{"id":320,"date":"2026-10-12T16:17:06","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T16:17:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/?page_id=320"},"modified":"2026-10-13T00:03:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T00:03:07","slug":"water-utilities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/water-utilities\/","title":{"rendered":"Water utilities"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Nexus network page \u00b7 https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/water-utilities\/ \u00b7 source authored \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/network\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><div class=\"nxe-host\" data-nxe-embed=\"n-g01-topics-water-utilities\"><div class=\"nxe\" id=\"nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities\" data-inst=\"gcri\" data-theme=\"auto\" data-grammar=\"atlas\" data-domain=\"water\" data-arche=\"topic\" lang=\"en\"><style>#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe{--nx-bg-canvas: #000000;--nx-bg-surface: #0a0a0a;--nx-bg-elevated: 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#d946ef;--nxp-biodiversity-a: #10b981;--nxp-biodiversity-b: #0ea5e9;--nxp-infrastructure-a: #6366f1;--nxp-infrastructure-b: #06b6d4;--nxp-climate-a: #38bdf8;--nxp-climate-b: #8b5cf6;--nxp-risk-a: #ec4899;--nxp-risk-b: #8b5cf6;--nxp-systemic-a: #f43f5e;--nxp-systemic-b: #a855f7;--nxp-finance-a: #eab308;--nxp-finance-b: #f59e0b;--nxp-supply-a: #14b8a6;--nxp-supply-b: #6366f1;--nxp-social-a: #fb7185;--nxp-social-b: #ec4899;--nxp-project-a: #a855f7;--nxp-project-b: #ec4899}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"water\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-water-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-water-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"energy\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-energy-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-energy-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"food\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-food-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-food-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"health\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-health-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-health-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"biodiversity\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-biodiversity-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-biodiversity-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"infrastructure\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-infrastructure-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-infrastructure-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"climate\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-climate-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-climate-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"risk\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-risk-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-risk-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"systemic\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-systemic-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-systemic-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"finance\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-finance-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-finance-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"supply\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-supply-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-supply-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"social\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-social-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-social-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe [data-hue=\"project\"]{--nxe-a: var(--nxp-project-a);--nxe-b: var(--nxp-project-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-glyph{display: inline-flex;flex: none;color: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-glyph .nx-i{width: 20px;height: 20px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-glyph[data-size=\"sm\"] .nx-i{width: 16px;height: 16px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-i{width: 20px;height: 20px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-glyph-row{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 10px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-caption{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;gap: 4px 16px;margin-top: 16px;padding-top: 12px;border-top: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);color: var(--nx-text-muted);font-family: var(--nx-font-mono);font-size: 11px;line-height: 1.5}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-caption strong{color: var(--nx-text-secondary);font-weight: 500}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-figure-frame{padding: 24px;border: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);border-radius: 6px;background: var(--nx-bg-surface)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst=\"gcri\"]{--nxi-accent: #f2c14e;--nxi-accent-soft: rgba(242,193,78,0.12);--nxi-a: #ffe7a8;--nxi-b: #f2b544;--nxi-c: #e8913a}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst=\"gcri\"][data-theme=\"light\"]{--nxi-accent: #946200;--nxi-accent-soft: rgba(185,122,16,0.1);--nxi-a: #f0c25a;--nxi-b: #c98a1c;--nxi-c: #946200}@media (prefers-color-scheme: light){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst=\"gcri\"][data-theme=\"auto\"]{--nxi-accent: #946200;--nxi-accent-soft: rgba(185,122,16,0.1);--nxi-a: #f0c25a;--nxi-b: #c98a1c;--nxi-c: #946200}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst][data-theme]{--nx-accent: var(--nxi-accent);--nx-accent-soft: var(--nxi-accent-soft);--nx-focus: var(--nxi-accent);--nxi-grad: linear-gradient(90deg,var(--nxi-a),var(--nxi-b) 55%,var(--nxi-c))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst] .nx-accent-rule{width: 28px;height: 2px;background: var(--nxi-grad)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst] .nx-eyebrow-row .nx-rule{width: 20px;height: 2px;border-top: 0;background: var(--nxi-grad)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-glyph[data-tone=\"accent\"] .nx-i{stroke: url(#nx-gi)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-defs{position: absolute;width: 0;height: 0;overflow: hidden}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-gi-a{stop-color: var(--nxi-a,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-gi-b{stop-color: var(--nxi-b,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-gi-c{stop-color: var(--nxi-c,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui rect.u-accent{fill: url(#nx-giu)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window{position: relative;overflow: hidden;border: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline-strong);border-radius: 6px;background: var(--nx-bg-elevated)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window::before{content: \"\";position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;right: 0;height: 2px;background: var(--nxi-grad,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window-bar{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 14px;height: 40px;padding: 0 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);background: var(--nx-bg-surface);font-family: var(--nx-font-mono);font-size: 11px;letter-spacing: 0.08em;color: var(--nx-text-muted)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window-dots{display: flex;gap: 6px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window-dots span{width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 50%;background: var(--nx-border-hairline-strong)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window-bar strong{color: var(--nx-text-primary);font-weight: 500}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window-bar .nx-window-note{margin-left: auto}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-window>.nx-figure-frame{border: 0;border-radius: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals{border-top: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);background: var(--nx-bg-canvas)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals dl{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));margin: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals dl>div{padding: 28px 16px 28px 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals dt{margin-bottom: 16px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals dd{margin: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals .nx-sig-wrap{margin-top: 18px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-signals dl>div:first-child .nx-metric{color: var(--nx-accent)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-sig{display: block;position: relative;width: 100%;max-width: 160px;height: 6px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-inst=\"gcri\"] .nx-sig{border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline-strong);background: var(--nxi-grad) left bottom \/ 32px 2px no-repeat,repeating-linear-gradient(90deg,var(--nx-border-hairline-strong) 0 1px,transparent 1px 12px) left bottom \/ 100% 5px no-repeat}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-canvas{fill: var(--nx-bg-elevated)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-dotfield{fill: var(--nx-text-primary);opacity: 0.09}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-panel{fill: var(--nx-bg-surface);stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline);stroke-width: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-panel-fill{fill: var(--nx-bg-surface)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-chip{fill: var(--nx-bg-surface);stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline-strong);stroke-width: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-track{fill: var(--nx-bg-muted);stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline);stroke-width: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-hair{stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline);stroke-width: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-hair-s{stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline-strong);stroke-width: 1;fill: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-panel-fill.u-hair-s{fill: var(--nx-bg-surface)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-stroke-ink1{stroke: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-stroke-bg{stroke: var(--nx-bg-surface)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-fill-solid{fill: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-accent{fill: var(--nx-accent)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-accent-stroke{stroke: var(--nx-accent)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-fill-ink2{fill: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-ink1{fill: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-ink2{fill: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-ink3{fill: var(--nx-text-muted)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-mono{font-family: var(--nx-font-mono)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-sans{font-family: var(--nx-font-sans);letter-spacing: -0.01em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-w400{font-weight: 400}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-w500{font-weight: 500}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-ui .u-w600{font-weight: 600}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-figure-frame[data-scene=\"true\"]{padding: 0;overflow: hidden}@container nxe (max-width: 639px){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-table[data-stack=\"true\"] thead{display: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-table[data-stack=\"true\"] tr{display: block;padding: 14px 0;border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-table[data-stack=\"true\"] td{display: block;padding: 0;border-bottom: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-table[data-stack=\"true\"] td + td{margin-top: 10px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-table[data-stack=\"true\"] td + td::before{content: attr(data-label);display: block;margin-bottom: 2px;color: var(--nx-text-muted);font-family: var(--nx-font-mono);font-size: 10.5px;font-weight: 500;letter-spacing: 0.16em;text-transform: uppercase}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"stage\"] .nx-hero-grid{grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr);align-items: start}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"stage\"] .nx-hero-grid>div:first-child{max-width: 760px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-kpis{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap: 1px;border: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);background: var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-kpis[data-cols=\"2\"]{grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-kpi{min-width: 0;padding: 20px;background: var(--nx-bg-canvas)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-section[data-tone=\"alt\"] .nx-kpi{background: var(--nxe-alt-bg)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-kpi .nx-metric{margin-top: 12px;font-size: 26px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-kpi .nx-metric-note{margin-top: 8px;color: var(--nx-text-muted);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.4}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-index-strip{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;gap: 8px 24px;margin-top: 24px;padding-top: 16px;border-top: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-index-strip a{color: var(--nx-text-muted);font-family: var(--nx-font-mono);font-size: 11px;letter-spacing: 0.12em;text-transform: uppercase;text-decoration: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-index-strip a:hover{color: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-index-strip a span{color: var(--nx-accent);margin-right: 6px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-p{font-size: 16px;line-height: 1.6}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-lede{font-size: 18px;max-width: 62ch}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-h4{font-size: 16.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-h3{font-size: 21px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-list>li{font-size: 15.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-table{font-size: 15px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-faq summary{font-size: 17.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-faq .nx-answer{font-size: 16px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-facts dd{font-size: 14.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-metric-note{font-size: 13.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-note{font-size: 13.