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GCRI · Künstliche Intelligenz und autonome Systeme

Autonome physische Systeme

Autonomous vehicles, drones, industrial and service robots sense their surroundings and act in the physical world, where errors can injure people and damage property. Their safety depends on perception, decision-making, fallback behaviour and the environments they are allowed to operate in. This page sets out how autonomous physical Systeme fail, how their safety is assessed, and what evidence serves the regulators, operators and communities involved.

01Registrieren

Autonomous physical systems on the record.

02Die Frage

Autonomous physical systems: how the risk develops.

Robots, sensors and controls. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanismus

Perception meets the unexpected

Sensors and models misread rare situations: unusual objects, poor weather, glare or confusing road layouts. Rare cases dominate risk because they are hard to test.

Mechanismus

Operating domains set limits

System are designed for an operational design domain of roads, weather, speeds or spaces. Failures increase when systems are used outside it.

Mechanismus

Handover to humans is hard

Supervisors lose attention when automation works most of the time, and cannot take over instantly when it fails.

Mechanismus

Safety cases must be argued

Showing that a system is acceptably safe needs a structured argument combining design, testing, simulation and field data, because driving or operating enough to see rare failures is impractical.

03Monitoring

Agent oversight console.

Die Ansicht, die ein Team nutzen würde, um dieses Thema zu verfolgen: seine Messgrößen, Zustände und Entscheidungen. Namen sind Beispiele, Werte sind illustrativ.

Agent oversight console

Autonomous physical systems · Agent sandbox · Session AG-7276

Human approval pendingGCRI · Künstliche Intelligenz und autonome Systeme

Tool calls

  1. 10:27Infosearch(documents) · read-only
  2. 10:20Inforun_model(flood_nowcast) · sandbox
  3. 10:39Meilensteinsend_message(external) · needs approval
  4. 10:45Errorwrite_file(outside workspace) · denied

Politik

Geltungsbereich
workspace only
External actions
human approval
Spend limit
11 units
Kill switch
Armed

Actions by approval class

050100count this weekAutomatischProtokolliertGenehmigtDeniedEskaliert
Agent oversight console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Autonomous physical systems.Beispielnamen und beispielhafte Werte; ein Entwurf, kein Eintrag und kein Live-System.
04Domänenübergreifend

Autonomous machines operate in physical domains with physical risks.

Findings are designed for the Reihe Labs Evidence. SAE J3016 defines levels of driving automation, and the EU Machinery Regulation (2023) addresses machines with self-evolving behaviour.

  • Field safety incident data.
  • Test protocols for autonomy in unstructured settings.
05Methoden und Evidenz

How autonomous physical systems is modelled, measured and tested.

Das Modell, seine Annahmen, seine Daten und seine Unsicherheit in der Form, in der eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Ingenieur sie prüfen würde. Die Strukturen folgen veröffentlichten Methoden. Die dargestellten Werte sind illustrativ, keine Befunde.

Systemmodell

The couplings between the systems in autonomous physical systems: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+Künstliche IntelligenzDatenGemeinschaftenWirtschaftR verstärkendB ausgleichend
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR-Leitprinzipien · GO FAIR und FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumHinweise zur einheitlichen Behandlung von Unsicherheiten · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indikatoren

Was gemessen wird und wie gut.

Jeder Indikator trägt seine Einheit, seinen Rhythmus, die Art der zugrunde liegenden Quelle und die Evidenzkennzeichnung, die ein Wert tragen würde. Es werden keine Werte gezeigt: Ein Programm liefert sie unter seiner eigenen Autorität.

IndikatorEinheitTaktQuellentypKennzeichnung
Crashes involving automated driving Systemecount by severitymonatlichMandatory crash reportingVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Disengagements or interventionscount per distance or hourjährlichOperator reports to regulatorsBERICHTET
Distance driven autonomouslykilometresjährlichOperator reportsDEKLARIERT
Industrial robot injuriesAnzahljährlichOccupational injury statisticsVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Operating domain exceedancescount of events outside design domainper deploymentOperator logsBEOBACHTET
Drone incidents near aircraftAnzahljährlichAviation safety reportingBERICHTET
07Quellen

Woher die Evidenz stammt.

