. It learns first aid and light search through recognised local providers, and it runs drills.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p\">A CERT works alongside the local emergency services and follows their direction. It never replaces them and is not an emergency service.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-panel-index\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tp-therisk-global-systems-modelling-tab-index\" hidden><p class=\"nx-panel-lead\">What a national team or a local community can do on The Global Risks Index (<a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\" data-tc=\"NXS-GRX\" data-tk=\"Nexus system\" data-td=\"Canonical data, provenance and risk\" data-ts=\"NRS-S6\">NXS-GRX<\/a>) today.<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Your country&#8217;s profile<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Open risk profiles for 195 countries, with sources and licences on every value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Correct or reply<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Correct a value or reply for your country. The change is logged with its effect. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Offer data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Offer a dataset. It enters through the licence gate, with your credit. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">NXS-GRX<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Use the open data<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Layers, profiles and tiles through the open API. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">Open the Index<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"risk\" id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-systems-modelling\" data-tone=\"alt\" data-nx-grix=\"risk:north-america\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The Global Risks Index<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-grix-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, climate, conflict, North America.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The Index is the Consortium&#8217;s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix\"><ol class=\"nx-grix-rail\" aria-label=\"The data pipeline\"><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">01 \u00b7 Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">205 registered sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Every value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/data\/\">Data and licences<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">02 \u00b7 Nexus Standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">NIS-1 and NHS-1<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/\" data-tc=\"UNI\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The universal identifier of every Nexus artifact (NS-1)\">UNI<\/a>.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/\">Nexus Standards<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">03 \u00b7 The Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">54 series, 195 country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Computed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/\">The Global Risks Index<\/a><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-node\"><span class=\"nx-grix-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-k\">04 \u00b7 This page<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-t\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-m\">Maps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict and North America.<\/span><a class=\"nx-link nx-grix-go\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Public API<\/a><\/li><\/ol><div class=\"nx-grix-kpis\"><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">205<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">registered, each with its licence<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">451<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Hazards<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">905<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Series<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">54<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Country profiles<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">195<\/span><span class=\"nx-metric-note\">one site per country<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-grid\"><div class=\"nx-grix-col\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Series in this context <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">hazards, climate, conflict<\/span><\/h3><ol class=\"nx-grix-ledger\"><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GLB<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/global\/\">Global Systems<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">The state of interdependent <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 global-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Nexus risk class: a risk whose hazard, consequences or causal chain crosses national borders and acts at continental or planetary scale, so that no single country can assess or manage it alone.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">global risk<\/a>: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap\u2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000002<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Conflict<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">TH<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/th-04\/\">Disaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000111<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Climate \u00b7 Conflict<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-10\/\">Global Cities<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Urban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000068<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Hazards \u00b7 Infrastructure \u00b7 Climate<\/span><\/span><\/li><li class=\"nx-grix-row\"><span class=\"nx-grix-fam\">GS<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-b\"><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-07\/\">Global Climate<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-row-d\">Chronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-row-r\"><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000065<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">Climate \u00b7 Hazards \u00b7 Finance<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\" data-nav=\"inline\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/\">All 54 series<\/a> \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/indices\/\">The 20 domain indices<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-col nx-grix-side\"><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Country profiles <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">North America<\/span><\/h3><div class=\"nx-grix-chips\"><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/arg\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ARG<\/span>Argentina<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/atg\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ATG<\/span>Antigua and Barbuda<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bhs\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BHS<\/span>Bahamas<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/blz\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BLZ<\/span>Belize<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bol\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BOL<\/span>Bolivia (Plurinational State of)<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/bra\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BRA<\/span>Brazil<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/brb\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">BRB<\/span>Barbados<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/can\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CAN<\/span>Canada<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/chl\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CHL<\/span>Chile<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/col\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">COL<\/span>Colombia<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/cri\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CRI<\/span>Costa Rica<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/cub\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">CUB<\/span>Cuba<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/dma\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">DMA<\/span>Dominica<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/dom\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">DOM<\/span>Dominican Republic<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/ecu\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">ECU<\/span>Ecuador<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/grd\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GRD<\/span>Grenada<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/gtm\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GTM<\/span>Guatemala<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/guy\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">GUY<\/span>Guyana<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hnd\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">HND<\/span>Honduras<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hti\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">HTI<\/span>Haiti<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/jam\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">JAM<\/span>Jamaica<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/kna\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">KNA<\/span>Saint Kitts and Nevis<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/lca\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">LCA<\/span>Saint Lucia<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" 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href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/ury\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">URY<\/span>Uruguay<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/usa\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">USA<\/span>United States of America<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/vct\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">VCT<\/span>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/ven\/\"><span class=\"nx-grix-iso\">VEN<\/span>Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)<\/a><a class=\"nx-grix-chip\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/countries\/\">all country profiles<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-foot\">Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/contribute\/\">Correct a value or reply<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Hazard domains <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">NHS-1<\/span><\/h3><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/atmo\/\">Atmosphere and weather<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000135<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/geo\/\">Solid Earth<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000138<\/span><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/hazards\/sys\/\">Systemic and compound events<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-uni\" title=\"Nexus Universal Identifier (NS-1)\">NXS-GRX-AR-000148<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-grix-panel\"><h3 class=\"nx-grix-h\">Geodata and API <span class=\"nx-grix-hm\">open<\/span><\/h3><p class=\"nx-grix-m\">Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km\u00b2 or as symbols: <span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 GHSL 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">People \u00b7 WorldPop 2025<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Built-up area<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Ports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Airports<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Roads<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Railways<\/span><span class=\"nx-grix-tag\">Rivers and lake centrelines<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"nx-grix-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-grix-row-t\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/observatory\/\">Risk Observatory map<\/a><span class=\"nx-grix-dom\">open<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-grix-m\"><code class=\"nx-grix-code\">\/api\/v1\/public\/grix<\/code> \u00b7 <code class=\"nx-grix-code\">https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/uni\/{uni}<\/code><br><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/developers\/\">Developers<\/a> \u00b7 Data \u00b7 Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-grix-note\">Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 \u00b7 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-systems-modelling-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/the-nexus-cycle\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> The cycle<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/complex-systems-modelling\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Complex systems and systems modelling<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Global and systemic risk<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"nx-deeper nx-hubs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-systems-modelling-hubs-h\" data-nx-hubs=\"5\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-therisk-global-systems-modelling-hubs-h\">The same subject across the Consortium<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/research\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Policy:<\/span> Research Nexus<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/actuarial-quantitative-risk\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Finance:<\/span> Actuarial and Quantitative Risk<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/data\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Data and Evidence<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/risk-science\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Learn:<\/span> Faculty of Risk Science and Methods<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/methodology\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Index:<\/span> Methodology of the index<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-25\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems Science and Modelling<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-25\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring a method, a dataset or a question.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Information and enquiries are open today. 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