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-caption{font-family: var(--nx-font-sans);font-size: 13px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-caption strong{font-family: var(--nx-font-mono);font-size: 11.5px;letter-spacing: 0.12em;text-transform: uppercase}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-plate{padding-top: 16px;border-top: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-plate-label{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;justify-content: space-between;gap: 8px 24px;margin-bottom: 16px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-plate-label .nx-eyebrow strong{color: var(--nx-text-primary);font-weight: 500}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-plate>.nx-figure-frame{padding: 0;border: 0;border-radius: 0;background: transparent}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-plate .nx-figure-frame[data-scene=\"true\"]{border: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);border-radius: 6px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-faq .nx-answer,#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-note{overflow-wrap: anywhere}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"field\"] .nx-hero-grid{grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr);align-items: start;gap: 40px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"field\"] .nx-hero-grid>div:first-child{max-width: 720px}@media (min-width: 900px){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"field\"] .nx-hero-grid[data-cols=\"2\"]{grid-template-columns: minmax(0,7fr) minmax(0,5fr);column-gap: 56px;align-items: center}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-plate[data-aside] .nx-figure-frame[data-scene]{max-height: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-metric[data-size=\"xl\"]{font-size: 56px;letter-spacing: -0.03em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-type=\"geist\"]{--nx-font-sans: \"Geist\",\"Geist Variable\",ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;--nx-font-mono: \"Geist Mono\",\"Geist Mono Variable\",ui-monospace,\"SFMono-Regular\",Consolas,monospace}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-type=\"geist\"] .nx-hero-title{font-weight: 600;letter-spacing: -0.035em;line-height: 1.02}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-type=\"geist\"] .nx-section-title{font-weight: 600;letter-spacing: -0.03em;line-height: 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.u-node-done{fill: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-mm-view{fill: none;stroke: var(--nx-accent);stroke-width: 1;stroke-dasharray: 2 2}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-tl-bar{fill: var(--nx-text-muted)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-tl-bar.u-node-done{fill: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-tl-bar.u-node-live{fill: var(--nx-accent)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-tl-bar.u-node-gate,#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-tl-bar.u-node-decision{fill: var(--nxe-b,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-tb-badge{fill: transparent}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-box{fill: var(--nx-bg-elevated);stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline-strong);stroke-width: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-tag{fill: var(--nx-bg-muted);stroke: var(--nx-border-hairline);stroke-width: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-tag-text{fill: var(--nx-text-muted)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-done .u-node-tag{fill: var(--nx-text-primary);stroke: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-done .u-node-tag-text{fill: var(--nx-bg-canvas)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-live .u-node-box{stroke: var(--nx-accent);stroke-width: 1.5}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-live .u-node-tag{fill: var(--nx-accent);stroke: var(--nx-accent)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-live .u-node-tag-text{fill: var(--nx-bg-canvas)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-gate .u-node-box{stroke-dasharray: 3 3}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-decision .u-node-box{stroke: var(--nx-text-primary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-edge{fill: none;stroke: var(--nx-text-muted);stroke-width: 1.2;opacity: 0.8}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-edge-live{stroke: url(#nx-gp);stroke-width: 1.8;opacity: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-edge-next{stroke: var(--nx-accent);stroke-width: 1.4;stroke-dasharray: 4 3}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-arrow{fill: var(--nx-text-muted)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-arrow-live{fill: var(--nxe-b,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-now-line{stroke: var(--nx-accent);stroke-width: 1;stroke-dasharray: 2 3}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-ink-on-accent{fill: var(--nx-bg-canvas)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-nx-motion] .nx-dag:not([data-in]) .u-edge{stroke-dasharray: 1;stroke-dashoffset: 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-nx-motion] .nx-dag:not([data-in]) .u-node,#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-nx-motion] .nx-dag:not([data-in]) .u-now{opacity: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] .u-edge{stroke-dasharray: 1;animation: nx-draw 600ms var(--nx-ease) both}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] .u-edge-next{animation: nx-draw 600ms var(--nx-ease) both}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] .u-node,#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] .u-now{animation: nx-reveal 360ms var(--nx-ease) both}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"1\"]{animation-delay: 0ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"2\"]{animation-delay: 120ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"3\"]{animation-delay: 240ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"4\"]{animation-delay: 360ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"5\"]{animation-delay: 480ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"6\"]{animation-delay: 600ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"7\"]{animation-delay: 720ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"8\"]{animation-delay: 840ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"9\"]{animation-delay: 960ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"10\"]{animation-delay: 1080ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"11\"]{animation-delay: 1200ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"12\"]{animation-delay: 1320ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"13\"]{animation-delay: 1440ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] [data-step=\"14\"]{animation-delay: 1560ms}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] .u-node-live .u-live{animation: nx-pulse 1600ms var(--nx-ease) 1700ms 3;transform-box: fill-box;transform-origin: center}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-nx-motion] .nx-dag:not([data-in]) .u-edge-flow{opacity: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag[data-in] .u-edge-flow{animation: nx-flow 1400ms linear 1600ms infinite}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe *,#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe *::before,#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe *::after{transition: none;animation: none}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"water\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-water-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-water-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"energy\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-energy-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-energy-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"food\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-food-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-food-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"health\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-health-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-health-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"biodiversity\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-biodiversity-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-biodiversity-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"infrastructure\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-infrastructure-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-infrastructure-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"climate\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-climate-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-climate-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"risk\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-risk-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-risk-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"systemic\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-systemic-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-systemic-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"finance\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-finance-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-finance-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"supply\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-supply-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-supply-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"social\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-social-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-social-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain=\"project\"]{--nxd-a: var(--nxp-project-a);--nxd-b: var(--nxp-project-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-hero{position: relative;overflow: hidden}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-hero::before{content: \"\";position: absolute;inset: 0 0 auto 0;height: 3px;background: linear-gradient(90deg,var(--nxd-a),var(--nxd-b) 55%,var(--nx-accent))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-hero::after{content: \"\";position: absolute;inset: 0;pointer-events: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-hero-grid{position: relative}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-accent-rule{background: linear-gradient(90deg,var(--nxd-a),var(--nxd-b))}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-eyebrow-row .nx-eyebrow:nth-child(3){color: var(--nxd-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-plate{border-top: 2px solid transparent;border-image: linear-gradient(90deg,var(--nxd-a),var(--nxd-b) 60%,transparent) 1}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-plate-label .nx-eyebrow strong{color: var(--nxd-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-kpi:first-child .nx-metric{color: var(--nxd-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-signals dl>div:first-child .nx-metric{color: var(--nx-accent)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-index-strip a[data-current=\"true\"]{color: var(--nxd-b);border-color: var(--nxd-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-domain] .nx-dag .u-edge-live{stroke: var(--nxd-b)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"desk\"] .nx-hero-grid{align-items: start}@container nxe (min-width: 1024px){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-hero[data-layout=\"desk\"] .nx-hero-grid{grid-template-columns: minmax(0,6fr) minmax(0,6fr);column-gap: 56px}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-live-slot{display: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-live-slot[data-nxf-state=\"ready\"]{display: block;margin-top: 20px;border: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline);background: var(--nx-bg-surface);min-height: 240px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-live-slot[data-nxf-state=\"ready\"]::before{content: \"Live view \u00b7 Nexus Foundry\";display: block;padding: 8px 14px;font-size: 11px;letter-spacing: 0.12em;text-transform: uppercase;color: var(--nx-text-muted);border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-live-slot[data-nxf-state=\"ready\"] iframe{display: block;width: 100%;border: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-queued .u-node-box{stroke-dasharray: 3 3}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe .nx-dag .u-node-queued .u-node-tag{opacity: 0.7}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"]{--nx-text-primary: #f2f2f2;--nx-text-secondary: #c4c4c4;--nx-text-muted: #8a8a8a;--nx-border-hairline: rgba(255,255,255,0.09);--nx-border-hairline-strong: rgba(255,255,255,0.16);--nx-bg-surface: #070707;--nx-bg-elevated: #0c0c0c;--nxa-rail: 11px;--nxa-gutter: 28px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"][data-theme=\"light\"]{--nx-text-primary: #111111;--nx-text-secondary: #3d3d3d;--nx-text-muted: #707070;--nx-border-hairline: rgba(0,0,0,0.09);--nx-border-hairline-strong: rgba(0,0,0,0.16);--nx-bg-surface: #fafafa;--nx-bg-elevated: #f4f4f4}@media (prefers-color-scheme: light){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"][data-theme=\"auto\"]{--nx-text-primary: #111111;--nx-text-secondary: #3d3d3d;--nx-text-muted: #707070;--nx-border-hairline: rgba(0,0,0,0.09);--nx-border-hairline-strong: rgba(0,0,0,0.16);--nx-bg-surface: #fafafa;--nx-bg-elevated: #f4f4f4}}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"]{font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.6}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-container{max-width: 1280px;padding: 0 24px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-eyebrow{font-size: 11px;font-weight: 500;letter-spacing: 0.16em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero-title{margin-top: 22px;max-width: 18ch;font-size: 44px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 1.04;letter-spacing: -0.03em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-tagline{margin-top: 18px;max-width: 60ch;font-size: 17px;font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.55;color: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section-title{margin-top: 14px;font-size: 28px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 1.15;letter-spacing: -0.028em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-lede{margin-top: 14px;max-width: 60ch;font-size: 15.5px;font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.6}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-h3{font-size: 18px;font-weight: 500;letter-spacing: -0.02em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-h4{font-size: 15.5px;font-weight: 500}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-p{font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.62}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-list>li{font-size: 14.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-note{font-size: 13px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-caption{font-size: 12.5px;color: var(--nx-text-muted)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-caption strong{font-size: 11px;font-weight: 500}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-metric{margin-top: 10px;font-size: 28px;font-weight: 500;letter-spacing: -0.02em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-metric-note{font-size: 12.