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GCRIArtificial Intelligence and Autonomous SystemsIn development
Dependencies and consequences

Dependencies and consequences

AI systems depend on data, compute, energy, software supply chains and people, and they are increasingly embedded in services and infrastructures that others depend on. This page explains the causal, physical, economic, social and ecological links between AI and other systems, how failures travel along them and how the platform analyses them while stating what is uncertain. Concentration is the recurring theme.

Publisher
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation
Field
Artificial intelligence, Data and compute
Status
In development
Service level
R0: information and enquiries

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NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

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Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

For dependencies and consequences, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on night lights, true-colour imagery and population density with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on East Asia; 3 further NASA layers wait in the list.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A · NASA HLS S30Sources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). CC BY 4.0
  • MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer
  • Observed (EO): NASA HLS S30 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Optional layers (5 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

STEM methods
7
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
3
Platforms in shared fields at GCRI, GRF and GRA
Report series
2
Nexus Reports series it contributes to
01In brief

The short answer.

Dependencies and consequences in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems describe how artificial intelligence as well as data and compute connect to other systems through physical, economic, social and ecological links, and how stress travels along them toward fields such as those of Innovation Nexus and AI and Digital Governance. Every dependency map states its assumptions, data and uncertainty; it describes connections, not a forecast.

02Canvas

One field, three institutions.

Canvas · one field, three institutionsDesign, not a record
One field, three institutions: Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems and its counterpartsGCRI studies the field as science, GRF governs and convenes it, GRA builds shared financial understanding; the Nexus Universe tests work across them and the competent authorities decide. Design of the arrangement, not a record.

Fig.How GCRI, GRF and GRA share one field while the authorities decide. Design, not a record.

03Console

Field overview, in outline.

The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.

Field overview: the screen's structure, terms and states for AI and autonomous systems.Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.
04What AI depends on

Upstream dependencies.

Compute

Chips, data centres and cloud

Training and running large models depends on concentrated chip supply and a few cloud providers. See Compute and energy.

Energy and water

Physical resources

Data centres draw electricity and, for cooling, often water, linking AI growth to grids and local water stress.

Data and people

Inputs and labour

Training data, human feedback and annotation, often provided by low-paid workers, shape model behaviour.

05What depends on AI

Downstream consequences.

  1. 01

    Public services

    Automated decisions in benefits, health, policing or migration affect rights directly. See AI and public services.

  2. 02

    Infrastructure and operations

    AI in grid management, logistics and industrial control can propagate errors into physical systems. See Autonomous physical systems.

  3. 03

    Security

    AI changes the speed and scale of cyber attack and defence, and models are themselves targets. See AI and cyber security.

  4. 04

    Finance

    Shared models and data can make institutions behave alike under stress, a concern examined in AI and Financial Model Risk at The Global Risks Alliance (GRA).

  5. 05

    Information and trust

    Generated content at scale affects the information environment and trust in institutions.

06How failures travel

Common modes and correlated errors.

Because many applications are built on the same foundation models, a flaw or vulnerability can appear simultaneously across sectors that otherwise share little. An update by one provider can change behaviour in thousands of downstream systems. Outages at a major cloud region can stop services that never knew they shared it.

Social effects travel more slowly but last longer. Errors concentrated on particular groups erode trust, and changes in work and skills reshape labour markets over years. See Labour and social effects.

07Key terms

Terms used on this page.

Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.

TermDefinition
InterdependencyA two-way dependency between infrastructures, such as power needing telecoms for control while telecoms need power to run.
Cascading riskRisk that a failure in one system or component triggers failures in others that depend on it.
Compound eventTwo or more hazards or drivers occurring together or in sequence whose joint impact exceeds what either would cause alone, such as drought followed by intense rain; IPCC assessments use the term.
Dependency mappingTracing the people, processes, technology, facilities and suppliers a service relies on.
08Method

How dependencies are analysed.

The platform maps dependencies using system analysis, supply-chain mapping and incident studies, with probability and statistics to express uncertainty and cybersecurity and cryptography for threat modelling. A dependency map is not a forecast: it shows how systems are connected and how failure could travel, and each link carries its evidence label. Governance responses are convened by AI and Digital Governance at The Global Risks Forum (GRF).

See methods and uncertainty.

09Questions

Questions and answers.

Why does concentration matter?
When many users depend on the same models, chips or cloud services, a single failure, vulnerability or policy change can affect them all at once.
How significant is AI's energy use?
It is growing and locally significant where data centres cluster. Estimates vary widely with assumptions, so the platform reports ranges with their sources rather than single figures.
Are specific providers' weaknesses published?
Not in a way that would enable harm. Vulnerabilities follow responsible disclosure, and public outputs describe classes of risk.
Who governs these dependencies?
Competent authorities and operators in each sector, under their own rules. Governance dialogue is convened through AI and Digital Governance at The Global Risks Forum (GRF); the platform supplies the evidence.
Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

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