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GCRI · 先进产业与机器人

循环经济与污染

Industry extracts materials, transforms them and releases waste and pollution. A circular economy aims to keep materials in use through design, reuse, repair and recycling, while pollution control limits harmful emissions to air, water and soil. This page sets out how materials flow through industry, how circularity and pollution are measured, and what evidence serves the regulators, firms and communities involved.

01登记

Circular economy and pollution on the record.

02问题

Circular economy and pollution: how the risk develops.

Industrial circularity, pollution management and cross-system effects. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Most materials are used once

Large shares of extracted materials end as waste or emissions after a single use. Design for durability and recycling changes this only gradually.

机制

Recycling depends on quality and markets

Recycled materials compete with virgin ones on price and quality. Mixed and contaminated waste is hard to recycle well.

机制

Permits set emission limits

Industrial permits based on best available techniques limit pollutants. Enforcement and monitoring determine their effect.

机制

Pollution burdens are local

Communities living near industrial sites bear most of the exposure to pollution, and they are often low-income communities.

03地理

德国的基础设施暴露。

Night lights, population density and haze over Germany, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的基础设施暴露

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星反演;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期整个气柱中霾、烟和沙尘的卫星测量;是风险暴露指标,不是地面 PM2.5、空气质量指数,也不是健康预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

基础设施风险暴露,以德国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • MODIS 和 VIIRS 大气产品,NASA LANCE 和 LAADS DAAC;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 12 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 气溶胶光学厚度,每日:VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024

04跨领域

Circular practices reduce pressure on every domain.

05监测

Energy and circularity board.

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Energy and circularity board

Circular economy and pollution · Industrial park A · Year 2

符合计划GCRI · 先进产业与机器人

Material flows

  • Recycled
  • Recovered
  • Landfill

Targets

Waste recycled, %65 of 70 requiredWater reused, %必需的 50 项中已有 31 项Energy from renewables, %26 of 60 required
Energy and circularity board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Circular economy and pollution.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Circular material use ratepercent of material use from recycled sources年度Material flow accounts估算
Industrial waste generatedtonnes by sector年度Waste statistics已发布统计
Recycling rate of industrial wastepercent年度Waste statistics已发布统计
Pollutant releases from industrial facilitiestonnes by pollutant年度Pollutant release and transfer registers已发布统计
Permit compliance ratepercent of inspected installations年度Regulator records已发布统计
Domestic material consumptiontonnes per capita年度Material flow accounts估算
07孪生与级联模拟器

Model circular economy and pollution as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 工业与制造业: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • Natech event
  • 溃坝
  • 河流洪水 (在下游引发)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • Chemical spill or leak (set off downstream)
  • Emergency-response overload (set off downstream)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 供水短缺(在下游引发)
  • Toxic gas release (set off downstream)
  • Industrial fire (set off downstream)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-12 软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)
  • NRS-H60 危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
  • NRS-H50 危害类别:工业与过程事故(NHS-1 infra.industrial)
  • NRS-H109 危害类别:能源转型技术故障(NHS-1 tech.energy-transition)
  • NRS-X10 化学、工业、核与辐射安全
  • NRS-H54 危害类别:信号与平台中断(NHS-1 cyber.platform)
  • NRS-K14 领域包概况:制造业与工业(DOMAIN-014)

观测

  • eMARS Major Accident Reporting System (listed for reference)
  • World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
  • ILOSTAT (listed for reference)
  • Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita
  • CO2 emission per unit of value added
  • Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)
  • Direct economic loss to all other damaged or destroyed productive assets attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Pollutant release and transfer registers, such as E-PRTR and US TRIFacility-level releases of pollutantsPublic, terms per register
Eurostat circular economy indicatorsCircular material use rate and waste statisticsOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
UNEP International Resource Panel global material flows databaseMaterial extraction and consumptionPublic, UNEP terms
EU Best Available Techniques reference documentsTechniques and emission levels for industriesPublic, EU terms
OECD materials and waste statisticsMaterial productivity and wastePublic, OECD terms
09方法与证据

How circular economy and pollution is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in circular economy and pollution: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++产业工作贸易社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Advanced Industry and Robotics prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Environmental regulatorsWhich permits and inspections to prioritiseRelease trends; compliance evidence
Industrial firmsWhich circular measures and pollution controls to adoptOption assessments
Communities and local governmentsHow to address pollution burdensExposure evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Material flow analyses for industrial sectors
  • Pollution release trend analyses from registers
  • Circularity option assessments
  • Evidence notes on community exposure
11核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  1. 01

    Where do materials leak?

    Which stages of production and use generate the most waste and pollution.

  2. 02

    What circular strategies work?

    Evidence on design for disassembly, remanufacturing, recycling and industrial symbiosis.

  3. 03

    What are the trade-offs?

    Energy use, contamination and hazardous substances in recycled materials.

  4. 04

    Who bears pollution?

    How emissions and waste burdens fall on communities near industrial sites.

12机制

What drives the risk.

Industrial pollution affects air, water and soil. Some pollutants act locally and quickly, others persist and accumulate, such as certain metals and persistent organic chemicals. Health burdens often fall on communities with less influence over siting decisions.

Circularity reduces demand for virgin materials and waste, but not automatically. Recycling consumes energy, may concentrate hazardous substances and can degrade material quality. Strategies higher in the hierarchy, such as longer product life and reuse, usually save more.

Supply-chain resilience and circularity can reinforce each other. Recovered materials provide an alternative source when primary supply is disrupted.

Waste trade moves pollution across borders. Exported waste may be processed with weaker controls, shifting burdens rather than reducing them.

Pollution and accidents connect. Poorly managed waste stores, tailings and legacy contamination can become sources of acute release when floods or fires reach them.

13方法与局限

证据如何收集,以及止于何处。

方法或数据显示内容其局限
Material flow analysisWhere materials go and leakData gaps in informal sectors
Emissions monitoringPollutant releasesCoverage and reporting vary
Life-cycle assessmentNet environmental effects of strategiesBoundary and data choices
Exposure studiesHealth effects on nearby communitiesAttribution and confounding
14方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 水与环境工程排放控制选择 · 工业废水处理 · 社区风险暴露监测在此应用
  2. 材料科学与化学材料鉴定 · 面向回收的设计 · 增材制造粉末质量在此应用
  3. 优化与运筹学生产排程 · 能源感知的运营 · 缓冲与备件规模确定在此应用
  4. 过程与工业安全工程危害与可操作性研究 · 保护层分析 · 变更管理在此应用
15Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

16问题

问题与解答。

What is a circular economy?
An economic system that keeps materials and products in use for as long as possible through design, reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling.
What is a pollutant release and transfer register?
A public database of releases of specified pollutants to air, water and land, and transfers of waste, reported by facilities.
What are best available techniques?
The most effective techniques for preventing or reducing emissions that are technically and economically viable for an industry, used to set permit conditions in the EU.
Is recycling always better for the environment?
Usually, but not always. It depends on energy use, contamination and what it replaces. Longer product life and reuse typically save more.
Does the platform monitor pollution at specific sites?
No. Monitoring and enforcement belong to environmental regulators. The platform publishes research.
How does circularity relate to supply resilience?
Recovered materials can provide an alternative to disrupted primary supply, reducing dependence on concentrated sources.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI先进产业与机器人指数级技术全球部门风险与韧性
先进产业与机器人

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。