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-accent-row{margin-top: 18px;font-size: 12.5px;color: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-accent-rule{width: 20px;height: 1px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-btn{min-height: 36px;padding: 0 16px;border-radius: 5px;font-size: 13px;font-weight: 500;letter-spacing: 0.005em}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-actions{margin-top: 26px;gap: 10px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-chip{min-height: 22px;padding: 2px 7px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 10.5px;font-weight: 500;letter-spacing: 0.08em;text-transform: uppercase}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero{padding: 64px 0 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero::before{height: 1px;opacity: 0.8}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero::after{opacity: 0.08;width: 760px;height: 760px;top: -300px;right: -200px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-hero-grid{grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr);gap: 40px;align-items: start}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-hero-grid>div:first-child{max-width: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-facts{grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap: 12px 32px;margin-top: 36px;padding-top: 16px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-facts dt{font-size: 10.5px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-facts dd{margin-top: 4px;font-size: 13.5px;color: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-window{border-radius: 5px;border-color: var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-window-dots{display: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-window-bar{padding: 8px 14px;font-size: 10.5px;letter-spacing: 0.12em;text-transform: uppercase;color: var(--nx-text-muted);border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nx-border-hairline)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-window-bar strong{font-weight: 500;color: var(--nx-text-secondary)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-caption{margin-top: 10px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-hero-grid>div:nth-child(2){padding-bottom: 40px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero .nx-hero-grid>div:only-child{padding-bottom: 48px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero[data-layout=\"desk\"] .nx-hero-grid>div:nth-child(2){padding-bottom: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero[data-layout=\"desk\"] .nx-hero-grid{padding-bottom: 48px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-index-strip[data-nx-spy]>.nx-container{gap: 6px 22px;padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] 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.nx-signals .nx-sig-wrap{display: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section{padding: 56px 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section[data-tone=\"alt\"]{background: var(--nx-bg-canvas)}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section>.nx-container:has(>.nx-section-head + .nx-section-body){display: grid;grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr);gap: 28px var(--nxa-gutter);align-items: start}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section-head{max-width: none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section-head .nx-eyebrow-row{gap: 8px 10px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section-head .nx-eyebrow-row .nx-rule{width: 14px;height: 1px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-section-body{margin-top: 0;min-width: 0}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] 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none}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"][data-top=\"200\"] .nx-hero>.nx-container>.nx-theme-toggle{top: auto}@container nxe (max-width: 899px){#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero>.nx-container{grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr);grid-template-areas: \"toggle\" \"folio\" \"grid\";row-gap: 14px}#nxe-n-g01-topics-water-utilities.nxe[data-grammar=\"atlas\"] .nx-hero>.nx-container>.nx-theme-toggle{justify-self: start}}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-giu\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"nx-gp\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gp-a\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gp-b\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-title-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Auto<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-folio\" aria-label=\"Document reference\"><strong>G01 \u00b7 TOPIC \u00b7 water-utilities<\/strong>GCRI dossier \u00b7 service level R0<\/div><div class=\"nx-hero-grid\"><div><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Water Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Established<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-accent-row\"><span class=\"nx-accent-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Topic dossier \u00b7 Water Nexus<\/span><\/div><h1 id=\"nx-title-1\" class=\"nx-hero-title\">Water utilities<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline\">A water utility turns raw water into a safe supply at the tap and returns used water to the environment treated. Its performance is measured in continuity, quality, losses and cost, and its failures under heat, drought, flood and power loss are among the most direct ways systemic risk reaches households. This page sets out what a utility depends on, how its state is measured, and what the evidence serves.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/contact\/\">Make an enquiry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/\">Back to Topics<\/a><\/div><dl class=\"nx-facts\"><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Publisher<\/dt><dd>The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Field<\/dt><dd>Water, Climate and hazards, Critical infrastructure<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Status<\/dt><dd>Established<\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Service level<\/dt><dd>R0: information and enquiries<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-window\"><div class=\"nx-window-bar\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-window-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span><strong>GCRI<\/strong> \u00b7 Water Nexus<\/span><span class=\"nx-window-note\">Illustrative<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 300\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-ui-trace-t nx-ui-trace-d\"><title id=\"nx-ui-trace-t\">Cascade trace, illustrative interface<\/title><desc id=\"nx-ui-trace-d\">An illustrative trace of a compound drought and heat cascade in six steps from a rainfall deficit to hospital continuity at risk, each with its time offset, an evidence label and a falling confidence meter. Names and values are placeholders.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"nx-ui-trace-dots\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><circle class=\"u-dotfield\" cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"0.7\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect class=\"u-canvas\" width=\"1200\" height=\"300\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect width=\"1200\" height=\"300\" fill=\"url(#nx-ui-trace-dots)\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"40\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"11\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.14em\">CASCADE TRACE \u00b7 COMPOUND DROUGHT AND HEAT<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"1160\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"11\" text-anchor=\"end\">ILLUSTRATIVE \u00b7 EVIDENCE LABEL PER STEP<\/text><line class=\"u-hair-s\" x1=\"120\" x2=\"1080\" y1=\"128\" y2=\"128\"\/><line class=\"u-accent-stroke\" x1=\"120\" x2=\"696\" y1=\"128\" y2=\"128\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle class=\"u-fill-solid\" cx=\"120\" cy=\"128\" r=\"9\"\/><path class=\"u-stroke-bg\" d=\"M 115 128 L 118.5 131.5 L 125 124.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink1\" x=\"120\" y=\"92\" font-size=\"10\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">T0<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w500\" x=\"120\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"12.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Rainfall deficit<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"120\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Seasonal rainfall below<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"120\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">the 10th percentile<\/text><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"78\" y=\"216\" width=\"84\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"120\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">OBSERVED<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"78\" y=\"252\" width=\"84\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect class=\"u-fill-ink2\" x=\"78\" y=\"252\" width=\"76\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle class=\"u-fill-solid\" cx=\"312\" cy=\"128\" r=\"9\"\/><path class=\"u-stroke-bg\" d=\"M 307 128 L 310.5 131.5 L 317 124.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink1\" x=\"312\" y=\"92\" font-size=\"10\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">T+3 W<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w500\" x=\"312\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"12.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Reservoir below rule curve<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"312\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Storage crosses the<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"312\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">operating threshold<\/text><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"270\" y=\"216\" width=\"84\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"312\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">OBSERVED<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"270\" y=\"252\" width=\"84\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect class=\"u-fill-ink2\" x=\"270\" y=\"252\" width=\"72\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle class=\"u-fill-solid\" cx=\"504\" cy=\"128\" r=\"9\"\/><path class=\"u-stroke-bg\" d=\"M 499 128 L 502.5 131.5 L 509 124.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink1\" x=\"504\" y=\"92\" font-size=\"10\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">T+5 W<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w500\" x=\"504\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"12.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Hydropower output falls<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"504\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Turbine dispatch cut<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"504\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">as head drops<\/text><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"462\" y=\"216\" width=\"84\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"504\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">MODELLED<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"462\" y=\"252\" width=\"84\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect class=\"u-fill-ink2\" x=\"462\" y=\"252\" width=\"52\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle class=\"u-panel-fill u-stroke-ink1\" cx=\"696\" cy=\"128\" r=\"9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-accent\" cx=\"696\" cy=\"128\" r=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink1\" x=\"696\" y=\"92\" font-size=\"10\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">T+6 W<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"696\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"12.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Grid load shedding<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"696\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Reserve margin exhausted<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"696\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">at evening peak<\/text><rect class=\"u-chip u-accent-stroke\" x=\"654\" y=\"216\" width=\"84\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"696\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">SCENARIO<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"654\" y=\"252\" width=\"84\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect class=\"u-accent\" x=\"654\" y=\"252\" width=\"39\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle class=\"u-panel-fill u-hair-s\" cx=\"888\" cy=\"128\" r=\"9\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"888\" y=\"92\" font-size=\"10\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">T+6 W<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w500\" x=\"888\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"12.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Treatment interrupted<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"888\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Pumping and chlorination<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"888\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">lose power<\/text><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"846\" y=\"216\" width=\"84\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"888\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">SCENARIO<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"846\" y=\"252\" width=\"84\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect class=\"u-fill-ink2\" x=\"846\" y=\"252\" width=\"32\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><circle class=\"u-panel-fill u-hair-s\" cx=\"1080\" cy=\"128\" r=\"9\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"1080\" y=\"92\" font-size=\"10\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">T+7 W<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w500\" x=\"1080\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"12.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Hospital continuity at risk<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"1080\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Backup fuel hours below<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink3 u-w400\" x=\"1080\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\">the planning floor<\/text><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"1038\" y=\"216\" width=\"84\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"1080\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">ESTIMATED<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"1038\" y=\"252\" width=\"84\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect class=\"u-fill-ink2\" x=\"1038\" y=\"252\" width=\"25\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"60\" y=\"258\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"end\">CONFIDENCE<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"40\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">CONFIDENCE FALLS ALONG THE CHAIN \u00b7 A LATER STEP NEVER INHERITS THE LABEL OF AN EARLIER ONE<\/text><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Water Nexus<\/strong><span>Wireframe of the working environment, not a live screen. Names and values are placeholders.