Benannte öffentliche Datensätze und institutionelle Aufzeichnungen, jeweils mit ihrer Lizenzklasse. Quellen auf Vereinbarungsbasis werden nur zu ihren Bedingungen genutzt und niemals weiterveröffentlicht.

QuelleWas es liefertLizenzklasse
NHTSA Standing General Order crash reportsCrashes involving automated driving and driver assistance Systeme in the USPublic domain, US government
California DMV autonomous vehicle reportsCollision and disengagement reports from permit holdersÖffentliche Aufzeichnungen
UNECE regulations on automated driving, including UN Regulation No. 157Type approval requirements for automated lane keeping and related systemsPublic, UNECE terms
ISO 10218 und ISO/TS 15066Safety requirements for industrial and collaborative robotsLicensed standards, purchase required
National occupational injury statisticsInjuries involving machinery and robotsPublic records, licence per government
08Entscheidungen

Wer entscheidet und wozu die Evidenz dient.

Studio Künstliche Intelligenz und autonome System prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Wer entscheidetDie FrageEvidenz, der diese Seite dient
Transport and aviation regulatorsWhether and where to permit autonomous operationCrash data with exposure; safety case reviews
Workplace safety regulatorsWhat safety requirements to set for robotsInjury statistics; standards
Operators and manufacturersHow to define and enforce operating domainsDomain documentation; exceedance logs

Ergebnisse, die dieses Thema hervorbringt

  • Safety case review frameworks
  • Analyses of crash and intervention reports with exposure stated
  • Operational design domain documentation templates
  • Evidence notes for regulators
09Kernfragen

What safety engineers ask.

  • Does the system perceive its environment correctly across weather, lighting and unusual objects?
  • How does it behave at the edges of its operating conditions, and does it know when it is outside them?
  • Can it fail safely, handing over to a person or stopping without creating new hazards?
  • How is safety demonstrated when learned components cannot be fully specified?
10Mechanismen

Where physical autonomy fails.

Perception is the weak link: cameras, lidar and radar each fail differently in rain, glare, dust or darkness, and learned perception models can misclassify rare objects. Planning must handle uncertain predictions of other agents’ behaviour. Control must remain stable as conditions change.

Handover to humans is difficult because people monitoring automation lose situational awareness and may not respond in time. Classical safety engineering assumes components whose behaviour can be fully specified, which learned components are not.

11Methoden und Daten

Assurance for systems that move.

  1. 01

    Betriebsdomäne (Operational Design Domain)

    Defining the conditions a system is designed for and detecting when it leaves them.

  2. 02

    Simulation and scenario testing

    Testing across large numbers of simulated scenarios, using Robotik und Automatisierung and high-performance, cloud and edge computing. Simulation fidelity limits what it can reveal.

  3. 03

    Safety cases

    Structured arguments, supported by evidence, that a system is acceptably safe for a use, drawing on Engineering für KI-Evaluierung und -Assurance. A safety case is only as strong as its weakest evidence.

  4. 04

    Field monitoring

    Collecting incidents and near misses after deployment. Under-reporting is common.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Die Gremien und Dokumente, vor deren Hintergrund diese Seite gelesen wird. Status und Ausgaben ändern sich; jeder Link führt zur herausgebenden Stelle.

14Fragen

Fragen und Antworten.

What is an operational design domain?
The conditions under which an automated system is designed to operate, such as road types, speeds, weather and time of day.
Are self-driving cars safer than human drivers?
Evidence is still accumulating. Fair comparison needs crash data with matched exposure, road types and conditions, which public reports often lack.
What is a safety case?
A structured argument, supported by evidence, that a system is acceptably safe for a specific use in a specific environment.
Are autonomous vehicles safer than human drivers?
It depends on the system, the conditions and how safety is measured. Comparisons need like-for-like conditions and enough exposure to observe rare events, which is why claims should be read with their data.
Can learned components be safety-assured?
Partly, through testing, monitoring and architectures that constrain them with simpler verified components. Assurance of learned components remains an active research area.
Does the platform test products?
No. It develops and publishes methods. Product testing and approval are the roles of manufacturers, testing bodies and regulators.
BerichteBeitragen

Evidenz von dieser Seite aus beitragen.

Berichte is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIKünstliche Intelligenz und autonome SystemeExponentielle TechnologieLabs-Evidenz
Künstliche Intelligenz und autonome Systeme

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