Source and data register - Data and Compute

Data and Compute

The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)

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GCRIData and ComputeIn development

Source and data register

Where Data and Compute gets its data, on what terms, with what quality and with which known gaps.

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Publisher: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation
Field: Data and compute, Energy

01Draftsources cited, labels attached
02Evidence checkevery value traced
03Independent reviewconflicts declared
04Editionpublished with its limits
05Correctiona new version, never a silent edit

01In brief

The short answer.

The Data and Compute source register lists the datasets and records the platform draws on, such as UN Statistics Division data and the World Population and Housing Census Programme, each with its producer, licence and permitted uses, quality and known gaps. A source is listed only once its terms permit the use described, and data held by agreement is used under those terms and never republished.

02Canvas

Draft to published version.

Canvas · draft to published versionDesign, not a record

Fig.How a finding is reviewed before it is published. Design, not a record.

03Geography

Connected activity in the contiguous United States.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Connected activity, for this page

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

For source and data register, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on true-colour imagery, night lights and population density with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on the contiguous United States; every other NASA layer, live feed and forecast waits in the layer list.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A · NASA HLS S30Sources and licences

We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). CC BY 4.0
MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
© OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer
Observed (EO): NASA HLS S30 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
Optional layers (35 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

04What is recorded

Each source carries five facts.

Origin

Who produces the data and how.

Access terms

Licence, restrictions and permitted uses.

Quality

Coverage, resolution, update frequency and known errors.

Provenance

How the data reached the platform and what was changed.

Gaps

What is missing and how the gap is handled.

05Register

Every source the topic dossiers cite, with its terms.

Source	What it gives	Terms	Used in
Competition authority cloud market investigations	Market structure, switching barriers and remedies	Public records, licence per authority	Cloud and edge systems
Data protection authority annual reports	Complaints, breaches and enforcement	Public records, licence per authority	Data rights and trust
DataCite and Crossref metadata	Persistent identifiers for data, software and publications	Open, CC0 metadata	Reproducible pipelines
ESFRI roadmap and access policies	European research infrastructures and their access rules	Public, EU terms	Research infrastructure access
ESFRI roadmap and landscape analysis	European research infrastructure planning	Public, EU terms	High performance computing
EU data centre reporting under the Energy Efficiency Directive	Energy, water and efficiency data from EU data centres	Public summaries, EU terms (to check)	Compute energy water
EuroHPC and national HPC allocation statistics	Proposals, allocations and users	Public records, terms per body	Research infrastructure access
EuroHPC Joint Undertaking reports and access calls	European supercomputers and allocation	Public, EU terms	High performance computing
European Charter for Access to Research Infrastructures	Principles for access modes and policies	Public, EU terms	Research infrastructure access
Eurostat cloud computing usage in enterprises	Share of enterprises using cloud services	Open, Eurostat reuse policy	Cloud and edge systems
Five Safes framework documentation from statistical agencies	Framework for safe access to sensitive data	Public, terms per agency	Data rights and trust
GÉANT and regional research and education network reports	Connectivity of research institutions	Public, terms per network	Research infrastructure access
Global Indigenous Data Alliance CARE principles	Principles for Indigenous data governance	Public, GIDA terms	Data rights and trust
Government cloud strategies and frameworks	Public sector cloud policies and procurement	Public records, licence per government	Cloud and edge systems
Government export control notices	Rules on advanced chips and tools	Public records, licence per government	Chips and semiconductors
Green500 list	Energy efficiency of supercomputers	Public, TOP500 terms	Compute energy water
Grid operator load forecasts	Expected data centre load	Public records, terms per operator	Compute energy water
IEA data centre electricity estimates	Global and regional demand	Licence per product (to check)	Compute energy water
National HPC centre annual reports	Usage, allocation and science outputs	Public records, terms per centre	High performance computing
National open data portals with DCAT catalogues	Dataset listings and metadata	Open data, licence per portal	Public interest data infrastructure
OECD digital economy reports	Cloud adoption by firms and governments	Public, OECD terms	Cloud and edge systems
OECD Global Science Forum reports on research infrastructures	International access and governance practice	Public, OECD terms	Research infrastructure access
OECD studies on semiconductor value chains	Concentration and policy analysis	Public, OECD terms	Chips and semiconductors
PARIS21 reports on statistical capacity and financing	Funding and capacity of national statistical systems	Public, PARIS21 terms	Public interest data infrastructure
Provider region and service documentation	Locations and services offered	Public, terms per provider	Cloud and edge systems
Public attitude surveys on data use	Trust and acceptability of data sharing	Licence per survey	Data rights and trust
Public procurement notices for computing systems	Prices, lead times and suppliers	Public records, licence per portal	Chips and semiconductors
re3data registry of research data repositories	Research data repositories and their policies	Open, licence to check	Public interest data infrastructure
Reproducibility studies in published literature	Measured reproduction rates in fields	Licence per publication	Reproducible pipelines
Software Heritage archive	Archived source code with intrinsic identifiers	Open, archive terms	Reproducible pipelines
TOP500 and Green500 lists	Performance and energy efficiency of the most powerful systems	Public, TOP500 terms	High performance computing
TOP500 list architecture and accelerator data	Hardware used in leading systems	Public, TOP500 terms	Chips and semiconductors
UN Comtrade semiconductor trade (HS 8542)	Trade in integrated circuits	Free access with limits, UN terms	Chips and semiconductors
UN Statistics Division data and the World Population and Housing Census Programme	Status of censuses and official statistics	Public, UN terms of use	Public interest data infrastructure
UNCTAD Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide	Status of data protection laws by country	Public, UNCTAD terms	Data rights and trust
UNSD civil registration and vital statistics resources	Registration completeness and standards	Public, UN terms of use	Public interest data infrastructure
Uptime Institute global data centre survey	Industry practices and efficiency trends	Public summaries, terms to check	Compute energy water
W3C PROV standard	A model for representing provenance	Open standard, W3C terms	Reproducible pipelines
WMO reports on numerical weather prediction capacity	Computing used by meteorological services	Public, WMO terms	High performance computing
Zenodo and institutional repositories	Deposited data and code with identifiers	Open, licence per record	Reproducible pipelines

06Known gaps

Where the data and compute data record is thin.

Facility-level energy and water use.
Research compute allocation data.
Data on public institutions' cloud dependence.
Provenance metadata in many public datasets.

07Status

How the register grows.

Sources are added to the register as they are reviewed. A source is listed only once its terms permit the use described.

08Key terms

Terms used on this page.

Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.

Term	Definition
Provenance	Information about the entities, activities and people involved in producing a record, used to judge its quality and reliability, in the W3C PROV model.
FAIR principles	Guiding principles that make data findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable by people and machines.
Open licence	A licence that allows anyone to access, reuse and redistribute data, sometimes with attribution.
Data lineage	The traceable path of data from its origin through each transformation to its current form.

09Sources

Where this page's references lead.

The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.

10Questions

Questions and answers.

Can I suggest a data source?

Yes. Write to contact@therisk.global with the source, its owner and its terms.

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