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section> <nav class=\"nx-index-strip\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-s-2-sec\"><span>01<\/span>Why water utilities matters<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-3-sec\"><span>02<\/span>Water Nexus on the map<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-4-sec\"><span>03<\/span>How water utilities connects<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-5-sec\"><span>04<\/span>What is measured, and how well<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-6-sec\"><span>05<\/span>From sources to decisions<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-7-sec\"><span>06<\/span>Where the evidence comes from<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-8-sec\"><span>07<\/span>Who decides, and what the evidence\u2026<\/a><a href=\"#nx-s-9-sec\"><span>08<\/span>What utility engineers ask<\/a><\/div><\/nav> <div class=\"nx-signals\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Water Nexus in figures, from the registry\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><dl><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">STEM methods<\/dt><dd class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">9<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-metric-note\">Canonical methods this field applies<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-sig-wrap\"><span class=\"nx-sig\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Topics<\/dt><dd class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">8<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-metric-note\">Subject pages in the field<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-sig-wrap\"><span class=\"nx-sig\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Counterparts<\/dt><dd class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">10<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-metric-note\">Platforms in shared fields at GCRI, GRF and GRA<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-sig-wrap\"><span class=\"nx-sig\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/dd><\/div><div><dt class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Report series<\/dt><dd class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">3<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-metric-note\">Nexus Reports series it contributes to<\/dd><dd class=\"nx-sig-wrap\"><span class=\"nx-sig\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/div><section id=\"nx-s-2-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The question<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Why water utilities matters.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Utility asset condition and continuity during outages. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-kpis\" data-cols=\"4\"><div class=\"nx-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><div class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">7<\/div><div class=\"nx-metric-note\">Named with unit, cadence, source type and label<\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><div class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">5<\/div><div class=\"nx-metric-note\">Public datasets and records with licence class<\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><div class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">5<\/div><div class=\"nx-metric-note\">Canonical methods applied on this topic<\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-kpi\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decision holders<\/span><div class=\"nx-metric\" data-count=\"true\">3<\/div><div class=\"nx-metric-note\">Authorities the evidence serves<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"4.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m10.2 6.3-3.9 3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"4.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"M7 12h10\"\/><circle cx=\"19.5\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m13.8 17.7 3.9-3.9\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"19.5\" r=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Dependence on energy<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Pumping and treatment are among the largest electricity users in many cities. A grid interruption becomes a supply interruption within hours unless storage and backup power are in place.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M22 12h-2.48a2 2 0 0 0-1.93 1.46l-2.35 8.36a.25.25 0 0 1-.48 0L9.24 2.18a.25.25 0 0 0-.48 0l-2.35 8.36A2 2 0 0 1 4.49 12H2\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Losses and leakage<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Non-revenue water, the share produced but not billed, is often a third or more of production. Leakage wastes energy and treated water and hides the true margin of supply.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"m12.83 2.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 6.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.83l8.58 3.91a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0l8.58-3.9a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.83Z\"\/><path d=\"m22 17.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 17.65\"\/><path d=\"m22 12.65-9.17 4.16a2 2 0 0 1-1.66 0L2 12.65\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Source stress<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Drought lowers raw-water availability and raises its temperature and contaminant concentration; flood brings turbidity and pathogens that overwhelm treatment.<\/p><\/div><div><div class=\"nx-glyph-row\"><span class=\"nx-glyph\" data-tone=\"accent\"><svg class=\"nx-i\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M18.09 10.37A6 6 0 1 1 10.34 18\"\/><path d=\"M7 6h1v4\"\/><path d=\"m16.71 13.88.7.71-2.82 2.82\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanism<\/span><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Assets and finance<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Buried assets age unseen. Tariffs below cost defer renewal, and deferred renewal raises failure rates. Readiness evidence links the engineering state to the financial one.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-3-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-3\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Field<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-3\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Water Nexus on the map.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Where this page&#8217;s subject sits in the world: boundaries and context now, the field layers when the interactive map loads.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Field<\/strong> \u00b7 world view<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design figure until live<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-map\" data-nx-map=\"world\"><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-world\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 500\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-world-t nx-world-d\"><title id=\"nx-world-t\">World map, Equal Earth projection<\/title><desc id=\"nx-world-d\">Land and country boundaries from Natural Earth at 1:110 million, drawn in the Equal Earth projection with a fifteen degree graticule. The interactive map with its layers loads through the Nexus Foundry plugin.<\/desc><defs><clipPath id=\"nx-world-clip\"><path d=\"M207,10L500,10L793,10L844,34L865,47L886,61L905,76L923,93L940,111L954,129L966,148L976,168L984,188L989,209L993,229L994,250L993,271L989,291L984,312L976,332L966,352L954,371L940,389L923,407L905,424L886,439L865,453L844,466L793,490L500,490L207,490L156,466L135,453L114,439L95,424L77,407L60,389L46,371L34,352L24,332L16,312L11,291L7,271L6,250L7,229L11,209L16,188L24,168L34,148L46,129L60,111L77,93L95,76L114,61L135,47L156,34L207,10Z\"\/><\/clipPath><\/defs><path class=\"u-sphere\" 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class=\"u-sphere-line\" d=\"M207,10L500,10L793,10L844,34L865,47L886,61L905,76L923,93L940,111L954,129L966,148L976,168L984,188L989,209L993,229L994,250L993,271L989,291L984,312L976,332L966,352L954,371L940,389L923,407L905,424L886,439L865,453L844,466L793,490L500,490L207,490L156,466L135,453L114,439L95,424L77,407L60,389L46,371L34,352L24,332L16,312L11,291L7,271L6,250L7,229L11,209L16,188L24,168L34,148L46,129L60,111L77,93L95,76L114,61L135,47L156,34L207,10Z\"\/><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot nx-live-slot--map\" data-nxf-slot=\"map\" data-nxf-kind=\"map\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G01\/topics\/water-utilities\/#map\" data-nxf-title=\"Water Nexus live map\" data-nxf-height=\"560\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-map-hud\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">GCRI \u00b7 Water Nexus \u00b7 field<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-map-hud-right\">DESIGN FIGURE<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Map<\/strong><span>World map in the Equal Earth projection, land and boundaries from Natural Earth (public domain). The interactive map loads through the Nexus Foundry plugin (globe or flat view).<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-4-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-4\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systems<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-4\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How water utilities connects.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The systems this subject touches, the method at its core and the decisions it informs.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-figure-block\"><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 450\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sm-therisk-global-water-nexus-topics-water-ut-t nx-sm-therisk-global-water-nexus-topics-water-ut-d\"><title id=\"nx-sm-therisk-global-water-nexus-topics-water-ut-t\">Water utilities: systems map<\/title><desc id=\"nx-sm-therisk-global-water-nexus-topics-water-ut-d\">How Water utilities links to Water, Climate and hazards, Critical infrastructure, Food Nexus, Energy Nexus and informs Risk assessment, Planning and investment, Preparedness and warning, Adaptation choices, Research priorities. Illustrative.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"nx-sm-therisk-global-water-nexus-topics-water-ut-dots\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><circle class=\"u-dotfield\" cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"0.7\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect class=\"u-canvas\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect width=\"800\" height=\"450\" fill=\"url(#nx-sm-therisk-global-water-nexus-topics-water-ut-dots)\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"30\" y=\"46\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">LINKED SYSTEMS<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 220 102 C 275 102, 275 225, 330 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"30\" y=\"86\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"42\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Water<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 220 172 C 275 172, 275 225, 330 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"30\" y=\"156\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"42\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Climate and hazards<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 220 242 C 275 242, 275 225, 330 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"30\" y=\"226\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"42\" y=\"246\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Critical infrastructure<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 220 312 C 275 312, 275 225, 330 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"30\" y=\"296\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"42\" y=\"316\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Food Nexus<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 220 382 C 275 382, 275 225, 330 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"30\" y=\"366\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"42\" y=\"386\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Energy Nexus<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"770\" y=\"46\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DECISIONS IT INFORMS<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 580 102 C 525 102, 525 225, 470 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"580\" y=\"86\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"592\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Risk assessment<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 580 172 C 525 172, 525 225, 470 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"580\" y=\"156\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"592\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Planning and investment<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 580 242 C 525 242, 525 225, 470 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"580\" y=\"226\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"592\" y=\"246\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Preparedness and warning<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 580 312 C 525 312, 525 225, 470 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"580\" y=\"296\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"592\" y=\"316\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Adaptation choices<\/text><path class=\"u-hair-s\" d=\"M 580 382 C 525 382, 525 225, 470 225\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"580\" y=\"366\" width=\"190\" height=\"32\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink2 u-w400\" x=\"592\" y=\"386\" font-size=\"11.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Research priorities<\/text><rect class=\"u-panel-fill u-stroke-ink1\" x=\"330\" y=\"185\" width=\"140\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><rect class=\"u-accent\" x=\"330\" y=\"185\" width=\"140\" height=\"3\" rx=\"1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"400\" y=\"213\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">SUBJECT<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w500\" x=\"400\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"13\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Water utilities<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"400\" y=\"253\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">HYDROLOGY AND WATER S\u2026<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Systems map for Water utilities. Illustrative: it shows relationships, not measured strengths.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-5-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-5\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Indicators<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-5\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What is measured, and how well.