Structural andبوومەلەرزەengineering is the method this platform stewards for the network. In cities it determines whether homes, schools, bridges and public buildings protect the people inside, through design codes, retrofit, construction quality and safety evaluation after events.
What structural and earthquake engineering does here.
Structural andبوومەلەرزەengineering designs buildings, bridges and other structures to carry loads safely, including those from earthquakes, wind and floods. It determines how much damage the built environment suffers when hazards occur. In cities and built environment,ژێرخانی هەستیارand society and human development, structural engineering supplies vulnerability functions for loss models and guides retrofit priorities. It linkshazard intensityto disruption of housing, services and supply chains. The canonical description is onSTEM Commons.
Urban building vulnerability profiles
Buildings are classified by structural system, height, age and material from surveys and imagery, and vulnerability is estimated by class for the whole city.
Retrofit of schools and housing
Retrofit options for common building types are designed and costed, including low-cost measures suitable for self-built and incremental housing.
Construction quality programmes
Training for builders, plan review and site inspection are evaluated for their effect on the quality of new construction in fast-growing districts.
03جوگرافیا
نیشانەکانی شار لە هیندستان.
Population density, night lights and daytime surface heat over India, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
نەخشە کارلێککارەکە JavaScript پێویستە؛ لیستی چینەکان و سەرچاوەکان لە خوارەوەن.
چینەکان 3
نیشانەکانی شار، بۆ ئەم لاپەڕەیە
دەربارەی ئەم چینە
بەڵگە
مەزەندەکراو
سەرچاوە
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified).داتای کراوەی NASA
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified).داتای کراوەی NASA
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. ڕەنگەکان لە نەخشەڕەنگی بڵاوکراو دووبارە کێشراونەتەوە؛ بەهاکان لە خانە شەشگۆشەییەکاندا تێکڕا کراون کاتێک پیشان دراون (دەستکاریکراو). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
ڕووناکیی شەوی VIIRS Black Marble، NASA Goddard Space Flight Center؛ بڵاودەکرێتەوە لەلایەن NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC)؛ وێنەکان لە ڕێگەی NASA GIBS. ڕەنگەکان لە نەخشەڕەنگی بڵاوکراو دووبارە کێشراونەتەوە؛ بەهاکان لە خانە شەشگۆشەییەکاندا تێکڕا کراون کاتێک پیشان دراون (دەستکاریکراو). داتای کراوەی NASA
بەرهەمەکانی زەویی MODIS (ئیندێکسی ڕووەک، بەرهەمی سەرەتایی گشتی، داپۆشراوی زەوی)، NASA LP DAAC و LANCE؛ وێنەکان لە ڕێگەی NASA GIBS. ڕەنگەکان لە نەخشەڕەنگی بڵاوکراو دووبارە کێشراونەتەوە؛ بەهاکان لە خانە شەشگۆشەییەکاندا تێکڕا کراون کاتێک پیشان دراون (دەستکاریکراو). داتای کراوەی NASA
دووانە ئۆکسیدی نایترۆجینی OMI (Aura) و ئیندێکسی ئەیرۆسۆڵی OMPS (Suomi NPP)، NASA؛ بڵاودەکرێتەوە لەلایەن NASA GES DISC؛ وێنەکان لە ڕێگەی NASA GIBS. ڕەنگەکان لە نەخشەڕەنگی بڵاوکراو دووبارە کێشراونەتەوە؛ بەهاکان لە خانە شەشگۆشەییەکاندا تێکڕا کراون کاتێک پیشان دراون (دەستکاریکراو). داتای کراوەی NASA
ASTER GDEM بەرهەمی METI و NASA ە (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003، NASA LP DAAC)؛ وێنەکان لە ڕێگەی NASA GIBS. ڕەنگەکان لە نەخشەڕەنگی بڵاوکراو دووبارە کێشراونەتەوە؛ بەهاکان لە خانە شەشگۆشەییەکاندا تێکڕا کراون کاتێک پیشان دراون (دەستکاریکراو). ناوهێنان بەم شێوەیە: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. داتای کراوەی NASA
ڕووداوە ڕاستەوخۆکان: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET)؛ ڕووداوەکان نیشانەدەرن و بەستەری سەرچاوەی ڕەسەنی خۆیان دەهێڵنەوە.
ڕاستەوخۆ: NASA EONET ڕووداوەکان نیشانەدەرن، نەک ئاگادارکردنەوەی دەسەڵات.
ڕاستەوخۆ: U.S. Geological Survey ڕووداوەکان نیشانەدەرن، نەک ئاگادارکردنەوەی دەسەڵات.
Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
پێشبینی کوالیتی هەوا، 5 ڕۆژ، PM2.5 (CAMS لە ڕێگەی Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.
