GCRI · 量子技术
量子传感
Quantum sensors use the sensitivity of quantum states to measure time, magnetic fields, gravity, acceleration and rotation with high precision. Atomic clocks already underpin navigation and networks; newer sensors could support navigation without satellites, medical imaging and underground mapping. This page sets out how quantum sensing works, how mature each application is, and what evidence serves the agencies and industries considering it.
Quantum sensing in seven parts.
Quantum sensing: how the risk develops.
Measurement, navigation and Earth-science applications. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Atoms keep precise time
Atomic clocks use transitions between atomic energy levels as frequency references. They underpin satellite navigation, telecommunications and financial timestamps.
Interference measures motion and gravity
Atom interferometers split and recombine matter waves to measure acceleration, rotation and gravity, with potential for navigation and subsurface mapping.
Defects sense magnetic fields
Defects in diamond and other 系统 sense tiny magnetic fields at small scales, with uses in materials science and biology.
Field use is hard
Laboratory sensitivity often degrades in the field because of vibration, temperature and size constraints. Ruggedising sensors is a major engineering challenge.
Quantum testbed.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Quantum testbed
Quantum sensing · Testbed lab · Device QD-91
量子比特
| Q0 | 166 | 94 | 0.02 | In spec |
| Q1 | 102 | 35 | 0.04 | In spec |
| Q2 | 178 | 57 | 0.05 | Drifting |
| Q3 | 62 | 32 | 0.02 | In spec |
| Q4 | 100 | 95 | 0.03 | Drifting |
Device
- Topology
- heavy-hex, illustrative
- 2Q fidelity
- 0.994
- 访问
- by committee
- 标签
- 观测
Quantum sensors could change measurement in several domains.
- 水耦合Quantum gravimeters could improve subsurface monitoring.What to watchField performance against conventional gravimeters
- 能源耦合Precise timing and magnetometry support grid monitoring.What to watchTiming holdover without satellites
- 卫生耦合Quantum magnetometers are studied for medical imaging.What to watchClinical validation stage
Sensing evidence is designed for the Labs 证据系列. Field results are reported with conditions; laboratory sensitivity is not field performance.
- Field trial results with conditions.
- Comparisons against classical sensors.
How quantum sensing is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in quantum sensing: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clock fractional frequency uncertainty | dimensionless | per publication | Metrology institute results | 观测 |
| Sensor sensitivity | units per square root of hertz | per device | Published characterisation | 已报告 |
| Field trials of quantum navigation | 计数 | 年度 | Agency and research reports | 已报告 |
| Technology readiness level by application | readiness level | 每次评估 | Expert assessments | 估算 |
| Size, weight and power of deployed sensors | kilograms and watts | per device | Product specifications | 已声明 |
| Commercially available quantum sensor products | count by type | 年度 | Market surveys | 已报告 |
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| BIPM and national metrology institute publications | Time standards and clock comparisons | Public, terms per institute |
| Peer-reviewed sensing literature | Experimental sensitivities and demonstrations | Licence per article |
| Defence and transport agency reports on alternative navigation | Assessments of quantum navigation options | Public, terms per agency |
| OECD quantum technologies policy work | Overview of sensing applications and policy | Public, OECD terms |
| Market surveys of quantum sensing | Products and firms | Commercial; public summaries (to check) |
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Transport and navigation authorities | Whether quantum sensors can reduce dependence on satellite navigation | Readiness assessments; field trial evidence |
| Metrology institutes | How to develop and disseminate time and frequency standards | Clock performance evidence |
| Industry and health 系统 | Where quantum sensors offer practical benefit | Application comparisons |
该主题产生的产出
- Readiness assessments by sensing application
- Comparisons of quantum and classical sensor options
- Evidence notes on navigation resilience
- Field trial review frameworks
专家提出的问题。
Sensing questions concern precision, robustness and use outside the laboratory.
- How much better than classical instruments is a quantum sensor in real operating conditions?
- Can it be made small, robust and affordable enough for field use?
- Could quantum inertial sensors and clocks provide navigation when satellite signals are lost or jammed?
- What could quantum gravimeters and magnetometers reveal about groundwater, geology and infrastructure?
- What are the dual-use implications, for example for detecting submarines or underground structures?
机制与驱动因素。
Quantum sensors exploit the fact that quantum states are disturbed by tiny changes in their environment. Atomic clocks measure time by the frequency of atomic transitions. Atom interferometers split and recombine clouds of cold atoms to measure acceleration and gravity. Defects in diamond and other materials act as nanoscale magnetometers. The same sensitivity that gives precision also makes sensors vulnerable to noise, vibration and temperature changes.
The step from laboratory to field is the main challenge. Many quantum sensors require lasers, vacuum 系统 and careful isolation. Engineering progress is reducing size and power, but performance in a moving vehicle or harsh environment is often well below laboratory results.
如何研究，以及方法止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Laboratory metrology | Fundamental sensitivity and stability | Laboratory performance rarely transfers directly to the field |
| Field trials | Performance in vehicles, aircraft, boreholes or ships | Few trials, often reported by developers |
| Comparison with classical sensors | Whether the quantum device adds real value | Classical sensors also improve |
| Earth observation data fusion | Combining quantum gravimetry with satellite and ground data | Interpretation depends on geophysical models |
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is a quantum sensor?
Are atomic clocks quantum technology?
Can quantum sensors replace GPS?
Is quantum sensing already in use?
Could quantum sensors replace satellite navigation?
Why is sensing considered dual use?
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