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Indicator<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unit<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cadence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source type<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Label<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Continuity of supply<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hours per day<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Network sensors, customer records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Non-revenue water<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of system input volume<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Production and billing records<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Energy intensity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">kilowatt hours per cubic metre<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Metered consumption<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Residual chlorine compliance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">percent of samples in range<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">monthly<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Laboratory sampling<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Raw-water turbidity<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">nephelometric turbidity units<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">continuous<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Intake sensors<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OBSERVED<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Days of storage at current demand<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">days<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">daily<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Reservoir and tank levels<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Indicator\">Backup power endurance<\/td><td data-label=\"Unit\">hours<\/td><td data-label=\"Cadence\">per asset<\/td><td data-label=\"Source type\">Asset register<\/td><td data-label=\"Label\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">OFFICIAL<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"indicators\" data-nxf-kind=\"indicator\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G01\/topics\/water-utilities\/#indicators\" data-nxf-title=\"Indicators\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-6-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-6\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Canvas<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-6\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From sources to decisions.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-plate\" data-wide=\"true\"><div class=\"nx-plate-label\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\"><strong>Pipeline canvas<\/strong> \u00b7 Water utilities as a run graph<\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Design, not a record<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-figure-frame\" data-scene=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-figure nx-ui nx-dag\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 668\" data-nx-dag=\"true\" data-w=\"1200\" data-h=\"668\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-t nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-d\"><title id=\"nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-t\">Water utilities: from sources to decisions<\/title><desc id=\"nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-d\">Named sources feed the methods applied on Water Nexus; an evidence review gate labels and bounds the outputs; the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-dots\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><circle class=\"u-dotfield\" cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"0.7\"\/><\/pattern><marker id=\"nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"4\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path class=\"u-arrow\" d=\"M 0 0 L 8 4 L 0 8 z\"\/><\/marker><marker id=\"nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow-live\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"4\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path class=\"u-arrow-live\" d=\"M 0 0 L 8 4 L 0 8 z\"\/><\/marker><\/defs><rect class=\"u-canvas\" width=\"1200\" height=\"668\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect width=\"1200\" height=\"668\" fill=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-dots)\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel-fill\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"60\"\/><line class=\"u-hair-s\" x1=\"0\" x2=\"1200\" y1=\"60\" y2=\"60\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"18\" y=\"35\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.04em\">runs \/ water-nexus \/ water-utilities<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag u-tb-badge\" x=\"269.6\" y=\"21\" width=\"92\" height=\"18\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"315.6\" y=\"33.5\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DESIGN RUN<\/text><g class=\"u-tb\" data-action=\"zoom-in\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"zoom in\"><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"987.4\" y=\"20\" width=\"24.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"999.6999999999999\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">+<\/text><\/g><g class=\"u-tb\" data-action=\"zoom-out\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"zoom out\"><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"954.8\" y=\"20\" width=\"24.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"967.0999999999999\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">\u2212<\/text><\/g><g class=\"u-tb\" data-action=\"fit\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"fit\"><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"909\" y=\"20\" width=\"37.8\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"927.9\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">FIT<\/text><\/g><g class=\"u-tb\" data-action=\"play\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"play\"><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"856.6\" y=\"20\" width=\"44.4\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"878.8000000000001\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">PLAY<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"u-chip\" x=\"758\" y=\"20\" width=\"90.6\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"803.3\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"10.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">LAYOUT \u00b7 LR<\/text><rect class=\"u-group\" x=\"49.2\" y=\"79\" width=\"180\" height=\"426\" rx=\"8\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"59.2\" y=\"93\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">PUBLIC SOURCES<\/text><rect class=\"u-group\" x=\"279.6\" y=\"79\" width=\"180\" height=\"426\" rx=\"8\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"289.6\" y=\"93\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">WATER NEXUS \u00b7 METHODS<\/text><rect class=\"u-group\" x=\"510\" y=\"183\" width=\"180\" height=\"114\" rx=\"8\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"520\" y=\"197\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">REVIEW<\/text><rect class=\"u-group\" x=\"740.4000000000001\" y=\"79\" width=\"180\" height=\"426\" rx=\"8\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"750.4000000000001\" y=\"93\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">OUTPUTS<\/text><rect class=\"u-group\" x=\"970.8000000000001\" y=\"79\" width=\"180.0000000000001\" height=\"426\" rx=\"8\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"980.8000000000001\" y=\"93\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">COMPETENT AUTHORITIES<\/text><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-live\" data-step=\"5\" data-from=\"s0\" data-to=\"m0\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 217.2 142 C 254.4 142 254.4 142 291.6 142\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow-live)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge-flow\" d=\"M 217.2 142 C 254.4 142 254.4 142 291.6 142\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-live\" data-step=\"6\" data-from=\"s1\" data-to=\"m1\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 217.2 246 C 254.4 246 254.4 246 291.6 246\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow-live)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge-flow\" d=\"M 217.2 246 C 254.4 246 254.4 246 291.6 246\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-live\" data-step=\"6\" data-from=\"s2\" data-to=\"m2\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 217.2 350 C 254.4 350 254.4 350 291.6 350\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow-live)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge-flow\" d=\"M 217.2 350 C 254.4 350 254.4 350 291.6 350\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-live\" data-step=\"7\" data-from=\"s3\" data-to=\"m3\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 217.2 454 C 254.4 454 254.4 454 291.6 454\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow-live)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge-flow\" d=\"M 217.2 454 C 254.4 454 254.4 454 291.6 454\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-live\" data-step=\"8\" data-from=\"m0\" data-to=\"gate\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 447.6 142 C 484.8 142 484.8 246 522 246\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow-live)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge-flow\" d=\"M 447.6 142 C 484.8 142 484.8 246 522 246\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"8\" data-from=\"m1\" data-to=\"gate\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 447.6 246 C 484.8 246 484.8 246 522 246\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"8\" data-from=\"m2\" data-to=\"gate\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 447.6 350 C 484.8 350 484.8 246 522 246\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"8\" data-from=\"m3\" data-to=\"gate\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 447.6 454 C 484.8 454 484.8 246 522 246\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"9\" data-from=\"gate\" data-to=\"o0\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 678 246 C 715.2 246 715.2 142 752.4000000000001 142\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"10\" data-from=\"gate\" data-to=\"o1\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 678 246 C 715.2 246 715.2 246 752.4000000000001 246\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"10\" data-from=\"gate\" data-to=\"o2\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 678 246 C 715.2 246 715.2 350 752.4000000000001 350\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge u-edge-next\" data-step=\"11\" data-from=\"gate\" data-to=\"o3\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 678 246 C 715.2 246 715.2 454 752.4000000000001 454\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge\" data-step=\"12\" data-from=\"o0\" data-to=\"d0\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 908.4000000000001 142 C 945.6000000000001 142 945.6000000000001 142 982.8000000000001 142\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge\" data-step=\"13\" data-from=\"o1\" data-to=\"d1\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 908.4000000000001 246 C 945.6000000000001 246 945.6000000000001 350 982.8000000000001 350\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge\" data-step=\"14\" data-from=\"o2\" data-to=\"d2\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 908.4000000000001 350 C 945.6000000000001 350 945.6000000000001 454 982.8000000000001 454\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><path class=\"u-edge\" data-step=\"14\" data-from=\"o3\" data-to=\"d2\" pathLength=\"1\" d=\"M 908.4000000000001 454 C 945.6000000000001 454 945.6000000000001 454 982.8000000000001 454\" marker-end=\"url(#nx-dag-g01-water-utilities-arrow)\"\/><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"2\" data-node=\"s0\" data-label=\"IBNET (World Bank)\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"Terms per database\" data-m2=\"label: OFFICIAL\" data-group=\"Public sources\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"IBNET (World Bank), dataset, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"117\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"109\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(69.2,109)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"89.2\" y=\"120.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">IBNET (World Ban\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"159\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">Terms per database<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">label: OFFICIAL<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"172.39999999999998\" y=\"136\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"190.79999999999998\" y=\"147\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"217.2\" cy=\"142\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"2\" data-node=\"s1\" data-label=\"WHO and UNICEF Joint\u2026\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"Free and open,\u2026\" data-m2=\"label: OBSERVED\" data-group=\"Public sources\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"WHO and UNICEF Joint\u2026, dataset, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"221\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"213\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(69.2,213)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"89.2\" y=\"224.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">WHO and UNICEF J\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"249\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"263\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">Free and open,\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">label: OBSERVED<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"172.39999999999998\" y=\"240\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"190.79999999999998\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"217.2\" cy=\"246\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"3\" data-node=\"s2\" data-label=\"Utility operational\u2026\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"By agreement with each\u2026\" data-m2=\"label: OFFICIAL\" data-group=\"Public sources\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Utility operational\u2026, dataset, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"325\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"317\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(69.2,317)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"89.2\" y=\"328.