ساڵی ڕابردوو، پلەی گەرمی ڕۆژانە و تیشکی خۆر (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
داتای کەشناسی لە Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), بە مۆڵەتی CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
چینە ئارەزوومەندانەکان (16 سەرچاوە لە لیستی چینەکان: ڕاستەوخۆ، پێشبینی، چاودێریکراو و ناوەڕۆک) کاتێک دەکرێنەوە ناوی دابینکەرەکەیان لەسەر نەخشە و لێرەدا پیشان دەدەن؛ پێشبینییەکان دەرچووی مۆدێلن و نیشاندەرە وەرگیراوەکان مەزەندەن.
چینەکان و بەروارەکان
چڕی دانیشتووان، 2020: دانیشتووان: CIESIN، زانکۆی کۆلۆمبیا، Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018)، NASA SEDAC، CC BY 4.0 · جێگیر
ڕووناکی شەو، ڕۆژانە: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2)، NASA LAADS DAAC · 12ی تشرینی یەکەمی 2026
جۆری داپۆشەری زەوی (IGBP)، ساڵانە: داپۆشەری زەویی MODIS Terra و Aqua (MCD12Q1)، NASA LP DAAC · 2024
دووانە ئۆکسیدی نایترۆجین، ستوونی خوارەوەی کەشوهەوا: OMI Aura، NASA GES DISC · 10ی تشرینی یەکەمی 2026
04داتا
What the method consumes.
Datasets and records used by structural andبوومەلەرزەengineering on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed inthe source register.
داتا
ڕۆڵ
ناونیشان
Building surveys and cadastres
Building classes
ئامارە بڵاوکراوەکان
Building footprints from imagery
Inventory coverage
چاودێریکراو
Post-event damage surveys
Vulnerability calibration
چاودێریکراو
Building codes
Design requirements
ئامارە بڵاوکراوەکان
05چاودێری
Fragility analysis.
The screen a team would use to follow this method: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Fragility analysis
Cities · Structural engineering for cities · Run R-2397
Test campaignGCRI · شارەکان و ژینگەی دروستکراو
Damage states
Slight
0.19
0.5
Cosmetic
مامناوەند
0.26
0.6
Repairable
Extensive
0.75
0.7
Major
تەواو
1.0
0.8
Replace
Method card
ڕێگا
ئەندازیاری بونیادنەر و بوومەلەرزە
ستاندارد
lognormal fragility
پێداچووەر
independent
ناونیشان
مۆدێلکراو
Fragility curves
Fragility analysis: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Cities.ناو و بەهای نموونەیی؛ دیزاینێکە، نەک تۆمار یان سیستەمی ڕاستەوخۆ.
06پشتڕاستکردنەوە
How results are checked.
Designs are checked against codes, laboratory and shake-table tests, and observed performance after events. Peer review is used for unusual structures.
بپشکنە
How it is done
Field verification of classes
A sample of buildings classified from imagery is checked on the ground
Fragility calibration
Vulnerability models are compared with observed damage in similar buildings
Peer review of retrofit designs
Retrofit designs are reviewed by independent engineers
Existing building stock is often poorly documented. Interaction of multiple hazards and degradation over time is incompletely represented.
تۆڕە پشتبەستوو بە یەکترەکان Buldyrev و ئەوانی دیکە (2010)، Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks، Nature 464
زنجیرەی بارزۆری Motter و Lai (2002)، Physical Review E 66
بارگرانی ناوەندێتی نێوانی Brandes (2001)، Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25
تۆڕە فرە چینەکان Kivela و ئەوانی دیکە (2014)، Journal of Complex Networks 2
پشتبەستنی ژێرخانەکان بە یەکتر Rinaldi، Peerenboom و Kelly (2001)، IEEE Control Systems 21(6)
پەنجەی نادڵنیایی (مۆنتی کارلۆی پارامیتەر) Spiegelhalter, Pearson و Short (2011)، Visualising uncertainty about the future، Science 333
هەستیاریی یەک-یەک (تۆرناد) Saltelli و ئەوانی دیکە (2008)، Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer، Wiley
داتا
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
Model structural engineering for cities as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from theNexus Standardsarea profileCities and the built environment: the hazards it names, theسیستەمەand sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the fullSystem Builder.
The couplings between the systems in structural engineering for cities: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
پرەنسیپە ڕێنماییەکانی FAIR · GO FAIR و FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web Consortiumڕێنمایی بۆ مامەڵەی یەکسان لەگەڵ نادڵنیاییەکان · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
12پرسیارەکان
پرسیار و وەڵام.
What are the limits of structural and earthquake engineering in this field?
Existing building stock is often poorly documented. Interaction of multiple hazards and degradation over time is incompletely represented.
How are results checked?
Designs are checked against codes, laboratory and shake-table tests, and observed performance after events. Peer review is used for unusual structures.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Reportsis the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
GCRIشارەکان و ژینگەی دروستکراومەترسی و خۆڕاگریی کەرتی جیهانیکورتەی بەڵگە
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