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Utility operatio\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"353\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"367\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">By agreement with each\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"380\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">label: OFFICIAL<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"172.39999999999998\" y=\"344\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"190.79999999999998\" y=\"355\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"217.2\" cy=\"350\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"4\" data-node=\"s3\" data-label=\"National regulators\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"Public records, terms\u2026\" data-m2=\"label: OBSERVED\" data-group=\"Public sources\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"National regulators, dataset, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"61.2\" y=\"429\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"421\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(69.2,421)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"89.2\" y=\"432.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">National regulat\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"457\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"471\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">Public records, terms\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"69.2\" y=\"484\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">label: OBSERVED<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"172.39999999999998\" y=\"448\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"190.79999999999998\" y=\"459\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"217.2\" cy=\"454\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-live\" data-step=\"5\" data-node=\"m0\" data-label=\"Water and\u2026\" data-type=\"model\" data-state=\"RUNNING\" data-m1=\"STEM Commons\" data-m2=\"assumptions stated\" data-group=\"Water Nexus \u00b7 methods\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Water and\u2026, model, running\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"117\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"109\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(299.6,109)\" d=\"M3 11l3-5 2 3 3-6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"319.6\" y=\"120.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Water and\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">MODEL<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"159\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">STEM Commons<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">assumptions stated<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"384.20000000000005\" y=\"136\" width=\"55.4\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"411.90000000000003\" y=\"147\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">RUNNING<\/text><circle class=\"u-accent u-live\" cx=\"375.20000000000005\" cy=\"143.5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"291.6\" cy=\"142\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port u-port-live\" cx=\"447.6\" cy=\"142\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"6\" data-node=\"m1\" data-label=\"Sensors, IoT and\u2026\" data-type=\"model\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"STEM Commons\" data-m2=\"assumptions stated\" data-group=\"Water Nexus \u00b7 methods\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Sensors, IoT and\u2026, model, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"221\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"213\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(299.6,213)\" d=\"M3 11l3-5 2 3 3-6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"319.6\" y=\"224.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Sensors, IoT and\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"249\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">MODEL<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"263\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">STEM Commons<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">assumptions stated<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"402.8\" y=\"240\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"421.20000000000005\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"291.6\" cy=\"246\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"447.6\" cy=\"246\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"6\" data-node=\"m2\" data-label=\"Forecasting and\u2026\" data-type=\"model\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"STEM Commons\" data-m2=\"assumptions stated\" data-group=\"Water Nexus \u00b7 methods\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Forecasting and\u2026, model, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"325\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"317\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(299.6,317)\" d=\"M3 11l3-5 2 3 3-6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"319.6\" y=\"328.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Forecasting and\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"353\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">MODEL<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"367\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">STEM Commons<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"380\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">assumptions stated<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"402.8\" y=\"344\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"421.20000000000005\" y=\"355\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"291.6\" cy=\"350\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"447.6\" cy=\"350\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-done\" data-step=\"7\" data-node=\"m3\" data-label=\"Uncertainty\u2026\" data-type=\"model\" data-state=\"DONE\" data-m1=\"STEM Commons\" data-m2=\"assumptions stated\" data-group=\"Water Nexus \u00b7 methods\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Uncertainty\u2026, model, done\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"291.6\" y=\"429\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"421\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(299.6,421)\" d=\"M3 11l3-5 2 3 3-6\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"319.6\" y=\"432.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Uncertainty\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"457\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">MODEL<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"471\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">STEM Commons<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"299.6\" y=\"484\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">assumptions stated<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"402.8\" y=\"448\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"421.20000000000005\" y=\"459\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">DONE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"291.6\" cy=\"454\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"447.6\" cy=\"454\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-gate\" data-step=\"8\" data-node=\"gate\" data-label=\"Evidence review\" data-type=\"gate\" data-state=\"GATE\" data-m1=\"labels \u00b7 uncertainty\" data-m2=\"independent reviewer\" data-group=\"Review\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Evidence review, gate, gate\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"522\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"522\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"522\" y=\"221\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"530\" y=\"213\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(530,213)\" d=\"M7 2l5 5-5 5-5-5z\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"550\" y=\"224.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Evidence review<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"530\" y=\"249\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">GATE<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"530\" y=\"263\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">labels \u00b7 uncertainty<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"530\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">independent reviewer<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"633.2\" y=\"240\" width=\"36.8\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"651.6\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">GATE<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"522\" cy=\"228\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"522\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"522\" cy=\"252\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"522\" cy=\"264\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"678\" cy=\"228\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"678\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"678\" cy=\"252\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"678\" cy=\"264\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-queued\" data-step=\"9\" data-node=\"o0\" data-label=\"Dependency map of each\u2026\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"QUEUED\" data-m1=\"versioned \u00b7 cited\" data-m2=\"limits attached\" data-group=\"Outputs\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Dependency map of each\u2026, dataset, queued\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"117\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"109\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(760.4000000000001,109)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"780.4000000000001\" y=\"120.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Dependency map o\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"159\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">versioned \u00b7 cited<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">limits attached<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"851.2\" y=\"136\" width=\"49.2\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"875.8000000000001\" y=\"147\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">QUEUED<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"752.4000000000001\" cy=\"142\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"908.4000000000001\" cy=\"142\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-queued\" data-step=\"10\" data-node=\"o1\" data-label=\"Stress tests for heat,\u2026\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"QUEUED\" data-m1=\"versioned \u00b7 cited\" data-m2=\"limits attached\" data-group=\"Outputs\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Stress tests for heat,\u2026, dataset, queued\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"207\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"221\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"213\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(760.4000000000001,213)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"780.4000000000001\" y=\"224.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Stress tests for\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"249\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"263\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">versioned \u00b7 cited<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">limits attached<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"851.2\" y=\"240\" width=\"49.2\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"875.8000000000001\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">QUEUED<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"752.4000000000001\" cy=\"246\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"908.4000000000001\" cy=\"246\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-queued\" data-step=\"10\" data-node=\"o2\" data-label=\"Asset and finance\u2026\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"QUEUED\" data-m1=\"versioned \u00b7 cited\" data-m2=\"limits attached\" data-group=\"Outputs\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Asset and finance\u2026, dataset, queued\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"325\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"317\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(760.4000000000001,317)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"780.4000000000001\" y=\"328.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Asset and financ\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"353\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"367\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">versioned \u00b7 cited<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"380\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">limits attached<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"851.2\" y=\"344\" width=\"49.2\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"875.8000000000001\" y=\"355\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">QUEUED<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"752.4000000000001\" cy=\"350\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"908.4000000000001\" cy=\"350\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-queued\" data-step=\"11\" data-node=\"o3\" data-label=\"Loss reduction\u2026\" data-type=\"dataset\" data-state=\"QUEUED\" data-m1=\"versioned \u00b7 cited\" data-m2=\"limits attached\" data-group=\"Outputs\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Loss reduction\u2026, dataset, queued\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"752.4000000000001\" y=\"429\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"421\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(760.4000000000001,421)\" d=\"M3 4.5c0-1 2-1.5 4-1.5s4 .5 4 1.5v5c0 1-2 1.5-4 1.5s-4-.5-4-1.5zM3 7c0 1 2 1.5 4 1.5s4-.5 4-1.5\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"780.4000000000001\" y=\"432.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Loss reduction\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"457\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DATASET<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"471\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">versioned \u00b7 cited<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"760.4000000000001\" y=\"484\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">limits attached<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"851.2\" y=\"448\" width=\"49.2\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"875.8000000000001\" y=\"459\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">QUEUED<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"752.4000000000001\" cy=\"454\" r=\"3.5\"\/><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"908.4000000000001\" cy=\"454\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-decision\" data-step=\"12\" data-node=\"d0\" data-label=\"Utility boards and\u2026\" data-type=\"decision\" data-state=\"AUTHORITY\" data-m1=\"under its own rules\" data-m2=\"never the platform\" data-group=\"Competent authorities\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Utility boards and\u2026, decision, authority\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"103\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"117\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"109\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(990.8000000000001,109)\" d=\"M2 7h10M7 2v10\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"1010.8000000000001\" y=\"120.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Utility boards a\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DECISION<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"159\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">under its own rules<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"172\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">never the platform<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"1063.0000000000002\" y=\"136\" width=\"67.80000000000001\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"1096.9\" y=\"147\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">AUTHORITY<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"982.8000000000001\" cy=\"142\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-decision\" data-step=\"13\" data-node=\"d1\" data-label=\"Regulators and\u2026\" data-type=\"decision\" data-state=\"AUTHORITY\" data-m1=\"under its own rules\" data-m2=\"never the platform\" data-group=\"Competent authorities\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Regulators and\u2026, decision, authority\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"311\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"325\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"317\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(990.8000000000001,317)\" d=\"M2 7h10M7 2v10\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"1010.8000000000001\" y=\"328.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Regulators and\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"353\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DECISION<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"367\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">under its own rules<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"380\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">never the platform<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"1063.0000000000002\" y=\"344\" width=\"67.80000000000001\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"1096.9\" y=\"355\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">AUTHORITY<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"982.8000000000001\" cy=\"350\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-node u-node-decision\" data-step=\"14\" data-node=\"d2\" data-label=\"Lenders and\u2026\" data-type=\"decision\" data-state=\"AUTHORITY\" data-m1=\"under its own rules\" data-m2=\"never the platform\" data-group=\"Competent authorities\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Lenders and\u2026, decision, authority\"><rect class=\"u-node-box\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"78\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"415\" width=\"156\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-head\" x=\"982.8000000000001\" y=\"429\" width=\"156\" height=\"12\"\/><rect class=\"u-node-icon\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"421\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\"\/><path class=\"u-node-glyph\" transform=\"translate(990.8000000000001,421)\" d=\"M2 7h10M7 2v10\"\/><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600\" x=\"1010.8000000000001\" y=\"432.5\" font-size=\"11.5\">Lenders and\u2026<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"457\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.12em\">DECISION<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"471\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">under its own rules<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"990.8000000000001\" y=\"484\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">never the platform<\/text><rect class=\"u-node-tag\" x=\"1063.0000000000002\" y=\"448\" width=\"67.80000000000001\" height=\"15\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-node-tag-text\" x=\"1096.9\" y=\"459\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">AUTHORITY<\/text><circle class=\"u-port\" cx=\"982.8000000000001\" cy=\"454\" r=\"3.5\"\/><\/g><g class=\"u-minimap\"><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"1026\" y=\"8\" width=\"150\" height=\"44\" rx=\"4\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1039.0\" y=\"15.5\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1039.0\" y=\"22.7\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1039.0\" y=\"29.9\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1039.0\" y=\"37.1\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-live\" x=\"1065.5\" y=\"15.5\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1065.5\" y=\"22.7\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1065.5\" y=\"29.9\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-done\" x=\"1065.5\" y=\"37.1\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-gate\" x=\"1092.0\" y=\"22.7\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-queued\" x=\"1118.5\" y=\"15.5\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-queued\" x=\"1118.5\" y=\"22.7\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-queued\" x=\"1118.5\" y=\"29.9\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-queued\" x=\"1118.5\" y=\"37.1\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-decision\" x=\"1145.0\" y=\"15.5\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-decision\" x=\"1145.0\" y=\"29.9\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-node u-node-decision\" x=\"1145.0\" y=\"37.1\" width=\"17.9\" height=\"4\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect class=\"u-mm-view\" x=\"1032\" y=\"14\" width=\"138\" height=\"32\" rx=\"2\"\/><\/g><line class=\"u-hair-s\" x1=\"0\" x2=\"1200\" y1=\"524\" y2=\"524\"\/><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"24\" y=\"532\" width=\"700\" height=\"124\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"550\" font-size=\"11\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.14em\">RUN TIMELINE \u00b7 ONE EVIDENCE CYCLE<\/text><line class=\"u-hair\" x1=\"174\" x2=\"174\" y1=\"560\" y2=\"650\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"178\" y=\"568\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">Ingest<\/text><line class=\"u-hair\" x1=\"306.5\" x2=\"306.5\" y1=\"560\" y2=\"650\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"310.5\" y=\"568\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">Model<\/text><line class=\"u-hair\" x1=\"439\" x2=\"439\" y1=\"560\" y2=\"650\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"443\" y=\"568\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">Review<\/text><line class=\"u-hair\" x1=\"571.5\" x2=\"571.5\" y1=\"560\" y2=\"650\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"575.5\" y=\"568\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">Publish<\/text><line class=\"u-hair\" x1=\"704\" x2=\"704\" y1=\"560\" y2=\"650\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"708\" y=\"568\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.06em\">Decide<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"584\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">IBNET (World Bank)<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"578\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-done\" x=\"174.0\" y=\"578\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"594.5\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">WHO and UNICEF Join\u2026<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"588.5\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-done\" x=\"174.0\" y=\"588.5\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"605\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Utility operational\u2026<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"599\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-done\" x=\"174.0\" y=\"599\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"615.5\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">National regulators<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"609.5\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-done\" x=\"174.0\" y=\"609.5\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink1\" x=\"36\" y=\"626\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Water and\u2026<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"620\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-live\" x=\"280.0\" y=\"620\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"636.5\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Sensors, IoT and\u2026<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"630.5\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-done\" x=\"280.0\" y=\"630.5\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"36\" y=\"647\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\">Forecasting and\u2026<\/text><rect class=\"u-track\" x=\"174\" y=\"641\" width=\"530\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect class=\"u-tl-bar u-node-done\" x=\"280.0\" y=\"641\" width=\"106.0\" height=\"6\" rx=\"3\"\/><g class=\"u-now\" data-step=\"1\" data-ax-x=\"174\" data-ax-w=\"530\" data-now-x=\"407.2\"><line class=\"u-now-line\" x1=\"407.2\" x2=\"407.2\" y1=\"556\" y2=\"650\"\/><rect class=\"u-accent\" x=\"389.2\" y=\"544\" width=\"36\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink-on-accent\" x=\"407.2\" y=\"553.5\" font-size=\"8\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">NOW<\/text><\/g><rect class=\"u-panel\" x=\"740\" y=\"532\" width=\"436\" height=\"124\" rx=\"6\"\/><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"752\" y=\"550\" font-size=\"11\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.14em\">INSPECTOR \u00b7 SELECTED NODE<\/text><text class=\"u-sans u-ink1 u-w600 u-ins-title\" x=\"752\" y=\"570\" font-size=\"12.5\">Evidence review \u00b7 gate<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"752\" y=\"588\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">OWNER<\/text><text data-ins=\"owner\" class=\"u-ins-v u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"850\" y=\"588\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">independent reviewer \u00b7 platform editor<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"752\" y=\"603\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">INPUTS<\/text><text data-ins=\"inputs\" class=\"u-ins-v u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"850\" y=\"603\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">4 method outputs, labelled<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"752\" y=\"618\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">OUTPUTS<\/text><text data-ins=\"outputs\" class=\"u-ins-v u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"850\" y=\"618\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">4 outputs with limits<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"752\" y=\"633\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">EVIDENCE<\/text><text data-ins=\"evidence\" class=\"u-ins-v u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"850\" y=\"633\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">OBSERVED \u00b7 MODELLED \u00b7 ESTIMATED kept apart<\/text><text class=\"u-mono u-ink3\" x=\"752\" y=\"648\" font-size=\"8.5\" text-anchor=\"start\" letter-spacing=\"0.1em\">UNLOCKS<\/text><text data-ins=\"unlocks\" class=\"u-ins-v u-mono u-ink2\" x=\"850\" y=\"648\" font-size=\"9\" text-anchor=\"start\">publication, never the decision<\/text><\/svg><\/div><\/div><p class=\"nx-caption\"><strong>Fig. 02<\/strong><span>Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-7-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-7\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Sources<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-7\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where the evidence comes from.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it gives<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Licence class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">IBNET (World Bank)<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Benchmarking indicators for utilities worldwide<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Terms per database<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Household access to safely managed water and sanitation<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Free and open, attribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Utility operational records<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">SCADA, laboratory and billing data<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">By agreement with each utility<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">National regulators<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Tariff, performance and compliance reports<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">Public records, terms per regulator<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Source\">Grid operator interruption data<\/td><td data-label=\"What it gives\">Outage duration and frequency by feeder<\/td><td data-label=\"Licence class\">By agreement<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div class=\"nx-live-slot\" data-nxf-slot=\"evidence\" data-nxf-kind=\"evidence\" data-nxf-resource=\"nexus:\/\/gcri\/G01\/topics\/water-utilities\/#evidence\" data-nxf-title=\"Sources\" data-nxf-height=\"520\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-8-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-8\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Decisions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-8\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Who decides, and what the evidence serves.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Water Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Who decides<\/th><th scope=\"col\">The question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence this page serves<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Utility boards and managers<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Where to invest first: backup power, leakage, treatment capacity or storage<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Dependency map with endurance hours; stress-test results by works<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Regulators and ministries<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether tariffs and subsidies cover the cost of resilient service<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Energy intensity and renewal backlog against revenue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Who decides\">Lenders and development finance<\/td><td data-label=\"The question\">Whether a utility is ready for financing and what diligence questions remain<\/td><td data-label=\"Evidence this page serves\">Readiness evidence prepared with GRA, with every claim labelled<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-4\">Outputs this topic produces<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Dependency map of each works on power, chemicals and raw water<\/li><li>Stress tests for heat, drought, flood and outage<\/li><li>Asset and finance readiness evidence for review<\/li><li>Loss reduction scenarios with energy savings<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-9-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-9\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Core questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-9\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What utility engineers ask.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>What is the condition of buried and above-ground assets, and where is failure most likely?<\/li><li>How long can supply continue if power, chemical deliveries or communications fail?<\/li><li>Which customers are critical, such as hospitals, and how are they prioritised?<\/li><li>How do leakage, demand growth and climate change affect reserve capacity?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-10-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-10\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Mechanisms<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-10\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How utility services fail and recover.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Pipes and plant deteriorate with age, material, soil conditions and pressure cycles; much of the network is buried and inspected rarely. Failures cluster in cold snaps, droughts that shrink soils and after pressure transients. Leakage wastes treated water and energy and can let contaminants in when pressure drops.<\/p><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-2\">Continuity depends on electricity for pumping and treatment, on chemical supply chains, on control systems and on skilled staff. Storage provides a buffer measured in hours to days. When it runs out, outages spread, and restoring pressure safely takes time and flushing. Cyber intrusion into operational technology is a growing concern.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-11-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-11\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods and data<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-11\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How resilience is assessed.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ol class=\"nx-rows\"><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">01<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Asset management<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Condition assessment and failure-rate models built from repair records, inspections and <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/spatial-statistics\/\">spatial statistics<\/a>. Records are often incomplete, especially for older assets.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">02<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hydraulic modelling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Network models simulate pressure and flow under failure scenarios, with <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/environmental-engineering\/\">water and environmental engineering<\/a>. Models need calibration against field measurements.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-index\">03<\/span><div><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Dependency analysis<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Mapping links to power, chemicals and communications and testing outage scenarios. Detailed results are security-sensitive and stay with the operator.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-12-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-12\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Methods<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-12\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Applied here<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Canonical page<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Method\">Water and environmental engineering<\/td><td data-label=\"Applied here\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/environmental-engineering\/\">Water and environmental engineering in this field<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Canonical page\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/engineering\/environmental-engineering\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method\">Sensors, IoT and observation networks<\/td><td data-label=\"Applied here\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/sensing-iot\/\">Sensors, IoT and observation networks in this field<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Canonical page\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/sensing-iot\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method\">Forecasting and time-series analysis<\/td><td data-label=\"Applied here\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/forecasting\/\">Forecasting and time-series analysis in this field<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Canonical page\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/forecasting\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method\">Uncertainty quantification and model validation<\/td><td data-label=\"Applied here\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/uncertainty-quantification\/\">Uncertainty quantification and model validation in this field<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Canonical page\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/mathematics\/uncertainty-quantification\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Method\">Geospatial information systems<\/td><td data-label=\"Applied here\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/stem\/geospatial\/\">Geospatial information systems in this field<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Canonical page\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/stem\/technology\/geospatial\/\">STEM Commons<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Utility records vary widely in completeness, and non-revenue water is often an estimate rather than a measurement. Stress tests depend on the dependency map being complete, and buried assets are rarely fully known. Water Nexus does not rate utilities; it prepares evidence they and their regulators can act on.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-13-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"infrastructure\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-13\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-13\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Around this topic.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/catchment-hydrology\/\">Catchment hydrology<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/groundwater-and-aquifers\/\">Groundwater and aquifers<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drought-and-flood\/\">Drought and flood<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drinking-water-and-sanitation\/\">Drinking water and sanitation<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/shared-river-basins\/\">Shared river basins<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/water-energy-interdependence\/\">Water energy interdependence<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-14-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"water\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-14\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Connected<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-14\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Where this page leads across the Consortium.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Link<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Relationship<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Why<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Link\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/critical-infrastructure\/topics\/water-and-wastewater-assets\/\">Water and wastewater assets<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Relationship\">Related topic<\/td><td data-label=\"Why\">Utility service challenges link to lifeline engineering and asset restoration.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-s-15-sec\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"climate\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-s-15\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">14<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-s-15\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions and answers.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>What is non-revenue water?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">The difference between water put into the network and water billed: leakage, unbilled use and metering error. It is reported as a share of system input.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long can a treatment works run without grid power?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">As long as its backup fuel and the pumping it must feed allow, often hours rather than days. The endurance figure belongs in the asset register and in every stress test.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Water Nexus benchmark utilities?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">It prepares comparable evidence with named sources. Benchmarks and ratings are the work of regulators and the utilities themselves.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Will Water Nexus publish details of a utility&#8217;s weaknesses?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Public case studies are written to be safe to publish. Asset-level and security-sensitive information stays with the operator under written terms.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a utility take part in a case study?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes, by writing to <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"mailto:research@therisk.global?subject=Water%20Nexus%3A%20utility%20case%20study\">research@therisk.global<\/a>. Scope, data use and publication are agreed in writing first.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do utilities prepare for long power outages?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Typical measures include backup generation at critical sites, fuel arrangements, gravity-fed storage, interconnections with neighbouring systems and priority restoration agreements with the electricity operator. The right combination depends on each system&#8217;s topography and dependencies.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the platform provide emergency support?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">No. Water Nexus is not an emergency or incident service. Utilities should use their own emergency arrangements and the competent authorities.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-16\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-16\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Water Nexus.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/catchment-hydrology\/\">Catchment hydrology <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/groundwater-and-aquifers\/\">Groundwater and aquifers <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drought-and-flood\/\">Drought and flood <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/drinking-water-and-sanitation\/\">Drinking water and sanitation <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/shared-river-basins\/\">Shared river basins <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/topics\/water-energy-interdependence\/\">Water energy interdependence <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/\">Water Nexus home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/counterparts\/\">Counterparts across the Consortium <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation home <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trust\/\">GCRI governance and trust <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-17\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Water Nexus<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-17\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Bring your expertise to this field.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"mailto:contact@therisk.global?subject=Water%20Nexus%3A%20Water%20utilities\">Write to the team <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/water-nexus\/contact\/\">See all contact routes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">(function (script) { var host = script ? script.previousElementSibling : null; if (!host || !host.attachShadow || host.shadowRoot) { return; } var embed = host.firstElementChild; if (!embed) { return; } var root = host.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" }); root.appendChild(embed); var PRESETS = { plex: { families: [\"IBM Plex Sans\", \"IBM Plex Mono\"], href: \"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:wght@400;500;600&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" }, manrope: { families: [\"Manrope\", \"JetBrains Mono\"], href: \"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Manrope:wght@500;600;700&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" }, jakarta: { families: [\"Plus Jakarta Sans\", \"IBM Plex Mono\"], href: \"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@500;600;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" }, geist: { families: [\"Geist\", \"Geist Mono\"], href: \"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Geist:wght@400;500;600&family=Geist+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" } }; var presetName = embed.getAttribute(\"data-fonts\") || \"plex\"; var preset = PRESETS[presetName] || PRESETS.plex; function hasFamily(name) { var found = false; try { document.fonts.forEach(function (face) { if (String(face.family).replace(\/[\"']\/g, \"\") === name) { found = true; } }); } catch (e) { found = false; } return found; } function hasPreset() { return hasFamily(preset.families[0]); } function applyType() { if (hasPreset()) { embed.setAttribute(\"data-type\", presetName); embed.removeAttribute(\"data-font\"); return; } embed.setAttribute(\"data-font\", \"system\"); } if (document.fonts) { if (!hasPreset()) { var present = document.querySelector(\"link[data-nx-fonts='\" + presetName + \"']\"); if (present) { present.addEventListener(\"load\", applyType); } if (!present) { var pre = document.createElement(\"link\"); pre.rel = \"preconnect\"; pre.href = \"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\"; pre.crossOrigin = \"anonymous\"; var link = document.createElement(\"link\"); link.rel = \"stylesheet\"; link.href = preset.href; link.setAttribute(\"data-nx-fonts\", presetName); link.addEventListener(\"load\", function () { applyType(); document.fonts.ready.then(applyType); }); document.head.appendChild(pre); document.head.appendChild(link); } } applyType(); document.fonts.ready.then(applyType); if (document.fonts.addEventListener) { document.fonts.addEventListener(\"loadingdone\", applyType); } } var reduce = window.matchMedia ? 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